3. Data & Data Set: The information that you collect from
an experiment, survey, or archival source is referred to as your
data. Most generally, data can be defined as a list of numbers
possessing meaningful relations. A data set is a representation of
data, defining a set of variables" that are measured on a set of
cases." Variable: A variable is any characteristic of an object
that can be represented as a number. The values that the variable
takes will vary when measurements are made on different objects or
at different times. Case: Recorded information about an object we
observe a case.
4. Every row is a single case Every column is a variable
5. Data Processing: Data processingmost often refers to
processes that convert data into information or knowledge.
Information: Information is defined as either a meaningful answer
to a query or a meaningful stimulus that can consider into further
queries.
6.
Steps of Data Processing:
Objective
Questionnaire
Field Survey
Data Entry
Data Processing
Informations in tables and chart formats
7.
Elements of Data Processing:
Data Coding
Data Editing/Cleaning
Data Validation
Data Classification
Attributes
Class-Intervals
Data Tabulation
Statistical Analysis
Computer graphics
Data Warehousing
Data Mining
8.
Tabulation:
Tables must be clear and easy to read
Must have a title which describes the data in the table.
Columns and rows should be clearly headed.
Units should be displayed in column / row headings only.
Missing values should be displayed as -, and zeros as 0. They
should be no blanks in a table conveying experimental results.
Numbers should be listed neatly below each other and should be
to the same number of decimal places.
Table should be made logical, clear, accurate and simple as
possible.
5.7 50 - 40 2.4 30 1.6 20 7.3 10 6.8 0 Rate of Urine Production (mL
/ min) Time (min)
9. SOME PROBLEMS IN PROCESSING: a) The Problem Concerning Dont
Know or DK/NA responses. b) Use of Percentages %
10. Softwares: SPSS SAS Quantum Quanvert Stata Strata Systat
Euler Matlab Minitab
11. Data Processing using Quantum, SPSS etc..
12. Data File Formats: SPSS: *.sav Excel: *xls ASCII: *.asc,
*.dat Programming in Quantum: Exporting data in ASCII format.
Programming according to questionnaire (Drafting Set File) Outputs
in *.csv formats