danish ppt

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MUSCULOSKELETAL DISORDERS DUE TO WHOLE BODY

VIBRATION IN HEAVY VEHICLE DRIVERS.

Danish M. N.

M. Tech Industrial Safety(HSE Management) Guide : Dr. M. N. VinodKumar

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CONTENTS• Introduction• Aim• Objective• Methodology• Results and Discussion• Conclusion• References

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INTRODUCTION• WBV refers to mechanical energy oscillations which are

transferred to the body as a whole (in contrast to specific body regions), usually through a supporting system such as a seat or platform. Typical exposures include driving automobiles and trucks, and operating industrial vehicles

• Musculoskeletal disorders (MSD’s) are a diverse range of medical conditions that can result in inflammatory and degenerative effects on the bones, tissues, tendons, joints, muscles, blood vessels and surrounding peripheral nerves .

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AIM• To characterize and determine the prevalence of

musculoskeletal disorders in the neck, shoulder, elbow, wrist, upper back, lower back, knee and ankle among drivers of heavy vehicles due to Whole Body vibration.

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OBJECTIVE• The objective of this study is to examine the prevalence of

musculoskeletal disorders on various body parts arising from whole body vibration in Heavy vehicle drivers.

• Determining the relation between the prevalence of MSD due to WBV and Age of drivers, Total years of working and type of Industry working. .

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METHODOLOGY

• Study Design • Data Collection Instrument • Study Population• Inclusion And Exclusion Criteria • Data Collection Technique • Data Analysis

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STUDY DESIGN• A survey method is the research strategy adopted.• The method investigates the prevalence self-reported perceived body pain amongst

heavy vehicle drivers.

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DATA COLLECTION INSTRUMENT

• Questionnaire forms were used for answering the core question and addressing the objectives of this study.

• Standardised Nordic Musculoskeletal Questionnaire [SNMQ] which is viewed as a standardised quantitative tool for epidemiological analysis of the perception of MSD symptoms.

• These questionnaires gather important information regarding the personal characteristics of the respondents as well as their working conditions, risk factors, and exposure characteristics, information is also gained about the incidence, prevalence and severity of pain related to musculoskeletal symptoms and disorders.

• The SNMQ consists of forced binary or multiple-choice items, and can be used as a self-administered questionnaire or in interviews.

• The present study assessed the prevalence of MSDs in different body areas such as neck, shoulders, elbows, wrists/hands, upper back, lower back, hips/thighs, knees, and ankles/feet.

• Questionnaire consists of three sections, personal and general information, occupation history and personal medical history.

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STUDY POPULATION• Target population was truck and public transport drivers.• The study population whose age is between 24 years to 60 years were chosen.• This study was conducted at the districts Ernakulam, Thrissur, Malappuram and

Calicut in Kerala, India.• Out of the total 266 drivers that were contacted, 21 declined participation. Two

hundred and forty five (245) questionnaires were administered leaving 200 complete questionnaires for final analysis, representing 81.6% response rate.

• Approached the management of various public transport, good shed and crusher industries and requested permission to administer the surveys

• Permission was granted for conducting the surveys.

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INCLUSION & EXCLUSION CRITERIA

• Inclusion Criteria a. Only male truck drivers were included.b. Drivers must be willing to participate in the study.c. Drivers must be full time permanent drivers.d. Drivers must have been driving for more than twelve months.e. Age range between 24 and 60 were included.

• Exclusion Criteriaa. Drivers having any musculoskeletal disorder arising from traumatic origins (i.e.

motor vehicle accident, sporting activity or any other health and safety incident).b. Drivers having a history of any musculoskeletal disorder prior to entering the

driving profession.

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DATA COLLECTION TECHNIQUE • Data collections were taken by face to face interview.• Simple tick method were carefully selected due to time limitations of the drivers.• English not being the first language of the majority of drivers. So it was necessary

to translate the questionnaire verbally into the language of the driver.• The following languages were spoken in order to get greater social inclusion:

Malayalam (Native), Hindi, Tamil and English. • Self-administered or assisted form completion was considered suitable for this

descriptive method of data gathering.

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DATA ANALYSIS• Data were categorized and analysed with Statistical Package for Social Sciences

(SPSS) for Windows, version 20. (IBM Corporation, USA).• It is the most widely used package suited for the purposes of analysing statistical

data.• Descriptive Statistics and Inferential Statistics were used for analysis of data.• Frequencies and percentages were used in this study to display some of the data.• Chi-square test, Correlation analysis and Anova were used for the data analysis.

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RESULTS:AGE DISTRIBUTION

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YEARS DRIVING HEAVY VEHICLE

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DRIVERS INDUSTRY OF WORKING

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CATEGORIZATION BY AGE OF DRIVERS

• The age groups are 24-35,36-47 and 48-60 .• Pain at nine different body parts are categorized with three age groups.

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NECK-AGE CATEGORIZED

• Study employed a suitable statistical tool to test the following alternative hypothesis (H1) against the null hypothesis (Ho).

• Ho: Significant association does not exist between the prevalence of neck pain due to WBV and the age of heavy vehicle drivers.

• H1: Significant association exists between the prevalence of neck pain due to WBV and the age of heavy vehicle drivers.

• Of the 200 drivers, 97 (48.5%) experience Neck pain and 103 (51.5%) reported to have not experienced any form of Neck pain.

• Chi-Square test was used to compare the relationship between age categorization and neck pain since both variables are categorical in nature.

• The results indicate a significant association between age categorization and neck pain at the 95% significance level.

• Since the significance value .016 is less than .05, it is significant. • Different correlation analysis were performed to examine possible associations

between the independent variable (age) and dependent variable (neck pain).

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CONTD…

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CONTD…•The total number of drivers who have pain in the neck region are 97 (48.5%). Out of them, the drivers who showed mild pain, moderate pain and severe pain were 58, 28 and 11 respectively.•The drivers in the age group 24-35 who had mild pain, moderate pain and severe pain were 17, 9 and 3 respectively.•The drivers in the age group 36-47 who had mild pain, moderate pain and severe pain were 33, 10 and 5 respectively. •The drivers in the age group 48-60 who had mild pain, moderate pain and severe pain were 8, 9 and 3 respectively.

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SHOULDER-AGE CATEGORIZED

• The current study employed a suitable statistical tool to test the following alternative hypothesis (H1) against the null hypothesis (Ho):

• Ho: Significant association does not exist between the prevalence of shoulder pain due to WBV and the age of heavy vehicle drivers.

• H1: Significant association exists between the prevalence of shoulder pain due to WBV and the age of heavy vehicle drivers

• Of the 200 drivers, 92 (46%) experience shoulder pain and 108 (54%) reported to have not experienced any form of shoulder pain.

• The Chi-Square test was used to compare the relationship between age categorization and shoulder pain since both variables are categorical in nature.

• The results indicate a significant association between age categorization and shoulder pain at the 95% significance level.


between the independent variable (age) and dependent variable (shoulder pain).

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CONTD…

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CONTD…•The total number of drivers who have pain in the shoulder region are 92 (46%). Out of them, the drivers who showed mild pain, moderate pain and severe pain were 44, 27 and 21 respectively.•The drivers in the age group 24-35 who had mild pain, moderate pain and severe pain were 18, 6 and 7 respectively.•The drivers in the age group 36-47 who had mild pain, moderate pain and severe pain were 18, 10 and 9 respectively. •The drivers in the age group 48-60 who had mild pain, moderate pain and severe pain were 8, 11 and 5 respectively

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ELBOW-AGE CATEGORIZED


• Ho: Significant association does not exist between the prevalence of elbow pain due to WBV and the age of heavy vehicle drivers.

• H1: Significant association exists between the prevalence of elbow pain due to WBV and the age of heavy vehicle drivers

• Of the 200 drivers, 86 (43%) experience elbow pain and 114 (57%) reported to have not experienced any form of elbow pain.

• The Chi-Square test was used to compare the relationship between age categorization and elbow pain since both variables are categorical in nature.

• The results do not indicate a significant association between age categorization and elbow pain at the 95% significance level.

• Since the significance value .113 is greater than .05, it is not significant. • Different correlation analysis were performed to examine possible associations

between the independent variable (age) and dependent variable (elbow pain).

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CONTD…

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CONTD…

•The total number of drivers who have pain in the elbow region are 86 (43%). Out of them, the drivers who showed mild pain, moderate pain and severe pain were 51, 28 and 7 respectively.• The drivers in the age group 24-35 who had mild pain, moderate pain and severe pain were 17, 8 and 4 respectively.•The drivers in the age group 36-47 who had mild pain, moderate pain and severe pain were 24, 12 and 2 respectively. •The drivers in the age group 48-60 who had mild pain, moderate pain and severe pain were 10,8 and 1 respectively.

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WRIST-AGE CATEGORIZED


• Ho: Significant association does not exist between the prevalence of Wrist pain due to WBV and the age of heavy vehicle drivers.

• H1: Significant association exists between the prevalence of Wrist pain due to WBV and the age of heavy vehicle drivers

• Of the 200 drivers, 75 (37.5%) experience wrist pain and 125 (62.5%) reported to have not experienced any form of wrist pain. The Chi-Square test was used to compare the relationship between age categorization and wrist pain since both variables are categorical in nature.

• The results indicate a significant association between age categorization and wrist pain at the 95% significance level.


between the independent variable (age) and dependent variable (wrist pain).

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CONTD…

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CONTD…The total number of drivers who have pain in the Wrist region are 75 (37.5%). Out of them, the drivers who showed mild pain, moderate pain and severe pain were 44, 19 and 12 respectively.The drivers in the age group 24-35 who had mild pain, moderate pain and severe pain were 11, 7 and 3 respectively.The drivers in the age group 36-47 who had mild pain, moderate pain and severe pain were 21, 7 and 6 respectively.The drivers in the age group 48-60 who had mild pain, moderate pain and severe pain were 12,5 and 3 respectively.

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UPPER BACK-AGE CATEGORIZED


• Ho: Significant association does not exist between the prevalence of upper back pain due to WBV and the age of heavy vehicle drivers.

• H1: Significant association exists between the prevalence of upper back pain due to WBV and the age of heavy vehicle drivers

• Of the 200 drivers, 84 (42%) experience upper back pain and 116 (58%) reported to have not experienced any form of upper back pain.

• The Chi-Square test was used to compare the relationship between age categorization and upper back pain since both variables are categorical in nature.

• The results indicate a significant association between age categorization and upper back pain at the 95% significance level.


between the independent variable (age) and dependent variable (upper back pain).

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CONTD…

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CONTD…• The total number of drivers who have pain in the Upper back region are 84 (42%). Out of them, the drivers who showed mild pain, moderate pain and severe pain were 65, 15 and 3 respectively.•The drivers in the age group 24-35 who had mild pain, moderate pain and severe pain were 22, 4 and 0 respectively.•The drivers in the age group 36-47 who had mild pain, moderate pain and severe pain were 33, 6 and 1 respectively. •The drivers in the age group 48-60 who had mild pain, moderate pain and severe pain were 10, 5 and 2 respectively.

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LOWER BACK-AGE CATEGORIZED


• Ho: Significant association does not exist between the prevalence of lower back pain due to WBV and the age of heavy vehicle drivers.

• H1: Significant association exists between the prevalence of lower back pain due to WBV and the age of heavy vehicle drivers

• Of the 200 drivers, 96 (48%) experience lower back pain and 104 (52%) reported to have not experienced any form of lower back pain.

• The Chi-Square test was used to compare the relationship between age categorization and lower back pain since both variables are categorical in nature.

• The results indicate a significant association between age categorization and lower back pain at the 95% significance level.


between the independent variable (age) and dependent variable (lower back pain)

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CONTD…

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CONTD…•The total number of drivers who have pain in the Lower back region are 96 (48%). Out of them, the drivers who showed mild pain, moderate pain, severe pain and unbearable pain were 40, 37 ,18 and 1 respectively.• The drivers in the age group 24-35 who had mild pain, moderate pain and severe pain were 16, 14 and 0 respectively.•The drivers in the age group 36-47 who had mild pain, moderate pain, severe pain and unbearable pain were 16, 16, 10 and 1 respectively. •The drivers in the age group 48-60 who had mild pain, moderate pain and severe pain were 8, 7 and 8 respectively.

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HIP-AGE CATEGORIZED


• Ho: Significant association does not exist between the prevalence of Hip pain due to WBV and the age of heavy vehicle drivers.

• H1: Significant association exists between the prevalence of Hip pain due to WBV and the age of heavy vehicle drivers

• Of the 200 drivers, 96 (48%) experience hip pain and 104 (52%) reported to have not experienced any form of hip pain.

• The Chi-Square test was used to compare the relationship between age categorization and hip pain since both variables are categorical in nature.

• The results do not indicate a significant association between age categorization and hip pain at the 95% significance level.


between the independent variable (age) and dependent variable (hip pain).

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CONTD…

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CONTD…•The total number of drivers who have pain in the Hip region are 102 (51%). Out of them, the drivers who showed mild pain, moderate pain and severe pain were 75, 23 and 4 respectively.•The drivers in the age group 24-35 who had mild pain, moderate pain and severe pain were 29, 8 and 1 respectively.•The drivers in the age group 36-47 who had mild pain, moderate pain and severe pain were 29, 10 and 2 respectively. •The drivers in the age group 48-60 who had mild pain, moderate pain and severe pain were 17, 5 and 1 respectively.

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KNEE-AGE CATEGORIZED


• Ho: Significant association does not exist between the prevalence of knee pain due to WBV and the age of heavy vehicle drivers.

• H1: Significant association exists between the prevalence of knee pain due to WBV and the age of heavy vehicle drivers

• Of the 200 drivers, 96 (48%) experience knee pain and 104 (52%) reported to have not experienced any form of knee pain.

• The Chi-Square test was used to compare the relationship between age categorization and knee pain since both variables are categorical in nature.

• The results do not indicate a significant association between age categorization and knee pain at the 95% significance level.


between the independent variable (age) and dependent variable (knee pain).

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CONTD…

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CONTD…

•The total number of drivers who have pain in the Knee region are 115 (57.5%). Out of them, the drivers who showed mild pain, moderate pain and severe pain were 76, 33 and 6 respectively.• The drivers in the age group 24-35 who had mild pain, moderate pain and severe pain were 34, 3 and 2 respectively.•The drivers in the age group 36-47 who had mild pain, moderate pain and severe pain were 9, 12 and 3 respectively. •The drivers in the age group 48-60 who had mild pain, moderate pain and severe pain were 17, 5 and 1 respectively

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ANKLE-AGE CATEGORIZED


• Ho: Significant association does not exist between the prevalence of ankle pain due to WBV and the age of heavy vehicle drivers.

• H1: Significant association exists between the prevalence of ankle pain due to WBV and the age of heavy vehicle drivers

• Of the 200 drivers, 96 (48%) experience ankle pain and 104 (52%) reported to have not experienced any form of ankle pain.

• The Chi-Square test was used to compare the relationship between age categorization and ankle since both variables are categorical in nature.

• The results do not indicate a significant association between age categorization and ankle pain at the 95% significance level.


between the independent variable (age) and dependent variable (ankle pain).

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CONTD…

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CONTD…•The total number of drivers who have pain in the Ankle region are 115 (57.5%). Out of them, the drivers who showed mild pain, moderate pain and severe pain were 76, 33 and 6 respectively.•The drivers in the age group 24-35 who had mild pain, moderate pain and severe pain were 34, 3 and 2 respectively.•The drivers in the age group 36-47 who had mild pain, moderate pain and severe pain were 9, 12 and 3 respectively. •The drivers in the age group 48-60 who had mild pain, moderate pain and severe pain were 17, 5 and 1 respectively

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CATEGORIZATION BY EXPERIENCE OF DRIVERS

• The total years of working of 200 drivers are categorized into three groups. • The total years working in years by scale are 1-11,12-22 and 23-33 respectively. • Pain at nine different body parts is categorized with different groups in years of

working.

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NECK-EXPERIENCE CATEGORIZED


• Ho: Significant association does not exist between the prevalence of neck pain due to WBV and the total years of heavy vehicle driving.

• H1: Significant association exists between the prevalence of neck pain due to WBV and the total years of heavy vehicle driving.


• The Chi-Square test was used to compare the relationship between Experience categorization and neck pain since both variables are categorical in nature.

• The results indicate a significant association between experience categorization and neck pain at the 95% significance level.


between the independent variable (experience) and dependent variable (neck pain).

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CONTD…

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CONTD…•The total number of drivers who have pain in the neck region are 97 (48.5%). Out of them, the drivers who showed mild pain, moderate pain and severe pain were 58, 28 and 11 respectively.• The drivers in the experience group 1-11 who had mild pain, moderate pain and severe pain were 24, 11 and 7 respectively.•The drivers in the experience group 12-22 who had mild pain, moderate pain and severe pain were 30, 13 and 2 respectively •The drivers in the experience group 23-33 who had mild pain, moderate pain and severe pain were 4, 4 and 2 respectively.

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SHOULDER-EXPERIENCE CATEGORIZED


• Ho: Significant association does not exist between the prevalence of shoulder pain due to WBV and the total years of heavy vehicle driving.

• H1: Significant association exists between the prevalence of shoulder pain due to WBV and the total years of heavy vehicle driving.


• The Chi-Square test was used to compare the relationship between experience categorization and shoulder pain since both variables are categorical in nature.

• The results indicate a significant association between experience categorization and shoulder pain at the 95% significance level.


between the independent variable (experience) and dependent variable (shoulder pain).

49

CONTD…

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CONTD…•The total number of drivers who have pain in the shoulder region are 92 (46%). Out of them, the drivers who showed mild pain, moderate pain and severe pain were 44, 27 and 21 respectively.• The drivers in the experience group 1-11 who had mild pain, moderate pain and severe pain were 24, 11 and 13 respectively.•The drivers in the experience group 12-22 who had mild pain, moderate pain and severe pain were 18, 10 and 5 respectively •The drivers in the experience group 23-33 who had mild pain, moderate pain and severe pain were 2, 6 and 3 respectively.

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ELBOW-EXPERIENCE CATEGORIZED


• Ho: Significant association does not exist between the prevalence of elbow pain due to WBV and the total years of heavy vehicle driving.

• H1: Significant association exists between the prevalence of elbow pain due to WBV and the total years of heavy vehicle driving.


• The Chi-Square test was used to compare the relationship between experience categorization and elbow pain since both variables are categorical in nature.

• The results indicate a significant association between experience categorization and elbow pain at the 95% significance level.


between the independent variable (experience) and dependent variable (elbow pain).

52

CONTD…

53

CONTD…•The total number of drivers who have pain in the elbow region are 86 (43%). Out of them, the drivers who showed mild pain, moderate pain and severe pain were 51, 28 and 7 respectively.• The drivers in the experience group 1-11 who had mild pain, moderate pain and severe pain were 26, 11 and 4 respectively.•The drivers in the experience group 12-22 who had mild pain, moderate pain and severe pain were 21, 12 and 1 respectively •The drivers in the experience group 23-33 who had mild pain, moderate pain and severe pain were 4, 5 and 2 respectively.

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WRIST-EXPERIENCE CATEGORIZED


• Ho: Significant association does not exist between the prevalence of Wrist pain due to WBV and the total years of heavy vehicle driving.

• H1: Significant association exists between the prevalence of Wrist pain due to WBV and the total years of heavy vehicle driving.

• Of the 200 drivers, 75 (37.5%) experience wrist pain and 125 (62.5%) reported to have not experienced any form of wrist pain.

• The Chi-Square test was used to compare the relationship between experience categorization and wrist pain since both variables are categorical in nature.

• The results indicate a significant association between experience categorization and wrist pain at the 95% significance level.


between the independent variable (experience) and dependent variable (wrist pain).

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CONTD…

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CONTD…•The total number of drivers who have pain in the wrist region are 75 (37.5%). Out of them, the drivers who showed mild pain, moderate pain and severe pain were 44, 19 and 12 respectively.• The drivers in the experience group 1-11 who had mild pain, moderate pain and severe pain were 16, 9 and 6 respectively.•The drivers in the experience group 12-22 who had mild pain, moderate pain and severe pain were 22, 8 and 5 respectively •The drivers in the age group experience who had mild pain, moderate pain and severe pain were 6, 2 and 1 respectively.

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UPPER BACK-EXPERIENCE CATEGORIZED


• Ho: Significant association does not exist between the prevalence of upper back pain due to WBV and the total years of heavy vehicle driving.

• H1: Significant association exists between the prevalence of upper back pain due to WBV and the total years of heavy vehicle driving.


• The Chi-Square test was used to compare the relationship between experience categorization and upper back pain since both variables are categorical in nature.

• The results do not indicate a significant association between experience categorization and upper back pain at the 95% significance level.

• Since the significance value .138 is greater than .05, it is not significant. • Different correlation analysis were performed to examine possible associations between

the independent variable (experience) and dependent variable (upper back pain).

58

CONTD…

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CONTD…• The total number of drivers who have pain in the upper back region are 75 (37.5%). Out of them, the drivers who showed mild pain, moderate pain and severe pain were 65, 15 and 3 respectively.• The drivers in the experience group 1-11 who had mild pain, moderate pain and severe pain were 16, 9 and 6 respectively.•The drivers in the experience group 12-22 who had mild pain, moderate pain and severe pain were 22, 8 and 5 respectively •The drivers in the experience group 23-33 who had mild pain, moderate pain and severe pain were 6, 2 and 1 respectively.

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LOWER BACK-EXPERIENCE CATEGORIZED


• Ho: Significant association does not exist between the prevalence of lower back pain due to WBV and total years of heavy vehicle driving.

• H1: Significant association exists between the prevalence of lower back pain due to WBV and years of heavy vehicle driving.


• The Chi-Square test was used to compare the relationship between experience categorization and lower back pain since both variables are categorical in nature.

• The results indicate a significant association between experience categorization and lower back pain at the 95% significance level.

• Since the significance value .021 is less than .05, it is significant. • Different correlation analysis were performed to examine possible associations between

the independent variable (experience) and dependent variable (lower back pain).

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CONTD…

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CONTD…•The total number of drivers who have pain in the Lower back region are 96 (48%). Out of them, the drivers who showed mild pain, moderate pain, severe pain and unbearable pain were 40, 37 ,18 and 1 respectively.• The drivers in the experience group 1-11 who had mild pain, moderate pain and severe pain were 18, 21 and 4 respectively.•The drivers in the experience group 12-22 who had mild pain, moderate pain, severe pain and unbearable pain were 20, 13, 9 and 1 respectively. •The drivers in the experience group 23-33 who had mild pain, moderate pain and severe pain were 2, 3 and 5 respectively.

63

HIP-EXPERIENCE CATEGORIZED


• Ho: Significant association does not exist between the prevalence of Hip pain due to WBV and total years of heavy vehicle driving.

• H1: Significant association exists between the prevalence of Hip pain due to WBV and and total years of heavy vehicle driving.


• The Chi-Square test was used to compare the relationship between experience categorization and hip pain since both variables are categorical in nature.

• The results do not indicate a significant association between experience categorization and hip pain at the 95% significance level.


between the independent variable (experience) and dependent variable (hip pain).

64

CONTD…

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CONTD…•The total number of drivers who have pain in the hip region are 102 (51%). Out of them, the drivers who showed mild pain, moderate pain and severe pain were 75, 23 and 4 respectively.• The drivers in the experience group 1-11 who had mild pain, moderate pain and severe pain were 16, 9 and 6 respectively.•The drivers in the experience group 12-22 who had mild pain, moderate pain and severe pain were 22, 8 and 5 respectively •The drivers in the experience group 23-33 who had mild pain, moderate pain and severe pain were 6, 2 and 1 respectively.

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KNEE-EXPERIENCE CATEGORIZED


• Ho: Significant association does not exist between the prevalence of knee pain due to WBV and total years of heavy vehicle driving.

• H1: Significant association exists between the prevalence of knee pain due to WBV and total years of heavy vehicle driving.


• The Chi-Square test was used to compare the relationship between experience categorization and knee pain since both variables are categorical in nature.

• The results do not indicate a significant association between experience categorization and knee pain at the 95% significance level.

• Since the significance value .089 is greater than .05, it is not significant.• Different correlation analysis were performed to examine possible associations

between the independent variable (experience) and dependent variable (knee pain).

67

CONTD…

68

CONTD…•The total number of drivers who have pain in the knee region are 115 (57.5%). Out of them, the drivers who showed mild pain, moderate pain and severe pain were 76, 33 and 6 respectively.• The drivers in the experience group 1-11 who had mild pain, moderate pain and severe pain were 43, 10 and 2 respectively.•The drivers in the experience group 12-22 who had mild pain, moderate pain and severe pain were 30, 17 and 2 respectively •The drivers in the experience group 23-33 who had mild pain, moderate pain and severe pain were 3, 6 and 2 respectively.

69

ANKLE-EXPERIENCE CATEGORIZED


• Ho: Significant association does not exist between the prevalence of ankle pain due to WBV and total years of heavy vehicle driving.

• H1: Significant association exists between the prevalence of ankle pain due to WBV and total years of heavy vehicle driving.


• The Chi-Square test was used to compare the relationship between experience categorization and ankle since both variables are categorical in nature.

• The results do not indicate a significant association between experience categorization and ankle pain at the 95% significance level.


between the independent variable (experience) and dependent variable (ankle pain).

70

CONTD…

71

CONTD…

•The total number of drivers who have pain in the ankle region are 105 (52.5%). Out of them, the drivers who showed mild pain, moderate pain and severe pain were 87, 17 and 1 respectively.• The drivers in the experience group 1-11 who had mild pain, moderate pain and severe pain were 43, 7 and 1 respectively.•The drivers in the experience group 12-22 who had mild pain, moderate pain and severe pain were 36, 9 and 0 respectively •The drivers in the experience group 23-33 who had mild pain, moderate pain and severe pain were 8, 1 and 0 respectively.

72

CATEGORIZATION BY INDUSTRY OF DRIVERS

• The 200 drivers surveyed are particularly from three different industries. • They are Goods carrier industry, Crusher Industry and Public Transport.• Pain at nine different body parts is categorized with the type of Industry.

73

NECK-INDUSTRY CATEGORIZATION


• Ho: Significant association does not exist between the prevalence of neck pain due to WBV and the type of Industry.

• H1: Significant association exists between the prevalence of neck pain due to WBV and the type of Industry.


• The Chi-Square test was used to compare the relationship between Industry categorization and neck pain since both variables are categorical in nature.

• The results do not indicate a significant association between Industry categorization and neck pain at the 95% significance level.

• Since the significance value .309 is greater than .05, it is not significant. • ANOVA was performed to examine the significance between the independent

variable (industry) and dependent variable (neck pain).

74

CONTD…

75

CONTD…•The total number of drivers who have pain in the neck region are 97 (48.5%). Out of them, the drivers who showed mild pain, moderate pain and severe pain were 58, 28 and 11 respectively.• The drivers in the Industry group goods carrier, who had mild pain, moderate pain and severe pain were 26, 19 and 4 respectively.•The drivers in the Industry group crusher, who had mild pain, moderate pain and severe pain were 13, 3 and 1 respectively •The drivers in the Industry group public transport, who had mild pain, moderate pain and severe pain were 19, 6and 6 respectively.

76

SHOULDER-INDUSTRY CATEGORIZATION


• Ho: Significant association does not exist between the prevalence of shoulder pain due to WBV and the type of Industry.

• H1: Significant association exists between the prevalence of shoulder pain due to WBV and the type of Industry.


• The Chi-Square test was used to compare the relationship between Industry categorization and shoulder pain since both variables are categorical in nature.

• The results do not indicate a significant association between Industry categorization and shoulder pain at the 95% significance level.

• Since the significance value .157 is greater than .05, it is not significant and there is no relation between the two variables.

• ANOVA was performed to examine the significance between the independent variable (industry) and dependent variable (shoulder pain).

77

CONTD…

78

CONTD…•The total number of drivers who have pain in the shoulder region are 92 (46%). Out of them, the drivers who showed mild pain, moderate pain and severe pain were 44, 27 and 21 respectively.• The drivers in the Industry group goods carrier, who had mild pain, moderate pain and severe pain were 22, 15 and 11 respectively.•The drivers in the Industry group crusher , who had mild pain, moderate pain and severe pain were 8, 2 and 5 respectively. •The drivers in the Industry group public transport, who had mild pain, moderate pain and severe pain were 14, 10 and 5 respectively.

79

ELBOW-INDUSTRY CATEGORIZATION


• Ho: Significant association does not exist between the prevalence of elbow pain due to WBV and the type of Industry.

• H1: Significant association exists between the prevalence of elbow pain due to WBV and the type of Industry.


• The Chi-Square test was used to compare the relationship between Industry categorization and elbow pain since both variables are categorical in nature.

• The results indicate a significant association between Industry categorization and elbow pain at the 95% significance level.

• Since the significance value .035 is less than .05, it is significant and there is a significant relation between the two variables.

• ANOVA was performed to examine the significance between the independent variable (industry) and dependent variable (elbow pain).

80

CONTD…

81

CONTD…•The total number of drivers who have pain in the elbow region are 86 (43%). Out of them, the drivers who showed mild pain, moderate pain and severe pain were 51, 28 and 7 respectively.• The drivers in the Industry group goods carrier, who had mild pain, moderate pain and severe pain were 22, 13 and 3 respectively.•The drivers in the Industry group crusher , who had mild pain, moderate pain and severe pain were 5, 4 and 2 respectively. •The drivers in the Industry group public transport, who had mild pain, moderate pain and severe pain were 24, 11 and 2 respectively.

82

WRIST-INDUSTRY CATEGORIZATION


• Ho: Significant association does not exist between the prevalence of Wrist pain due to WBV and the type of Industry.

• H1: Significant association exists between the prevalence of Wrist pain due to WBV and the type of Industry.

• Of the 200 drivers, 75 (37.5%) experience wrist pain and 125 (62.5%) reported to have not experienced any form of wrist pain.

• The Chi-Square test was used to compare the relationship between Industry categorization and wrist pain since both variables are categorical in nature.

• The results indicate a significant association between industry categorization and elbow pain at the 95% significance level.


• ANOVA was performed to examine the significance between the independent variable (industry) and dependent variable (wrist pain).

83

CONTD…

84

CONTD…• The total number of drivers who have pain in the wrist region are 75 (37.5%). Out of them, the drivers who showed mild pain, moderate pain and severe pain were 44, 19 and 12 respectively.• The drivers in the Industry group goods carrier, who had mild pain, moderate pain and severe pain were 28, 11 and 6 respectively.•The drivers in the Industry group crusher , who had mild pain, moderate pain and severe pain were 8, 1 and 2 respectively •The drivers in the Industry group public transport, who had mild pain, moderate pain and severe pain were 8, 7 and 4 respectively.

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UPPER BACK-INDUSTRY CATEGORIZATION


• Ho: Significant association does not exist between the prevalence of upper back pain due to WBV and the type of Industry.

• H1: Significant association exists between the prevalence of upper back pain due to WBV and the type of Industry.


• The Chi-Square test was used to compare the relationship between Industry categorization and Upper back pain since both variables are categorical in nature.

• The results do not indicate a significant association between Industry categorization and Upper back pain at the 95% significance level.


• ANOVA was performed to examine the significance between the independent variable (industry) and dependent variable (Upper back pain).

86

CONTD…

87

CONTD…• The total number of drivers who have pain in the upper back region are 84 (42%). Out of them, the drivers who showed mild pain, moderate pain and severe pain were 65, 15 and 3 respectively.• The drivers in the Industry group goods carrier, who had mild pain, moderate pain and severe pain were 31, 8 and 3 respectively.•The drivers in the Industry group crusher , who had mild pain, moderate pain and severe pain were 12, 2 and 0 respectively •The drivers in the Industry group public transport, who had mild pain, moderate pain and severe pain were 22, 5 and 0 respectively.

88

LOWER BACK-INDUSTRY CATEGORIZATION


• Ho: Significant association does not exist between the prevalence of lower back pain due to WBV and type of Industry.

• H1: Significant association exists between the prevalence of lower back pain due to WBV and type of Industry.


• The Chi-Square test was used to compare the relationship between Industry categorization and lower back pain since both variables are categorical in nature.

• The results indicate a significant association between industry categorization and lower back pain at the 95% significance level.


• ANOVA was performed to examine the significance between the independent variable (industry) and dependent variable (lower back pain).

89

CONTD…

90

CONTD…•The total number of drivers who have pain in the lower back region are 96 (48%). Out of them, the drivers who showed mild pain, moderate pain, severe pain and unbearable pain were 40, 37, 18 and 1 respectively.• The drivers in the Industry group goods carrier, who had mild pain, moderate pain, severe pain and unbearable pain were 19, 18,14 and 1 respectively.•The drivers in the Industry group crusher , who had mild pain, moderate pain and severe pain were 9, 7 and 0 respectively •The drivers in the Industry group public transport, who had mild pain, moderate pain and severe pain were 12, 12 and 4 respectively.

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HIP-INDUSTRY CATEGORIZATION


• Ho: Significant association does not exist between the prevalence of Hip pain due to WBV and the type of Industry.

• H1: Significant association exists between the prevalence of Hip pain due to WBV and total the type of Industry.


• The Chi-Square test was used to compare the relationship between Industry categorization and hip pain since both variables are categorical in nature.

• The results do not indicate a significant association between Industry categorization and hip pain at the 95% significance level.


• ANOVA was performed to examine the significance between the independent variable (industry) and dependent variable (hip pain).

92

CONTD…

93

•The total number of drivers who have pain in the hip region are 102 (51%). Out of them, the drivers who showed mild pain, moderate pain and severe pain were 75, 23 and 4 respectively.• The drivers in the Industry group goods carrier, who had mild pain, moderate pain and severe pain were 32, 10 and 2 respectively.•The drivers in the Industry group crusher , who had mild pain, moderate pain and severe pain were 15, 6 and 1 respectively •The drivers in the Industry group public transport, who had mild pain, moderate pain and severe pain were 28, 7 and 1 respectively.

94

KNEE-INDUSTRY CATEGORIZATION


• Ho: Significant association does not exist between the prevalence of knee pain due to WBV and type of Industry.

• H1: Significant association exists between the prevalence of knee pain due to WBV and type of Industry


• The Chi-Square test was used to compare the relationship between Industry categorization and knee pain since both variables are categorical in nature.

• The results do not indicate a significant association between Industry categorization and knee pain at the 95% significance level.


• ANOVA was performed to examine the significance between the independent variable (industry) and dependent variable (knee).

95

CONTD…

96

CONTD…•The total number of drivers who have pain in the knee region are 115 (57.5%). Out of them, the drivers who showed mild pain, moderate pain and severe pain were 76, 33 and 6 respectively.• The drivers in the Industry group goods carrier, who had mild pain, moderate pain and severe pain were 27, 23 and 4 respectively.•The drivers in the Industry group crusher , who had mild pain, moderate pain and severe pain were 18, 2 and 0 respectively. •The drivers in the Industry group public transport, who had mild pain, moderate pain and severe pain were 31, 8 and 2 respectively.

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ANKLE-INDUSTRY CATEGORIZATION


• Ho: Significant association does not exist between the prevalence of ankle pain due to WBV and type of industry.

• H1: Significant association exists between the prevalence of ankle pain due to WBV and type of industry.


• The Chi-Square test was used to compare the relationship between Industry categorization and ankle pain since both variables are categorical in nature.

• The results do not indicate a significant association between Industry categorization and ankle pain at the 95% significance level.


• ANOVA was performed to examine the significance between the independent variable (industry) and dependent variable (Ankle pain).

98

CONTD…

99

CONTD…•The total number of drivers who have pain in the ankle region are 86 (43%). Out of them, the drivers who showed mild pain, moderate pain and severe pain were 87, 17 and 1 respectively.• The drivers in the Industry group goods carrier, who had mild pain, moderate pain and severe pain were 41, 8 and 0 respectively.•The drivers in the Industry group crusher , who had mild pain, moderate pain and severe pain were 16, 3 and 0 respectively •The drivers in the Industry group public transport, who had mild pain, moderate pain and severe pain were 30, 6 and 1 respectively.

100

CONCLUSIONS• The results of the analysis revealed a significance association exists between pain at different body parts and

Age of drivers, Total years of working and type of Industry working. • The results of the analysis revealed a significant association between Neck pain, Shoulder pain, Wrist pain,

Upper back pain, Lower back pain and Age of heavy vehicle drivers.• The results of correlation analysis shows that as sample age increases by 1 unit, neck pain increases by .190

unit, shoulder pain increases by .182 unit, wrist pain increases by .268 unit, upper back pain increases by .182 unit and lower back pain increases by .192 unit.

• The results of the analysis revealed a significant association between Neck pain, Shoulder pain Elbow pain, Wrist pain, Lower back pain and the total years of heavy vehicle driving.

• The results of correlation analysis shows that as total years of driving increases by 1 unit, neck pain increases by .195 unit, shoulder pain increases by .062 unit, , elbow pain increases by .134 unit, wrist pain increases by .228 unit and lower back increases by .195 unit.

• The results of the analysis revealed a significant association between Elbow pain, Wrist pain, Lower back pain and the type of Industry of heavy vehicle drivers.

• There is a significant increase of elbow pain in public transport than crusher by a mean difference of .254, there is a significant increase of wrist pain in goods carrier than crusher by a mean difference of .225, there is a significant increase of wrist pain in goods carrier than public transport by a mean difference of .229 and there is a significant increase of lower back pain in goods transport than crusher by a mean difference of .269.

101

CONTD…• The data gathered from this study indicates that the majority of heavy vehicle drivers

experienced Musculoskeletal disorders (MSDs). • Heavy vehicle driving must be considered as a high risk occupation in relation to

Musculoskeletal disorders (MSDs).• A campaign should organize to build consciousness among vulnerable population;

government should take initiative for the better transport and road and infrastructures for the heavy vehicle drivers.

• Drivers need to avoid prolonged exposure to driving, take regular rest breaks, avoid overtime work, make sure to regularly have days off, take vacations, and whenever possible be away from traffic and motor vehicles.

• Truck stops should be built on all major long haul roads to encourage drivers to stop and rest.

• Major truck stops should have exercise equipment for use by drivers, and should have a nurse's office to monitor some basic health conditions of the on-duty road driver.

• The type of road condition could not be included as a variable. Further research can be done and more accurate results can be found out.

102

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