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2. Atul Vishwakarma Data Processing?

3. Data & Data Set: The information that you collect from an experiment, survey, or archival source is referred to as your data. Most generally, data can be defined as a list of numbers possessing meaningful relations. A data set is a representation of data, defining a set of variables" that are measured on a set of cases." Variable: A variable is any characteristic of an object that can be represented as a number. The values that the variable takes will vary when measurements are made on different objects or at different times. Case: Recorded information about an object we observe a case.

4. Every row is a single case Every column is a variable

5. Data Processing: Data processingmost often refers to processes that convert data into information or knowledge. Information: Information is defined as either a meaningful answer to a query or a meaningful stimulus that can consider into further queries.

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• Steps of Data Processing:

• Objective

• Questionnaire

• Field Survey

• Data Entry

• Data Processing

• Informations in tables and chart formats

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• Elements of Data Processing:

• Data Coding

• Data Editing/Cleaning

• Data Validation

• Data Classification

• Attributes

• Class-Intervals

• Data Tabulation

• Statistical Analysis

• Computer graphics

• Data Warehousing

• Data Mining

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• Tabulation:

• Tables must be clear and easy to read

• Must have a title which describes the data in the table.

• Columns and rows should be clearly headed.

• Units should be displayed in column / row headings only.

• Missing values should be displayed as -, and zeros as 0. They should be no blanks in a table conveying experimental results.

• Numbers should be listed neatly below each other and should be to the same number of decimal places.

• Table should be made logical, clear, accurate and simple as possible.

5.7 50 - 40 2.4 30 1.6 20 7.3 10 6.8 0 Rate of Urine Production (mL / min) Time (min)

9. SOME PROBLEMS IN PROCESSING: a) The Problem Concerning Dont Know or DK/NA responses. b) Use of Percentages %

10. Softwares: SPSS SAS Quantum Quanvert Stata Strata Systat Euler Matlab Minitab

11. Data Processing using Quantum, SPSS etc..

12. Data File Formats: SPSS: *.sav Excel: *xls ASCII: *.asc, *.dat Programming in Quantum: Exporting data in ASCII format. Programming according to questionnaire (Drafting Set File) Outputs in *.csv formats

13. A single variable. Cross Checking

14. Atul Vishwakarma Leadcap Ventures [email_address]