Decarbonisation thru low temperature grids

Presented by

Carl-Johan Falk, Head of Asset Performance, E.ON

carl-johan.falk1@eon.com

Proportion of European citizens in urban areas (%)

78

20402020 2030 2050

75

81

84

Cities and communities are growing

Source: UN World Urbanization Prospects

Urbanization has become a major cause of pollution with cities responsible for over 70% of greenhouse gases

Today over 75% of the worlds population lives in cities.

All city dwellers need energy for transport, light, heating and cooling, generated by combustion.

CO2

BerlinBerlin

-60%-60%20302030

Berlin

-60%2030

München

-100%2035

StockholmStockholm

-100%-100%20402040

Stockholm

-100%2040

DüsseldorfDüsseldorf

-100%-100%20352035

Düsseldorf

-100%2035

HamburgHamburg

-55%-55%20302030

Hamburg

-55%2030

Sustainability on top of municipal agendas

2019:2 514 bn

kWh

Mechanical energy 39%

German energy consumption 2019

Space heating 26%

Domestic hot water 5%

Industrial process heat 22%

Process cooling 3%

IKT 2%

Lighting 3%

Heat/chill in total 56%=1399 bn kWh

Slide provided by E.ON

2

Development of district heating and carbon footprint

1st generationsteam

2nd generationon-site construction

3rd generationoff-site

4th generationmulti vector

5th generationambient temperature

Steam system, steam pipes in concrete ducts

Pressurized hot water system large on-site plant

Pre-insulated pipesoff-site plant metering and monitoring

1880-1930 1930-1970 1970- 2010- 2018-

>200C

>100C

80-100C50-60C 5-20C

Improved controlsLower energy demand

Heating & cooling balancingDecentralized energy generation

Typical heat sources• Coal• Steam storage

Typical heat sources• Heat storage• CHP coal

Typical heat sources• Gas and biomass• Industrial waste

heat• Waste

incineration• CHP

Typical heat sources• Biomass and

geothermal• Industrial waste

heat• Heat pumps

Typical heat sources Heat pumps Waste heat Geothermi

Energy input for production of district heating Sweden 1980-2019

Other

Peat

Fossil

Renewable

Recyclable

CO2, g/kWh

Low-temp grids

Slide provided by E.ON

3

Low temp grids makes decarbonised heat competitive

556065707580

3GDH generation portfolio acc. savings 4GDH generation portfolio acc. savings

OP

EX s

avin

g in

M€

Supply temperature °C

• Offer lower operational costs for producing & distributing heat

• Ability to utilize renewable and recycled heat from low-temperature sources including small scale prosumers.

• Reduce the need for top up of competitive low temp sources and reduced heat losses in distribution.

• Reduced environmental impact

• Recycled heat contributes to little or no environmental foot print.

• Less combustion, less CO2 and ideal circumstances for heat pumps.

• Increased security of supply and customer engagement

• Decentralised and diversified production portfolio offers resilience.

• Tailor-made and digitalised customer solutions including prosumption increases customer engagement.

• Prepare customers for low temp

• Identify customers real heat requirement, consumption patterns and customer experience.

• Improve existing building stock energy performance and domestic hot water requirements.

• Smart grids to enable heat sources of tomorrow

• Grids to distribute large- & small scale heat- & chill production from prosumers and energy storages.

• Online monitoring and grid optimization to cut peak load & temperatures.

• Recycable heat is fundamental in future heat mix

• Invent and explore all local low temp and intermittent large scale heat sources.

• Heterogenic generation mix of various temperatures, size, source and location.

How to prepare for low temp grids

Slide provided by E.ON

4

Project DescriptionThe geothermal share of the annual heat generation should be kept as high as possible. The geothermal borehole is around 3 km deep. The potential heat

capacity of the borehole is around 15 MW. The idea is reduce use of the gas boilers as much as possible.

For this reason, the heating curve of the district heating network of Bayernwerk was lowered, the supply temperature is approx. 76 °C . This is done with different actions.

One point was the connection of a whole new

quarter with reduced inlet temperatureand the supply of one building with the return flow. Another point was the optimization of the heat substation and secondary system of

houses, which had too high return flow temperature.

A idea in the future is to integrate a large scale heat pump for an additional reduction of the

return flow for an improvement of the geothermal boreholes.

Result• At a pumping rate of around 100 liters per second, a

geothermal output of up to 10 MW can be extracted. This corresponds to a theoretically recoverable heat quantity of about 80,000 MWh/a.

Optimisation of the return flow temperature for a geothermal solution

BackgroundSince September 2012 the district heating supply

in Poing has been based on geothermal energy. The thermal water is fed via an

underground pipeline from the production well at the western end of the town to the geothermal heating center (former CHP unit). There it transfers its heat in heat exchangers to the

district heating circuit. The cooled thermal

water is then returned to the re-injection well.

Bild/Illustration/Foto für Beschreibung/Ergebnis

Slide provided by E.ON

5

Heat in the pulp & paper industry

Presented by

Małgosia Rybak, Climate Change & Energy Director, Cepi

m.rybak@cepi.org

7

Slide provided by Cepi

8

Coal3%

Gas33%

Fuels Oil2%

Other Fossil1%

Biomass60%

Other1%

Combustion of fuels

Energy mix in the pulp and paper industry

Source: Cepi statistics 2018

Total: 319 TWh

269 TWh for steam production

50 TWh for electricity production

Around 70% of the energy

needs in pulp and papermaking

is used to generate heat for drying

processes

45 TWh net bought electricity

Slide provided by Cepi

9

Decoupling economic growth from carbon emissions

103,4%

89,3%

96,6%

93,3% 93,3%

105,3%

92,7%

99,2%

86,9% 87,7%

99,9%

83,8%

87,8%

74,3%

71,2%

65,0%

70,0%

75,0%

80,0%

85,0%

90,0%

95,0%

100,0%

105,0%

110,0%

2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019

Changes in % since 2005 for production, energy and CO2

t prod TJ tCO2

-29% CO2

emissions

reduction

since 2005

Slide provided by Cepi

10

Many relevant technological innovations are emerging

and the industry invests in technologies for the CO2 emission reduction

Improve energy efficiency (use

less heat to produce paper)

Switch to renewable

energy

Prevent waste heat

Internal reuse of heat

External use of heat

Slide provided by Cepi

New CHP in a paper mill in Italy

• Technology: Gas turbine cogeneration system

• Description: Replacing a gas turbine (7 MW electric), a boiler and

a diathermic oil boiler with a new gas turbine cogeneration system

• Emissions savings:

• Gas consumption and CO2 emissions reduced by about 3,350

tonnes

• The turbine could be powered in the future by a mix of

methane and green hydrogen. Using 50% hydrogen, the CO2

emissions reduction would reach 30,000 tonnes/year

• Investment: €7.3 million

11

Slide provided by Cepi

• Technology: Solar thermal

• Description: Building France’s largest solar thermal installation

producing heat, supplying the paper mill with hot water for its

paper production process

• Emissions savings:

• Reduce the consumption of fossil energy (about 3,900 MWh/

year of renewable heat produced)

• Decrease of fossil use in steam boilers (equivalent to a

reduction of CO2 emissions of 1,000 t/year)

• Improve steam management at the paper mill thanks to

higher flexibility of steam production facilities

• Investment: €2.2 million

Solar thermal integration project in France

12

Slide provided by Cepi

Innovation for reducing waste heat

• Main sources of waste heat in the paper industry: dryer exhaust, effluent water

• Projects are focused on the development of innovative drying technologies that allow

efficient heat recovery

• Technologies such as mechanical vapour recompression and other kinds of heat

pumps may realise a significant reduction of energy required for steam production

• The integration of these technologies in the paper industry requires a complex

individual case-dependent redesign of the production process and its energy supply

The regulatory framework needs to promote, re-risk, support

and reward investments in energy efficiency

13

Slide provided by Cepi

Waste heat recovery in Poland

• Technology: Evaporator plant

• Description: The concept was to reduce steam consumption in

the evaporation process. More water was removed at the

evaporator stage. In addition, a reduced feed of water mixed with

fuel into the recovery boiler increases heat generation from

carbon-neutral fuel (black liquor)

• Emissions savings:

• Use less heat in the evaporation process – about 300,000

GJ/year

• Additional thermal green energy from the recovery boiler –

about 190,000 GJ/year

• Reduce coal consumption by 25,000 tonnes a year

• Investment: €6.5 million

14

Slide provided by Cepi

• Technology: Heated water pipeline

• Description:

• A paper mill opened a pipeline with a car plant in

Ghent, Belgium.

• The pipeline takes hot water heated using

renewable energy from biomass at the paper mill to

the other manufacturing plant, where it is used to

heat buildings and paint booths

• Emissions savings: emission reductions estimated at

15,000 t/y, cutting the Ghent plant’s total CO2 emissions

by more than 40%

Heated water pipeline in Belgium

15

Slide provided by Cepi

A paper mill heats a Dutch city

• A paper mill uses a Combined Heat and Power (CHP) plant in the Netherlands

• The mill delivers waste heat to several building complexes in the city of Maastricht

• Residual heat is used as a source of energy for heating and cooling of these buildings

16

Slide provided by Cepi

17

Decisions depend on a variety of factors

Availability, size and lay-out of

energy conversion onsite

Energy infrastructure

Age of the equipment

Legislation, regulation and

targets

Technologies available and

under development

Regional support schemes

Location of the mills

Regional initiatives

Local cooperation and an integral systems approach are needed to design

and achieve the most sustainable solutions

Slide provided by Cepi

Waste-to-Energy contributions

in heating and cooling systemsPresented by

Fabio Poretti, Technical & Scientific Officer, CEWEP

fabio.poretti@cewep.eu

Waste-to-Energy in Europe in 2018

WtE Plants operating in Europe (not including hazardous waste incineration plants) : 492

Residual, no-recyclable waste thermally treated in European WtE plants (in million tonnes): 96

Data supplied by CEWEP membersand national sources

* Includes plant in Andorra and SAICA plant

Finland9 1.62Norway

18 1.66

Sweden37 5.92

Estonia1 0.21

Lithuania1 0.26

Poland7 0.95

Czech Republic4 0.67 Slovakia

2 0.23Hungary1 0.37

Romania

Bulgaria

Greece

Italy38 6.33

France121 14

Spain*12 3.01

Portugal4 1.13

Austria11 2.6Switzerland

30 4.04

Netherlands12 7.48

Belgium17 3.39

Germany96 26.3

Luxembourg1 0.17

Denmark26 3.4

United Kingdom42 11.49

Ireland2 0.72

Slide provided by CEWEP 19

Waste-to-Energy (WtE): waste incineration plants with energy recovery of municipal and similar commercial and industrial waste

Slide provided by CEWEP

20

Municipal waste treatment in 2018

Landfill

Waste-to-Energy

Recycling

+Composting

Missing data

2% 1% 2% 2%5%

9%

21%

10% 10%

5%

14%

8% 8%11%

8%5%

7%

23%

1% 2% 6%

15%21%

23%

21%

10%

22%25%

42%

49% 50% 51%

49%55%

61%

59%66%

80%

76%74%

86%

3%

64%28%

53%57%

49%

31%

43%43% 39%

44%

39%35%

32%

41%

10%

19% 13%

24%

17%13%

13%

18%

8%

7%

2%

1%

5%

48%

51%

4%

47% 46%42%

50%

67%

56% 55%58%

50%

44% 44%40%

28%

59%

50%52%

34% 35%37% 36%

29%

36%

31%

25% 25%

19%16%

11%6%

52%

41%

26%

0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

70%

80%

90%

100%

Graph by CEWEP, Source: EUROSTAT

Last update February 2021

Percentages are calculated based on the municipal waste reported as generated in the country

*: 2017 data (last available)

Slide provided by CEWEP 21

How does a Waste-to-Energy plant work?

WtE turns non-recyclable waste in an environmentally safe way into secure, local, and sustainable energy.

• very strict existing legal requirements on emission limits, monitoring and energy performances.

• WtE is one of the most strictly-regulated industrial sectors

Waste-to-Energy has a double role:Sustainable waste management and Energy&Climate

Primary task: WtE provides a hygienic service

As byproducts WtE:

1) Substitutes fossil fuels and reduce their dependence on imports:

2) Helps to divert waste from landfills and saves methane emissions→ methane is much more potent than CO2

3) Recovers valuable raw materials from bottom ash (metals and inerts)→ Circular Economy and further CO2eq savings

Slide provided by CEWEP 22

Between 11 and 53 million tonnes of fossil fuels (gas, oil, hard coal and lignite) can be substituted annually, which would emit 26 - 52 million tonnes of CO2

Slide provided by CEWEP 23

What about air quality?

Multiple studies have found no evidence of a negative impact of WtEon health or the environment

Connecting the WtE plant to a District Heating network in urban areas…

City of Umeå, Sweden in 1960s and 2000s

Slide provided by CEWEP 24

Waste-to-Energy as an effective CHP and renewable Heating&Cooling technology

▪ 2/3 of Europe’s WtE plants are Combined Heat & Power (CHP) producers.

▪ 10% of Europe’s energy to District Heating comes from WtE;→ On a local level WtE supplies sometimes more than 50% of the heat demand (EU average is much lower as not all Member States have WtE plants)

▪ WtE can rely on programmability and flexibility of energy production, delivering energy vectors through various forms (electricity, heat, steam) + many other possibilities of sector coupling and industrial symbiosis.

▪ Waste is a very heterogeneous type of fuel but, on average, around 55% of the energy produced by a WtE facility is renewable (biodegradable/organic fraction of residual waste)

▪ Recent Report by the European Commission – JRC (2021):Integrating renewable and waste heat and cold sources into district heating and cooling systems - Case studies analysis, replicable key success factors and potential policy implications

Some WtE Success Stories from JRC Report – MILANO

Slide provided by CEWEP 25

The plant produces 375 GWh of heat and 345 GWh of electricity per year from 540’000 t of residual waste.

Milan district heating network (source: A2A)

• Overall heat requirement of the City: around 12,000 GWh/year

→ about 10% covered by DH.

Milan West part is mainly supplied by the SILLA2 WtE plant by A2A

Slide provided by CEWEP 26

Some WtE Success Stories from JRC Report – BARCELONA

Tersa WtE plant:

4 steam/water exchangers of 5 MW each

The WtE plant produces 195 GWh of electricity and125’000 t of steam per year from 350’000 t of residual waste for heating and cooling.

Map of Districlima DHC system, and type of connected buildings (source: Districlima)

The main demand of Districlima DHC

system is cooling.

Slide provided by CEWEP 27

A Local WtE Success Story – BRUXELLES

Heat Supply to DOCKSShopping Center +

Connection with the greenhouses of the

Royal Domain

Brussels EnergieWtE Plant

District heating capacity 20 GWth

Water Temperature: 110°CHeating line: 6km of piping

Video Link

Belgium: Industrial symbiosis in the port of Antwerp

Slide provided by CEWEP 28Source: www.ecluse.be

• Energy cluster: steam from Waste-to-Energy to chemical companies

• Sustainable and reliable energy supply for industry

• Important pillar in energy and competitiveness policy of the Flemish government

Belgium: Industrial symbiosis in the port of Antwerp

Slide provided by CEWEP 29

Source: www.circulary.eu/project/ecluse/

WtE: other examples of innovative sustainable energy use

• AVR plant in the Netherlands captures CO2 and supplies it to the local greenhouses.

• SUEZ Waste-to-Energy plant in Toulouse, France, provides heating for nearby greenhouses growing 6,000 tonnes of tomatoes each year.

• Twence Waste-to-Energy plant in the Netherlands captures CO2 and transforms it into sodium bicarbonate NaHCO3 . It is used in the plant’s flue gas cleaning system, saving precious raw materials while reducing its carbon emissions.

• In Linköping, Sweden, Waste-to-Energy produces cooling for the district cooling network.

Slide provided by CEWEP 30

Back-up slide

Slide provided by CEWEP32