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at least 24 years of age. A candidate registered underthe Medical Act after Jan. 1st, 1890, will be admissible toexamination in Part I. on producing evidence (1) of havingbeen in possession of a registrable qualification in Medicine, ISurgery, and Midwifery for at least 12 months ; (2) of

having attended, after obtaining such registrable qualifica-tion, practical instruction in a laboratory recognised by theExamining Board in England during a period of six months ;and (3) of being at least 23 years of age. A candidatewill be admitted to Part II. of the examination on pro-ducing evidence (1) of having been associated day by day inthe duty, routine and special, of Public Health administra-tion during six months (of which at least three months shallbe distinct and separate from the period of laboratory in-struction required under Par. 2 for Part I.) under the

supervision of a medical officer of health who fulfils certainconditions which can be ascertained on application to thesecretary’ 1 ; (2) of having attended the clinical practice of ahospital for infectious diseases recognised by the ExaminingBoard in England, after obtaining his registrable qualifica-tion in Medicine, Surgery, and Midwifery ; and (3) of beingat least 24 years of age.

The Royal College of Physicians of Edinbzergh, the

.Royal College of Surgeons of Edinburgh, and the RoyalFaculty of Physicians and Surgeons of Glasgow.—All candi-dates for the Diploma in Public Health must have been

qualified for at least one year. Those qualified before1890 do not require to produce evidence of attend-ance on any special courses. All other candidates musthave attended, after qualifying, six months’ practical in-struction in a recognised laboratory or laboratories, andmust have studied for six months the duties of outdoorsanitary work under the medical officer of health of a countyor large urban district or a medical officer of health whois also a teacher of Sanitary Science in a Medical School,or a sanitary staff officer of the Royal Army Medical Corpshaving charge of an Army Corps District or command.There are two examinations, and candidates may enterfor both at one period or for either separatelv. The FirstExamination includes (a) Laboratory Work (Chemistry andBacteriology), (b) Physics, and (c) Meteorology ; and theSecond Examination embraces (a) Report on Premisesvisited, (b) Examination at Fever Hospital, (c) Examina-tion at Public Abattoir, (d) Written and Oral Examinationson Epidemiology and Endemiology, (e) Vital Statistics andSanitary Law, and (f) Practical Sanitation. The fee is 12guineas for both examinations, or 6 guineas for eitherof them. A fee of 3 guineas is payable by rejectedcandidates for either examination. The examination isheld twice yearly, in May and October. The pub-lished regulations provide detailed synopses of the

subjects of examination. The Registrar for Edinburghis Mr. James Robertson, solicitor, 54, George-square, andfor Glasgow Mr. Alexander Duncan, LL.D., 242, St. Vincent-street.

Royal College of Physicians of Ireland and Royal College ofSurgeons in Ireland.—Stated examinations for the Diplomain Public Health are held in the months of February, May,July, and November. A special examination for the diplomamay, at the discretion of the Committee of Management(except during the months of August and September), beobtained on payment of £15 15s., in addition to the ordinaryfees mentioned below, and on giving notice at least one

fortnight before the date of the proposed examination.Every candidate for the Diploma in Public Health must bea registered medical practitioner. (Candidates registeredor entitled to be registered prior to January, 1890, are

exempt from the rules as to study.) He must subsequentlyto qualification (1) receive six months’ laboratory instructionin Chemistry, Bacteriology, and the Diseases of Animalstransmissible to man ; and (2) during six months prac-tically study outdoor sanitary work under a medicalofficer of health and shall as an additional require-ment attend a hospital for infectious diseases. Can-didates are examined on four days, commencing on

the first Monday of February, May, and November.Each candidate must return his name to the secretary of

11 Provided that the period of six months may be reduced to a periodof three months (which shall be distinct and separate from the periodof laboratory instruction required under Regulation 2) in the case of

any candidate who produces evidence that after obtaining a registrablequalification, he has during three mont hs attended a course or coursesof instruction in sanitary law, sanitary engineering, vital statistics, andother subjects hearing on public health administration given by ateacher or teachers in the department of public health of a recognisedmedical school.

the Committee of Management under the Conjoint Scheme) two weeks before the examination, and lodge with him

a testimonial of character from a Fellow of either of, the Colleges, or of the Royal Colleges of Physicians or’ Surgeons of London or Edinburgh. The fee for the examina.

tion is .E1O 10s. The examination for the Diploma in Public! Health comprises the following subjects :-Hygiene,; Chemistry, Meteorology and Climatology. Engineering,

Vital Statistics, Sanitary Law, and Bacteriology. Forfurther particulars apply to Alfred Miller, Secretary,Committee of Management ; ; Office, Royal College of

Physicians, Dublin.

DENTAL SURGERY.

ANYONE who is on the Medical Register is entitled to

practise as a dentist, although he cannot register as suchwithout the special licence ; but it is of eminent advantageto take the L.D.S., otherwise few dental appointments atgeneral or special hospitals or dispensaries are available,and, what is still more important, the manual dexterityrequisite for the successful practice of dentistry can

only be gained by long and careful training; and, thishaving been attained, it is but little trouble to passthe special examinations. The subjects beyond thoseincluded in the general qualification are-Dental Anatomyand Physiology (Human and Comparative), one course;a separate course of Dental Histology, including the prepara.tion of microscopical sections ; Dental Surgery, one course;a separate course of Practical Dental Surgery; a course ofnot less than five lectures on the Surgery of the Mouth;Dental Mechanics, one course ; a course of Practical DentalMechanics, including the manufacture and adjustment ofsix dentures and six crowns ; Dental Metallurgy, one course;a course of Practical Dental Metallurgy ; Practice of DentalSurgery at a recognised school, two years, and a certificateof having been engaged during a period of not less thantwo years in acquiring a knowledge of Dental Mechanics(this may be obtained by apprenticeship to a duly quali.fied dental practitioner or in the mechanical departll’entof a recognised dental hospital). The Dental Schools inLondon are the Royal Dental Hospital of London, tbeNational Dental Hospital, and Guy’s Hospital DentalSchool. Most of the large provincial towns have nowdental hospitals. A convenient arrangement by whichthe M.R.C.S., L.R.C.P., and L.D.S. can be taken is as

follows :-The Preliminary Examination in General Educa-tion having been passed the student should commence hismechanical training at a dental school or with a qualifieddentist and register as a dental and medical student.

(This instruction, however, may be taken prior to thedate of registration as a dental student.) During themechanical tuition the student should receive instruction in

Chemistry and Physics, together with Biology, and shouldpass the First Professional Examination for the ConjointDiploma during his first year. He should then obtaininstruction in Pharmacy and, having passed the examination,should complete his work for the First Professional DentalExamination and pass this at the end of his second year.On the completion of the mechanical training the studentshould join the general and dental hospitals and at theexpiration of 18 months at the general hospital shouldpass the Second Examination for the Conjoint Diploma.The Final Examination for the L.D.S. can be takenat the end of two years from joining the hospital Thestudent during these two years will have been attendingsimultaneously both the general and dental hospitals. Duringthe remainder of his time he should devote himself to

Surgery, Medicine, Midwifery, &c., in which subjects hemay be examined at the expiration of the required time fromthe passing of the Second Examination. When time is not agreat object, a better course is to join only the generalhospital at the completion of the mechanical tuition, andcomplete the Second Examination for the Conjoint Diplomaand also his " Dressing and "Clerking" appointmentsbefore commencing his surgical training at the DentalHospital. The best course, however, is entirely to finishthe curriculum for the M.R.C.S. and L.R.C.P. and thentake the special Dental work. The regulations for theDental Licence of the Royal Colleges of Ireland and Edin-burgh and of the Faculty of Physicians and Surgeons ofGlasgow are verv similar to those of the English College.rhe L.D.S. can also be obtained alone.

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The Registration of Dental Students is carried on at theMedical Council Office in London in the same manner asthe existing registration of medical students, and subject tothe same regulations as regards Preliminary Examinations.Candidates for a diploma in Dental Surgery must producecertificates of having been engaged during four years in

professional studies and of having received two years’instruction in mechanical dentistry. The two years ofinstruction in mechanical dentistry, or any part of them,may be taken by the dental student either before or afterhis registration as a student, but no portion of suchmechanical instruction will be counted as one of the four

years of professional study unless taken after registration.It is now necessary for anyone practising Dental Surgery

in this country to be on the Register and no foreign qualifi.cations are admitted.The Royal College of Surgeons of Englo,-red grants a

diploma in Dental Surgery under the following regulations,which apply to all candidates who have registered as dentalstudents after Jan. lst, 1897. Candidates are required topass three examinations : the Preliminary Science Exami-nation, the First Professional Examination, and the SecondProfessional Examination. I. Preliminary Science Exami-nation.-Before admission to this examination the candidatemust produce a certificate of having received instruction(which may be taken prior to the date of registration as adental student) at a recognised institution in Chemistry,Physics, and Practical Chemistry. The examination consistsof these subjects and is identical with Part I. of the FirstExamination of the Examining Board in England. II. TheFirst Professional Examination. -The candidate must producethe following certificates : 1. Of having been engagedduring a period of not less than two years in acquiring apractical familiarity with the details of mecna.nicaldentistry, under the instruction (which may be taken

prior to registration as a dental student) of a competentpractitioner or under the direction of the superintendentof the mechanical department of a recognised dental

hospital. 2. Of registration as a dental student by theGeneral Medical Council. 3. Of having attended at a

recognised Dental Hospital and School (a) a course ofLectures on Dental Metallurgy; (b) a course of PracticalDental Metallurgy ; (e) a course of Lectures on Dental

Mechanics ; and (d) a course of Practical Dental Mechanics,including the manufacture and adjustment of six denturesand six crowns. Candidates may present themselves for theFirst Professional Examination on production of the re-

quired certificates. The Examination consists of MechanicalDentistry and Dental Metallurgy, the examination in DentalMetallurgy being by written paper. III. The SecondProfessional Examination.-The candidate must producethe following certificates: 1. Of having been engaged duringfour years in the acquirement of professional knowledgesubsequently to the date of registration as a dental student.2. Of having attended at a recognised dental hospital andschool (a) a course of Dental Anatomy and Physiology ;(b) a separate course of Dental Histology, including the pre-paration of microscopical sections ; (c) a course of DentalSurgery ; (d) a separate course of Practical Dental Surgery ;(e) a course of not less than five lectures on the Surgeryof the Mouth, which lecture may be given at a dental

hospital or at a recognised medical school ; in the lattercase they may form part of the course of lectures on

Surgery; (f) a course of Dental Materia Medica ; and

(g) a course of Dental Bacteriology. 3. Of having attendedat a recognised dental hospital or in the dental departmentof a recognised general hospital the practice of Dental

Surgery during two years. 4. Of having attended ata recognised medical school (a) a course of lectures onAnatomy, (b) a course of lectures on Physiology, (c) a

separate Practical Course of Physiology, (d) a course oflectures on Surgery, and (e) a course of lectures on Medicine.The lectures on Surgery and Medicine must be attendedafter the completion of the courses of lectures on Anatomyand Physiology. 5. Of having performed Dissectionsat a recognised medical school during not less than12 months. 6. Of having attended at a recognisedhospital the practice of Surgery and Clinical Lectureson Surgery for twelve months during the ordinary sessions.7. Of being 21 years of age. The certificates of professionalstudy will be required to show that students have attended thecourses of professional study to the satisfaction of theirteachers. All students joining the Dental Hospitals afterOct. 1st, 1909, will be required to attend a course of practicalinstruction in the anaesthetics in common use in the practice

of Dental Surgery. Candidates may present themselvesfor the Second Professional Examination after the completionof four years’ professional study from the date of registra-tion as a dental student and after the lapse of not less thansix months from the date of passing the First ProfessionalExamination. The Second Professional Examination con-sists of : Part I., General Anatomy and Physiology,General Surgery and Pathology ; Part II., DentalAnatomy and Physiology, Dental Pathology and Surgery,and Practical Dental Surgery. The written examinationin Part I. comprises General Anatomy and Physiology,General Pathology and Surgery, and in Part II., DentalAnatomy and Physiology, and Dental Pathology and

Surgery. At the Practical Examination candidates may beexamined (a) on the treatment of Dental Caries and maybe required to prepare and fill cavities or to do anyother operation in Dental Surgery (candidates must pro-vide their own instruments) ; (b) on the Treatment ofthe various irregularities of Children’s Teeth. There isalso an Oral Examination. Candidates may take the two

parts of the examination together or separately. Candidatesmust pass Part I. before proceeding to Part II. If they failin Part I. they are not allowed to proceed with Part II.

Exemption from the Preliminary Science Examination is

granted to candidates who have passed an Examination inChemistry and Physics for a degree in Medicine at a Univer-sity in the United Kingdom, in India, or in a British

colony. Exemption from Examination in Anatomy andPhysiology is granted to candidates who have passed theSecond Examination of the Examining Board in England orthe corresponding Examination for any degree or qualifica-tion in medicine or surgery registrable under the MedicalAct of 1886. Exemption from Examination in General Sur-gery and Pathology is granted to candidates who have passedthe Examination in Surgery of the Examining Board in

England or the corresponding Examinations of the Col-

leges and Universities above mentioned. The fee forthe diploma is 20 guineas and is payable as follows :-Preliminary Science Examination, 3 guineas; First Pro-fessional Examination, 2 guineas; Second ProfessionalExamination, 5 guineas; the balance to be paid on

the completion of the Examinations. The PreliminaryScience Examination is held in January, March, or

April, July, and October in each year. The First andSecond Professional Examinations are held in May andNovember in each year. Candidates must give 21 clear

days’ notice of their intention to present themselves forexamination.Royal College of Surgeons, Edinburgh.—For the Licence

in Dental Surgery all candidates must pass a Pre-

liminary Examination in General Knowledge and have theirnames inscribed in the Register of Dental Students of theGeneral Medical Council. A copy of regulations givinga list of Preliminary Examinations recognised for obtain-

ing this Licence, as well as of the subjects of theProfessional Examinations, may be obtained from Mr. D. L.Eadie, Clerk to the Royal College of Surgeons, at 54, George-square, Edinburgh. Candidates must produce certificatesof having, subsequently to the date of registration, beenengaged for four years in professional studies and of threeyears’ instruction in Mechanical Dentistry from a regis-tered dental practitioner, except in the case of previouslyregistered medical practitioners, when two years will beconsidered sufficient. Candidates must have attended thefollowing curriculum : Anatomy, one course of six months ;Practical Anatomy, twelve months ; Chemistry, with Labora-tory Instruction, one course of six months ; Physics, withLaboratory Instruction, three months; Physiology, with

Laboratory Instruction, one course of six months; Surgery,including Surgical Pathology, one course of six months ;Medicine, including Medical Pathology, one course of six

months ; and attendance on the practice of a recognisedgeneral hospital, with Clinical Instruction on Surgery andMedicine, twelve months. These courses must have beenattended at a University or in an established school ofmedicine or in a provincial school specially recognised by theCollege as qualifying for the diploma in Surgery. In addi-tion to these courses candidates will be required to haveattended in a recognised dental hospital, or with teachersrecognised by the College, the following special courses oflectures and instruction : Dental Anatomy and Physiology(Human and Comparative) (not less than 24 lectures),with Practical Dental Histology, three months ; DentalSurgery and Pathology (not less than 20 lectures), withthe Materia Medica and Therapeutics applicable to Dental

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Surgery, three months ; Dental Mechanics (not less than12 lectures), Theoretical and Practical, with DentalMetallurgy, three months-one course each ; two years’attendance at a dental hospital or the dental depart-ment of a general hospital recognised by the College.Practical instruction in Mechanical Dentistry from a

registered Dentist, or in the Mechanical Depart-ment of a recognised dental hospital and school, as

apprentices or otherwise, either before or after registra-tion, for three years. Certificates of attendance on

such of these courses as may be respectively requiredwill entitle candidates to appear either for the FirstDental Examination or for the First and SecondExaminations for the Triple Qualification, as they mayselect, and subject to the existing regulations for each

qualification. Candidates who have passed the First andSecond Examinations for the Triple Qualification will be

exempt from the First Dental Examination and will havethe advantage of being admissible either to the Final DentalExamination or to the subsequent Examination for the TripleQualification, or to both. But the First Dental Examinationwill not be held as equivalent to the First and Second TripleExaminations and will admit to the Final Dental Examina-tion only. Candidates who are Licentiates of this College orwho may be registered medical practitioners will be requiredto produce certificates of attendance on the special subjectsonly and will be examined in these only for the dental

diploma. First Professional Examination : The candidatemust have attended the courses on Anatomy, Physiology,Chemistry, and Physics. The examination embracesAnatomy, Physiology, Chemistry, and Physics. The feeis L5 5s., for re-entry L3 3s. Second Examination : Thecandidate must have attended the remaining courses ofthe curriculum, must produce certificates showing thathe is 21 years of age, and must pay a fee of £10 10s.,for re-entry L5 5s. The examination embraces Surgery,Medicine, Therapeutics, and the special subjects ofDental Anatomy and Physiology, Dental Surgery andPathology, and Dental Mechanics with Dental Metallurgy,with a Practical Examination. Candidates who claim

exemption from the First Denta’ Examination on the groundof having passed the First and Second Triple QualificationExaminations or other recognised examinations will, beforebeing admitted to the Second Dental Examination, be

required to pay the total fee of £15 15s. payable for thedental diploma. Fees and schedules must be lodged notlater than one week before the examination with Mr. D L.Eadie, 54, George-square, Edinburgh, Clerk to the College.Royal Faculty of Physicians and Surgeons of Glasgow.—

The regulations as to certificates, curriculum, number, andsubjects of examinations, fees, &c., are in effect similarto those of the Royal College of Surgeons of Edinburgh,but embrace Dental Bacteriology. Candidates can enter forthe First Examination in three divisions, the first embracingPhysics and Chemistry, the second Dental Metallurgy andDental Mechanics, and the third Anatomy and Physiology.The examination in Dental Mechanics is practical ; andthere is at the Final Examination an examination inPractical Dentistry conducted in a dental hospital.Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland.—Candidates for the

Licence in Dental Surgery are required to pass two pro-fessional examinations, and to produce the following certifi-cates before admission to the several examinations :-

-First Dental Examination.—(A) Of having attendedcourses of instruction in the following subjects at an institu-tion recognised for the purpose : (a) Theoretical Chemistry ;(b) Practical Chemistry, including Metallurgy (three months) ;(c) Physics (six months). The courses for these certificatesneed not be completed within one year, nor need they runconcurrently ; and they may be commenced or attendedbefore the candidate registers as a medical or dentalstudent. (B) 1. Of having passed a recognised PreliminaryExamination in general education, and of having beenregistered as a medical or dental student by the GeneralMedical Council. 2. Of having, subsequently to registrationas a dental or medical student, attended courses of instruc-tion in the following subjects at a recognised school ofmedicine: (a) Anatomy Lectures. (b) Dissections withDemonstrations (the candidates must dissect the head andneck three times) (12 months). (0) Physiology, includingDental Physiology. Lectures (six months). (d) PracticalPhysiology and Histology, including Dental Physiology andHistology, Human and Comparative (three months).Final Dental Examination.—1. Of having been engaged

during a period of two years in acquiring a practical

familiarity with the details of Mechanical Dentistry underthe instruction of a registered dentist, or under thedirection of the superintendent of the Mechanical Depart.ment of a recognised Dental Hospital where the arrange.ments for teaching Mechanical Dentistry are satisfactory tothe Council of the College. This instruction may be com.,menced or attended before the candidate registers as a

medical or dental student. 2. Of having passed the FirstDental Examination. 3. Of having attended, at institutionsrecognised by the College for the purpose, the followingcourses of instruction : (a) Dental Surgery and Pathology,Orthodontia, and the Materia Medica and Therapeutics applic-able to Dental Surgery. Lectures. Two courses. (b) DentalMechanics. Lectures. Two courses. (c) Dental Anatomy.Lectures. One course. (d) The practice of a Dental Hospital,or of the Dental Department of a General Hospital. Two years.4. Of having attended Clinical instructions at a recognisedGeneral Hospital during the ordinary teaching sessions(nine months). 5. Of having been engaged during fouryears in the acquirement of professional knowledge subse-quently to the date of registration as a medical or dentalstudent. One year’s boni fide apprenticeship with a regis.tered dental practitioner, after being registered as a medicaior dental student, may be counted as one of the four yearsof professional study. 6. Of being 21 years of age. Allcertificates of instruction and evidences of age and registra.tion shall be submitted at least seven days before the com-mencement of the examination to the Registrar of the

College.In the First Dental Examination candidates will be

examined in (A) Physics and Chemistry, including PracticalChemistry and Metallurgy. (B) Anatomy, Physiology, andHistology—General and Dental. All the subjects may bepassed at the same time, or they may be passed in two groups,(A) and (B). Before presenting themselves for examina-tion in either group, candidates must have attended the

required courses of instruction in the subjects of the groupfor which they present themselves. The examination is

partly written, partly viru voce, and partly practical.In the Final Dental Examination candidates will be

examined in General Pathology, Medicine, and Surgery;Dental Surgery, and Dental Pathology, with the MateriaMedica and Therapeutics applicable to Dental Surgery;Dental Mechanics and Metallurgy ; Orthodontia. Candi-dates must pass in all the subjects at one examination. Theexamination is partly written, partly vivi voce, and partlypractical, and includes the examination of patients and theperformance of dental operations. Candidates are requiredto provide their own instruments and gold for filling. TheFirst Dental Examination will commence on the first

Mondays in the months of February, May, and November.The Final Dental Examination will commence on thesecond Mondays in the months of February, May, andNovember. The fee for the Diploma in Dental Surgery is20 guineas, and is payable in the following manner. viz.,First Dental Examination, Part (a), each admission, £3 3s.; yPart (b), each admission, .64 4s. Final, each admn-ion,£5 5s. : amount payable before grant of Diploma, £8 8s,;total, E21. Fees for re-examination will not be allowed tocount as part of the fee of £21 payable for the Dipiuma.Tees will not be refunded under any circumstances. Candi-dates must pay the fees for examinations from which they are exempted, unless when such exemptions have beengranted in virtue of examinations passed before the ConjointBoard in Ireland.

University of Birmingham.—The teaching of Dentistryisundertaken by the University acting in association with the

Birmingham Dental Hospital and the Birmingham Climca:Board, so that the students may fully qualify themselvesfor the Dental diploma (L.D.S.) of this and other universitiesand licensing bodies. There is a special and well-equippedDental Museum and Laboratorv. An Entrance Exhibition,value £37 10s., is awarded annually at the commencement cfthe winter session. The following are the regulations forDegrees in Dentistry :—1. The degrees conferred by the Uni-versity are those of Bachelor and Master of Dental Surgery (B.D.S. and M.D.S.). 2. All candidates for these degreesmust pass the same Matriculation Examination as thatrequired from candidates for Medical Degrees. 3. Theiegree of Bachelor of Dental Surgery is not conferredupon any candidate who has not obtained a Licence inDental Surgery. The candidate is not eligible for theiegree until a period of 12 months has elapsed from thepassing of his examination for the Licence in Dental Surgery.Of this period at least six months must be spent in the denta

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department of a general hospital approved by the University. 4. A. In addition to the Licence in Dental Surgery the tcandidate must produce evidence that he has attended the scourses required by medical students of the University in ]the following subjects and passed the Examinations held in 1the same for Medical and Surgical Degrees : (a) Chemistry and Practical Chemistry, (b) Physics and Practical Physics, (o) ]Elementary Biology, (d) Anatomy and Practical Anatomy, and (e) Physiology and Practical Physiology. B. That he has attended the following courses and passed the class examina- tionsin each of these subjects: (f) One Special Course of 4

Lectures on Medicine, (g) One Special Course of Lectures on Surgery, and (h) Pathology and Bacteriology. C. Thathe has attended courses and passed the class examina-tions in : (k) Dental Histology and Patho-Histology, (l)Comparative Dental Anatomy, and (m) Dental Surgery andProsthetic Dentistry. D. That he has received instructionin the Clinical Examination of living cases at the dentaldepartment of a general hospital for a period of not less thansix months. 5. The Final Examination will deal with thesubjects in Classes C and D. 6. On the expiration of12 months from the date of passing the Examination forthe Degree of Bachelor of Dental Surgery, the candi-date will be eligible for that of Master of Dental Surgery.7. For this degree candidates will be required to submit athesis containing original work and investigations in somesubject connected with Dentistry, which thesis shall be sub-mitted to examiners to be nominated by the Dental

Advisory Board. The degree will be awarded or withheldaccording to the report of these examiners.

University oj Durha7m. -A Diploma in Dental Surgery is

granted. The conditions are as follows :-Every candidatefor the Diploma must pass the necessary examination

required by the General Medical Council for registration asa dental student There are four Examinations-viz., First,Second, Third, and Final. The subjects of the Examinationsare:—First: (a) Chemistry; and (b) Physics. Second : (a)Dental Mechanics, Theoretical and Practical ; (b) Dental

Metallurgy; and (c) Dental Materia Medica. Third : (a)Anatomy; (b) Physiology and Histology ; and (c) DentalAnatomy and Dental Histology. Final: (a) Surgery (b)Dental Surgery, including Prosthetics and Orthodontia ; (0)Operative Dental Surgery, Practical Examination ; and (d)Dental Pathology and Bacteriology. A candidate before

presenting himself for examination is required to furnishcertificates of instruction in the following subjects, attendedafter registration as a dental student at recognisedUniversity Colleges, Medical or Dental Schools :—FirstExamination: Chemistry, lectures and practical work (ninemonths) ; and Physics, lectures and practical work (ninemonths). S’econd Examination Dental Mechanics (not lessthan 20 lectures) ; Dental Metallurgy (not less than 12lectures and 30 hours practical work) ; and Dental MateriaMedica (not less than 12 lectures). Third Examination:

Anatomy (six months) ; Dissections (12 months) ; Physiology(six months); Histology (three months) ; Dental Anatomyand Physiology (a course of not less than 20 lectures) ; andDental Histology (not less than 12 lectures). FinalExamination: Dental Hospital Practice (two years) ;General Hospital Practice (nine months) ; Medicine Lectures(six months); Surgery Lectures (six months) ; Dental

Surgery and Pathology (a course of not less than 20 lectures) ;Dental Bacteriology (not less than 12 lectures) ; OperativeDental Surgery (not less than 12 lectures) ; and Anaesthetics(a course of not less than one month).Before admission to the Final Examination each candidate

must furnish evidence (1) of having attained the age of 21years, (2) of having undergone a three years’ pupilage inMechanical Dentistry with a registered dentist, and (3) ofhaving been engaged in professional study for at least fouryears subsequent to registration as a dental student. Hemast also sign such declaration as the University maydetermine, binding himself not to advertise for professionalpurposes. The examinations will be held concurrently withthe medical examinations, and the fees payable by can-didates are as follows: First Examination, E2 10s. ; SecondExamination, .62 10s. ; Third Examination, .63 10s. ; FinalExamination, £3 10s. fee for Diploma, £3 ; total, .615.For re-examination: First Examination, £1 10s. ; SecondExamination, £2 ; Third Examination, .62; Fourth Examina-tion, .62. The practical examinations in dentistry will beconducted at the Newcastle Dental Hospital.

University of Leeds.-The degrees in Dental Surgeryare Bachelor of Dental Surgery (B Cb.D.) and Master ofDental Surgery (M.Ch.D.). All candidates for the degree of

3achelor of Dental Surgery shall be required to have passedhe Matriculation examination, to have pursued thereafterapproved courses of study for not less than five academicears, two of such years at least having been passed in theUniversity subsequently to the date of passing Parts I. andII. of the first examination, and to have completed suchperiod of pupilage or hospital attendance, or both, as maype prescribed by the regulations of the University. Nocandidate will be admitted to the degree who has notattained the age of 21 years on the day of graduation. Allcandidates are required to have passed the following exa-minations : the first examination, the second examination,!Iond the final examination. Each examination will include

practical work in the subjects offered. All candidates shallbe required, before presenting themselves for examination, tofurnish to the registrar certificates testifying that they haveattended the prescribed courses of instruction in accordancewith the regulations of the University in each of the subjectswhich they offer, and that they have fulfilled the otherrequirements of the ordinance and regulations in respectof such examination. Candidates for the diploma in DentalSurgery (L.D.S.) are required to present certificates showingthat they have attained the age of 21 years, that they haveattended courses of instruction approved by the Uni-versity, extending over not less than four years, andthat they have completed a pupilage of three years, twoof such years at least having been taken before theFirst Professional examination. Candidates are requiredto satisfy the examiners in the several subjects of thefollowing examinations : A preliminary examination inArts ; a preliminary examination in Science; the FirstProfessional examination ; and the Final examination.The classes in the Department of Dentistry will begin onOct. lst. The instruction in the Preliminary subjects ofChemistry, Physics, and Biology will be given at the Uni-versity in College-road. The classes in the other subjectsand the systematic courses in Dental subjects will be heldin the School of Medicine of the University in Thoresby-place. The systematic instruction in the School of Dentistrywill be given by the following :-Anatomy : Professor J. K.Jamieson. Physiology : Professor de B. Birch. Pathology :Professor A. S. Grunbaum. Medicine: Professor T. W.Griffith. Surgery : Professor R. L. Knaggs. Dental Surgery :Mr. A. G. G. Plumley. Operative Dental Surgery: Mr.T. S. Carter. Dental Anatomy and Physiology: Mr. A.Alan Forty. Dental Mechanics: Mr. C. Rippon. Dental

Metallurgy: Mr. W. Lowson. Dental Materia Medica : Mr.J. H. Gough. The clinical instruction will be given in theDental Department of the Leeds Public Dispensary, which isrecognised by the University and by the Royal College ofSurgeons. Applications for the prospectus should be madeto the Dean of the Faculty of Medicine.

University of Liverpool (Liverpool Dental Hospital andSchool of Dental Surgery).—The University grants a

diploma in Dental Surgery (L.D.S.) and degrees in DentalSurgery (B.D.S. and M.D.S.). The courses of systematicinstruction are given in the University buildings, fiveminutes’ walk from the Dental Hospital. The two insti-tutions are now closely associated and the manage-ment of the curriculum is in the hands of the Boardof Dental Studies. This school offers advantages tostudents which are not excelled anywhere for their practicalnature. On Jan. 16th, 1909, the Earl of Derby laid thefoundation stone of a new Dental Hospital in Pembroke-place, immediately opposite the University and RoyalInfirmary, and covering a site of 672 square yards. The newDental Hospital was opened in March, 1910, equipped in eachdepartment with every modern accessory. The ground floorcontains a large waiting-hall, examination room, extractionand anaesthetic rooms, with special waiting and recoveryrooms for each, staff room, and special room for nurses. A

large lecture hall with library and museum, prostheticroom adjoining a lofty and well lighted laboratorydivided into special rooms to accommodate over 30pupils, and smaller laboratory for advanced students,plaster and smelting rooms, are situated on the firstfloor. The whole of the top floor (470 square yards) isdevoted to conservation work, and lighted entirely fromthe north, and contains 50 pump operating chairs, each

provided with water-flushed spittoons, brackets, and electriclight. Provision is also made for the use of electric motors.Portions are reserved for porcelain inlay work, orthodontia,and the use of the demonstrator. The students’ room, withcloak-room and lavatories, is placed in the mezzanine imme-diately below the conservation (filling) room, and provision

688

is made in the basement for cycles. The whole of thE

building is heated by hot-water pipes and radiators, ancspecially ventilated and lighted throughout by electricityThe laboratory is in charge of a skilled dental mechani(under the supervision of the Warden, and students arf

able to undertake at the hospital the whole of their trainingin Mechanical Dentistry. The times of the lecture at theUniversity are arranged to meet the convenience of students,thus allowing the maximum time for attendance upon DentalHospital practice. The staff of the hospital includes 12honorary Dental Surgeons, a Demonstrator, six Anaesthetists,two House Surgeons, and a Curator. Fees for two years’hospital practice, .621. Apprenticeship.-A limited numberof apprentices are admitted annually. Fees for three years,£105. Further information may be had from the Warden,Mr. W. H. Gilmour. The various medical and dental lecturesare given at the University of Liverpool. The AnatomicalDepartment has been removed to a new building, comprisinga spacious dissecting room and a museum which contains anexcellent collection of skulls illustrative of human and com-

parative dental anatomy. Fees : The composition fees areas follows : Diploma course (L.D.S.): Composition fee.E58 10s., for diploma course of other licensing bodies£61 10s., payable in two equal instalments the first on entry,the second 12 months later. Two years’ instruction inMechanical Dentistry (pupilage) and two years’ Dental

Hospital Practice (combined) £100. Degree course (B.D.S.) :L67 10s. for all lectures (including Chemistry, Physics, andZoology) in three instalments. Two years’ dental hospital,921 ; general hospital practice, £10 10s. ; ; three years’mechanical instruction (pupilage), .El05.

University of Manchester.-In the University of Man-chester the Dental Department forms an integral part of theFaculty of Medicine. This contains a series of laboratories,lecture rooms, and museums which will bear comparisonwith those of any other school in the kingdom, and the fullestopportunities for study are offered to students preparing forany of the professional examinations. Instruction adaptedto the requirements of students preparing for the B.D.S.Degree and the Dental Diplomas of the University, the RoyalCollege of Surgeons of England, and of other licensingbodies is given during the Winter and Summer sessions bothat the University and at the Dental Hospital of Manchesterin Oxford-street. The required general hospital practice istaken at the Manchester Royal Infirmary. Women studentsare admitted to the classes in the Dental Department and forthem a separate laboratory for Practical Anatomy andcommon rooms are provided. The composition fee forcandidates for the University degree of Bachelor ofDental Surgery is 60 guineas, payable in two equalinstalments at the beginning of the first and third

years of studentship. The composition fee for candidatesfor the University Diploma in Dentistry is 55 guineas,payable in two equal instalments at the beginning ofthe first and third years of studentship. The composi-tion fee for candidates for the L.D.S. of England is 60guineas, payable in two equal instalments at the beginningof the first and third years of studentship. Students whohave already served their apprenticeship with a privatepractitioner, and who propose to complete the final portion oftheir attendance at the University and at an approved dentalhospital, will be required to pay the composition fee in twoequal instalments at the commencement of the first andsecond years of studentship. The payment of any of theabove composition fees will entitle the student to attend allthe classes in the following list which are required for theirrespective examinations. The composition fee does notinclude the hospital fees, the examination fees, the fee forthe conferment of the degree or the diploma, the registration fee, nor the fees for chemicals and chemical apparatus i(£1 Is.). 1

National University of Ireland.-This University grants the degrees of Bachelor of Dental Surgery and a degree aof Master of Dental Surgery. A student may not be ’;admitted to the Degree of Bachelor of Dental Surgery tunless a period of not less than four years shall have elap-ed j from the date of his matriculation, during which period he tmust have pursued an approved course of study of not less Ithan nine terms. For the degree of Bachelor of Dental rSurgery candidates must pass four examinations, the first Itwo being the same as those for the first and second a

examination in Medicine. The subjects of the third examina- Ition are Dental and Practical Pathology, Dental Surgery, Cand Dental Medicine, the subjects of the fourth beingDental Surgery and Pathology, Dental Mechanics, Operative G

Dentistry, Orthodontia, and Deutal Materia Medica. Acandidate for the degree of B.D.S. must produce evidenceof apprenticeship to a registered dentist for a period of twoyears. A portion of or the entire period may be servedbefore commencing study for the degree of B.D.S., but noportion so taken prior to commencement of study shallcount as part of the four years of Dental Study. The degreeof Master of Dental Surgery will not be granted until threeyears after the B.D.S. has been obtained.

TEACHING INSTITUTIONS IN DENTISTRY.See also under Universities of Birmingham, Leeds, Liver.

pool, and Manchester above.LONDON.

Royal Dental Hospital of London and School of DentalSurgery, Leicester-syzeccre.-The school provides the specialdental education required by the Royal College of Sur.

geons for the Licence in Dental Surgery. The general partof the curriculum may be taken at any general hospital.The hospital is open from 9 A.M. to 5 P.M., therebeing one staff for the morning and another for theafternoon of each day. Pupils are received for themechanical training recognised by the curriculum. Thedemonstrators at the commencement of each sessiongive a course of lectures on Operative Dental Surgery.The five house surgeoncies are held for six monthseach and are open to all qualified students. The lecturers,in addition to their lectures, give special demonstrationson the Microscopy of Dental Anatomy and DentalSurgery. The lecturer on Dental Mechanics also givespractical demonstrations in the mechanical laboratory.There are two Entrance Scholarships in Chemistry andPhysics of the value of E50 and .E25 respectively. OneEntrance Scholarship in Dental Mechanics and Metallurgyvalue .625, open to pupils of the Hospital only. OneEntrance Scholarship of C25 in Dental Mechanics,open to pupils of private practitioners. The SaundersScholarship awarded to second year students. The StorerBennett Research Scholarship for Scientific Research in anybranch of Dental Surgery, value E50, is awarded triennially.The Alfred Woodhouse Scholarship of C35 and the RobertWoodhouse Prize of £10 for Practical Dental Surgery. Prizesand certificates are awarded by the lecturers for thebest examinations in the subjects of their respectivecourses, at the end of the summer and winter sessions.Consulting Physician : Sir Richard Douglas Powell, Bart.

Consulting Dental Surgeons : Mr. T. Arnold Rogers, Mr.Morton Smale, and Mr. C. S. Tomes, F.R.S. DentalSurgeons : Mr. J. F. Colyei, mr. vV. H. Dolamore, Mr.G. Hern, Mr. J. G. Turner, Mr. N. G. Bennett, Mr. D. P.Gabell, Mr. A. Hopewell Smith, and Mr. H. Austen. AssistantDental Surgeons: Mr. R. McKay, Mr. W. W. James.and Mr. F. Coleman. Anaesthetists : Dr. Dudley Buxton,Dr. R. J. Probyn-Williams, and Mr. H. Hilliard.Demonstrators : Mr. A. L. Whitehouse, Mr. L. C.

Ball, Mr. F. Butler, Mr. G. H. Curtis, Mr. H. C.

Colyer, and Mr. L. F. Guanziroli. Lecturers :-DentalAnatomy and Physiology (Human and Comparative): Mr.A. Hopewell Smith. Dental Surgery and Pathology: Mr.r. G. Turner. Operative Dental Surgery : Mr. W. H. Dol.Mechanical Dentistry : Mr. D. P. Gabell. Metallurgy ints application to Dental Purposes : Mr. P. Ellis Richards.Dental Bacteriology : Mr. Howard Mummery. Dental Materiatiedica: Mr. H. A. Austen. Anaesthetics: Dr. Dudley3uxton. During the sessions the surgeons of the dayvill give demonstrations at stated hours. The house

urgeons attend daily while the hospital is open. Feeor two years’ hospital practice required by the curriculum,ncluding lectures, E53 3s. in one payment, or L55 13s, inwo yearly instalments. The curriculum requires two yearso be passed at a General Hospital ; the fee for this isbout .E60. Both hospitals can be attended simultaneously.’he fee for the instruction in Dental Mechanics and thewo years’ hospital practice required by the curriculum is150 if paid in one instalment, or 150 guineas if paid iniree equal instalments. The fee for tuition in Mechanical’entistry is 50 guineas per annum ; for one year’s hos-ital practice 621. The Dean attends at the hospital everyhursday morning from 9.45 to 11 o’clock, or he can be seen; other times by appointment. Letters to be addressed-Theean, 32, Leicester-square. The Winter Session opens onct. 3rd.National Dental Hospital and College.-Corner ofreat Portland and Devonshire-streets, W.-Consulting

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Surgeon: Sir Victor Horsley. Consulting Dental Surgeon : Mr. Sidney Spokes. Visiting Physician : Dr. James Maughan.Visiting Surgeon : Mr. E. W. Roughton. Dental Surgeons :Mr. K. W. Goadby, Mr. W. Weiss, Mr. Rushton, Mr. H. R.Pring, Mr. A. E. Relph, and Mr. H. Creemer Cooper.Assistant Dental Surgeons : Mr. H. W. Turner and Dr. J. W.Pare. Anesthetists: Mr. H. P. Noble, Mr. C. J. Ogle, Mr.Vivian B. Orr, Dr. J. Maughan, Dr. Cecil Hughes, and Mr. R.’E. Delbruck. Lecturers :-Dental Anatomy and Physiology :Dr. J. W. Pare, Tuesdays and Thursdays, 5 P.M., in October,November, and December. Dental Metallurgy: Mr. HughCandy, Tuesdays, 5 P.M., in January, February, and March,and May, June, and July. Dental Mechanics: Mr. H. W.Turner, Wednesdays, 5.30 P.M., in May, June, and July, andOctober, November, and December. Dental Materia Medica :,Ilr. Charles W. Glassington, Tuesdays, 6 P.M., October,November, and December. Dental Surgery and Patho-

logy : Mr. H. J. Relph, Thursdays, 5 P.M., duringJanuary, February, and March. Bacteriology of the Mouth :Mr. K. W. Goadby, Tuesdays, 4 P.M., during May,June, and July. Practical courses to comply withthe R.C.S. curriculum are also held. The hospitalis lighted throughout by electricity and warmed andventilated by approved methods. Clinical Lectures andDemonstrations are given from time to time, and each studenton entering passes through a preliminary course under ademonstrator. The stopping rooms have accommodationfor 50 chairs. Dresserships in the extraction and stop-ping rooms are re-arranged every three months. TwoEntrance Exhibitions, of the value of k40 and .620,are open for competition. Prizes are open for competitionat the end of each course of lectures. Certificates of honourare also open in each class. The Rymer Medal for GeneralProficiency, value £5, is awarded annually to the mostmeritorious student; and the Ash Prize, value k3 3s., fora Thesis on a subject in Dental Surgery. Total fee for the

Special Lectures and Hospital Practice required, 40 guineas.A composition fee covering the two years’ mechanical

pupilage and the two years’ hospital practice requiredby the Royal College of Surgeons, £120. SingleCourses: Dental Anatomy and Physiology, Dental Surgeryand Pathology, Dental Mechanics, Dental Metallurgy,Bacteriology of the Mouth, Dental Materia Medica,Demonstration of Dental Mechanics, E5 5s. each. Hos-

pital Practice to registered practitioners by special per-mission of Committee, 12 months, .E15 15s. Information

respecting the Hospital Practice and the College may beobtained from the Dean, Mr. Sidney Spokes, who attendsat the Hospital, Great Portland-street, on Tuesday mornings.

Guy’s Hospital.—The work of the Dental Departmentbegins daily at 9 A.M. both in the extraction rooms and inthe conservation room. The Extraction Rooms A newDental Out-patient Department has been provided. Thereis ample accommodation for ordinary extractions and an2es-thetic extractions, together with waiting- and retiring-rooms.Patients are admitted between 8.45 and 9.30 A.M., and areseen by the dental surgeon for the day, the dental housesurgeon, the assistant dental house surgeon, and the dressers.Such patients as are suitable for conservative treatmentare transferred to the conservation room, taking with thema chart to indicate the treatment required. TheConservation Room : This room is open from 9 A.M.till 5 P.M. There are 55 Morrison chairs, each fittedwith a saliva ejector, for the use of the Dressers, who,under the supervision of the Staff, perform thevarious operations of Dental Surgery. The membersof the staff attend every morning and afternoon to givedemonstrations and otherwise assist students in their workin the Conservation Room and Mechanical Laboratory.Pupils in Dental Mechanics are received, and a graded,systematic, and full course of instruction, extending overtwo years, is carried out. The control and supervision of th{Pupils’ Laboratory is in the hands of the following staff:The Demonstrator of Dental Mechanics, Two Staff Demon.strators of Prosthetic Dentistry, Two Skilled Mechanics anctheir Assistants. Dental students have the opportunity o:attending at this hospital the whole course of instructioirequired by the examining board for the L.D.S. Eng., viz.two years’ pupilage in dental mechanics, the special lectureand practice of the Dental Department and the general lectureand practice of the Medical School. The fees for these tmcourses may be paid separately or together, or they may bcombined with the fees required to be paid for the coursfor a medical diploma. Students who enter for a medical awell as a dental diploma are allowed to pursue their stud

of Dentistry during any period of their medical course

most convenient to themselves without further charge. TwoEntrance Scholarships in Dental Mechanics of the value ofE20 each are offered for competition annually, one in

September and one in April, and prizes of the aggregatevalue of £47 are awarded for general proficiency and forskill in Practical Dentistry. Dental students are eligiblefor admission to the Residential College and enjoy theprivileges of students in the Medical School.

Staff.—Consulting Dental Surgeon : Mr. F. Newland-Pedley. Dental Surgeons : Mr. W. A. Maggs, Mr.Wynne Rouw, Mr. H. L. Pillin, and Mr. M. F. Hopson.Assistant Dental Surgeons : Mr. J. B. Parfitt and Mr.J. L. Payne. Demonstrators of Practical Dentistry: Mr.E. B. Dowsett, Mr. F. J. Pearce, Mr. H. P. Aubrey, Mr.H. Chapman, and Mr. H. C. Malleson. Demonstrators ofProsthetic Dentistry : Mr. S. W. Charles and Mr. E. A.Tomes. Anaesthetists : Dr. H. F. Lancaster, Mr. C. J. Ogle,Mr. R. Davies-Colley, Dr. F. E Shipway, Mr. H. M. Page,and Mr. T. B. Layton. Lecturers :-Dental Anatomyand Physiology : Mr. Maggs. Dental Surgery and Patho-logy : Mr. Wynne Rouw. Operative Dental Surgery: Mr.Parfitt. Dental Mechanics : Mr. Payne. Practical DentalMechanics : Mr. Pillin. Dental Materia Medica : Dr. A. P.Beddard. Dental Bacteriology : Dr. Eyre. Dental Micro-scopy : Mr. Dowsett and Mr. Kennaway. Metallurgy : Dr.J. Wade. Practical Dental Metallurgy : Mr. Hopson. Curatorof Dental Museum : Mr. Dowsett. Dean : Dr. Eason.London Hospital.-Mr. F. M. Farmer and Mr. J. Scott

MacFarlane give practical instruction during the winterand summer sessions daily at 9 A.M. Dental Dressers are

appointed every three months. A course of lectures, speciallyarranged for Medical students, will be delivered during Mayand June. The lectures will be supplemented by demonstra-tions of practical work and will be specially directed to meetthe requirements of the medical practitioner. They will com-prise a short description of the Anatomy and Physiology ofthe Teeth, special attention being given to Oral Hygiene ;Irregularities of the Teeth, with special reference to caseswhich may be treated by surgical means as distinguishedfrom those requiring -dental appliances ; Dental Caries andits Treatment, which will be specially directed to palliativedressings and simple fillings ; Diseases of the Dental Pulpand Periosteum and their Treatment; and Neuralgia and otherAffections arising from dental causes. The practical workwill include exercises in the extraction of teeth and the

preparation of cavities and simple fillings on models

specially prepared. 7354 dental cases were treated during1909.

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PROVINCIAL.

University of Bristol.-Laboratories for instruction inMechanical Dentistry and in Dental Metallurgy have beenestablished in the University and Dental students can enterfor the full curriculum at Bristol. The Lectures are de-livered at the University. Practical instruction is given at theRoyal Infirmary by Mr. Ackland and at the General Hospitalby Mr. Dowling, both institutions being recognised by theDental Board of the Royal College of Surgeons of England.Full information may be obtained of the Dean of the MedicalFaculty, Professor Edward Fawcett, the University, Bristol.Deion and Exeter Dental Hospital, 24, Sovthernhay, West,

Exeter.-Established 1880.-The hospital is open daily(Sundays excepted) and patients are admitted between thehours of 9 and 11 A.M. Students attending the practice ofthe hospital must consider themselves strictly under thecontrol of the medical officers and must not undertake any

.

operation without the consent of the dental surgeon for theday. Hon. treasurer, Mr. J. M, Ackland; secretary, Mr.

: W. Alfred Hooker. ____

SCOTLAND.. The Incorporated Edinburgh Dental Hospital and School.—1 The Edinburgh Dental Hospital and School is located inf a spacious and well-equipped building at 31, Chambers-i street and offers special advantages to dental students., The General Courses required for the Dental Diplomas may be taken in the Medical School of the Royals Colleges of Physicians and Surgeons or in the Universityo schools. The hospital attendance and clinical instructione are taken at the Royal Infirmary. The University, Medicale Schools, and Royal Infirmary are within three minutes’,s walk of the Dental Hospital. The special courses are takeny in the hospital. The Dental Hospital practice, extending

690

over two years, affords a student ample opportunity for.a full acquaintance with every branch of dentistry. The

hospital admits a limited number of indentured pupils. Theyreceive their instruction in Mechanical Dentistry concurrentlywith the general and special courses. A premium of 60guineas is payable with each such pupil. The practice and,lectures of the hospital are recognised by, and qualify for,all the Licensing Boards. For the special classes, boththeoretical and practical, required by dental students thedirectors have secured the services of an efficient staff of-dental officers and lecturers. There will also be a course ofdemonstrations in Mechanical Dentistry. Students will.receive instruction in Practical Dental Mechanics under themechanician. The cost of the hospital outfit of instrumentsis included in the Dental Hospital fee of .631 10s. Theminimum cost of classes and Diploma for the whole courseof dental instruction amounts to .890 7s. Those studentswho desire to take a Medical and Surgical Diplomain addition to the L.D.S. have in this school admirablefacilities for so doing. The triple qualification of the

Royal College of Physicians and Surgeons of Edinburgh.and the Royal Faculty of Physicians and Surgeons of Glasgow,is recommended. The minimum cost of the ProfessionalEducation Triple Qualification and Licence in Dental

Surgery amounts to <6169 7s. The mechanical depart-ment is large and airy and furnished with all modern,tools and appliances. The winter session commences

Oct. lst. The Museum is open to students for study.Further particulars can be obtained from the Dean. Mr.W. Guy.Ineorworated Glecsgow .Dental Hospital and Sehool,

,15, -Dalhousie-street, Garnethill, Glasgo7v.-The wintersession will begin in October and the lectures will bedelivered as follows. In Dental Mechanics on Tuesdayand Thursday at 7 P.M., by Dr. Hugh McKay,and in Dental Metallurgy on Monday and Wednesday at7, by Mr. W. Bruce Hepburn, L.D.S. Fee for each ofthe above courses of lectures, .63 3s. Lectures will also‘be delivered on the following subjects : Dental Surgery and’Pathology, by Mr. J. M. Macmillan ; Dental Anatomyand Physiology, by Dr. W. Wallace ; Dental MateriaJMedica and Therapeutics, by Mr. W. W. Dickie; DentalBacteriology, by Mr. J. F. Webster: Anaesthetics, byDr. R. Home Henderson; Operative Technique, by Mr..Adam Cubie. The lectures and instruction at the

’Glasgow Dental Hospital and School are recognised byall the licensing bodies in the United Kingdom. Thefees for two years’ hospital practice are C15 15s. In-

tending students before commencing to attend the lectures- or hospital practice must produce evidence of havingpassed the preliminary examination prescribed by the

- regulations of the General Medical Council for registrationof dental students. The hospital is opened daily from:5 to 7 P.M. (Saturdays excepted). Students may only enrol- during the months of April or October. Summer session

begins in April. ’

BlasflolV Royal Infirmary (Dental Department).-Mr. 1

Wm. Taylor attends at the Royal Infirmary at 3.30 P.M. Con Mondays, Wednesdays, and Fridays, and gives a-course of instruction in Dental Surgery on these days. 1The following course in the curriculum can be taken at I

:St. Mungo’s College: Anatomy, six months ; Practical (

Anatomy, nine months ; Physiology, six months ; Chemistry,six months ; Practical Chemistry with ’Metallurgy, three (months ; Surgery, six months ; Medicine, six months; Materia fMedica. three months ; Clinical Surgery, six months ; Dental t.Surgery, six months, and attendance for two years on the ’dental department of the hospital. The attendance on the ‘Dental Clinic is free to students of the hospital. The winter csession opens Monday, Oct. 17th. t

70

ANCILLARY SCIENTIFIC INSTITUTIONS. IJ

IMPERIAL COLLEGE OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY, CLondon (including as integral parts the ROYAL COLLEGE OF ASCIENCES, the ROYAL SCHOOL OF MINES, and the CITY AND r’GUILDS COLLEGE).-Mechanics and Mathematics: Professor ].J. Perry, F.R.S., Professor 0. Henrici, F.R.S., and Dr. A. R. rWillis. Biology: (Zoology) Professor A. Sedgwick, F.R.S., E

.and Professor J. B. Farmer, M.A., F.R.S. (Botany). R

Chemistry : Professor Sir Edward Thorpe, F.R.S., Pro- 0fessor H. E. Armstrong, F.R.S , Dr. M. 0. Forster, F.R.S., MDr. J. C. Philip, M.A., Ph.D., D.Sc., and Dr. G. T. P

Morgan, D.Sc, A.R.C.S. Physics: Professors H. L. A

Oallendar, F.R.S., the Honourable R. J. Strutt, F.R.S., Dr. G

W. Watson, F.R.S., and Mr. A. Fowler, F.R.S. Geology:Professor W. W. Watts, F.R.S., and Dr. Cullis. Metallurgy:Professor W. A. Carlyle, M.E., M.I.M.M. Mining: Pro.fessor S. H. Cox, A,R.S.M., M.LM.M. Civil andMechanical Engineering : Professor W. E. Dalby, M.A.Electrical Engineering: Professor T. Mather, F.E.S. TheCollege reopens on Tuesday, Oct. 4th, 1910. Communica.tions should be addressed to the Secretary, Imperial College,South Kensington, S.W.ELECTRICAL STANDARDIZING, TESTING, AND TEAIXIX6

INSTITUTION, Faraday House, 62-70, Southampton-row, w.e.-Principal, Alexander Russell, M.A. Cantab, D.Sc. Glasg-.,M.I.E.E. Instructor in Electrical Machine Design: W.Buchanan, B.Sc., A.R.C.S., and Whitworth Scholar,M.I E.E. Instructor in Chemistry: Mr. J. Thomas.B.Sc. Lond. Instructor in Mechanical Engineering:Mr. Walter H. Bell, A.M.Inst.C.E. This institution, inaddition to its ordinary course of training in electricalengineering, which occupies four years, also arranges forspecial instruction in all branches of electricity either byprivate tuition or by a specially arranged course at theCollege or at the works of the companies with which it isassociated. There are Entrance Scholarships of the valueof 150 and 100 guineas. Particulars may be obtained on

application to the Secretary, Faraday House, Southampton.row, W.C. Session begins Sept. 20th.SCHOOL OF THE PHARMACEUTICAL SOCIETY OF GREAT

BRITAIN.&mdash;Chemistry and Physics : Professor Arthur W.Crossley, F.R.S. Botany: Mr. H. J. Jeffery, A.R.C.Sc.Pharmaceutics : Professor Greenish. The session commenceson Wednesday, Oct. 5th, on which day the inauguraladdress will be delivered. Medical students, or pupilsintending to enter the medical profession, are admitted tothe lectures and laboratory work in any or all the courses.Certificates of instruction in this school are received by theConjoint Board of the Royal Colleges. Application foradmission to the school, or for further information, may bemade to the Dean, Professor Crossley, F.R.S., 17, Blooms.bury-square, London, W.C.ROYAL SANITARY INSTITUTE (WITH WHICH IS IT.

CORPORATED THE PARKES MUSEUM), 90, BuckinghamPalace-road, S.W.-The objects of the Royal SanitaryInstitute are to promote the advancement of sanitaryscience in all or any of its branches and to diffuse

knowledge relating thereto. It was founded in 1876 andincorporated in 1888. Sessional meetings are held inLondon and in various provincial centres from time tobime for the reading of papers and for discussions uponsubjects connected with sanitary science, and lectures andlemonstrations are arranged for sanitary officers; in sani.jary science as applied to buildings and public works,suitable for foremen of works, builders, and those engagedn the allied trades; for army officers and professionalnen on food and meat inspection ; for meat inspectors;’or women health visitors and school nurses ; and forIchool teachers. Examinations are held in London,)rovincial, and colonial centres and certificates of

competency in sanitary knowledge are granted. The’arkes Museum, which is maintained by the institute, con.ains a great variety of the most approved forms of,pparatuS and appliances relating to health and domesticomfort. Professors and teachers of hygiene are allowedhe use of the museum for demonstrations to their students,n application to the committee. The museum is open dailyree of charge from 9.30 A.M. to 5.30 P.M. and on Mondayso 8 P.M. There are also a large library of sanitary literaturerhich contains, in addition to standard works on sanitarycience, a collection of reports of medical officers of healthver the whole country, and a reading room supplied withbe principal sanitary periodicals, both home and foreign.’he institute is under the patronage of the King, and thefficers are : President, the Duke of Northumberland; chair.ian of council, Mr Louis Parkes, M.D.. D.P.H. : treasurer,olonel J. Lane Notter, R.A.M.C., M.A., M D. ; registrar, Mr.. Wynter Blyth, M. R C. S. ; and secretary and director, Mr.. White Wallis. The lecturers are Dr. C. Porter, Dr. G. F.’cOeary, Dr. A. Wellesley Harris, Dr. E. J. Steegmann,r. E. Petronell Manby, Professor H. R. Kenwood, M.B..r. C. J. Thomas, Dr. H. Meredith Richards, Miss Alicea.venhill, Colonel J. Lane Notter, R.A.M.C., Mr. J.sborne Smith, F. R. 1. B.A., Mr. W. 0. Tyndale, M.Inst a.E.,r. J. E. Worth, M.Inst. C.E., Mr. J. VVright Clarke,ofessor I3. Addison Woodruff, F.R.C.V.S., Professor Henrrlams, M.lnst.C.E., Mr. C. Chambers Smith, Mr. Percy ’v:iffiths, M.Inst.C.E., Mr. H. Percy Boulnois, M.Inst.C.E.,

691

Mr. Ainsworth Wilson, F.R.C.V.S., Mr. T. Dunlop Young,M.R.C.V.S., Mr. W. G. Barnes, M.R.C.V.S., Dr. Eric C.Pritchard, Dr. A. Beresford Kingsford, and Dr. Marian

Hunter-Vaughan. For members the annual subscription isS2 &. and for associates .61 ls., but members and associatesholding certain qualifications only pay half the ordinary rateof subscription.THE ROYAL INSTITUTE OF PUBLIC HEALTH.-The

Royal Institute of Public Health, 37, Russell-square, W.C.,was founded in the year 1886 with the object of obtainingthe registration of public health diplomas and the furtherstatutory requirement that all medical officers of health

should possess such a qualification. In 1905 the Fellows andmembers of the Institute, now numbering nearly 2000,decided to create a central public health institution inLondon and have erected bacteriological, parasitological,and chemical laboratories in which researches of a public-health character are undertaken for municipal and otherauthorities and for private medical practitioners and thenecessary training for obtaining public health diplomas is pro-vided, together with a library, lecture room, and commonroom. The Royal Institute of Public Health is recognised bythe University of London as a public educational institution,and its course of instruction for the diploma by the univer-sities and other examining bodies of the United Kingdom.The Institute is under the patronage of His Majesty theKing, and the Right Hon. Lord Strathcona and Mount Royalis President. The teaching staff consists of-the Principal,Professor William R. Smith, M.D., F.R.S.Ed.; demonstratorsof chemistry, Ernest Garratt, M.Sc., and Alan Stewart,D.So.; demonstrator of bacteriology, Dr. R. Trommsdorffand Dr. A. E. Porter. Occasional lectures are given byeminent sanitarians. The Harben lecturer for 1910 wasLieutenaut-Colonel Sir W. B. Leishman, R.A.M.C , andthe Harben lecturer for 1911 is Professor Angelo Celli,M.D.Rome.

THE BRITISH MEDICAL MAN ABROAD.THE conditions of medical practice have much altered in

this country of late, as we have been able to point out inTHE LANCET during the past decade. Professional incomesin many places have been lowered seriously by the unfairtactics of so-called medical aid societies, and the positionof servant to which some of these associations would reducetheir medical officer is one that liberally educated gentle-men do not welcome with enthusiasm. Improvement hastaken place recently, but there is yet a time of severe

struggle ahead. Again, the expenses of living have goneup for medical men as they have for all the middle and

upper middle classes of this country, while more moneyis required to secure the necessary medical degrees anddiplomas owing to the lengthy curriculum and the more

expensive equipment. These facts account, though onlypartially, for the increased number of medical men who

having obtained British medical qualifications desire to settleabroad. Other factors at work are the spirit of adventure,the feeling that in a new country there is more elbow-roomand more chances of getting out of the ruck, and theincreased facilities of transport. Newspapers and books

galore nowadays make us familiar with life in other lands,while trains and steamers will take us all over the world ina short time and at a comparatively small expense. Forthis reason or that, the number of medical men who makeinquiry from us as to their legal and professional position ina foreign country continues to increase, and in the followingcolumns we attempt to give the information.Speaking generally, our colonies make it easy for medical

men from home to practise there, but the same is not thecase on the continent, where there is an obvious tendencytowards protection. But in the colonies there are not manyopenings for practice except for those who are willing tc

"rough" it and work hard. In Canada there are out.

lying districts where a good start might, perhaps, beobtained ; but it must be remembered that Canada possesse.,advanced medical schools and is a sparsely populatedcountry as yet. In Australia and New Zealand the prospecifor the British practitioner is not greater than that whiclfaces him in Great Britain. The medical profession is, iifact, crowded in all places at home and abroad whenthe circumstances of practice are favourable, and man;practitioners who have gone out from the mother countr;have had to leave the colonies unsuccessful, or havl

been very hard pushed to make both ends meet. Thegraduates of the colonial universities every year tend tomore than meet the usual vacancies. It used to be generallybelieved that, even where there was a large supply of general’practitioners in the big colonial towns, there would still be-good openings for men who have specialised in such branches-of practice as the treatment of eye and ear diseases. Thisis partially true. There are openings of which good mencan take advantage. But as a rule the openings in thecolonies for new comers are in country districts where themedical man, besides being proficient in every branch of theprofession, must be ready to lead a hard life. It is desirable-that every colonial practitioner, intending to start in a.

country district, should be of good physique and not onlyable to ride but able to take care of his horses.There are, of course, certain colonial appointments made

in this country, particulars of which will be found in ourcolumns. These appointments are sometimes made with --

permission to practise privately, and sometimes this is not

permitted. Candidates for the post should apply to theColonial Office for information, and their chances of success-will be much increased by having passed through one of the-schools of tropical medicine. The duties of colonial medicalofficers involve medical charge of a district, including as arule the charge of a hospital and a lunatic asylum. Themedical officers also supervise the sanitation of their districts,and as a rule give gratuitous attendance to all Governmentofficials.The United States of America form a rich and well-

populated country to which, as speaking our language, it is.natural for the British medical man to desire to go. The-regulations for practice in the various States differ much,but it will be found that wherever the social conditions are-pleasant and the opportunities for emoluments good therewill be plenty of competition. There is an enormous numberof medical men in the United States, and the British,medical man contemplating starting in medical practicethere will be prudent to make full inquiry before deciding onthe locality, while his chance of success will be increased byhis having some good introductions.

FRANCE.

The law that regulates the conditions of the practice ofmedicine in France is that of Nov. 30th, 1892, passed by the-Senate and the Chamber of Deputies and signed by Carnot,President, and Poincar&eacute;, the Minister of Public Instruction,at that date:-Ko one may practise medicine in France Lnless he hold a diploma of

the doctorate of medicine given by the French Government afterexaminations duly passed in the State institution of higher medical-education.

The fifth article of this law specifically refers to-

foreigners :-Physicians who have taken their degree abroad, of whatever

nationality, can only practise in France on condition of having.obtained in France the degree of doctor of medicine.

This article was modified by a special decree, signed in

July, 1893, referring to certain concessions to be made to-such foreigners :-Physicians with a foreign degree who desire the French degree of-

doctor of medicine may obtain partial or complete dispensation of.medical study and partial exemption from the examinations required.In no case will candidates be exempted from more than three examina-tions. Such exemption is accorded by the Minister of Public Instruc-tion on the recommendation of the competent Faculty and the Com--mittee of Public Education.

While this last quotation may be considered the actualstate of the law in the formal sense of the word, further and’much less liberal projects have since been considered by thelegislative bodies and adopted in the form of ccrret ministeraeh-

i of eircitlaire issued by the Minister of Public Instruction, or’ of decrct adopted by Parliament. Presumably too much.r advantage was taken of the generosity of the concessions ofI July, 1893, although it must be remembered that the exclu--. sive policy since adopted is by no means aimed at English, .i physicians, but rather against graduates of little-knowns universities the value of whose qualifications it is difficult to-t estimate. Be that as it may, in July, 1896, a certain numbert of exemptions were granted-among whom the writer was-i fortunate to find himself-and a circular was issued repealingi -in substance-the concessions of 1893. No foreign qualifi-s cations were to be recognised as deserving of any dispensa--

tions, and physicians holding foreign degrees and desirous of7 practising medicine in France were obliged not only toe matriculate as medical students, but also to produce evidence