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Data Modeling and Database DesignMinder Chen, Ph.D. [email protected]
is assigned to
contains
staffed by
subcontract
member
is a member of
belongs to
Employee
Employee numberFirst nameLast nameEmployee functionEmployee salary
Team
Team numberSpecialty
Division
Division numberDivision nameDivision address
Task
Task nameTask cost
Project
Project numberProject nameProject labelStart dateEnd date
Customer
Customer numberCustomer nameCustomer addressCustomer activityCustomer telephoneCustomer fax
© Minder Chen, 1993~2002 Data Modeling - 2 -
Data Modeling and Database Design Course Outline• INTRODUCTION
– Introduction to Data Modeling– Database Development Life Cycle Overview
• ENTITY AND RELATIONSHIP – Develop the Subject Area Diagram– Develop Preliminary Data Model: Entity & Relationship
Identification • ATTRIBUTES AND SUBTYPES
– Attributes Identification and Definition – Develop Fully Attributed Data Model– Identifiers– Data Modeling Exercise– Partitioning and Entity Subtypes
• NORMALIZATION – Normalization – Normalization Exercise – De-normalization
• DATA MODEL EVALUATION AND MAPPING TO RELATIONAL DBMS
– Refine a Data Model: Analysis and Simplification– Transform to Physical Data Base Design
• PowerDesigner: Data Architect• Pysical DB Design and Data Warehouse DB Design
© Minder Chen, 1993~2002 Data Modeling - 3 -
ReferencesData Modeling and Database Design 1. Batini, Ceri, Navathe, Conceptual Database Design, Redwood City, CA: The
Benjamin/Cummings Publishing Company, Inc., 1992. 2. Teorey, T. J., Database Modeling and Design: The Entity-Relationship Approach,
Morgan Kaufmann Publishers, Inc., 1990. 3. Thomas A. Bruce, Designing Quality Databases with IDEF1X Information Models,
Dorset House Publishing, NY: New York, 1991. 4. Texas Instruments, A Guide to IE Using IEF, 2nd edition, Part No. 2739756-0001,
1990.5. Martin, James, Information Engineering Book II: Planning and Analysis, Prentice-
Hall Inc., 1989. 6. Dave Ensor, Ian Stevenson, Oracle Design, O'Reilly & Associates, 19977. Rob Gillette, etc., Physical Database Design for Sybase SQL Server, Prentice
Hall, 1995. 8. Ralph Kimball, The Data Warehouse Toolkit, Wiley, 1996.
JAD References1. August, J. H.. Joint Application Design: The Group Session Approach to System
Design. Englewood Cliffs, NY, Prentice Hall, Inc., 1991.2. Wood, J. and Silver, D. Joint Application Design: How to Design Quality Systems
in 40% Less Time. New York, NY, John Wiley & Sons, 1989. 3. Andrews, D. C. and Leventhal, N. S., Fusion: Integrating IE, CASE, and JAD: A
Handbook for Reengineering the Systems Organization, Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Yourdon Press, 1993.
© Minder Chen, 1993~2002 Data Modeling - 4 -
Data Modeling and Database Design: INTRODUCTION • Systems Development Life Cycle (SDLC)
in a Client/Server Environment• Introduction to Data Modeling• Database Development Life Cycle
Overview
© Minder Chen, 1993~2002 Data Modeling - 5 -
Rationales for Data Modeling• Data is the foundation of modern information systems
enabled by data base technologies.• Data in an organization exist and can be described
independently of how these data are used.• Data should be managed as a corporate-wide
resource.• The types of data used in an organization do not
change very much.• Data have certain inherent properties which lead to
correct structuring. • If we structure data according to their inherent
properties, the structure (i.e., data models) will be stable.
© Minder Chen, 1993~2002 Data Modeling - 6 -
History of Data Modeling • Importance of Entity-Relationship Modeling Technique
– Database – Data modeling and enterprise-wide data – Data quality – Data updating and accessing tools and procedure– Data sharing culture
• ER modeling technique was first developed by Peter Chen in 1976
– A conceptual/logical data modeling tool– A user-oriented approach – A graphic-based method
• ER modeling technique is the major data modeling method in Information Engineering and is widely supported by most of CASE tools.
• Data modeling is the foundation of most database-centered transaction processing systems and data warehouse systems
© Minder Chen, 1993~2002 Data Modeling - 7 -
CSC Development Strategies
• RE-CREATE new business process & systems from scratch
• RE-ENGINEER business process & systems
• RE-DESIGN current systems
• RE-HOST current systems
• RE-IMAGE current systems
HIGH
LOW
Risk Long Term RewardShort Term CostsDegree of Change
© Minder Chen, 1993~2002 Data Modeling - 8 -
Distribution of Business Function (Logic)
DataSpace
PresentationService
PresentationLogic
FunctionLogic
DataLogic
DataService
PresentationSpace
Client Server• Presentation logic• Local input validation • Output production logic• Local peripheral drivers• Performance critical processing
• Functions that access data on the server
• Functions that need input from multiple users
• Functions that coordinate the work of several user
Issues: • Distribution of data • Platform-specific capabilities and interoperability• Connectivity capabilities/platform • Frequency of change to codes• Configuration management
© Minder Chen, 1993~2002 Data Modeling - 9 -
C/S Development Methodology
UserInterface
ApplicationLogic
C/S Architecture
ConceptualAnalysis
Logical Design
Physical Design
SDLC
WorkFlow
FormSequences
Forms,Screens
ProcessFlow
ObjectInteractionModel
Programs,Procedures
performance =>rules=>
Source: David Vaskevitch, Client/Server Strategies, IDG Books, 1993.
Information& Data Base
Data Model
DatabaseSchema
Tables, Indexes
© Minder Chen, 1993~2002 Data Modeling - 10 -
Client/Server Application Development Methodology
Requirements
Information& Data Base
ProcessesBehavior
WorkflowUser Interface Architecture
ApplicationDesign and Development
Source: David Vaskevitch, Client/Server Strategies, IDG Books, 1993.
Where Do You Start?
© Minder Chen, 1993~2002 Data Modeling - 11 -
Data Modeling (Data Base Design) ProcessInformation Requirements
Conceptual DB Design
LogicalDB Design
Physical
DB Design
Conceptual (Enterprise) DB Schema
Logical DB Schema
Physical DB Schema
A conceptual DB schema is a high-level description of the database, independent of the particular DBMS.
A logical DB schema is a description of the structure of the database that can be processed by a DBMS: relational, network, or hierarchical.
A physical DB schema is a description of the implementation of the database in external memory; it describes the storage structures and access methods used in order to effectively access and maintain data.
Source: Batini, C., Ceri, S., and Navathe, S. B., Conceptual Database Design: An Entity-Relationship Approach, The Benjamin/Cummings Publishing Company, Inc., 1992.
© Minder Chen, 1993~2002 Data Modeling - 12 -
Multiple Perspectives
DATA ACTIVITY
EMPLOYEE
HIREEMPLOYEE
PAYEMPLOYEE
PROMOTEEMPLOYEE
FIREEMPLOYEE
......
....
......
....
ONE BUSINESS
We do these things
We usethis data
© Minder Chen, 1993~2002 Data Modeling - 13 -
Member Agreementis enrolled under; applies to
Club
established by; established
Member Order
Product Promotion sponsors; is sponsored by
is featured in; features
generates; generated by
sells; is sold on
placed by; places
Data Model (Entity Relationship Diagram)
© Minder Chen, 1993~2002 Data Modeling - 14 -
Entity Relationship Diagram: Subject Area and Entity Type
• Subject Area and Subject Area Diagram
• Entity Types• Entity Instances• Finding Entity Types • Evaluating Entity Types
© Minder Chen, 1993~2002 Data Modeling - 15 -
Subject Area (Submodel)• A natural area of interest to the business that is centered on a
major resource, inputs, outputs, or activity of the business. • It contains a set of entity types. • We start the data modeling in the ISP stage by identifying
subject areas with names and descriptions. • In BAA stage, subject areas are used to as high level
grouping of entity types. • Naming: a subject area is a noun in plural form and often has
the name as the central entity type in the subject area. • Examples:
Project Member Task
Project
Projects
© Minder Chen, 1993~2002 Data Modeling - 16 -
Subject Area Diagram
Customers
PurchaseOrders
Buyers
Raw-materialsProducts
Sales-persons
: Subject Area
: Association
Legends
Orders Suppliers
© Minder Chen, 1993~2002 Data Modeling - 17 -
Entity Types• Definition:
– An entity is an object or event, real or abstract, about which we would like to store data. Entity is the abbreviation of entity type. It represent a set of entity instances which can be described by the same set of attribute types. The value of the same attribute for each entity instance may be different.
• Identifying Entity Types– What information is required by the business? – Things that are of interest to the business that need
to be remembered in order to manage and track them.
– Things belong to the same entity type have common characteristics.
© Minder Chen, 1993~2002 Data Modeling - 18 -
Naming Entity Types• The name of each entity is in singular form
– a noun– an adjective + a noun– a noun + a noun => (noun string)– an adjective + a noun + a noun
• Examples– Customer, Customer Order, Product, Hourly Employee, Project, Department, Unfilled
Customer Order • Be clear and concise • Avoid abbreviation • Be consist with user’s terminology • Identify synonyms
– Customer Client– Product Merchandise– Supplier Vendor– Teacher Faculty
• Use one name as the official name and document others as aliases
© Minder Chen, 1993~2002 Data Modeling - 19 -
Exercise: Entity Type Naming• Courses• Department• Customer Order• PO
© Minder Chen, 1993~2002 Data Modeling - 20 -
Properties of Entity Types• Name• Description• Identifier• Properties: Estimated number (Max., Min., Average) of
entity instances• Expected growth rate of entity instances• Subject Area in which the Entity Type resides• Attributes that describe the Entity Types• Examples of entity type instances
© Minder Chen, 1993~2002 Data Modeling - 21 -
Definition of an Entity Type• A poor definition of Customer: Anyone
that buys something from the company. – Can employees be a customer? – Can a leasor be a customer? – If the company sold a subsidiary to another
company, does the new owner consider a customer?
• Good definition should be: – Compatible– Precise– Concise– Clear– Complete
© Minder Chen, 1993~2002 Data Modeling - 22 -
Good Definition• Compatible
– Customer: An ORGANIZATION that purchase PRODUCTs for personal use.
– Distributor: An ORGANIZATION that purchase PRODUCTs for resale.
• Precision: – With appropriate qualifiers – Example: An ORGANIZATION is considered to have
purchase a PRODUCT when we receive a valid PURCHASE ORDER from it.
• Complete– ORGANIZATION, PRODUCT, PURCHASE ORDER need
to be defined. • Concise and Clear
– Use modular definition
© Minder Chen, 1993~2002 Data Modeling - 23 -
Example of Entity Type Descriptions
Entity Type DescriptionCustomer Information about all persons or organizations who
purchases
Product All goods manufactured and soldRaw-material Components used to manufacture Products.Supplier Vendors of Raw Materials.
Buyer Company personnel responsible for purchasing Raw-Materials from Suppliers
© Minder Chen, 1993~2002 Data Modeling - 24 -
Entity Type and Entity Instance (Occurrence)Entity Types Entity InstanceVendor ABC Co.Employee John SmithCourse Intro. to IEDepartment Marketing Department
© Minder Chen, 1993~2002 Data Modeling - 25 -
Exercise: Entity Types or Entity Instances? • Maryland • Organization Unit• Customer• President • Bill Clinton• Department of Commerce• Address
© Minder Chen, 1993~2002 Data Modeling - 26 -
Finding Entity Types• Interviews with users• JAD workshops• Business forms• Reports• Computer files using reverse engineering• Operation manuals
© Minder Chen, 1993~2002 Data Modeling - 27 -
Where to Look for an Entity Type?• Tangible or Intangible Things
– The nouns that are used to describe the problem domain will often correspond to the major Entity Types of the system, at least at a high level.
– Examples: Product, Sensor, and Employee, Department, and Sale Office. • Resources
– Any resources that an organization needs to manage should be represented as an Entity Type. Information assists the efficient and effective use of other resources through improved decision.
– Examples: Inventory, Machine, Bank Account, and Customer. • Roles Played
– Roles can be played by persons or organizational units. – Examples: Customers, Managers, and Account representatives.
• Events– Events are incidents that occur at points in time. An event often
involved an interaction between two Entity Types or an action that changes the status of an Entity Type.
– Examples: Sale, Delivery, and Registration of a motor vehicle.
© Minder Chen, 1993~2002 Data Modeling - 28 -
BIAIT: Business Information Analysis and Integration Technique
• Analysis of Orders• Ordered entities can be a thing, a space, or a skill. • View the order from supplier side. • If an organization receives no orders, it has no reason
for existing. • An organization unit can receive multiple types of
orders.• 4 questions about the Supplier:
– Billing (Cash)? – Deliver Late (Immediate)? – Profile customer? – Negotiate price (Fixed)?
• 3 questions about the Ordered Entity: – Rented (Sold)? – Tracked? – Made to order (Stock)?
Source: Carlson, W. M., "BIAIT: Business Information Analysis and Integration Technique - The New Horizon," Data Base, Vol. 10, No. 4, 1979, pp. 3-9.
© Minder Chen, 1993~2002 Data Modeling - 29 -
Criteria for Evaluating an Entity Type• Need to be remembered by the information system in order to
be functional.• Can be operated on: CREATE, READ, UPDATE, DELETE. • Has a set of operations/services that always apply to change
the status of each occurrence of an Entity Type. • Carry a set of attributes that always apply to describe each
occurrence of an Entity Type. • Have at least one relationship with other entity type. • Exist more than one entity occurrence (instance) in an Entity
Type.• Have at least a unique identifier.• Domain-based requirements: Something that the system must
have in order to operate. These may be clearly specified in the problem description or known from subject matter experts.
© Minder Chen, 1993~2002 Data Modeling - 30 -
Entity Relationship Modeling and Diagramming
• Relationships• Entity Relationship Diagramming
Notation • Attributes• Identifiers• Partitioning and Entity Subtypes
© Minder Chen, 1993~2002 Data Modeling - 31 -
Relationship (Type)• Definition
– A Relationship Type is an association among Entity Types. It indicates that there is a business relationship between these Entity Types.
– Relationship Membership is the participation of an Entity Type in a Relationship.
– In IE, a Relationship Type can involve only two Entity Types (binary relationship). Some other modeling techniques allow n-ary relationships.
• Examples– CUSTOMER places ORDER – ORDER is placed by CUSTOMER– EMPLOYEE works on PROJECT– PROJECT has project member EMPLOYEE
© Minder Chen, 1993~2002 Data Modeling - 32 -
Paring (Relationship Instance)
Entity Types Entity Instance
StudentStudent#1Student#2
CourseCourse#ACourse#BCourse#CCourse#D
Relationship Relationship Paring
StudenttakesCourse
Student#1 takes Course#AStudent#1 takes Course#BStudent#1 takes Course#DStudent#2 takes Course#AStudent#2 takes Course#CStudent#2 takes Course#D
• Relationship paring is a pair of Entity Instances of two Entity Types associated by a Relationship Type between these two Entity Types.
© Minder Chen, 1993~2002 Data Modeling - 33 -
Relationship Instances Grouping
• Definition: A collection of pairings of a Relationship Membership in which an Entity Instance is involved.
• Examples: – Student#1 takes Course#A, #B, and #D – Student#2 takes Course#A, #C, and #D – Course#A is taken by Student#1 and
Student#2
© Minder Chen, 1993~2002 Data Modeling - 34 -
Relationship CardinalityE1 E2
E1
E1
E2
E2
One-to-Many
Many-to-Many
One-to-One1:1
1:M
M:N
© Minder Chen, 1993~2002 Data Modeling - 35 -
Relationship Cardinality• The number of Entity Instances involved in the
Relationship Instances Grouping in a Relationship Type. • Three Forms of Cardinality 1. One-to-one (1:1)
DEPARTMENT has MANAGEREach DEPARTMENT has one and only one MANAGEREach MANAGER manages one and only one DEPARTMENT
2. One-to-many (1:m)CUSTOMER places ORDEREach CUSTOMER sometimes (95%) place one or more ORDERsEach ORDER always is placed by exactly one CUSTOMER
3. Many-to-many (m:n)INSTRUCTOR teaches COURSE Each INSTRUCTION teaches zero, one, or more COURSEsEach COURSE is taught by one or more INSTRUCTORs
© Minder Chen, 1993~2002 Data Modeling - 36 -
Entity Relationship Diagram (ERD): Notations
Entity-X Entity-Y relationship-description
reversed-relation-description
Example
Cardinality indicator
Department Manageris-managed-by
manages
Translate into two structured statements
min max
zeroonemany
Each Entity-X relationship-description cardinality-indicator (one-or-many) Entity-Y Each Entity-Y reversed-relationship-description (zero-or-one) Entity-Y
Graphical Notations
© Minder Chen, 1993~2002 Data Modeling - 37 -
Optionality of Relationship Memberships• Whether all entity instances of both entity
types need to participate in relationship pairing.
• Optionality: – Mandatory – Optional
• Example: – CUSTOMER membership is optional– ORDER membership is mandatory
CUSTOMER ORDER places
is placed by
© Minder Chen, 1993~2002 Data Modeling - 38 -
Relationship Statements
CUSTOMER ORDER places
is placed by
Cardinality indicator
oneone or more
Graphical Notations
Optionality indicator
zero (sometimes)one (always)
Each CUSTOMER sometimes places one or more ORDER.Each ORDER always is placed by one CUSTOMER.
Each Entity X optionality relationship cardinality Entity Y
© Minder Chen, 1993~2002 Data Modeling - 39 -
Defining Relationships• Name• Description• Property
– Cardinality volumes– Optionality percentage: % of Entity Type X's
instances pairing with Entity Type's Y's instances
– Transferability: A relationship is transferable if an entity instance can change its pairing within the same relationship. » TRANSFERABLE: An EMPLOYEE can change to a
different DEPARTMENT. » NON-TRANSFERABLE: An ORDER cannot be
transferred to another CUSTOMER.
© Minder Chen, 1993~2002 Data Modeling - 40 -
ERD: More Examples
Employee Project
managesis-managed-by
works-forhas-project-members
Part
is-consists-of
contained-in
Customer Orderplaces
belongs-to
Product is-contained-incontains
(a)
(b)
(c)
Involuted or LoopedRelationship
Parallel Relationship
© Minder Chen, 1993~2002 Data Modeling - 41 -
ERD: Alternative Notations
Orderplaces
belongs-to
Alternative Notations:
Orderplacesbelongs-to
Order
Customer
placesCustomer belongs-to
OrderplacesCustomer 1 M
Customer
© Minder Chen, 1993~2002 Data Modeling - 42 -
Identifying Relationships• Association between entity types • Entity types that are used on the
same forms or documents. • A description in a business document
that has a verb that relates two entity types– has– consists of – uses
© Minder Chen, 1993~2002 Data Modeling - 43 -
Attributes• Definition
– Characteristics that could be used to describe Entity Types and Relationship Types. However, in IE, relationship types are not allowed to have attributes.
• Naming Conventions: – Names that have business meaning– Don't use abbreviation or possessive case, e.g., PN and Customer's
name– Don't include entity type name because IEF will prefix the attribute
name with entity type name automatically – Use standard format:
Entity Type Name (Qualifiers) Domain NameCustomer NameEmployee Starting Date
• Examples– Customer has customer name, address, and telephone number– Product has quantity-on-hand, weight, volume, color, and name. – Employee has SSN, salary, and birthday. – Employee-works-for-project has percentage-of-time, starting-date.
© Minder Chen, 1993~2002 Data Modeling - 44 -
Attributes: Notations
StudentStudent IDStudent NameBirth date
Student IDCourse no.Birth date
enrollment
Student(Student ID, Student Name, Birth Date)
Finding Attributes: Attributes are identified progressively during BAA phase.• Data Analysis • Activity Analysis • Interaction Analysis • Current Systems Analysis
EmployeeEmployee numberFirst nameLast nameEmployee functionEmployee salary
studentID
namephone
Student
© Minder Chen, 1993~2002 Data Modeling - 45 -
Attribute Value• Definition
– Attribute Values are instances of Attributes used to describe specific Entity Instances
• Examples– Customer Number: 011334– Customer Name: Minder Chen– State: VA– Order Total: $23,000– Sale tax: $250
• An attribute of an entity type should have only one value at any given time. (No repeating group)
• Avoid using complex coding scheme for an attribute. For example: PART Number: X-XXX-XXX
Part Type Material Sequence Number
© Minder Chen, 1993~2002 Data Modeling - 46 -
Type & InstanceOBJECT TYPE OCCURRENCEEntity Type Entity InstanceEntity Entity InstanceEntity Type Entity
Relationship (Type) Pairing (Relationship Instance)
Attribute (Type) (Attribute) Value
© Minder Chen, 1993~2002 Data Modeling - 47 -
Attribute Source Categories• Basic
– Definition: An Attribute Value that cannot be deduced or calculated.
– Examples: Student name and Birthday• Derived
– Definition: The Attribute Value can be calculated or deduced from relationship Groupings or from the values of other Attributes. The value of a Derived Attribute changes constantly.
– Examples: Student Age, Account Balance, Number of courses taken.
• Designed– Definition: The Attribute is created to overcome the
system constraints. The value of a Designed Attribute does not change.
– Examples: Student ID, Course number.
© Minder Chen, 1993~2002 Data Modeling - 48 -
Data Types
© Minder Chen, 1993~2002 Data Modeling - 49 -
Properties of Attributes• Name • Description• Attribute Source Category: Basic, Derived, Designed• Domain or data type: Text, Number, Date, Time, Timestamp • Optionality: Mandatory or optional • Length and/or precision• Permitted Values (Legal Values)
– Ranges– A set of values (Code Table)
• Default value or algorithm
Tools such as PowerBuilder has additional properties for table’s columns called extended attributes
– Validation Rule– Editing Format– Reporting Format
– Column Heading– Form Label– Code Table
© Minder Chen, 1993~2002 Data Modeling - 50 -
Composite Attribute• Definition: • Example:
– Telephone Number = Area code + Exchange + Extension
• There is no support of composite attribute type most of CASE tools. In such case, an composite attribute must be stored as an entity type.
© Minder Chen, 1993~2002 Data Modeling - 51 -
Domain • A collection of values which can be taken by one or
more attributes. • Date is the domain for Ordered Date, Student's
Birthday, Employee Starting Date.• A used defined domain can have customized
validation rules and formats. • CASE tools such as IEF only supports the following
basic domains: – Text – Number – Date – Time– Timestamp
© Minder Chen, 1993~2002 Data Modeling - 52 -
Identifiers• The identifier of an entity type is a set of
attributes and/or relationships whose values can uniquely identify an entity.
• Entity types should have one identifier.• Identifiers may consist of
– A single attribute: Student ID– A set of attributes: Students ID + Course ID – An attribute and a relationship membership
(implemented as a foreign Key): Order Item No + Order Has Order Item
© Minder Chen, 1993~2002 Data Modeling - 53 -
Identifying Relationship
orderorderitem
is part of
contains
customer product
places
is placed by
is ordered by
hasORDERS
Symbol for Identifying Relationship
© Minder Chen, 1993~2002 Data Modeling - 54 -
Data Modeling Case StudyThe following is description by a pharmacy owner:
"Jack Smith catches a cold and what he suspects is a flu virus. He makes an appointment with his family doctor who confirm his diagnosis. The doctor prescribes an antibiotic and nasal decongestant tablets. Jack leaves the doctor's office and drives to his local drug store. The pharmacist packages the medication and types the labels for pill bottles. The label includes information about customer, the doctor who prescribe the drug, the drug (e.g., Penicillin), when to take it, and how often, the content of the pill (250 mg), the number of refills, expiration date, and the date of purchase."
Please develop a data model for the entities and relationships within the context of pharmacy. Also develop a definition for "prescription". List all your underlying assumptions used in your data models.
© Minder Chen, 1993~2002 Data Modeling - 55 -
Data Modeling Case StudyGiven the following narrative description of entities and their relationships, prepare a draft entity relationship diagram (ERD). Be sure any reasonable assumptions that you are making.Burger World Distribution Center serves as a supplier to 45 Burger World franchises. You are involved with a project to build a database system for distribution. Each franchise submits a day-by-day projection of sales for each of Burger World's menu products - the products listed on the menu at each restaurant - for the coming month. All menu product require ingredients and/or packaging items. Based on projected sales for the store, the system must generate a day-by-day and ingredients need and then collapse those needs into one-per-week purchase requisitions and shipments.
© Minder Chen, 1993~2002 Data Modeling - 56 -
Data Modeling Process• List entity types• Create relationships
– Pick a central entity type– Work around the neighborhood
» Add entity types to the diagram » Build relationships among them
– Determine cardinalities of relationships• Find/Create identifiers for each entity type• Add attributes to the entity type in the data
model• Analyze and revise the data model
© Minder Chen, 1993~2002 Data Modeling - 57 -
Classifying Attribute and Partitioning
• An Entity Subtype A collection of Entities of the same type to which a narrower definition and additional Attributes and Relationships apply. An Entity Subtype inherits (retains) all the Attributes and Relationships of its parent Entity Type.
• Classifying Attribute: An attribute of the Base Entity Type whose values partition the Entity Instances into Subtypes.
• Partitioning: A basis for subdividing one entity type into subtypes. The process of dividing an Entity Type into several Subtypes based on a Classifying Attribute is called Partitioning.
• The Classifying Attribute is recorded as a property of the Partitioning and it appears on the diagram.
© Minder Chen, 1993~2002 Data Modeling - 58 -
Characteristics of Partitioning • Optionality:
– Mandatory: Every Entity instances of the Entity Type must fall into one of the Subtype categories.
– Optional: Not every Entity instances of the Entity Type must fall into one of the Subtype categories.
• Entity Life Cycle: The states through which an Entity Type can pass are used for Partitioning.
• Enumeration: – Fully enumerated– Not fully enumerated
• Classifying Attributes and Values– Classifying Attribute: Type– D: Domestic Subtype– F: Foreign Subtype
© Minder Chen, 1993~2002 Data Modeling - 59 -
Partitioning and Entity Subtype: Notation
Employee
SeminarLecturer
ATTRIBUTE: Employee ID Name Birthday
ATTRIBUTE: Teaching Quality Indicator
Teaches
Staff
Type
WageHourly
Status
© Minder Chen, 1993~2002 Data Modeling - 60 -
Alternative Notations for Subtypes
employeeIDnamephone
full-time-emp
employeeID (FK)salary
part-time-emp
employeeID (FK)hourly-rate
employee type
Complete CategoryAll categories shown
SavingsRate
CheckingFees
AccountAccount NumberName
IDEF1X PowerDesigner
© Minder Chen, 1993~2002 Data Modeling - 61 -
Entity Subtype Partitioning
Order
TakenScheduled
Order Status
ShippedBilledPaid
Life Cycle Partitioning
© Minder Chen, 1993~2002 Data Modeling - 62 -
Normalization• A data base is a model or an image of the
reality. • Logical Data Base Design is a process of
modeling and capturing the end-user views of an application domain and synthesis them into a data base structure.
• Normalization is a logical data base design method.
• The basis for normalization is the functional dependencies among attributes in a table.
© Minder Chen, 1993~2002 Data Modeling - 63 -
SQL Terminology
p_no product_namequantity price
101 Color TV 24500
201 B&W TV 10250
202 PC 52000
CREATE TABLES (p_no CHAR(5) NOT NULL,
product_name CHAR(20), quantity SMALLINT, price DECIMAL(10, 2));
Create a table in SQL
Product Table
Row
Column
© Minder Chen, 1993~2002 Data Modeling - 64 -
SQL Terminology Set Theory Relational DB File ExampleRelation Table File Product_tableAttribute Column Data item Product_nameTuple Row Record Product_101's info.Domain Pool of legal values Data type DATE
© Minder Chen, 1993~2002 Data Modeling - 65 -
SQL Principles• The result of a SQL query is always a table (View
or Dynamic Table)• Rows in a table are considered to be unordered• Dominate the markets since late 1980s• Can be used in interactive programming
environments • Provide both data definition language (DDL) and
data manipulation language (DML) • A non-procedural language • Can be embedded in 3GL:
– Embedded SQL– Dynamic SQL
© Minder Chen, 1993~2002 Data Modeling - 66 -
SQL: Data Definition Language (DDL)
CREATE DROP
TABLE VIEW INDEX DATABASE
ALTER TABLE
© Minder Chen, 1993~2002 Data Modeling - 67 -
SQL: Introduction• A relational data base is perceived by its users as a
collection of tables• E. F. Codd 1969• Dominate the markets since late 1980s• Strengths:
– Simplicity– End-user orientation– Standardization– Value-based instead of pointer-based– Endorsed by major computer companies
• Most CASE products support the development of relational data base centered applications
© Minder Chen, 1993~2002 Data Modeling - 68 -
SQL: Data Manipulation Language (DML)
SELECT UPDATE INSERTDELETE
p_no product_name quantity price101 Color TV 24 500201 B&W TV 10 250202 PC 5 2000
SELECT [DISTINCT] column(s)FROM table(s) [WHERE conditions][GROUP BY column(s) [HAVING condition]][ORDER BY column(s)]
The Generic Form of the SELECT Statement
© Minder Chen, 1993~2002 Data Modeling - 69 -
Database Table• The following code retrieves only the Last Name and the
Employee ID where the Employee ID is greater than 5. The records are retrieved in descending order.
SELECT LastName, EmployeeIDFROM EmployeesWHERE EmployeeID > 5ORDER BY EmployeeID DESC
© Minder Chen, 1993~2002 Data Modeling - 70 -
WHERE Clause• WHERE: Use the Where clause to limit the selection.
The # symbol indicates literal date values.
SELECT * FROM Employees WHERE LastName = "Smith"
SELECT Employees.LastName FROM Employees WHERE Employees.State in ('NY','WA')
SELECT OrderID FROM Orders WHERE OrderDate BETWEEN #01/01/93# AND #01/31/93#
© Minder Chen, 1993~2002 Data Modeling - 71 -
Keys• A key, also called identifier, is an Attribute or a
Composite Attribute that can be used to uniquely identify an instance of an entity type.
• Examples: Entity Type Key Warehouse Warehouse NumberProduct Product NumberStudent Student ID or SSNShip Name and Port of Registration Stock of Product Product Number and Warehouse No.
© Minder Chen, 1993~2002 Data Modeling - 72 -
Types of Key• Primary Key: A unique key is an attribute or a set
of attributes that has been used by the DBMS as the identifier of a table.
• Candidate (Alternative) Key: An attribute or a set of attributes that could have been used as the primary key of a table.
• Secondary (Index) Key: An attribute or a set of attributes that has been used to construct the data retrieval index.
• Concatenated (Combined or Composite) Key: A set of attributes that has been used as the key.
• Foreign Key: An attribute or a set of attributes that is used as the primary key in another table.
© Minder Chen, 1993~2002 Data Modeling - 73 -
Purposes of Normalization
• Avoid maintenance problems such as Update .
• Insert: There may be no place to insert new information.
• Delete: Some important information will be lost by deletion.
• Update: Inconsistency may occur because of the existence of data redundancy.
• Provide maximum flexibility to meet future information needs by keeping tables corresponding to object types in their simplified forms.
© Minder Chen, 1993~2002 Data Modeling - 74 -
A Common Sense Approach to Normalization
• Don't rush to put all the information in one table.
• Create a table to correspond to a class of a simple object type that should exist by itself, i.e., "one fact in one place."
• Include common fields (links) as ways of joining information from several related tables.
• Avoid redundancy by using links to retrieve data from related tables.
© Minder Chen, 1993~2002 Data Modeling - 75 -
Normalization Theory• Normalization is a process of systematically
breaking a complex table into simpler ones. • It is built around the concept of normal forms. • A relation is in a particular normal form if it
satisfies a specific set of constraints such as dependencies among attributes in the relation.
• For x is an integer and x > 1, if a relation is in x-NF than it is in (x-1)-NF.
• Higher order normal forms are usually more desirable than lower order normal forms.
• Normalization process usually starts from complex relations which are usually drawn from some existing documents such as business forms.
© Minder Chen, 1993~2002 Data Modeling - 76 -
A Business Form
© Minder Chen, 1993~2002 Data Modeling - 77 -
An Informal Example of Normalization
• A CUSTOMER ORDER contains the following information: – OrderNo– OrderDate– CustNo– CustAddress– CustType– Tax– Total– one or more than one Order-Item which has
» ProductNo» Description» Quantity» UnitPrice» Subtotal.
© Minder Chen, 1993~2002 Data Modeling - 78 -
SolutionUnnormalized table
Remove repeating group
1st NF
2nd NF
3rd NF
Remove partial FD
Remove transitive FD
(OrderNo, OrderDate, CustNo, CustAddress, CustType, Tax, TotalTotal)
(OrderNo, ProductNo, Description, Quantity, UnitPrice, SubtotalSubtotal)
(ProductNo, Description, UnitPrice)(OrderNo, ProductNo, Quantity, UnitPrice, SubtotalSubtotal)
(OrderNo, OrderDate, CustNo, Tax, TotalTotal)(CustNo, CustAddress, CustType)
(OrderNo, OrderDate, CustNo, CustAddress, CustType, Tax, TotalTotal, 1{ProductNo, Description, Quantity, UnitPrice,Subtotal}n)
© Minder Chen, 1993~2002 Data Modeling - 79 -
Unnormalized Form• A relation that has multi-valued attributes (repeating
groups). • Normalization Process: Remove Multi-value Attributes • If an unnormalized relation R has a primary key K and a
multi-value attribute M, the normalization process is: – The multi-value attribute M should be removed from R.– A new relation will be created with (K,M) as the primary key of the
relation. – There may be some other attributes associated with this new
relation. – R will then be at least in 1NF.
• Example: An Employee relation has an attribute language-spoken. For some employees there may be more than one language that they can speak.
EMP (employeeID, empName, empAddress, (language1, language2, ...))
EMP (employeeID, empName, empAddress) EMP-LANGUAGE (employeeID, language, skillLevel)
© Minder Chen, 1993~2002 Data Modeling - 80 -
How Do You Remove the Repeating Groups?CREATE TABLE MEM_CONDITION ( MEMBER# VARCHAR2(12) NOT NULL, CASE# VARCHAR2(16) NOT NULL, DIAG_ARRAY_1 VARCHAR2(6) NOT NULL, DIAG_ARRAY_2 VARCHAR2(6) NOT NULL, DIAG_ARRAY_3 VARCHAR2(6) NOT NULL, DIAG_ARRAY_4 VARCHAR2(6) NOT NULL, DIAG_ARRAY_5 VARCHAR2(6) NOT NULL, DIAG_EX_ARRAY_1 VARCHAR2(2) NOT NULL, DIAG_EX_ARRAY_2 VARCHAR2(2) NOT NULL, DIAG_EX_ARRAY_3 VARCHAR2(2) NOT NULL, DIAG_EX_ARRAY_4 VARCHAR2(2) NOT NULL, DIAG_EX_ARRAY_5 VARCHAR2(2) NOT NULL, DRUG_ARRAY_1 VARCHAR2(12) NOT NULL, DRUG_ARRAY_2 VARCHAR2(12) NOT NULL, DRUG_ARRAY_3 VARCHAR2(12) NOT NULL, DRUG_ARRAY_4 VARCHAR2(12) NOT NULL, DRUG_ARRAY_5 VARCHAR2(12) NOT NULL, LC_ARRAY_1 VARCHAR2(4) NOT NULL, LC_ARRAY_2 VARCHAR2(4) NOT NULL, LC_ARRAY_3 VARCHAR2(4) NOT NULL, LC_ARRAY_4 VARCHAR2(4) NOT NULL, LC_ARRAY_5 VARCHAR2(4) NOT NULL, MEM_REVIEW VARCHAR2(4) NOT NULL, OP# VARCHAR2(4) NOT NULL, PROC_ARRAY_1 VARCHAR2(6) NOT NULL, PROC_ARRAY_2 VARCHAR2(6) NOT NULL, PROC_ARRAY_3 VARCHAR2(6) NOT NULL, PROC_ARRAY_4 VARCHAR2(6) NOT NULL, PROC_ARRAY_5 VARCHAR2(6) NOT NULL, PROV_ARRAY_1 VARCHAR2(12) NOT NULL, PROV_ARRAY_2 VARCHAR2(12) NOT NULL, PROV_ARRAY_3 VARCHAR2(12) NOT NULL, PROV_ARRAY_4 VARCHAR2(12) NOT NULL, PROV_ARRAY_5 VARCHAR2(12) NOT NULL, REC_TYPE VARCHAR2(2) NOT NULL, SP_ARRAY_1 VARCHAR2(4) NOT NULL, SP_ARRAY_2 VARCHAR2(4) NOT NULL, SP_ARRAY_3 VARCHAR2(4) NOT NULL, SP_ARRAY_4 VARCHAR2(4) NOT NULL, SP_ARRAY_5 VARCHAR2(4) NOT NULL, TRANSCODE VARCHAR2(2) NOT NULL, TT_ARRAY_1 VARCHAR2(4) NOT NULL, TT_ARRAY_2 VARCHAR2(4) NOT NULL, TT_ARRAY_3 VARCHAR2(4) NOT NULL, TT_ARRAY_4 VARCHAR2(4) NOT NULL, TT_ARRAY_5 VARCHAR2(4) NOT NULL, VOID VARCHAR2(2) NOT NULL, YMDEFF VARCHAR2(8) NOT NULL, YMDEND VARCHAR2(8) NOT NULL, YMDTRANS VARCHAR2(8) NOT NULL, PRIORITY VARCHAR2(2) NOT NULL );
© Minder Chen, 1993~2002 Data Modeling - 81 -
Functional Dependency• Notation: R.X => R.Y• Definition: Attribute Y of Relation R is
functionally dependent on the Attribute X of Relation R when there is each value of R.Y associated with no more than one value of R.X. R.X and R.Y may be composite attributes.
• Description: – R .Y is functionally dependent on R.X– R.X functionally determines R.Y
© Minder Chen, 1993~2002 Data Modeling - 82 -
Full & Partial Dependency
• R.A => R.B• If B is not functionally dependent on
any subset of A (other than A itself), B is fully dependent on A in R.
• If B is functionally dependent on a subset of A (other than A itself), B is partially dependent on A in R.
© Minder Chen, 1993~2002 Data Modeling - 83 -
First Normal Form (1NF)• A relation R is in the first normal form (1NF) if and only if all
attributes of any tuple in R contain only atomic values. • Normalization Process:
– Remove Partial Functional Dependencies– If R is in 1NF and has a composite primary key (K1,K2), an attribute P
is functionally dependent on K1 (K1 => P) (i.e., P is partially dependent on (K1, K2)), the normalization process is:
– The attribute P should be removed from R and a new relation will be created with K1 as the primary key and P as a non-key attribute.
– A relation that is in 1NF and not in 2NF must have a composite primary key.
• Example– Supplier-Part relation has attributes supplier#, part#, qty, city,
distance, where (supplier#, part#) is the key. – City is partially dependent on supplier#.
SUPPLIER-PART (supplier#, part#, qty, city, distance)
SUPPLIER-PART (supplier#, Part#, qty) SUPPLIER (supplier#, city, distance)
© Minder Chen, 1993~2002 Data Modeling - 84 -
Non-loss Decomposition• Normalization is a reduction (decomposition) process
that replaces a relation by suitable projections. Each of the projection is a new relation that is in a further normalized form than the original relation. The collection of projections is equivalent to the original relation.
• The original relation can always be recovered by taking the natural join of these projections.
• Any information that can be derived from the original relation can also be derived from the further normalized relations. The converse is not true.
• The process is reversible because no information is loss in the reduction process.
© Minder Chen, 1993~2002 Data Modeling - 85 -
Transitive Dependency
In a relation R, if R.A =>R.B and R.B => R.C then attribute C is said to be transitively dependent on attribute A.
© Minder Chen, 1993~2002 Data Modeling - 86 -
Second Normal Form (2NF) • A relation R is in the second normal form (2NF) if and only if
it is in 1NF and every non-key attribute is fully dependent on the primary key.
• Normalization Process: Remove Transitive Dependencies• If R is in 2NF and has two non-key attributes A1 and A2
where A2 is functionally dependent on A1 (A1 => A2). The A2 should be removed from R and a new relation will be created with A1 as the primary key and A2 as a non-key attribute.
• Example– Supplier relation has attributes supplier#, city, distance, where
supplier# is the key and distance to a supplier can be determined by the city of the supplier.
SUPPLIER (supplier#, city, distance, quality_level)
SUPPLIER (Supplier#, city, quality_level) CITY-DISTANCE (city, distance)
© Minder Chen, 1993~2002 Data Modeling - 87 -
Third Normal Form (3NF) • A relation R is in the third normal form (3NF) if and only if the non-
key attributes (if there is any) are fully dependent on the primary key of R (i.e., R is in its 2NF) and are mutually independent.
• Heuristic to Check Whether a Relation Is in 3NF– All the non-key attributes (which are not multi-value attributes) are
dependent on the (primary) key, the whole key, and nothing but the key.
• All the non-key attributes have atomic value and dependent on the key (1NF - No multi-value attribute),
• the whole key, (2NF - No Partially Functional Dependency) • and nothing but the key (3NF - No Transitive Functional Dependency)
Explanation
© Minder Chen, 1993~2002 Data Modeling - 88 -
Normalization Process
F G
Unnormalized Form
A F G H
1NF
HA B C D E
2NF
A F G
3NF
F H
3NF
A B C D E
A B
D E 3NF
3NF remove transitive dependenciesremove partial dependencies
remove repeating groups
DC
© Minder Chen, 1993~2002 Data Modeling - 89 -
Normalization: Pros and Cons• Pros
– Reduce data redundancy & space required– Enhance data consistency– Enforce data integrity– Reduce update cost– Provide maximum flexibility in responding ad hoc queries
• Cons– Many complex queries will be slower because joins have to be
performed to retrieve relevant data from several normalized tables
– Programmers/users have to understand the underlying data model of an database application in order to perform proper joins among several tables
– The formulation of multiple-level queries is a nontrivial task.
© Minder Chen, 1993~2002 Data Modeling - 90 -
Join Two TablesSELECT Categories.CategoryName, Products.ProductName FROM Categories, Products WHERE Products.CategoryID = Categories.Category ID
© Minder Chen, 1993~2002 Data Modeling - 91 -
Tables in Relational DB
ID
ID ID
• Identify Primary Keys and Foreign Keys in the following Tables!!!
© Minder Chen, 1993~2002 Data Modeling - 92 -
Join TablesSELECT Orders.OrderID, Orders.CustID,
LastName, Firstname, Orders.ItemID, DescriptionFROM Customer, Orders, InventoryWHERE Customer.CustID = Orders.CustID AND
Orders.ItemID = Inventory.ItemIDORDER BY CustID, Orders.ItemID
ID ID
© Minder Chen, 1993~2002 Data Modeling - 93 -
Foreign Keys & Primary Keys in a Sample Access Database
© Minder Chen, 1993~2002 Data Modeling - 94 -
An Example of a Complex Query
SELECT customer_name, customer_phoneFROM customerWHERE customer_number IN
SELECT customer_number FROM orderWHERE order_no IN
SELECT order_noFROM orderItemWHERE product_number = 007
Please list name and phone number of customers who have ordered product number 007.
© Minder Chen, 1993~2002 Data Modeling - 95 -
Denormalization• The process of intentionally backing away from
normalization to improve performance. Denormalization should not be the first choice for improving performance and should only be used for fine tuning a database for a particular application.
• Requirements – Prior normalization– Knowledge of data usage
• Benefits – Minimize the need for joins– Reduce number of tables– Reduce number of foreign keys– Reduce number of indices
• Knowledge of Data Usage– How often are two data items needed together – How many rows are involved– How volatile is denormalized data – How important is visibility of data to users – What is the minimum response time and frequency of an query
© Minder Chen, 1993~2002 Data Modeling - 96 -
De-normalization: An Example
• Where: – R1 (ProductNo, SupplierNo, Price) – R2 (SupplierNo, Name, Address, Phone)– R1*R2 (ProductNo, SupplierNo, Name, Address, Phone, Price)
• R2 should be kept to prevent data loss. • Data redundancy in R1*R2 and R2 could cause potential data
inconsistency problems if the redundant data in these two tables are not maintained properly.
R1 R2JOIN
R1 * R 2 R2
Denormalization
© Minder Chen, 1993~2002 Data Modeling - 97 -
Data Model Refinement and Transformation • Data Model Refinement• Associative Entity Type• Removing Many-to-Many Relationships• Keys• Transformation to Relational Databases
© Minder Chen, 1993~2002 Data Modeling - 98 -
Refinement of a Data Model: Analysis and Simplification
• Isolated Entity Type• Solitary Entity Type • One-to-One Relationship• Redundant Relationship • Multi-Valued Attributes • Attribute with Attributes• Many-to-Many Relationship
© Minder Chen, 1993~2002 Data Modeling - 99 -
Isolated Entity Type• An Entity Type that does not participate in a
Relationship. • Since every Entity Type should participate in at
least one Relationship, there exist two alternatives: – Identify a relevant Relationship– Remove the Entity Type from the model
© Minder Chen, 1993~2002 Data Modeling - 100 -
Solitary Entity Type• An Entity Type that has only one Entity Instance.
Examples: Computer Center, Sales Tax, and Current Order Number. Solitary Entity Types may be too restrictive.
• Alternatives: – Introduce another Entity Type with a wider scope. – Computer Center ==> Organization Unit
– Define it as an Attribute of an Entity Type. – Sales Tax ==> Sales Tax of Order
– Define it as a data element in an parameter table. A parameter table has only one row.
– Current Order Number ==> Current Order Number of Parameter Table
© Minder Chen, 1993~2002 Data Modeling - 101 -
Evaluate One-to-One Relationship
PurchaseRequest
PurchaseOrder
becomes
has request
Maybe Incorrect
PurchaseOrder
Correct
• It may be an unnecessary relationship between two Entity Types if they have the same attribute and relationships (i.e., they are identical).
• It should be then combined into one Entity Type.
© Minder Chen, 1993~2002 Data Modeling - 102 -
Redundant Relationship
orderis part of
contains
customer
places
is placed by
is ordered by
hasORDERS
Is this relationship redundant?
has ordered product
orderitem
Differences in timing of an entity type in its life cycle:• Implemented as separate entity types or use subtypes• Use value of attributes or additional attributes to differentiate them
© Minder Chen, 1993~2002 Data Modeling - 103 -
Redundant Relationship
Product stocks
Redundant
Non-redundant
Warehouse
is contained incontains Order Order Line
is contained incontains
Order History is contained in
contains Customer is contained in
contains
is placed by
places
is held as holds
is held in containsStock
Product
© Minder Chen, 1993~2002 Data Modeling - 104 -
Multi-Valued Attribute• Definition
– An Attribute that may have more than one value at a time is called a multi-valued attribute.
• Solution: – Create an Entity Type for the multi-valued attribute
• Example: – Languages spoken by an Employee
– Employee(ID, Name, Phone, Languages)– Employee(111, “John Smith”, 201-999-8888, (English, Chinese))
– Employee(ID, Name, Phone) – Employee(111, “John Smith”, 210-999-8888)
– Employee_language(ID, Language)– Employee_language(111, English) – Employee_language(111, Chinese)
© Minder Chen, 1993~2002 Data Modeling - 105 -
Attribute with Attributes• An Attribute that can be described by other
Attributes is called an attribute with attributes.
• Example: – College Degree by an Employee– (John Smith has a College Degree in Computer
Sciences from George Mason University)• Solution:
– Create an Entity Type to avoid an Attribute with Attributes.
– Add new attributes to the existing Entity Type.
© Minder Chen, 1993~2002 Data Modeling - 106 -
Associative Entity Type• An Associative Entity Type is an Entity Type
whose existence is meaningful only if it participates in several (>=2) Relationship Types at the same time.
• Associative Entity Types are often introduced to represent additional information in many-to-many Relationships or to decompose a many-to-many Relationship into two one-to-many Relationships.
• Associative Entity Types are also used to represent n-ary Relationships in a binary data model.
© Minder Chen, 1993~2002 Data Modeling - 107 -
Remove Many-to-Many Relationship
Ordercontains
belongs-to
Order Productcontains
is contained in
Why?
has
belongs to
How? A many-to-many relationship can be decomposed into two one-to-many Relationships by creating an Associative Entity Type between the existing two Entity Types.
• There is no place to attach Attributes that are required to describe a many-to-many Relationship.
• It is difficult to translate many-to-many Relationships into relational tables automatically.
Given
Product
Order Line
© Minder Chen, 1993~2002 Data Modeling - 108 -
Remove Many-to-Many Relationships: Exercises
Supplierhas-sources
offers
Remove the many-to-many relationship from the following ER diagrams
Coursetakes
is-taken-by
Part
Student
consists-of
is-contained-in
(a)
(b)
(c)
Product
© Minder Chen, 1993~2002 Data Modeling - 109 -
Bills of Material
Part
consists-of is-a-component-in
Product Structure
Product-Structure(Parent Part No, Child Part No, Quantity)
A
B C
D E D F
2 1
1 3 2 2
A B 2A C 1B D 1B E 3C D 2C F 2
© Minder Chen, 1993~2002 Data Modeling - 110 -
Using an Associative Entity Type to Represent an N-ary Relationship
Product Project
Supplier
is used inProduct Usage
supplies
uses
Product Project
Supplier
involved in product usage
involved in product usage
involved in product usage
Product Usage is an Associative Entity Type for a 3-ary Relationship.
© Minder Chen, 1993~2002 Data Modeling - 111 -
Translate Data Models to Relational Tables
Order Productcontains
is contained inOrder Line
has
belongs to
Given
Key: Order#Attribute: Order date Customer ID Sale Person ID
Key: Order#+Product#Attribute: Quantity Unit Price
Key: Product#Attribute: Description Qty-on-hand Unit Price
CREATE TABLE ORDER(OrderNo CHAR(10) NOT NULL, OrderDate DATE, CustomerID CHAR(10), SalePersonID CHAR(10));
Relational Tables Created
© Minder Chen, 1993~2002 Data Modeling - 112 -
Transformation of Data Models to Relational Database Tables
• The entire, or part of, a data (entity-relationship) model can be translated into a normalized database design.
• Objects Created – At most one relational database – One or more relations (tables)– Data structures (DDL) representing the elements
(attributes) and the primary key of each relation – Data type of each data elements
© Minder Chen, 1993~2002 Data Modeling - 113 -
Heuristics of Transformation• A table is created for each Entity Type in the ER diagram. • A table is created for each multi-valued attribute. • Relationship Types are implemented as tables or as foreign keys in
other tables. • Many-to-many relationship types are translated into tables. • Foreign keys are used for implementing one-to-one and one-to-
many Relationship Types. • For one-to-many Relationship Types, the foreign key is placed in
the table that represents the Entity Type on the "many" end of the Relationship Type.
• For identifyingidentifying one-to-many Relationship Types, the PK of the "one" table migrate to the "many" table as a FK and the FK is also part of the PK of the "many" table.
• For non-identifyingnon-identifying one-to-many Relationship Types, the PK of the "one" table migrate to the "many" table as a FK and the FK is a non-key attribute of the "many" table.
© Minder Chen, 1993~2002 Data Modeling - 114 -
PowerDesign: Data Architect
Generation/Reverse Engineering:CDM, PDM
Target DBMS
Generation & Reverse Engineering:
Triggers & Stored ProceduresDatabase Structure
Target4GL Tool
Extended AttributesDatabase Structure
Generation & Reverse Engineering:
http://www.powersoft.com/
© Minder Chen, 1993~2002 Data Modeling - 115 -
PowerDesigner
© Minder Chen, 1993~2002 Data Modeling - 116 -
A Sample Conceptual Data Model
Is member ofsupervises
Is manager of
UsesSubcontract
composes composed of
DivisionDivision numberDivision nameDivision address
EmployeeEmployee numberFirst nameLast nameEmployee functionEmployee salary
CustomerCustomer numberCustomer nameCustomer addressCustomer activityCustomer telephoneCustomer fax
ProjectProject numberProject nameProject label
TeamTeam numberSpeciality
TaskTask nameTask cost
MaterialMaterial numberMaterial nameMaterial type
ParticipateStart dateEnd date
Conceptual Data ModelProject : ManagementModel : Project ManagementAuthor : User Version 6.x 7/21/98
ActivityStart dateEnd date
© Minder Chen, 1993~2002 Data Modeling - 117 -
Notations
DivisionDivision numberDivision nameDivision address
EmployeeEmployee numberFirst nameLast nameEmployee functionEmployee salary
EmployeeEmployee numberFirst nameLast nameEmployee functionEmployee salary
Entity
Relationship
One-to-many
© Minder Chen, 1993~2002 Data Modeling - 118 -
More on Relationships
member
is a member ofEmployee
Employee numberFirst nameLast nameEmployee functionEmployee salary
TeamTeam numberSpecialty
A project 'contains’ one or more tasks, and a task's existence is dependent on the project.
Many-to-many cardinality
ProjectProject numberProject nameProject label
TaskTask nameTask cost
© Minder Chen, 1993~2002 Data Modeling - 119 -
Advanced Concepts
SavingsRate
CheckingFees
AccountAccount NumberName
EmployeeEmployee numberFirst nameLast nameEmployee functionEmployee salary
Reflexive relationship
Subtype
composes composed of
MaterialMaterial numberMaterial nameMaterial type
© Minder Chen, 1993~2002 Data Modeling - 120 -
Define Entities
© Minder Chen, 1993~2002 Data Modeling - 121 -
Define Attributes
© Minder Chen, 1993~2002 Data Modeling - 122 -
Check Parameters
© Minder Chen, 1993~2002 Data Modeling - 123 -
Relationship Definition
© Minder Chen, 1993~2002 Data Modeling - 124 -
Dependent (Identifying Relationship)• Check the box to
indicate a dependent relationship. "One to many" and "mandatory" are automatically chosen as the cardinality and optionality.
• At the physical data model level, the parent entity type's primary key (PK) will become part of the dependent child entity type's PK. It is also a foreign key.
© Minder Chen, 1993~2002 Data Modeling - 125 -
Inheritance (Super-Type and Sub-Type)
© Minder Chen, 1993~2002 Data Modeling - 126 -
Generate Physical Data Model
© Minder Chen, 1993~2002 Data Modeling - 127 -
Physical Data Model
DIVNUM = DIVNUM
EMPLOYEEEMPNUM <pk>DIVNUM <fk>EMPFNAMEMPLNAMEMPFUNCEMPSAL
DIVISIONDIVNUM <pk>DIVNAMEDIVADDR
DIVNUM automatically migrates as a foreign key.
belongs to
EmployeeEmployee numberFirst nameLast nameEmployee functionEmployee salary
DivisionDivision numberDivision nameDivision address
Conceptual Data Model
PhysicalData Model
Transformation Do not define FK
as an attribute.
© Minder Chen, 1993~2002 Data Modeling - 128 -
Dependent Relationship
PRONUM = PRONUM
PROJECTPRONUM <pk>CUSNUM <fk>EMPNUM <fk>ACTBEGACTENDPRONAMEPROLABL
TASKPRONUM <pk,fk>TSKNAME <pk>ACTBEGACTENDTSKCOST
ProjectProject numberProject nameProject label
TaskTask nameTask cost
Conceptual Data Model
PhysicalData Model
Transformation
© Minder Chen, 1993~2002 Data Modeling - 129 -
Physical Data Model
PRONUM = PRONUMTSKNAME = TSKNAME
EMPNUM = EMPNUM
MATNUM = CPN_MATNUM
MATNUM = CPD_MATNUM
DIVNUM = DIVNUM
EMPNUM = EMPNUM
MATNUM = MATNUM
PRONUM = PRONUM
EMPNUM = EMPNUM
EMPNUM = EMP_EMPNUM
EMPNUM = EMPNUM
TEANUM = TEANUM
CUSNUM = CUSNUM
DIVISIONDIVNUM <pk>DIVNAMEDIVADDR
EMPLOYEEEMPNUM <pk>EMP_EMPNUM <fk>DIVNUM <fk>EMPFNAM <ak>EMPLNAM <ak>EMPFUNC <ak>EMPSAL
CUSTOMERCUSNUM <pk>CUSNAMECUSADDRCUSACTCUSTELCUSFAX
PROJECTPRONUM <pk>CUSNUM <fk>EMPNUM <fk>ACTBEGACTENDPRONAMEPROLABL
TEAMTEANUM <pk>TEASPE
TASKPRONUM <pk,fk>TSKNAME <pk>ACTBEGACTENDTSKCOST
MATERIALMATNUM <pk>MATNAMEMATTYPE
PARTICIPATEPRONUM <pk,fk>TSKNAME <pk,fk>EMPNUM <pk,fk>PARBEGPAREND
MEMBERTEANUM <pk,fk>EMPNUM <pk,fk>
USEDMATNUM <pk,fk>EMPNUM <pk,fk>
COMPOSECPD_MATNUM <pk,fk>CPN_MATNUM <pk,fk>
Physical Data ModelProject: ManagementModel : Project ManagementAuthor : User Version6.x 7/21/98
EMPLOYE_MATERIALMATERIAL.MATNAME char(30)PROJ.EMPLOYEE.EMPNUM numeric(5)PROJ.EMPLOYEE.EMPFNAM char(30)PROJ.EMPLOYEE.EMPLNAM char(30)PROJ.EMPLOYEE.EMPFUNC char(30)
MATERIALPROJ.EMPLOYEEUSED
© Minder Chen, 1993~2002 Data Modeling - 130 -
References (Relationships at the Physical Data Model)
© Minder Chen, 1993~2002 Data Modeling - 131 -
Referential Integrity• The arrow is
pointing from the table containing the foreign key to the table where the foreign key is used as a primary key.
© Minder Chen, 1993~2002 Data Modeling - 132 -
Deletion Rules
• Update Constraints• Delete Constraints
–None–Restrict–Cascade–Set null–Set Default
© Minder Chen, 1993~2002 Data Modeling - 133 -
Generation of Oracle SQL DLL-- ============================================================-- Database name: PROJECT -- DBMS name: ORACLE Version 8 -- Created on: 7/21/98 8:59 PM -- ============================================================
-- ============================================================-- Table: DIVISION -- ============================================================create table ADMIN.DIVISION( DIVNUM numeric(5) not null constraint CKC_DIVNUM_DIVISION check (DIVNUM >= '1'), DIVNAME char(30) not null, DIVADDR char(80) null , constraint PK_DIVISION primary key (DIVNUM))/
-- ============================================================-- Table: CUSTOMER -- ============================================================create table PROJ.CUSTOMER( CUSNUM numeric(5) not null constraint CKC_CUSNUM_CUSTOMER check ( CUSNUM >= '1'), CUSNAME char(30) not null, CUSADDR char(80) not null, CUSACT char(80) null , CUSTEL char(12) null , CUSFAX char(12) null , constraint PK_CUSTOMER primary key (CUSNUM))/
-- ============================================================-- Table: TEAM -- ============================================================create table PROJ.TEAM( TEANUM numeric(5) not null constraint CKC_TEANUM_TEAM check (TEANUM >= '1'), TEASPE char(80) null , constraint PK_TEAM primary key (TEANUM))/
-- ============================================================-- Table: MATERIAL -- ============================================================create table PROJ.MATERIAL( MATNUM numeric(5) not null constraint CKC_MATNUM_MATERIAL check (MATNUM >= '1'), MATNAME char(30) not null, MATTYPE char(30) not null, constraint PK_MATERIAL primary key (MATNUM))/
-- ============================================================-- Table: EMPLOYEE -- ============================================================create table PROJ.EMPLOYEE( EMPNUM numeric(5) not null constraint CKC_EMPNUM_EMPLOYEE check ( EMPNUM >= '1'), EMP_EMPNUM numeric(5) null , DIVNUM numeric(5) not null, EMPFNAM char(30) null , EMPLNAM char(30) not null, EMPFUNC char(30) null , EMPSAL numeric(8,2) null , constraint PK_EMPLOYEE primary key (EMPNUM), constraint AK_EMP_AK1_EMPLOYEE unique (EMPLNAM, EMPFNAM, EMPFUNC))/
-- ============================================================-- Index: CHIEF_FK -- ============================================================create index PROJ.CHIEF_FK on PROJ.EMPLOYEE (EMP_EMPNUM asc)/
-- ============================================================-- Index: BELONGS_TO_FK2 -- ============================================================create index PROJ.BELONGS_TO_FK2 on PROJ.EMPLOYEE (DIVNUM asc)/
-- ============================================================-- Table: PROJECT -- ============================================================create table PROJ.PROJECT( PRONUM numeric(5) not null constraint CKC_PRONUM_PROJECT check ( PRONUM >= '1'), CUSNUM numeric(5) not null, EMPNUM numeric(5) null , ACTBEG timestamp null constraint CKC_ACTBEG_PROJECT check ( ACTBEG is null or ((activity.begindate < activity.enddate))), ACTEND timestamp null constraint CKC_ACTEND_PROJECT check ( ACTEND is null or ((activity.begindate < activity.enddate))), PRONAME char(30) not null, PROLABL char(80) null , constraint PK_PROJECT primary key (PRONUM))/
-- ============================================================-- Index: SUBCONTRACT_FK -- ============================================================create index PROJ.SUBCONTRACT_FK on PROJ.PROJECT (CUSNUM asc)/
-- ============================================================-- Index: IS_RESPONSIBLE_FOR_FK -- ============================================================create index PROJ.IS_RESPONSIBLE_FOR_FK on PROJ.PROJECT (EMPNUM asc)/
-- ============================================================-- Table: TASK -- ============================================================create table PROJ.TASK( PRONUM numeric(5) not null, TSKNAME char(30) not null, ACTBEG timestamp null constraint CKC_ACTBEG_TASK check (ACTBEG is null or ((activity.begindate < activity.enddate))), ACTEND timestamp null constraint CKC_ACTEND_TASK check (ACTEND is null or ((activity.begindate < activity.enddate))), TSKCOST numeric(8,2) not null, constraint PK_TASK primary key (PRONUM, TSKNAME), constraint CKT_TASK check ( (task.begindate < min(participate.begindate) and task.enddate < max(participate.enddate))))/
-- ============================================================-- Index: BELONGS_TO_FK -- ============================================================create index PROJ.BELONGS_TO_FK on PROJ. TASK (PRONUM asc)/
-- ============================================================-- Table: PARTICIPATE -- ============================================================create table PROJ.PARTICIPATE( PRONUM numeric(5) not null, TSKNAME char(30) not null, EMPNUM numeric(5) not null, PARBEG timestamp null constraint CKC_PARBEG_PARTICIP check (PARBEG is null or (((task.begindate < min(participate.begindate) and task.enddate < max(participate.enddate)) and (participate.begindate < participate.enddate)))), PAREND timestamp null constraint CKC_PAREND_PARTICIP check (PAREND is null or (((task.begindate < min(participate.begindate) and task.enddate < max(participate.enddate)) and (participate.begindate < participate.enddate)))), constraint PK_PARTICIPATE primary key (PRONUM, TSKNAME, EMPNUM), constraint CKT_PARTICIPATE check ( ((task.begindate < min(participate.begindate) and task.enddate < max(participate.enddate)) and (participate.begindate < participate.enddate))))/
-- ============================================================-- Index: WORKS_ON_FK -- ============================================================create index PROJ.WORKS_ON_FK on PROJ. PARTICIPATE (EMPNUM asc)/
-- ============================================================-- Index: IS_DONE_BY_FK -- ============================================================create index PROJ.IS_DONE_BY_FK on PROJ. PARTICIPATE (PRONUM asc, TSKNAME asc)/
-- ============================================================-- Table: MEMBER -- ============================================================create table PROJ.MEMBER( TEANUM numeric(5) not null, EMPNUM numeric(5) not null, constraint PK_MEMBER primary key (TEANUM, EMPNUM))/
-- ============================================================-- Index: MEMBER_FK -- ============================================================create index PROJ.MEMBER_FK on PROJ.MEMBER (TEANUM asc)/
-- ============================================================-- Index: IS_MEMBER_OF_FK -- ============================================================create index PROJ.IS_MEMBER_OF_FK on PROJ.MEMBER (EMPNUM asc)/
-- ============================================================-- Table: USED -- ============================================================create table PROJ.USED( MATNUM numeric(5) not null, EMPNUM numeric(5) not null, constraint PK_USED primary key (MATNUM, EMPNUM))/
-- ============================================================-- Index: USED_FK -- ============================================================create index PROJ.USED_FK on PROJ.USED (MATNUM asc)/
-- ============================================================-- Index: USES_FK -- ============================================================create index PROJ.USES_FK on PROJ.USED (EMPNUM asc)/
-- ============================================================-- Table: COMPOSE -- ============================================================create table PROJ.COMPOSE( CPD_MATNUM numeric(5) not null, CPN_MATNUM numeric(5) not null, constraint PK_COMPOSE primary key (CPD_MATNUM, CPN_MATNUM))/
-- ============================================================-- Index: COMPOSES_FK -- ============================================================create index PROJ.COMPOSES_FK on PROJ.COMPOSE (CPD_MATNUM asc)/
-- ============================================================-- Index: COMPOSED_OF_FK -- ============================================================create index PROJ.COMPOSED_OF_FK on PROJ.COMPOSE (CPN_MATNUM asc)/
alter table PROJ.EMPLOYEE add constraint FK_EMPLOYEE_CHIEF_EMPLOYEE foreign key (EMP_EMPNUM) references PROJ.EMPLOYEE (EMPNUM)/
alter table PROJ.EMPLOYEE add constraint FK_EMPLOYEE_BELONGS_T_DIVISION foreign key (DIVNUM) references ADMIN.DIVISION (DIVNUM)/
alter table PROJ.PROJECT add constraint FK_PROJECT_SUBCONTRA_CUSTOMER foreign key (CUSNUM) references PROJ.CUSTOMER (CUSNUM)/
alter table PROJ.PROJECT add constraint FK_PROJECT_IS_RESPON_EMPLOYEE foreign key (EMPNUM) references PROJ.EMPLOYEE (EMPNUM)/
alter table PROJ.TASK add constraint FK_TASK_BELONGS_T_PROJECT foreign key (PRONUM) references PROJ.PROJECT (PRONUM)/
alter table PROJ.PARTICIPATE add constraint FK_PARTICIP_WORKS_ON_EMPLOYEE foreign key (EMPNUM) references PROJ.EMPLOYEE (EMPNUM)/
alter table PROJ.PARTICIPATE add constraint FK_PARTICIP_IS_DONE_B_TASK foreign key (PRONUM, TSKNAME) references PROJ.TASK (PRONUM, TSKNAME)/
alter table PROJ.MEMBER add constraint FK_MEMBER_MEMBER_TEAM foreign key (TEANUM) references PROJ.TEAM (TEANUM)/
alter table PROJ.MEMBER add constraint FK_MEMBER_IS_MEMBER_EMPLOYEE foreign key (EMPNUM) references PROJ.EMPLOYEE (EMPNUM)/
alter table PROJ.USED add constraint FK_USED_USED_MATERIAL foreign key (MATNUM) references PROJ.MATERIAL (MATNUM)/
alter table PROJ.USED add constraint FK_USED_USES_EMPLOYEE foreign key (EMPNUM) references PROJ.EMPLOYEE (EMPNUM)/
alter table PROJ.COMPOSE add constraint FK_COMPOSE_COMPOSES_MATERIAL foreign key (CPD_MATNUM) references PROJ.MATERIAL (MATNUM)/
alter table PROJ.COMPOSE add constraint FK_COMPOSE_COMPOSED__MATERIAL foreign key (CPN_MATNUM) references PROJ.MATERIAL (MATNUM)/
© Minder Chen, 1993~2002 Data Modeling - 134 -
Referential Integrityalter table PROJ.EMPLOYEE add constraint FK_EMPLOYEE_CHIEF_EMPLOYEE foreign key (EMP_EMPNUM) references PROJ.EMPLOYEE (EMPNUM)/alter table PROJ.EMPLOYEE add constraint FK_EMPLOYEE_BELONGS_T_DIVISION foreign key (DIVNUM) references ADMIN.DIVISION (DIVNUM)/alter table PROJ.PROJECT add constraint FK_PROJECT_SUBCONTRA_CUSTOMER foreign key (CUSNUM) references PROJ.CUSTOMER (CUSNUM)/alter table PROJ.PROJECT add constraint FK_PROJECT_IS_RESPON_EMPLOYEE foreign key (EMPNUM) references PROJ.EMPLOYEE (EMPNUM)/alter table PROJ.TASK add constraint FK_TASK_BELONGS_T_PROJECT foreign key (PRONUM) references PROJ.PROJECT (PRONUM)/
© Minder Chen, 1993~2002 Data Modeling - 135 -
Physical Database Design ActivitiesDefine Tables & Columns
Define Keys
Identify Critical Transactions
Add Columns: • Redundant columns• Derived data columns
Manipulate Tables: • Collapse tables• Supertypes & subtypes
Add Tables: • Derived data
tables
Handle Integrity Issues: • Row uniqueness & Domain restrictions• Referential integrity & Generate sequence numbers• Derived and redundant data
Controlling Access
Manage Objects: • Sizes• Placement
Source: Gillete, Rob, etc., Physical Database Design for Sybase SQL Server, Prentice Hall, 1995.
© Minder Chen, 1993~2002 Data Modeling - 136 -
Architecture of Data Warehouse
CorporateOperationalDatabase
Data Warehouse End UserAccess and OLAP front-end Tools
• EIS• DSS• Report Writers• Spreadsheets
Summarized
DetailedPast
Current
DataReplication & Cleansing
InformationalDatabase
• Data extraction• Data filtering• Table joining• Translation• Re-Formatting
Projected
Derived
Data Bridging/Transformation
MetadataInfo. Directory
© Minder Chen, 1993~2002 Data Modeling - 137 -
Operational vs. Informational Databases
DataContent
Data organizations
Data Volatility
Data normalization
Access frequency
DataUpdate
Usage
Response Time
Current value
Application by application
Dynamic
Fully normalized for transaction processing
High
Updated on a record and fieldbasis
Highly structured transaction processing
Sub-second to 2-3 seconds
Archival data, summarized data, calculated data
Subject areas across enterprise
Static until refreshed
Joined views suitable for business analysis
Low - Medium
Access only; no direct update
Highly unstructured, heuristicor analytical processing
Several seconds to minutes
Operational Database Informational DatabaseCharacteristics
© Minder Chen, 1993~2002 Data Modeling - 138 -
Relational View
Multidimensional View
Excel Pivot Table Wizard
© Minder Chen, 1993~2002 Data Modeling - 139 -
Dimensional ModelProduct• Key• Name• Description• Size• Price
Promotion• Key• Description• Discount• Media
Market Region• Key• Description• District• Region• Demographics
Time• Key• Weekday• Holiday• Fiscal
Sale
Product KeyMarket KeyPromotion KeyTime Key• Dollars• Units• Price• Cost
Time
RegionProduct
© Minder Chen, 1993~2002 Data Modeling - 140 -
Modeling a Data Warehouse• MDM: Multidimensional Modeling
– A logical model of business information – Easy to understand– Applicable to relational and multidimensional
databases– Extremely useful for analysis– A tried-and-tested techniques
• Why? – An OLTP (On-Line Transaction Process) design of an
order processing system may have dozens or hundreds of tables. It becomes difficult for business managers to understand the design in order to analyze the data.
© Minder Chen, 1993~2002 Data Modeling - 141 -
Approach • Designed around numeric data:
– values – counts– weights– occurrence
• An example of a MDM problem statement: – "What is my profitability by customer over
time, by organization?"
© Minder Chen, 1993~2002 Data Modeling - 142 -
The Classic Star Schema
Market IDdescriptionregionstatedistrictcity
Product IDdescriptionsupplier IDbrandcolorsize
Period IDdescriptionyearquartermonthcurrent flagresolutionsequence
Market IDProduct ID Period IDdollarsunitsprice
Market Dimension
Product Dimension
Fact Table Period Dimension
Each dimension is described by its own table and the facts are arranged in a single large table with a concatenated primary key comprises the individual keys of each dimension.
© Minder Chen, 1993~2002 Data Modeling - 143 -
Snow Flake Structure
Product identifier = Product identifier
Brand identifier = Brand identifier
Year identifier = Year identifier
Quarter identifier = Quarter identifier
Month identifier = Month identifier
Week identifier = Week identifier
Country identifier = Country identifier
Region identifier = Region identifier
Time identifier = Time identifier
Customer identifier = Customer identifier
Store identifier = Store identifier
CustomerCustomer identifier <pk> intCustomer name char(30)Customer address char(80)Customer activity char(80)Customer phone number char(12)Customer fax number char(12)
SaleTime identifier <fk> intCustomer identifier <fk> intStore identifier <fk> intProduct identifier <fk> intSale total realSale revenu real
StoreStore identifier <pk> intRegion identifier <fk> intStore name char(50)Store address char(80)Store manager char(30)Store phone number char(20)Store FAX number char(20)Store financial services type char(10)Store photo services type char(10)
DayWeek identifier <fk> intTime identifier <pk> intDate datetimeDay of week char(30)Day number in month int
ProductProduct identifier <pk> intBrand identifier <fk> intProduct description char(80)Product category char(30)Product unit price int
RegionRegion identifier <pk> intCountry identifier <fk> intRegion name char(30)
CountryCountry identifier <pk> intCountry name char(80)
YearYear identifier <pk> intYear name char(30)
MonthMonth identifier <pk> intQuarter identifier <fk> intMonth name char(10)
QuarterQuarter identifier <pk> intYear identifier <fk> intQuarter name char(10)
WeekWeek identifier <pk> intMonth identifier <fk> intWeek name char(30)Week number in year int
BrandBrand identifier <pk> intBrand name char(30)
© Minder Chen, 1993~2002 Data Modeling - 144 -
Steps to Build MDM• Pick a business subject area
– Weekly sales reports, monthly financial statements, insurance claim costs.
• Asking six fundamental questions: – What business process is being modeled? – At what level of detail (granularity) is "active"
analysis conducted? – What do the measures have in common (the
"dimensions")? – What are the dimensions' attributes? – Are the attributes stable or variable over time and
is their "cardinality" bounded or unbounded?
© Minder Chen, 1993~2002 Data Modeling - 145 -
Issues• Active analysis
– Mechanical manipulation: Pivoting, Drilling down, Graphing
– Agent-based manipulation: Alert reporting, exception reporting
– Workflow manipulation: Publishing, distributing documents.
• Cardinality means "how many"– A relational database usually has "unbounded"
cardinality– A multidimensional database usually has
"bounded" cardinality. Complete reorganization is needed to change cardinality.
© Minder Chen, 1993~2002 Data Modeling - 146 -
A Data Model for an Electronic Commerce Applicationdept_id = parent_id
sku = sku
pfid = pfid
shopper_id = shopper_id
pfid = pfid
shopper_id = shopper_id
pfid = pfid
order_id = order_id
pfid = pfid
pfid = pfid
dept_id = dept_id
basketshopper_id char(32)date_changed datetimemarshalled_order image
deptdept_id intparent_id intname varchar(255)description textdate_changed datetime
product_attributepfid varchar(30)attribute_id tinyintattribute_index tinyintattribute_value varchar(20)
product_familypfid varchar(30)dept_id intmanufacturer_id intname varchar(255)short_description varchar(255)long_description textimage_filename varchar(255)intro_date datetimedate_changed datetimelist_price intmonogramable tinyint
product_variantsku intpfid varchar(30)attribute0 tinyintattribute1 tinyintattribute2 tinyintattribute3 tinyintattribute4 tinyint
promo_crosspfid varchar(30)related_pfid varchar(30)description varchar(255)
promo_pricepromo_name varchar(255)promo_type intpromo_description textpromo_rank intactive intdate_start datetimedate_end datetimeshopper_all intshopper_column varchar(64)shopper_op varchar(2)shopper_value varchar(64)cond_all intcond_column varchar(64)cond_op varchar(2)cond_value varchar(64)cond_basis char(1)cond_min intaward_all intaward_column varchar(64)award_op varchar(2)award_value varchar(64)award_max intdisjoint_cond_award intdisc_type char(1)disc_value real
promo_upsellpfid varchar(30)related_pfid varchar(30)description varchar(255)
receiptorder_id char(26)shopper_id char(32)total intstatus tinyintdate_entered datetimedate_changed datetimemarshalled_receipt image
receipt_itempfid varchar(30)sku intorder_id char(26)row_id intquantity intadjusted_price int
shoppershopper_id char(32)created datetimename varchar(235)password varchar(20)street varchar(50)city varchar(50)state varchar(30)zip varchar(15)country varchar(20)phone varchar(16)email varchar(50)
© Minder Chen, 1993~2002 Data Modeling - 147 -
Attribute 0 of pfid 14 is size and the attribute value 1 is Grande
and 2 is Tall and 3 is Short
© Minder Chen, 1993~2002 Data Modeling - 148 -
Web-based Build-To-Order Application
© Minder Chen, 1993~2002 Data Modeling - 149 -
Data Model for Build-To-Order Application
© Minder Chen, 1993~2002 Data Modeling - 150 -
http://www.oracle.com/tools/jdeveloper/documents/jsptwp/index.html?content.html
Auction Web Site's Data Model