10/13/2015 DairyWikipedia,thefreeencyclopedia

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dairy 1/14

OldmountainpasturedairyinSchrcken,Vorarlberg,AustriaintheBregenzForest

DairyFromWikipedia,thefreeencyclopedia

Forotheruses,seeDairy(disambiguation).Seealso:Dairyfarming

Adairyisabusinessenterpriseestablishedfortheharvestingorprocessing(orboth)ofanimalmilkmostlyfromcowsorgoats,butalsofrombuffaloes,sheep,horsesorcamelsforhumanconsumption.Adairyistypicallylocatedonadedicateddairyfarmorinasectionofamultipurposefarm(mixedfarm)thatisconcernedwiththeharvestingofmilk.

Terminologydiffersbetweencountries.Forexample,intheUnitedStates,theentiredairyfarmiscommonlycalleda"dairy."Thebuildingorfarmareawheremilkisharvestedfromthecowisoftencalleda"milkingparlor"or"parlor."Thefarmareawheremilkisstoredinbulktanksisknownasthefarm's"milkhouse."Milkisthenhauled(usuallybytruck)toa"dairyplant,"alsoreferredtoasa"dairy",whererawmilkisfurtherprocessedandpreparedforcommercialsaleofdairyproducts.InNewZealand,farmareasformilkharvestingarealsocalled"milkingparlours",andarehistoricallyknownas"milkingsheds."AsintheUnitedStates,sometimesmilkingshedsarereferredtobytheirtype,suchas"herringboneshed"or"pitparlour".Insomecountries,especiallythosewithsmallnumbersofanimalsbeingmilked,thefarmmayperformthefunctionsofadairyplant,processingtheirownmilkintosalabledairyproducts,suchasbutter,cheese,oryogurt.Thisonsiteprocessingisatraditionalmethodofproducingspecialistmilkproducts,commoninEurope.IntheUnitedStatesadairycanalsobeaplacethatprocesses,distributesandsellsdairyproducts,oraroom,buildingorestablishmentwheremilkisstoredandprocessedintomilkproducts,suchasbutterorcheese.InNewZealandEnglishthesingularuseoftheworddairyalmostexclusivelyreferstoacornershop,orsuperette.Thisusageishistoricalassuchshopswereacommonplaceforthepublictobuymilkproducts.

Asanattributive,theworddairyreferstomilkbasedproducts,derivativesandprocesses,andtheanimalsandworkersinvolvedintheirproduction:forexampledairycattle,dairygoat.Adairyfarmproducesmilkandadairyfactoryprocessesitintoavarietyofdairyproducts.Theseestablishmentsconstitutetheglobaldairyindustry,acomponentofthefoodindustry.

Contents

1History

2Structureoftheindustry

10/13/2015 DairyWikipedia,thefreeencyclopedia

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dairy 2/14

2Structureoftheindustry3Operationofthedairyfarm4Industrialprocessing

4.1Creamandbutter4.2Skimmedmilk4.3Casein4.4Cheese4.5Whey4.6Yogurt4.7Milkpowders4.8Othermilkproducts

5Milking5.1Milkingmachines5.2Milkingshedlayouts

5.2.1Bailstylesheds5.2.2Herringbonemilkingparlours5.2.3SwingovermilkingParlours5.2.4Rotarymilkingsheds5.2.5Automaticmilkingsheds5.2.6Supplementaryaccessoriesinsheds

5.3Temporarymilkstorage6Wastedisposal7Associateddiseases8Animalwelfare9Seealso10Notes11References12Externallinks

History

Milkproducinganimalshavebeendomesticatedforthousandsofyears.Initially,theywerepartofthesubsistencefarmingthatnomadsengagedin.Asthecommunitymovedaboutthecountry,theiranimalsaccompaniedthem.Protectingandfeedingtheanimalswereabigpartofthesymbioticrelationshipbetweentheanimalsandtheherders.

Inthemorerecentpast,peopleinagriculturalsocietiesowneddairyanimalsthattheymilkedfordomesticandlocal(village)consumption,atypicalexampleofacottageindustry.Theanimalsmightservemultiplepurposes(forexample,asadraughtanimalforpullingaploughasayoungster,andattheendofitsusefullifeasmeat).Inthiscasetheanimalswerenormallymilkedbyhandandtheherdsizewasquitesmall,sothatalloftheanimalscouldbemilkedinlessthananhourabout10permilker.Thesetaskswereperformedbyadairymaid(dairywoman)ordairyman.TheworddairyharkensbacktoMiddleEnglishdayerie,deyerie,fromdeye(femaleservantordairymaid)andfurtherbacktoOldEnglishdge(kneaderofbread).

10/13/2015 DairyWikipedia,thefreeencyclopedia

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dairy 3/14

Farmermilkingacowbyhand

Withindustrialisationandurbanisation,thesupplyofmilkbecameacommercialindustry,withspecialisedbreedsofcattlebeingdevelopedfordairy,asdistinctfrombeefordraughtanimals.Initially,morepeoplewereemployedasmilkers,butitsoonturnedtomechanisationwithmachinesdesignedtodothemilking.

Historically,themilkingandtheprocessingtookplaceclosetogetherinspaceandtime:onadairyfarm.Peoplemilkedtheanimalsbyhandonfarmswhereonlysmallnumbersarekept,handmilkingmaystillbepracticed.Handmilkingisaccomplishedbygraspingtheteats(oftenpronouncedtitortits)inthehandandexpressingmilkeitherbysqueezingthefingersprogressively,fromtheudderendtothetip,orbysqueezingtheteatbetweenthumbandindexfinger,thenmovingthehanddownwardfromuddertowardstheendoftheteat.Theactionofthehandorfingersisdesignedtocloseoffthemilkductattheudder(upper)endand,bythemovementofthefingers,closetheductprogressivelytothetiptoexpressthetrappedmilk.Eachhalforquarteroftheudderisemptiedonemilkductcapacityatatime.

Thestrippingactionisrepeated,usingbothhandsforspeed.Bothmethodsresultinthemilkthatwastrappedinthemilkductbeingsquirtedouttheendintoabucketthatissupportedbetweentheknees(orrestsontheground)ofthemilker,whousuallysitsonalowstool.

Traditionallythecow,orcows,wouldstandinthefieldorpaddockwhilebeingmilked.Youngstock,heifers,wouldhavetobetrainedtoremainstilltobemilked.Inmanycountries,thecowsweretetheredtoapostandmilked.Theproblemwiththismethodisthatitreliesonquiet,tractablebeasts,becausethehindendofthecowisnotrestrained.

In1937,itwasfoundthatbovinesomatotropin(BSTorbovinegrowthhormone)wouldincreasetheyieldofmilk.MonsantoCompanydevelopedasynthetic(recombinant)versionofthishormone(rBST).InFebruary1994,rBSTwasapprovedbytheFoodandDrugAdministration(FDA)foruseintheU.S.IthwascommonintheU.S.,buthaslostpopularityduetoconsumerdemandsforrBSTfreecows.Onlyabout25%ofdairycowsreceiverBSTanymore.

However,thereareclaimsthatthispracticecanhavenegativeconsequencesfortheanimalsthemselves.AEuropeanUnionscientificcommissionwasaskedtoreportontheincidenceofmastitisandotherdisordersindairycows,andonotheraspectsofthewelfareofdairycows.[1]Thecommission'sstatement,subsequentlyadoptedbytheEuropeanUnion,statedthattheuseofrBSTsubstantiallyincreasedhealthproblemswithcows,includingfootproblems,mastitisandinjectionsitereactions,impingedonthewelfareoftheanimalsandcausedreproductivedisorders.Thereportconcludedthatonthebasisofthehealthandwelfareoftheanimals,rBSTshouldnotbeused.HealthCanadaprohibitedthesaleofrBSTin1999therecommendationsofexternalcommitteeswerethat,despitenotfindingasignificanthealthrisktohumans,thedrugpresentedathreattoanimalhealthand,forthisreason,couldnotbesoldinCanada.[2]

Structureoftheindustry

Whilemostcountriesproducetheirownmilkproducts,thestructureofthedairyindustryvariesindifferentpartsoftheworld.Inmajormilkproducingcountriesmostmilkisdistributedthroughwholesalemarkets.InIrelandandAustralia,forexample,farmers'cooperativesownmanyofthelargescaleprocessors,whileintheUnitedStates

10/13/2015 DairyWikipedia,thefreeencyclopedia

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dairy 4/14

WawaDairyFarmsinPennsylvania

manyfarmersandprocessorsdobusinessthroughindividualcontracts.IntheUnitedStates,thecountry's196farmers'cooperativessold86%ofmilkintheU.S.in2002,withfivecooperativesaccountingforhalfthat.Thiswasdownfrom2,300cooperativesinthe1940s.[3]Indevelopingcountries,thepastpracticeoffarmersmarketingmilkintheirownneighborhoodsischangingrapidly.Notabledevelopmentsincludeconsiderableforeigninvestmentinthedairyindustryandagrowingrolefordairycooperatives.Outputofmilkisgrowingrapidlyinsuchcountriesandpresentsamajorsourceofincomegrowthformanyfarmers.[4]

Asinmanyotherbranchesofthefoodindustry,dairyprocessinginthemajordairyproducingcountrieshasbecomeincreasinglyconcentrated,withfewerbutlargerandmoreefficientplantsoperatedbyfewerworkers.ThisisnotablythecaseintheUnitedStates,Europe,AustraliaandNewZealand.In2009,chargesofantitrustviolationshavebeenmadeagainstmajordairyindustryplayersintheUnitedStates.[5]

Governmentinterventioninmilkmarketswascommoninthe20thcentury.AlimitedantitrustexemptionwascreatedforU.S.dairycooperativesbytheCapperVolsteadActof1922.Inthe1930s,someU.S.statesadoptedpricecontrols,andFederalMilkMarketingOrdersstartedundertheAgriculturalMarketingAgreementActof1937andcontinueinthe2000s.TheFederalMilkPriceSupportProgrambeganin1949.[3]TheNortheastDairyCompactregulatedwholesalemilkpricesinNewEnglandfrom1997to2001.[6]

Plantsproducingliquidmilkandproductswithshortshelflife,suchasyogurts,creamsandsoftcheeses,tendtobelocatedontheoutskirtsofurbancentresclosetoconsumermarkets.Plantsmanufacturingitemswithlongershelflife,suchasbutter,milkpowders,cheeseandwheypowders,tendtobesituatedinruralareasclosertothemilksupply.Mostlargeprocessingplantstendtospecialiseinalimitedrangeofproducts.Exceptionally,however,largeplantsproducingawiderangeofproductsarestillcommoninEasternEurope,aholdoverfromtheformercentralized,supplydrivenconceptofthemarketunderCommunistgovernments.[7]

Asprocessingplantsgrowfewerandlarger,theytendtoacquirebigger,moreautomatedandmoreefficientequipment.Whilethistechnologicaltendencykeepsmanufacturingcostslower,theneedforlongdistancetransportationoftenincreasestheenvironmentalimpact.[8]

Milkproductionisirregular,dependingoncowbiology.Producersmustadjustthemixofmilkwhichissoldinliquidformvs.processedfoods(suchasbutterandcheese)dependingonchangingsupplyanddemand.[3]

Operationofthedairyfarm

Seealso:dairyfarminganddairycattle

Whenitbecamenecessarytomilklargercows,thecowswouldbebroughttoashedorbarnthatwassetupwithbails(milkingstalls)wherethecowscouldbeconfinedwhiletheyweremilked.Onepersoncouldmilkmorecowsthisway,asmanyas20foraskilledworker.Buthavingcowsstandingaboutintheyardandshedwaitingtobemilkedisnotgoodforthecow,assheneedsasmuchtimeinthepaddockgrazingasispossible.Itisusualtorestrictthetwicedailymilkingtoamaximumofanhourandahalfeachtime.Itmakesnodifferencewhetheronemilks10or1000cows,themilkingtimeshouldnotexceedatotalofaboutthreehourseachdayforanycow.

10/13/2015 DairyWikipedia,thefreeencyclopedia

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dairy 5/14

Arotarydairyshed

AcowbeingmilkedinIsrael

Asherdsizesincreasedtherewasmoreneedtohaveefficientmilkingmachines,sheds,milkstoragefacilities(vats),bulkmilktransportandshedcleaningcapabilitiesandthemeansofgettingcowsfrompaddocktoshedandback.

Asherdnumbersincreasedsodidtheproblemsofanimalhealth.InNewZealandtwoapproachestothisproblemhavebeenused.Thefirstwasimprovedveterinarymedicines(andthegovernmentregulationofthemedicines)thatthefarmercoulduse.Theotherwasthecreationofveterinaryclubswheregroupsoffarmerswouldemployaveterinarian(vet)fulltimeandsharethoseservicesthroughouttheyear.Itwasinthevet'sinteresttokeeptheanimalshealthyandreducethenumberofcallsfromfarmers,ratherthantoensurethatthefarmerneededtocallforserviceandpayregularly.

Thisdailymilkingroutinegoesonforabout300to320daysperyearthatthecowstaysinmilk.Somesmallherdsaremilkedonceadayforaboutthelast20daysoftheproductioncyclebutthisisnotusualforlargeherds.Ifacowisleftunmilkedjustoncesheislikelytoreducemilkproductionalmostimmediatelyandtherestoftheseasonmayseeherdriedoff(givingnomilk)andstillconsumingfeed.However,onceadaymilkingisnowbeingpractisedmorewidelyinNewZealandforprofitandlifestylereasons.Thisiseffectivebecausethefallinmilkyieldisatleastpartiallyoffsetbylabourandcostsavingsfrommilkingonceperday.ThiscomparestosomeintensivefarmsystemsintheUnitedStatesthatmilkthreeormoretimesperdayduetohighermilkyieldspercowandlowermarginallaborcosts.

Farmerswhoarecontractedtosupplyliquidmilkforhumanconsumption(asopposedtomilkforprocessingintobutter,cheese,andsoonseemilk)oftenhavetomanagetheirherdsothatthecontractednumberofcowsareinmilktheyearround,ortherequiredminimummilkoutputismaintained.Thisisdonebymatingcowsoutsidetheirnaturalmatingtimesothattheperiodwheneachcowintheherdisgivingmaximumproductionisinrotationthroughouttheyear.

Northernhemispherefarmerswhokeepcowsinbarnsalmostalltheyearusuallymanagetheirherdstogivecontinuousproductionofmilksothattheygetpaidallyearround.Inthesouthernhemispherethecooperativedairyingsystemsallowfortwomonthsonnoproductivitybecausetheirsystemsaredesignedtotakeadvantageofmaximumgrassandmilkproductioninthespringandbecausethemilkprocessingplantspaybonusesinthedry(winter)seasontocarrythefarmersthroughthemidwinterbreakfrommilking.Italsomeansthatcowshavearestfrommilkproductionwhentheyaremostheavilypregnant.Someyearroundmilkfarmsarepenalisedfinanciallyforoverproductionatanytimeintheyearbybeingunabletoselltheiroverproductionatcurrentprices.

Artificialinsemination(AI)iscommoninallhighproductionherds.

Industrialprocessing

Mainarticle:Dairyproducts

10/13/2015 DairyWikipedia,thefreeencyclopedia

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dairy 6/14

AFonterracooperativedairyfactoryinAustralia

InteriorofacheesefactoryinSeineetMarne,France

Dairyplantsprocesstherawmilktheyreceivefromfarmerssoastoextenditsmarketablelife.Twomaintypesofprocessesareemployed:heattreatmenttoensurethesafetyofmilkforhumanconsumptionandtolengthenitsshelflife,anddehydratingdairyproductssuchasbutter,hardcheeseandmilkpowderssothattheycanbestored.

Creamandbutter

Today,milkisseparatedbyhugemachinesinbulkintocreamandskimmilk.Thecreamisprocessedtoproducevariousconsumerproducts,dependingonitsthickness,itssuitabilityforculinaryusesandconsumerdemand,whichdiffersfromplacetoplaceandcountrytocountry.

Somecreamisdriedandpowdered,someiscondensed(byevaporation)mixedwithvaryingamountsofsugarandcanned.MostcreamfromNewZealandandAustralianfactoriesismadeintobutter.Thisisdonebychurningthecreamuntilthefatglobulescoagulateandformamonolithicmass.Thisbuttermassiswashedand,sometimes,saltedtoimprovekeepingqualities.Theresidualbuttermilkgoesontofurtherprocessing.Thebutterispackaged(25to50kgboxes)andchilledforstorageandsale.Atalaterstagethesepackagesarebrokendownintohomeconsumptionsizedpacks.

Skimmedmilk

Theproductleftafterthecreamisremovediscalledskim,orskimmed,milk.Tomakeaconsumableliquidaportionofcreamisreturnedtotheskimmilktomakelowfatmilk(semiskimmed)forhumanconsumption.Byvaryingtheamountofcreamreturned,producerscanmakeavarietyoflowfatmilkstosuittheirlocalmarket.Otherproducts,suchascalcium,vitaminD,andflavouring,arealsoaddedtoappealtoconsumers.

Casein

Caseinisthepredominantphosphoproteinfoundinfreshmilk.Ithasaverywiderangeofusesfrombeingafillerforhumanfoods,suchasinicecream,tothemanufactureofproductssuchasfabric,adhesives,andplastics.

Cheese

Mainarticle:Cheese

Cheeseisanotherproductmadefrommilk.Wholemilkisreactedtoformcurdsthatcanbecompressed,processedandstoredtoformcheese.Incountrieswheremilkislegallyallowedtobeprocessedwithoutpasteurization,awiderangeofcheesescanbemadeusingthebacterianaturallyinthemilk.Inmostothercountries,therangeofcheesesissmallerandtheuseofartificialcheesecuringisgreater.Wheyisalsothebyproductofthisprocess.Somepeoplewithlactoseintolerancearesurprisinglyabletoeatcertaintypesofcheese.Thisisbecausesometraditionallymadehardcheeses,andsoftripenedcheesesmaycreatelessreactionthantheequivalentamountofmilkbecauseoftheprocessesinvolved.Fermentationandhigherfatcontentcontributetolesseramountsof

10/13/2015 DairyWikipedia,thefreeencyclopedia

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dairy 7/14

lactose.TraditionallymadeEmmentalorCheddarmightcontain10%ofthelactosefoundinwholemilk.Inaddition,theagingmethodsoftraditionalcheeses(sometimesovertwoyears)reducetheirlactosecontenttopracticallynothing.[9]Commercialcheeses,however,areoftenmanufacturedbyprocessesthatdonothavethesamelactosereducingproperties.Ageingofsomecheesesisgovernedbyregulations[10]inothercasesthereisnoquantitativeindicationofdegreeofageingandconcomitantlactosereduction,andlactosecontentisnotusuallyindicatedonlabels.

Whey

Inearliertimes,wheyormilkserumwasconsideredtobeawasteproductanditwas,mostly,fedtopigsasaconvenientmeansofdisposal.Beginningabout1950,andmostlysinceabout1980,lactoseandmanyotherproducts,mainlyfoodadditives,aremadefrombothcaseinandcheesewhey.

Yogurt

Yogurt(oryoghurt)makingisaprocesssimilartocheesemaking,onlytheprocessisarrestedbeforethecurdbecomesveryhard.

Milkpowders

Milkisalsoprocessedbyvariousdryingprocessesintopowders.Wholemilk,skimmilk,buttermilk,andwheyproductsaredriedintoapowderformandusedforhumanandanimalconsumption.Themaindifferencebetweenproductionofpowdersforhumanorforanimalconsumptionisintheprotectionoftheprocessandtheproductfromcontamination.Somepeopledrinkmilkreconstitutedfrompowderedmilk,becausemilkisabout88%wateranditismuchcheapertotransportthedriedproduct.

Othermilkproducts

KumisisproducedcommerciallyinCentralAsia.Althoughitistraditionallymadefrommare'smilk,modernindustrialvariantsmayusecow'smilkinstead.

Milking

Originally,milkingandprocessingtookplaceonthedairyfarmitself.Later,creamwasseparatedfromthemilkbymachineonthefarm,andtransportedtoafactorytobemadeintobutter.Theskimmilkwasfedtopigs.Thisallowedforthehighcostoftransport(takingthesmallestvolumehighvalueproduct),primitivetrucksandthepoorqualityofroads.Onlyfarmsclosetofactoriescouldaffordtotakewholemilk,whichwasessentialforcheesemakinginindustrialquantities,tothem.

Originallymilkwasoriginallydistributedin'pails',aliddedbucketwithahandle.Theseprovedimpracticalfortransportbyroadorrail,andsothemilkchurnwasintroduced,basedonthetallconicalshapeofthebutterchurn.Laterlargerailwaycontainers,suchastheBritishRailwayMilkTankWagonwereintroduced,enablingthetransportoflargerquantitiesofmilk,andoverlongerdistances.

10/13/2015 DairyWikipedia,thefreeencyclopedia

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dairy 8/14

PreservedExpressDairiesthreeaxleMilkTankWagonattheDidcotRailwayCentre,basedonanSRchassis

Milkchurnsonarailwayplatform

Themilkingmachineextractsmilkfromallteats.

Thedevelopmentofrefrigerationandbetterroadtransport,inthelate1950s,hasmeantthatmostfarmersmilktheircowsandonlytemporarilystorethemilkinlargerefrigeratedbulktanks,fromwhereitislatertransportedbytrucktocentralprocessingfacilities.

InmanyEuropeancountries,particularlytheUnitedKingdom,milkisthendelivereddirecttocustomers'homesbyamilkfloat.

Milkingmachines

Seealso:Breastpump

Milkingmachinesareusedtoharvestmilkfromcowswhenmanualmilkingbecomesinefficientorlabourintensive.Oneearlymodelwaspatentedin1907.[11]Themilkingunitistheportionofamilkingmachineforremovingmilkfromanudder.Itismadeupofaclaw,fourteatcups,(Shellsandrubberliners)longmilktube,longpulsationtube,andapulsator.Theclawisanassemblythatconnectstheshortpulsetubesandshortmilktubesfromtheteatcupstothelongpulsetubeandlongmilktube.(Clusterassembly)Clawsarecommonlymadeofstainlesssteelorplasticorboth.Teatcupsarecomposedofarigidoutershell(stainlesssteelorplastic)thatholdsasoftinnerlinerorinflation.Transparentsectionsintheshellmayallowviewingoflinercollapseandmilkflow.Theannularspacebetweentheshellandlineriscalledthepulsechamber.

Milkingmachinesworkinawaythatisdifferentfromhandmilkingorcalfsuckling.Continuousvacuumisappliedinsidethesoftlinertomassagemilkfromtheteatbycreatingapressuredifferenceacrosstheteatcanal(oropeningattheendoftheteat).Vacuumalsohelpskeepthemachineattachedtothecow.Thevacuumappliedtotheteatcausescongestionofteattissues(accumulationofbloodandotherfluids).Atmosphericairisadmittedintothepulsationchamberaboutoncepersecond(thepulsationrate)toallowthelinertocollapsearoundtheendofteatandrelievecongestionintheteattissue.Theratioofthetimethatthelinerisopen(milkingphase)andclosed(restphase)iscalledthepulsationratio.

Thefourstreamsofmilkfromtheteatcupsareusuallycombinedintheclawandtransportedtothemilkline,orthecollectionbucket(usuallysizedtotheoutputofonecow)inasinglemilkhose.Milkisthentransported(manuallyinbuckets)orwithacombinationofairflowandmechanicalpumptoacentralstoragevatorbulktank.Milkisrefrigeratedonthefarminmostcountrieseitherbypassingthroughaheatexchangerorinthebulktank,orboth.

Thephotototherightshowsabucketmilkingsystemwiththestainlesssteelbucketvisibleonthefarsideofthecow.Thetworigidstainlesssteelteatcupshellsappliedtothefronttwoquartersoftheudderarevisible.Thetopoftheflexiblelinerisvisibleatthetopoftheshellsasaretheshortmilktubesandshortpulsationtubesextendingfromthebottomoftheshellstotheclaw.Thebottomoftheclawistransparenttoallowobservationofmilkflow.Whenmilkingiscompletedthevacuumtothemilkingunitisshutoffandtheteatcupsareremoved.

10/13/2015 DairyWikipedia,thefreeencyclopedia

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dairy 9/14

MilkingparlouratPardesHannaAgriculturalHighSchool,Israel

Milkingmachineskeepthemilkenclosedandsafefromexternalcontamination.Theinterior'milkcontact'surfacesofthemachinearekeptcleanbyamanualorautomatedwashingproceduresimplementedaftermilkingiscompleted.Milkcontactsurfacesmustcomplywithregulationsrequiringfoodgradematerials(typicallystainlesssteelandspecialplasticsandrubbercompounds)andareeasilycleaned.

Mostmilkingmachinesarepoweredbyelectricitybut,incaseofelectricalfailure,therecanbeanalternativemeansofmotivepower,oftenaninternalcombustionengine,forthevacuumandmilkpumps.

Milkingshedlayouts

Bailstylesheds

Thistypeofmilkingfacilitywasthefirstdevelopment,afteropenpaddockmilking,formanyfarmers.Thebuildingwasalong,narrow,leantoshedthatwasopenalongonelongside.Thecowswereheldinayardattheopensideandwhentheywereabouttobemilkedtheywerepositionedinoneofthebails(stalls).Usuallythecowswererestrainedinthebailwithabreechchainandaropetorestraintheouterbackleg.Thecowcouldnotmoveaboutexcessivelyandthemilkercouldexpectnottobekickedortrampledwhilesittingona(threelegged)stoolandmilkingintoabucket.Wheneachcowwasfinishedshebackedoutintotheyardagain.TheUKbail,initiallydevelopedbyWiltshiredairyfarmerArthurHosier,wasasixstandingmobileshedwithstepsthatthecowmounted,sotheherdsmandidn'thavetobendsolow.Themilkingequipmentwasmuchastoday,avacuumfromapump,pulsators,aclawpiecewithpipesleadingtothefourshellsandlinersthatstimulateandsuckthemilkfromtheteat.Themilkwentintochurns,viaacooler.

Asherdsizesincreasedadoorwassetintothefrontofeachbailsothatwhenthemilkingwasdoneforanycowthemilkercould,afterundoingthelegropeandwitharemotelink,openthedoorandallowhertoexittothepasture.Thedoorwasclosed,thenextcowwalkedintothebailandwassecured.Whenmilkingmachineswereintroducedbailsweresetinpairssothatacowwasbeingmilkedinonepairedbailwhiletheothercouldbepreparedformilking.Whenonewasfinishedthemachine'scupsareswappedtotheothercow.ThisisthesameasforSwingoverMilkingParloursasdescribedbelowexceptthatthecupsareloadedontheudderfromtheside.Asherdnumbersincreaseditwaseasiertodoubleupthecupsetsandmilkbothcowssimultaneouslythantoincreasethenumberofbails.About50cowsanhourcanbemilkedinashedwith8bailsbyoneperson.Usingthesameteatcupsforsuccessivecowshasthedangeroftransmittinginfection,mastitis,fromonecowtoanother.Somefarmershavedevisedtheirownwaystodisinfecttheclustersbetweencows.

Herringbonemilkingparlours

Inherringbonemilkingsheds,orparlours,cowsenter,insinglefile,andlineupalmostperpendiculartothecentralaisleofthemilkingparlouronbothsidesofacentralpitinwhichthemilkerworks(youcanvisualiseafishbonewiththeribsrepresentingthecowsandthespinebeingthemilker'sworkingareathecowsfaceoutward).Afterwashingtheudderandteatsthecupsofthemilkingmachineareappliedtothecows,fromtherearoftheirhindlegs,onbothsidesoftheworkingarea.Largeherringboneshedscanmilkupto600cowsefficientlywithtwopeople.

10/13/2015 DairyWikipedia,thefreeencyclopedia

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dairy 10/14

80standrotarydairythatisfullycomputerisedandrecordsmilkproduction

SwingovermilkingParlours

Swingoverparloursarethesameasherringboneparloursexcepttheyhaveonlyonesetofmilkingcupstobesharedbetweenthetworowsofcows,asonesideisbeingmilkedthecowsontheothersidearemovedoutandreplacedwithunmilkedones.Theadvantageofthissystemisthatitislesscostlytoequip,howeveritoperatesatslightlybetterthanhalfspeedandonewouldnotnormallytrytomilkmorethanabout100cowswithoneperson.

Rotarymilkingsheds

Rotarymilkingsheds(alsoknownasRotarymilkingparlor)consistofaturntablewithabout12to100individualstallsforcowsaroundtheouteredge.A"good"rotarywillbeoperatedwith2432(~4850+)stallsbyone(two)milkers.Theturntableisturnedbyanelectricmotordriveataratethatoneturnisthetimeforacowtobemilkedcompletely.Asanemptystallpassestheentranceacowstepson,facingthecentre,androtateswiththeturntable.Thenextcowmovesintothenextvacantstallandsoon.Theoperator,ormilker,cleanstheteats,attachesthecupsanddoesanyotherfeedingorwhateverhusbandingoperationsthatarenecessary.Cowsaremilkedastheplatformrotates.Themilker,oranautomaticdevice,removesthemilkingmachinecupsandthecowbacksoutandleavesatanexitjustbeforetheentrance.Therotarysystemiscapableofmilkingverylargeherdsoverathousandcows.

Automaticmilkingsheds

Automaticmilkingor'roboticmilking'shedscanbeseeninAustralia,NewZealand,theU.S.,Canada,andmanyEuropeancountries.Currentautomaticmilkingshedsusethevoluntarymilking(VM)method.Theseallowthecowstovoluntarilypresentthemselvesformilkingatanytimeofthedayornight,althoughrepeatvisitsmaybelimitedbythefarmerthroughcomputersoftware.Arobotarmisusedtocleanteatsandapplymilkingequipment,whileautomatedgatesdirectcowtraffic,eliminatingtheneedforthefarmertobepresentduringtheprocess.Theentireprocessiscomputercontrolled.[12]

Supplementaryaccessoriesinsheds

Farmerssoonrealisedthatamilkingshedwasagoodplacetofeedcowssupplementaryfoodsthatovercamelocaldietarydeficienciesoraddedtothecows'wellbeingandproduction.Eachbailmighthaveaboxintowhichsuchfeedisdeliveredasthecowarrivessothatsheiseatingwhilebeingmilked.Acomputercanreadtheeartagofeachanimaltorationthecorrectindividualsupplement.Aclosealternativeistouse'outofparlourfeeders',stallsthatrespondtoatransponderaroundthecow'sneckthatisprogrammedtoprovideeachcowwithasupplementaryfeed,thequantitydependentonherproduction,stageinlactation,andthebenefitsofthemainration

Theholdingyardattheentranceoftheshedisimportantasameansofkeepingcowsmovingintotheshed.Mostyardshaveapoweredgatethatensuresthatthecowsarekeptclosetotheshed.

Waterisavitalcommodityonadairyfarm:cowsdrinkabout20gallons(80litres)aday,shedsneedwatertocoolandcleanthem.Pumpsandreservoirsarecommonatmilkingfacilities.Watercanbewarmedbyheattransferwithmilk.

10/13/2015 DairyWikipedia,thefreeencyclopedia

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dairy 11/14

Manurespreadergoingtothefieldfromadairyfarm,Elba,NewYork.

Temporarymilkstorage

Milkcomingfromthecowistransportedtoanearbystoragevesselbytheairflowleakingaroundthecupsonthecoworbyaspecial"airinlet"(510l/minfreeair)intheclaw.Fromthereitispumpedbyamechanicalpumpandcooledbyaheatexchanger.Themilkisthenstoredinalargevat,orbulktank,whichisusuallyrefrigerateduntilcollectionforprocessing.

Wastedisposal

Incountrieswherecowsaregrazedoutsideyearround,thereislittlewastedisposaltodealwith.Themostconcentratedwasteisatthemilkingshed,wheretheanimalwastemaybeliquefied(duringthewaterwashingprocess)orleftinamoresolidform,eithertobereturnedtobeusedonfarmgroundasorganicfertilizer.[13]

Intheassociatedmilkprocessingfactories,mostofthewasteiswashingwaterthatistreated,usuallybycomposting,andspreadonfarmfieldsineitherliquidorsolidform.Thisismuchdifferentfromhalfacenturyago,whenthemainproductswerebutter,cheeseandcasein,andtherestofthemilkhadtobedisposedofaswaste(sometimesasanimalfeed).

Indairyintensiveareas,variousmethodshavebeenproposedfordisposingoflargequantitiesofmilk.Largeapplicationratesofmilkontoland,ordisposinginahole,isproblematicastheresiduefromthedecomposingmilkwillblockthesoilporesandtherebyreducethewaterinfiltrationratethroughthesoilprofile.Asrecoveryofthiseffectcantaketime,anylandbasedapplicationneedstobewellmanagedandconsidered.[14]Otherwastemilkdisposalmethodscommonlyemployedincludesolidificationanddisposalatasolidwastelandfill,disposalatawastewatertreatmentplant,ordischargeintoasanitarysewer.[15]

Associateddiseases

Dairyproductsmanufacturedunderunsanitaryorunsuitableconditionshaveanincreasedchanceofcontainingbacteria.Propersanitationpracticeshelptoreducetherateofbacterialcontamination,andpasteurizationgreatlydecreasestheamountofcontaminatedmilkthatreachestheconsumer.Manycountrieshaverequiredgovernmentoversightandregulationsregardingdairyproduction,includingrequirementsforpasteurization.

Cowpoxisavirusthattodayisrarelyfoundineithercowsorhumans.Itisahistoricallyimportantdisease,asitledtothefirstvaccinationagainstthenoweradicatedsmallpox.Tuberculosisisabletobetransmittedfromcattlemainlyviamilkproductsthatareunpasteurised.Thediseasehasbeeneradicatedfrommanycountriesbytestingforthediseaseandcullingsuspectedanimals.

Besidesbacteriaanddirtyconditions,thereareotherdiseasesthatresearchhaveassociatedtocow'smilk.

OsteoporosisThedrinkingofdairyhasbeenaverycommonpracticeforquitealongtimeduetoitspromiseofcalciumtopreventosteoporosis(weakbones),especiallyincountriessuchastheU.S,Canada,Finlandandotherwesteuropeannations[16]Statisticshaveproventhesenationsalsohavethehighestratesofosteoporosismeaningtheeffectofdairycalciumhasntreallyprotectedtheirbones.[17]

10/13/2015 DairyWikipedia,thefreeencyclopedia

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dairy 12/14

LactoseIntoleranceisanothercommonhealthissuelinkedtotheallergyoflactosefoundinCowsMilkbecausethebodylackstheenzyme,lactase,tobreakitdown.Approximately70percentofAfricanAmericans,90percentofAsianAmericans,53percentofMexicanAmericans,and74percentofNativeAmericansarelactoseintolerant.[18]

Cancer,especiallyovarianandbreastinwomen,canbecausedduetothecloggingupofgalactose,asugarproducedbydairy.Womenwhoregularlyeatmilkproductsaresubjectedtothisespeciallyiftheyhavelowlevelsoftheenzymestobreakthegalactosedown.[19]

Dairy'seffectonChildrenItissuggestedthatinfantswhoarebelowonedonotconsumecowsmilkbecausethatmightleadtoirondeficiencyandotherchronicdiseasessuchasdiabetes,obesityandheartdisease.Itcanalsoleadtolongtermconstipation.Theunnecessaryamountofcholesterol,unsaturatedfatsandhormonesfoundindairyarefactorsoffutureheartissuesforthefragilityofachild.[20]

Animalwelfare

Aportionofthepopulation,[21]includingmanyvegansandJains,objecttodairyproductionasunethical,crueltoanimals,andenvironmentallydeleterious.Theydonotconsumedairyproducts.Theystatethatcattlesufferunderconditionsemployedbythedairyindustry.[22][23]

Seealso

DairyproductDairycattleAnimalwelfareHolsteinFriesiancattleMilkcar

Notes1. "ReportonAnimalWelfareAspectsoftheUseofBovineSomatotrophin"(PDF).TheScientificCommitteeon

AnimalHealthandAnimalWelfare,EuropeanUnion.19990310.Retrieved20080116.2. "HealthCanadarejectsbovinegrowthhormoneinCanada".HealthCanada.19990114.Archivedfromtheoriginal

on20080110.Retrieved20080116.3. "CooperativesintheDairyIndustry".CooperativeInformation,Report1,Section16(PDF).UnitedStates

DepartmentofAgriculture,RuralDevelopment.September2005.4. FAO,MilkforHealthandWealth(ftp://ftp.fao.org/docrep/fao/011/i0521e/i0521e00.pdf),FAO,Rome,20095. [IndependentFarmersFeelSqueezedByMilkCartel]byJohnBurnett.AllThingsConsidered,NationalPublic

Radio.20August2009.6. "MonthlyCompact,FederalOrder#1,andOverOrderPricesforClassIMilkSincetheCompactRegulationTook

EffectinJulyof1997".NortheastDairyCompactCommission.7. Field,ThomasTaylor,Robert(2008).Scientificfarmanimalproduction:anintroductiontoanimalscience.

UpperSaddleRiver,NJ:PearsonPrenticeHall.ISBN9788120343986.

10/13/2015 DairyWikipedia,thefreeencyclopedia

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dairy 13/14

WikimediaCommonshasmediarelatedtoDairying.

LookupdairyinWiktionary,thefreedictionary.

8. CleanerProductionAssessmentinDairyProcessing(http://www.agrifoodforum.net/publications/guide),byCOWIConsultingEngineersandPlanners,UnitedNationsEnvironmentProgrammeDivisionofTechnology,Industry,andEconomics,DenmarkMiljstyrelsen.PublishedbyUNEP/Earthprint,2000(ISBN9789280718423).TextatAgrifoodForumPublicationsDownloadsSectorGuidesIndex.

9. "DairyGood.org|Home".Ilovecheese.com.Retrieved20140717.10. "Exampleofcheeseregulations:"WestCountryFarmhouseCheddar"mustbeagedfor9months".

Farmhousecheesemakers.com.Retrieved20140717.11. PopularMechanicsGoogleBooks.Books.google.com.Retrieved20140717.12. "RoboticdairyatWinnindoo,Victoria,Australia".13. .UniversityofMinnesotaDairyExtensionhttp://www.extension.umn.edu/agriculture/dairy/manure/surface

irrigationsystemsforwastewater/.Retrieved20140607.Missingorempty|title=(help)14. "WasteManagement".EnvironmentalBestPracticeGuidelines(PDF).DairyCatch.15. "FactSheet:ProperDisposalofMilkWaste"(PDF).IndianaDepartmentofEnvironmentalManagement.Retrieved

20140607.16. "CurrentWorldwideMilkConsumptionperCapita."Chartsbin.com::.N.p.,n.d.Web.05Sept.2015.

.17. "OsteoporosisFactsandStatistics."InternationalOsteoporosisFoundation.N.p.,n.d.Web.05Sept.201518. UnderstandingtheProblemswithDairyProducts."NutritionMD.ThePhysiciansCommitteeforResponsible

Medicine,n.d.Web.19. CramerDW,HarlowBL,WilletWC.Galactoseconsumptionandmetabolisminrelationtotheriskofovarian

cancer.Lancet19892:6671.20. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/977055621. Iacobbo,K.,&Iacobbo,M.(2006).VegetariansandvegansinAmericatoday.GreenwoodPublishingGroup.22. DavidJ.Wolfson(1996).Beyondthelaw:Agribusinessandthesystemicabuseofanimalsraisedforfoodorfood

production.AnimalL.,2,123.http://nationalaglawcenter.org/assets/bibarticles/wolfson_beyond.pd23. EliseDesaulniers(2013)Vachelait:Dixmythesdel'industrielaitireEditionsStank,Qubec

http://livres.edesaulniers.com/?product=vachealaitdixmythesdelindustrielaitiere

References

Jay,J.M.(1992).ModernFoodMicrobiology4thedition.NewYork:Chapman&Hall.pp.2379.Potter,N.N.&J.H.Hotchkiss.(1995).FoodScience5thEdition.NewYork:Chapman&Hall.pp.279315.Swasigood,H.E.(1985)."CharacteristicsofEdibleFluidsofAnimalOrigin:Milk."InFoodChemistry2ndedition.RevisedandExpanded.O.R.Fennema,Ed.NewYork:MarcelDekker,Inc.pp.791827.Wolfson,D.J.(1996)."Beyondthelaw:Agribusinessandthesystemicabuseofanimalsraisedforfoodorfoodproduction".AnimalL2:123.

Externallinks

NationalDairyCouncil(http://www.nationaldairycouncil.org/)UniversityofGuelphDairyScienceandTechnologyEducationSeries(http://www.foodsci.uoguelph.ca/dairyedu/home.html)Onlinetechnicalinformationaboutdairyproducts.DairyScienceandFoodTechnology:Starters,Probiotics,CheeseandAntimicrobialSystems(http://www.dairyscience.info/index.asp)DairyandtheUSCongresscollection,CenterforDigitalInitiatives,UniversityofVermontLibrary(http://cdi.uvm.edu/collections/getCollection.xql?title=Dairy%20and%20the%20US%20Congress)

10/13/2015 DairyWikipedia,thefreeencyclopedia

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dairy 14/14

VirtualMuseumExhibitonPastDomesticProductionofMilk,CreamandButter(http://www.carnamah.com.au/milkcreambutter.html)

Retrievedfrom"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dairy&oldid=684272155"

Categories: Dairyfarming

Thispagewaslastmodifiedon5October2015,at17:09.TextisavailableundertheCreativeCommonsAttributionShareAlikeLicenseadditionaltermsmayapply.Byusingthissite,youagreetotheTermsofUseandPrivacyPolicy.WikipediaisaregisteredtrademarkoftheWikimediaFoundation,Inc.,anonprofitorganization.