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P. M. Dr. Marzuki Hj. Ismail
KAS 4502
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5 environmental issues
Population growth
Resource use and waste
Poverty
Biological diversity
Global climate change
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Perpetual
Renewable
Non-renewable
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Cornerstone Summary
The Rio Declaration on
Environment and
Development
A setofprincipleswhichprovide guidanceonachieving
sustainabledevelopment.
FrameworkConvention
onClimateChange
Aninternationaltreatyto stabilizeGHG concentrations
intheatmosphere.
Convention on Biological
Diversity
Aninternationalconventionwiththreeobjectives: the
conservationofbiodiversity,the sustainableuseofits
components,andtheequitable sharing ofbenefits from
geneticresources.
Agenda 21
A globalprogramofactionforachieving sustainable
developmenttowhichcountries arepolitically
committed ratherthanlegallyobligated.
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1. provideinformationfordecision-making on
theenvironmentalconsequences of
proposedactions; and
2. promoteenvironmentally soundand
sustainabledevelopmentthroughtheidentificationofappropriateenhancementandmitigationmeasures.
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Reducing theburdenofenvironmental
impacts is necessaryifdevelopmentis to
become sustainable. As aresult, EIA has becomeofeverincreasing
importanceas atoolfordevelopment
decision-making.
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The immediate aim:
toinformtheprocess ofdecision-making by
identifying thepotentially significantenvironmentaleffects andrisks ofdevelopmentproposals.The ultimate aim:
topromote sustainabledevelopmentbyensuring that
developmentproposals donotunderminecriticalresourceandecologicalfunctions orthewellbeing,lifestyleandlivelihoodofthecommunities andpeopleswhodependonthem.
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To:1. improvetheenvironmentaldesignofthe
proposal;2. ensurethatresources areusedappropriately
andefficiently;3. identifyappropriatemeasures formitigating
thepotentialimpacts oftheproposal;4. facilitatedecisionmaking,including setting
theenvironmentalterms andconditions forimplementing theproposal.
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To:1. protecthumanhealthand safety;
2. avoidirreversiblechanges and seriousdamagetotheenvironment;
3. safeguardvaluedresources,naturalareasandecosystemcomponents; and
4. enhancethe socialaspects oftheproposal.
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EIA is notanenvironmental vetopowerinto
administrativedecision-making processes
Environmentalconsiderationsmaybe setasideinfavourofwhatarefelttobemore
importantconsiderations.
Outcomeofthe EIA process provides advice
tothedecision-makers butitdoes notprovideafinaldecision
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EIA is oneofanumberofpolicytools thatare
usedtoevaluateprojectproposals.
A numberoffactors ledtotheintroductionofEIA intheUS (1969).
Thenavailableeconomicappraisaltechniques didnottakeaccountofthe
environmentaland socialimpacts ofmajorprojects.
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Environmentalprotectionneeds tobean
integralpartofthedevelopmentprocess
(Principle 4) Theprecautionaryapproachis established
andenvironmentalimpactassessmentisidentifiedas akeynationalinstrument
(Principle17)
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1. Integrity-the EIA process shouldmeet
internationallyacceptedrequirements and
standards ofpractice;2. Utility-the EIA process shouldprovidethe
informationwhichis sufficientandrelevantfordecision-making; and
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3. Sustainability-the EIA process shouldresult
intheimplementationofenvironmental
safeguardswhichare sufficienttomitigateserious adverseeffects andavoid
irreversibleloss ofresourceandecosystemfunctions.
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Principles Practical application
Purposive
EIA shouldmeetits aims ofinforming decision
making andensuring anappropriatelevelof
environmentalprotectionandhumanhealth.
Focused
EIA shouldconcentrateon significant
environmentaleffects,taking intoaccountthe
issues thatmatter.
AdaptiveEIA shouldbeadjustedtotherealities,issues and
circumstances oftheproposals underreview.
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Principles Practical application
Participative
EIA shouldprovideappropriateopportunities to
informandinvolvetheinterestedandaffectedpublics,andtheirinputs andconcerns shouldbe
addressedexplicitly.
Transparent
EIA shouldbeaclear,easilyunderstoodandopen
process,withearlynotificationprocedure,access todocumentation,andapublicrecordofdecisions
takenandreasons forthem.
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Principles Practical application
RigorousEIA shouldapplythebestpracticablemethodologies
toaddress theimpacts andissues being investigated.
PracticalEIA shouldidentifymeasures forimpactmitigation
thatworkandcanbeimplemented.
CredibleEIA shouldbecarriedoutwithprofessionalism,rigor,
fairness,objectivity,impartialityandbalance.
Efficient
EIA shouldimposetheminimumcostburdenon
proponents consistentwithmeeting process
requirements andobjectives.
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1. Onlyavery smallfractionofproposals are
halted;
2. Preemptionorearlywithdrawalofunsoundproposals has beenreported;
3. EIA has beenusefulindeveloping supportforandconfirmationofpositive
environmentally soundproposals;
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4. Theenvironmentalimprovementof
proposedactivities is frequently seen;
5. particularindirecteffects ofEIA areboth
instrumentalandeducationalwhereparticipationinthe EIA process leads to
positivechanges inenvironmentalattitudesandbehavior.
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Thank You