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be obtained by any Bachelor of Medicine of the Uni-

versity on his passing the required examination not lessthan twelve months after he has taken the degree ofM.B. Every candidate for a diploma in Public Health shallgive sufficient evidence by certificates : that after obtainingthe degree of M.B. he has undergone the practical trainingprescribed above, and that he has, after obtaining such degree,practically studied for six months the duties of out-door

sanitary work under the Medical Officer of Health of a countyor large urban district, or else has himself held an appoint-ment as Medical Officer of Health under conditions not

requiring the possession of a special sanitary diploma ; andthat he has attended the clinical practice of a hospital forinfectious diseases recognised by the University, providedthat such a course of instruction may have been taken as

part of the curriculum for his degree of M.B. The examina-tion is written, practical, and oral. The fee for the course ofinstruction is ;&10 10s., and for the examination .65 5s.

University of Aberdeen.-The diploma in Public Health(D.P.H.) is conferred only on graduates in Medicine of aUniversity in the United Kingdom ; and a period of not lessthan twelve months must elapse between medical graduationand entrance to the examination for the diploma. Everycandidate must produce evidence of having attended, aftergraduation in Medicine, during a period of six months,practical instruction in Hygiene in a laboratory approved ofby the University, together with having for a like periodafter graduation practically and daily studied the duties ofout-door sanitary work under the Medical Officer of Healthof a county or large urban district, or also of having himselfheld appointment as Medical Officer of Health. He mustalso have regularly attended for six months the wards of a

general fever hospital containing not less than fifty beds.Every candidate who is not a graduate in Medicine of thisUniversity must have attended a course of instruction in theUniversity in one or more of the subjects embraced in theexamination for the diploma. The diploma is conferred afteran examination in Public Health held in March and July ofeach year. Candidates desiring to appear for examinationat either of these periods must send in their names, with thenecessary fee, to the Secretary of the Medical Faculty beforethe first day of the month in which the examination takesplace. The fee for the examination is ,S5 5s. The examination isconducted by specially qualified examiners appointed by theUniversity. Candidates may enter for the whole examina-tion at one period, or they may enter for Parts I. and II. atone period and for Parts III. and IV. at another and

subsequent period.The Royal Colleges of Physicians and Surgeons of Edin-

bitrg7b and the Faculty of Physicians and Surgeons ofGlasgow.-All candidates for the diploma in Public Healthmust have been qualified for at least one year. Those

qualified before 1890 and also those who have held the

position of Medical Officer of Health to a county or to anurban district of more than 20, 000 inhabitants, or an entirerural sanitary district, do not require to produce evidence ofattendance on any special courses. All other candidates musthave attended, after qualifying, six months’ practical in-struction in a recognised public health laboratory, and musthave studied for six months the duties of out-door sanitarywork under the Medical Officer of Health of a countyor large urban district, or must themselves have held anappointment as Medical Officer of Health under conditionsnot requiring the possession of a sanitary diploma. It isalso recommended where possible to take out a course ofinstruction in the diseases of animals transmissible to man.There are two examinations, and candidates may enter for

both at one period or for either separately. The FirstExamination includes Chemistry, with laboratory work,physics, and meteorology; the Second Examination embracesepidemiology and endemiology, vital statistics, practicalsanitation, and sanitary law. The fee is 10 guineas forboth examinations, or 5 guineas for either of them. Theexamination is held twice yearly in May and October. Thepublished regulations provide detailed synopses of the sub-jects of examination and give lists of books from which toselect. The Registrar for Edinburgh is Mr. James Robertson,1, George-square; and that for Glasgow Mr. AlexanderDuncan, 242, St. Vincent-street.

IRELAND.

Royal University of Ireland.-This University grants adiploma in Sanitary Science. It is conferred only on graduatesin Medicine of the University. Candidates are not admitted

to this examination until the lapse of twelve months fromthe time of obtaining the first registrable qualification ; theymust give notice in writing to the Secretaries of their inten-tion to present themselves and must pay the fee, j&2, at leastone month previously to the examination. Candidates arerequired to produce a certificate of having, after obtaining aregistrable qualification, attended six months’ practicalinstruction in a laboratory approved by the University, andalso of having for six months practically studied the dutiesof out-door sanitary work under the medical officer of healthof a county or large urban district.

University of Dublin.-The diploma in State Medicine isconferred, after examination, on the following conditions :—

The candidate must be a Doctor in Medicine, a graduate inMedicine and Surgery of Dublin, Oxford, or Cambridge. Thename of the candidate must have been on the MedicalRegister at least twelve months before the examination. Thecandidate must have completed, subsequently to registration,six months’ practical instruction in a laboratory approved bythe University and also have studied practically out-doorsanitary work for six months, under an approved officer ofhealth. The subjects of examination will be-(a) StateMedicine and Hygiene, including causation and prevention ofdisease, contagion in different diseases, morbid diathesis,congenital diseases and malformations, diseases of animalsin relation to the health of man, diseases of the vegetablekingdom, famine diseases, causes of origin and spread ofepidemics, principles of bacteriology, quarantine, disinfection&c. ; (b) Chemistry, including air, water, and articles of foodand drink, and their chemical and microscopical examinationand analysis, the detection of common poisons and recogni-tion of injurious pigments &c.; (c) Physics and Meteorology ;(d) Engineering ; (e) Morbid Anatomy ; (f) Vital Statistics ;(g) Medical Jurisprudence.Royal College of Physicians and Royal College of Surgeons

in Ireland. - Stated examinations for the diploma inState Medicine are held on the first Tuesday, Wednesday,and Thursday of the months of February, May, andNovember. A special examination for the diploma can beobtained on payment of £5 5s., in addition to the ordinaryfees mentioned below, and on giving notice at least one

fortnight before the date of the proposed examination.

Every candidate for the diploma in State Medicine must bea registered medical practitioner. He must return his nameto the secretary of the committee of management under theconjoint scheme three weeks before the examination, andlodge with him a testimonial of character from a Fellow ofeither of the Colleges, or of the Royal Colleges of Physicians orSurgeons of London or Edinburgh. The fee for the examina-tion is £10 10s. The examination for the diploma in StateMedicine comprises the following subjects :-State Medicineand Hygiene, Chemistry, Meteorology and Climatology,Engineering, Morbid Anatomy, Vital Statistics, MedicalJurisprudence, Law. For further particulars apply to theSecretary, Committee of Management Office, Royal Collegeof Physicians, Dublin.

DENTAL SURGERY.

ANYONE who is on the Medical Register is entitled to

practise as a dentist, although he cannot register as suchwithout the special licence ; but it is of eminent advantageto take the L.D.S., otherwise few dental appointments atgeneral or special hospitals or dispensaries are available, and,what is still more important, the manual dexterity andknowledge of mechanics requisite for the successful practiceof dentistry can only be gained by long and careful trainingat the dental operating chair and in the dental laboratory ;and, this having been attained, it costs but little trouble topass the special examination. The subjects beyond thoseincluded in the general qualification are-Dental Anatomyand Physiology (Human and Comparative), two courses;Dental Surgery, two courses’; Dental Mechanics, two courses;Metallurgy, one course ; Practice of Dental Surgery at arecognised school, two years, and an apprenticeship inDental Mechanics to a competent practitioner for three years,but in the case of qualified surgeons two will suffice. TheDental Schools in London are the Dental Hospital of London,the National Dental Hospital and College, and Guy’s HospitalDental School, and most of the large provincial towns haveI now dental hospitals. A convenient arrangement by which

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the M.R.C.S., L.R.C.P., and L.D.S. can be taken is as Ifollows :-The Preliminary Examination in General Educationhaving been passed, the student should become apprenticedto a qualified dentist and register as a dental and medicalstudent. (This instruction, however, may be taken prior tothe date of registration as a dental student.) During hisapprenticeship the student should receive instruction in

Chemistry, including Chemical Physics, Practical Chemistry,Pharmacy, and Materia Medica, and pass in these subjectsbefore entering the hospital. Having entered the hospital,the student should attend the dental and general courses con-temporaneously, and pass the Elementary Anatomy Examina-tion at the end of the first winter session, and at the end ofthe second winter the Second Conjoint Examination in

Anatomy and Physiology. When time permits it is advis-able to attend the general hospital only until after the First andSecond Conjoint Examinations have been passed. At this pointa break may be made to admit of the completion of the dentalcurriculum and the passing of the final examination for theL. D. S. diploma. The student should now devote the rest of histime to the requirements of the Conjoint Board. Theregula-tions for the Dental Licence of the Royal Colleges of Irelandand Edinburgh and of the Faculty of Physicians and Surgeonsof Glasgow are very similar to those of the English College.The L.D.S. can also be obtained alone.

REGISTRATION OF DENTAL STUDENTS.

The registration of dental students is carried on at theMedical Council Office in London in the same manner as

the existing registration of medical students, and subject tothe same regulations as regards Preliminary Examinations.Students who commenced their professional education byapprenticeship to dentists entitled to be registered, or byattendance upon professional lectures before July 22nd, 1878(when dental education became compulsory), are not requiredto produce evidence of having passed a Preliminary Examina-tion. Candidates for a diploma in Dental Surgery must pro-duce certificates of having been engaged during four yearsin professional studies, and of having received three years’instruction in Mechanical Dentistry from a registered prac-titioner. One year’s bonâ-fide apprenticeship with a registereddental practitioner, after being registered as a dental student,may be counted as of the four years of professional study.The three years of instruction in Mechanical Dentistry, or

any part of them, may be taken by the dental student eitherbefore or after his registration as a student ; but no year ofsuch mechanical instruction will be counted as one of the four

years of professional study unless taken after registration.It is now necessary for anyone practising Dental Surgery in

this country to register, and no foreign qualifications are ad-mitted. Formerly exception was made with regard to theUniversities of Harvard and Michigan.

The Royal College of Surgeons of England grants a

diploma in Dental Surgery under the following regulations :A candidate must produce certificates : 1. Of registration as adental student by the General Medical Council, 299, Oxford-street, London, W. 2. Of having been engaged during fouryears in the acquirement of professional knowledge subse-quently to the date of such registration. 3. Of having receivedinstruction in Chemistry, including Chemical Physics, PracticalChemistry, and Materia Medica. 4. Of having attended arecognised medical school where he followed (a) a courseof lectures on Anatomy during not less than six months, orone winter session ; (b) a course of lectures on Physiologyduring not less than six months, or one winter session ;(e) a separate practical course of Physiology during not lessthan three months ; (d) a course of lectures on Surgeryduring not less than six months, or one winter session ;(e) a course of lectures on Medicine during not less than sixmonths, or one winter session. (Students are required toattend examinations, which are held in the several classes.)5. Of having performed dissections at a recognised schoolduring not less than twelve months. 6. Of having attendedat a recognised hospital or at hospitals in the United Kingdomthe practice of Surgery and clinical lectures on Surgeryduring two winter sessions. 7. Of having attended at arecognised school two courses of lectures upon each of thefollowing subjects : Dental Anatomy and Physiology (Humanand Comparative), Dental Surgery, Dental Mechanics, andone course of lectures on Metallurgy, by lecturers recognisedby this College. Students are required to attend examina-tions which are held in the several classes. 8. Of havingbeen engaged during a period of not less than three years

in acquiring a practical familiarity with the details ofMechanical Dentistry under the instruction of a competentpractitioner. In the cases of qualified surgeons evidence ofa period of not less than two instead of three years of suchinstruction will be sufficient. This instruction may be taken

prior to the date of registration as a dental student. 9. Of

having attended at a recognised dental hospital, or in thedental department of a recognised general hospital, the

practice of Dental Surgery during the period of two years.10. Of being twenty-one years of age. (Professional studyprior to the date of registration as a dental student isnot recognised except in the case of Chemistry, Practical

Chemistry, and Materia Medica, and of instruction in thedetails of Mechanical Dentistry-see Clauses 3 and 8).Candidates who are members of the College, or who havepassed the examination in Surgery of the ExaminingBoard in England, or who shall produce evidence of

having passed the examination in Surgery for the licenceof the Royal College of Surgeons of Edinburgh, the RoyalCollege of Surgeons in Ireland, or the Faculty of Physiciansand Surgeons of Glasgow, or an examination in Surgery fora degree in Medicine or Surgery at a University in the UnitedKingdom, will be exempt from re-examination in GeneralSurgery and Pathology. A candidate whose qualificationsare found insufficient will be referred back to his studies,and will not be admitted to re-examination within the periodof six months unless the Board shall otherwise determine.The fee for the diploma is 10 10s., not inclusive of anystamp dutv.

Royal College of Surgeons, Edinburgh. Incorporated 1505.-For the licence in Dental Surgery all candidates must pass apreliminary examination in general knowledge and have theirnames inscribed in the Register of Dental Students of theGeneral Medical Council. A copy of regulations, givinga list of preliminary examinations recognised for obtain-ing this licence, as well as of the subjects of the pro-fessional examinations, may be obtained from Mr. JamesRobertson, Clerk to the Royal College of Surgeons, at1, George-square, Edinburgh. Students who commencedtheir professional education by apprenticeship or attendanceon lectures before July 22nd, 1878, are exempt from the pre-liminary examinations. Candidates must produce certificatesof having, subsequently to the date of registration, been

engaged for four years in professional studies, and of threeyears’ instruction in Mechanical Dentistry from a regis-tered dental practitioner, except in the case of previouslyregistered medical practitioners, when two years will beconsidered sufficient. 1. Candidates who have commencedtheir studies prior to Oct. 1st, 1890, must have attendedthe following curriculum : Anatomy, one winter course;Practical Anatomy and Demonstrations, nine months, or

Practical Anatomy, nine months ; and Anatomy of Head andNeck, one course of twenty lectures ; Physiology, one courseof not less than fifty lectures ; Chemistry, one winter course;Surgery, one winter course ; Medicine, one winter course;Materia Medica, one course of three months ; Practical

Chemistry and Metallurgy, one course of three months;attendance on the practice of Surgery and Clinical Lectureson Surgery, at a recognised hospital, one course of six months,or two courses of three months. 2. Candidates commencingtheir studies after Oct. lst, 1890, must have attended thefollowing curriculum : Anatomy, one course of six months ;Practical Anatomy, twelve months ; Chemistry, one course ofsix months ; Practical Chemistry, one course of three months ;Physiology, one course of six months ; Materia Medica, onecourse of three months ; Surgery, one course of six months :Medicine, one course of six months ; attendance on the

practice of Surgery, and Clinical Lectures on Surgery, at arecognised hospital, six months. These courses must havebeen attended at a University, or in an established school ofmedicine, or in a provincial school specially recognised by theCollege as qualifying for the diploma in Surgery. In additionto these courses candidates will be required to have attendedin a recognised dental hospital, or with teachers recognised bythe College, the following special courses of lectures and in-struction : Dental Anatomy and Physiology (Human andComparative), Dental Surgery and Pathology, DentalMechanics-one course each ; two years’ attendance at adental hospital or the dental department of a general hospital,recognised by the College. Certificatres of attendance on suchof these courses of the new curriculum as may be respectivelyrequired will entitle candidates to appear either for the firstdental examination or for the first and second examinationsunder the four years’ course for the triple qualification as

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they may select, and subject to the existing regulations foreach qualification. Candidates who have passed the first andsecond examinations for the triple qualification under thefour years’ course will be exempt from the first dental exami-nation, and will have the advantage of being admissible eitherto the Final Dental Examination or to the Final Examinationfor the Triple Qualification, or to both. ButtheFirstDentalExa-mination will not be held as equivalent to the first and secondTriple Examinations, and will admit to the Final Dental Exami-nation only. Candidates who are Licentiates of this College, orwho may be registered medical practitioners, will be requiredto produce certificates of attendance on the special subjectsonly, and will be examined in these only for the Dentaldiploma. First Professional Examination : The candidatemust have attended the courses on Anatomy, Chemistry, andPhysiology. The examination embraces Anatomy, Chemistry,and Physiology. The fee is £4 4s. Second Examination :The candidate must have attended the remaining courses ofthe curriculum, must be twenty-one years of age, and mustpay a fee of £6 6s. The examination embraces Surgery,Medicine, Therapeutics, and the special subjects of DentalAnatomy and Physiology, Dental Surgery and Pathology, andDental Mechanics. Unsuccessful candidates will be repaid£2 2 2s. in the First and £3 3s. in the Second Examinations.Candidates who claim exemption from the First DentalExamination, on the ground of having passed the First andSecond Triple Qualification Examinations, will, before being.admitted to the Second Dental Examination, be required topay the total fee of £10 10s., payable for the Dental diploma,of which ;E3 3s. will be returned in case of rejection.

Faculty of Physicians and Surgeons of Glasgow.-The- regulations as to certificates, curriculum, number, and sub-jects of examinations, fees &c. are in effect similar to thoseof the Royal College of Surgeons of Edinburgh. Specialprovision is made for candidates who intend to qualify bothin Medicine and in Dentistry. There is an examination inPractical Dentistry conducted in a dental hospital.Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland.-All information

concerning the licence in Dentistry may be obtained from theRegistrar of the College, who will receive the applications ofcandidates for permission to be examined. The bank receiptfor fees, together with all certificates &c., are to be lodgedwith him at least seven days prior to the day fixed for the’commencement of the examination. The Primary Dental iExaminations commence on the second Monday in themonths of February, May, and November. The Final DentalExaminations commence on the Thursdays immediatelyfollowing the Primary Dental Examinations. Candidates arerequired to pass three examinations-viz., Preliminary (inGeneral Education), Primary Dental, and Final Dental. Pre-

liminary Examination. -All examinations in general educa-tion recognised by the General Medical Council are acceptedby the College. Preliminary Examinations are held con-jointly by the Royal Colleges of Physicians and Surgeons onthe third Wednesdays in March and September. PrimaryDental Examination, ClO 10s. ; re-examination, if rejected,;E5 5s. Every candidate’ is required, before admissionto the Primary Dental Examination, to produce evidence:(1) of having passed a recognised preliminary examinationand of having been registered a,s a medical or dental studentby the General Medical Council; (2) of having, subsequentlyto registration as a dental or medical student, attended at arecognised medical school the following winter courses : onecourse, Lectures on Practical Anatomy ; two courses,Demonstrations and Dissections ; one course, Lectures onTheoretical Chemistry ; one course, Lectures on Physiology ;Practical Histology ; and a summer or winter course ofPractical Chemistry, including Metallurgy; (3) of havingattended a Medico-Chirurgical Hospital for two sessions ofnine months each. The subjects of this examination are:(1) Physics; (2) Chemistry, including Metallurgy; (3)Anatomy ; (4) Physiology and Histology ; and (5) Surgery.Final Examination. - Candidates holding L.R.C.S.I. or

students who have passed Primary Dental or Third Pro-fessional Examination of the College, £10 10s.; re-exami-nation, E5 5s. Fees for Final Examination of all other

1 Candidates educated in England or Scotland are admitted to thePrimary Dental Examination on the production of the certificates thatwould be necessary for both Primary and Final Examinations in theirown countries.

2 Candidates who have passed in Chemistry and Physics at a FirstProfessional Examination under the Conjoint Board with the RoyalCollege of Physicians in Ireland, or with the Apothecaries’ Hall, or anequivalent examination, recognised by the College, are exempted fromexamination in these subjects at the Primary Dental Examination.

candidates, C26 5s. ; re-examina,tion, j&10 10s. Extra feefor Special Examination, E5 5s. Candidates must produceevidence of having passed the Primary Dental Examina-tion of this College, or the Third Professional Examinationunder the Conjoint Board with the Royal College of Phy-sicians in Ireland, or with the Apothecaries’ Hall, or an

equivalent examination recognised by the College, and are ‘

required to produce certificates of having attended : (1) thefollowing courses of lectures recognised by the College: DentalSurgery and Pathology (two courses), Dental Mechanics (twocourses), Dental Anatomy and Dental Physiology (onecourse) ; (2) for two years the practice of a dental hospitalrecognised by the College, or of the dental department of ageneral hospital so recognised ; (3) of having been engagedin acquiring a knowledge of Dentistry for at least forty-fivemonths (four academic years) subsequent to registration ;(4) of having been engaged during a period of not lessthan three years in acquiring a practical familiaritywith the details of Mechanical Dentistry under the in-struction of a competent registered dentist. Candidatesholding a diploma in Surgery shall be admissible tothe Final Dental Examination on producing certificates ofhaving attended : (1) One course of Lectures on DentalSurgery and Pathology ; (2) One course of Lectures onDental Mechanics ; (3) For one year the practice of a DentalHospital recognised by the College, or of the Dental Depart-ment of a General Hospital so recognised, where suchattendance has been subsequent to the date ’of diploma.This remission (3) has beeti made on the understandingthat the surgeon devotes his whole time to dental work;(4) of having been engaged during a period of not less thantwo years in acquiring a practical familiarity with the detailsof Mechanical Dentistry under the instruction of a com-petent registered dentist. The following are the subjects ofexamination: Dental Surgery, Theoretical (including DentalPathology), Clinical, and Operative ; Dental Mechanics,Theoretical, Clinical, and Practical (including the Metallurgyof the workshop), and Dental Anatomy and Physiology.Examinations for the Licence in Dentistry sine curraculo :The Council has power to admit to examination, sine currioulo,candidates whose names are on the Dental Register, pub-lished under the direction of the General Medical Council,and who are unable to furnish the certificates required bythe foregoing regulations, on presentation of a specialschedule of application.

TEACHING INSTITUTIONS.

ENGLAND.

Dental Hospital of London and School of Dental Surgery,Leicester-square.-The school was founded to provide thespecial dental education required by the Royal College ofSurgeons for the licence in Dental Surgery. The generalpart of the curriculum may be taken at any general hospital.The hospital is open from 9 A. M. to 4 P.M., there being onestafE for the morning and another for the afternoon of eachday. There is a good mechanical laboratory, under Mr. A. J.Watts, and opportunity is afforded students of gainingpractical experience in taking models and fitting denturesinto the mouth. The demonstrators at the commencementof each session give a course of lectures on Operative DentalSurgery. The five house surgeoncies are held for six monthseach, and are open to all qualified students. The lecturersin addition to their lectures, give special demonstrations onthe Microscopy of Dental Anatomy and Dental Surgery. Thelecturer on Dental Mechanics also gives practical demonstra-tions in the mechanical laboratory. A scholarship of thevalue of .620 has been founded by Sir Edwin Saunders andwill be awarded to the student who has obtained the highestaggregate number of marks in the five class examinations-viz., the four Lecturers’ Prizes, the Operating Prize-and inadditional special vivd-voce examinations in Practical

Dentistry. Prizes and certificates are awarded by thelecturers for the best examinations in the subjects of theirrespective courses, at the end of the summer and wintersessions. Arrangements have been made for a prize in

Operative Dentistry. A prize of the value of 5 guineas isgiven by Messrs. Ash and Sons for the best essay on somesurgical subject connected with Dental Surgery. The con-ditions under which this prize is to be competed for are thesame as those for the Saunders Scholarship, with this excep-tion, that the papers are to be written in the hospital duringthe summer session. Consulting Physician: Sir RichardQuain, Bart. Consulting Surgeon : Mr. C. Heath. Con-sulting Dental Surgeons : Sir John Tomes and Mr. T. Arnold

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Rogers. Dental Surgeons : Monday, 9 A.M., Mr. C. E. Truman;Tuesday, 9 A. M., Mr. R. H. Woodhouse; Wednesday, 9 A. M.,Mr. E. Lloyd Williams ; Thursday, 9 A.M., Mr. Storer Bennett;Friday, 9 A.M., Mr. W. Hern ; Saturday, 9 A.M., Mr. LeonardMatheson. Assistant Dental Surgeons : Monday, 9 A.M.,Mr. J. F. Colyer ; Tuesday, 9 A.M., Mr. C. F. Rilot ; Wednes.-day, 9 A.M., Mr. J. Percy Smith ; Thursday, 9 A.M., Mr.W. B. Paterson ; Friday, 9 A.M., Mr. H. Baldwin ; Saturday,9 A.M., Mr. H. Lloyd Williams. For the afternoons-Monday,Mr. A. Clayton Woodhouse ; Tuesday, Mr. W. H. Dolamore ;Wednesday, Mr. F. J. Bennett; Thursday, Mr. W. H. Wood-ruff. Demonstrators of Gold and other Methods of Filling :Mr. T. H. Clarence, Mr. A. B. Dansham, Mr. W. May, andMr. E. Gardner. Medical Tutor: Mr. W. H. Dolamore.Lecturers : Dental Anatomy and Pathology-Mr. StorerBennett. Dental Surgery and Pathology (Human and Com-parative)-Mr. Arthur Underwood. Mechanical Dentistry-Mr. David Hepburn. Metallurgy in its application to DentalPurposes-Dr. Forster Morley. Total fee, ;&50 if paid inone sum, or 50 guineas if paid in two instalments. All feesare payable on day of entry. An extra fee of £7 7s. forHospital Practice is payable for every ext’a period of sixmonths required. The Dean, Mr. Morton Smale, attends atthe hospital every Wednesday morning from 10 to 12, anddaily from 5 P.M. to 6 P.M. from Sept. 26th to Oct. 30th,and from April 29th to May 28th, or he can be seen byappointment. Letters to be addressed-40, Leicester-square,"to be forwarded." -.National Dental Hospital and College.-Winter Session,

1894-95, commences on Oct. 1st at the new building at thecorner of Great Portland and Devonshire streets, W.-Con-sulting Physicians : Sir B. W. Richardson and Sir W. H.Broadbent. Consulting Surgeons : Sir Spencer Wells andMr. Christopher Heath. Consulting Dental Surgeon : SirEdwin Saunders. Honorary Visiting Physician : Dr. JamesMaughan. Honorary Visiting Surgeon : Mr. E. W. Roughton.Dental Surgeons : Mr. F. H. Weiss, Mr. A. Smith, Mr. M.Davis, Mr. A. F. Canton, Mr. H. G. Read and Mr. C. W.Glassington. Assistant Dental Surgeons : Mr. W. Weiss,Mr. T. G. Read, and Mr. Rushton. Anaesthetists : Mr. C. H.Cosens, Dr. W. Reid Holmes, Mr. C. J. Ogle, Mr. G. E.

Norton, Dr. J. Maughan, and Dr. Harold Low. Lecturers

(winter), Dental Anatomy and Physiology : Mr. SidneySpokes, Tuesdays and Thursdays, 5 P.M., in October,November and December. Operative Dental Surgery : Dr.George Cunningham, Mondays, 6.30 P.M., in October,November and December. Dental Materia Medica and

Therapeutics : Mr. C. W. Glassington, Tuesdays, 7.30 P.M.,in October, November and December. Dental Metallurgy :Dr. W. Lapraik, Tuesdays, 7.30 P.M., in January, Februaryand March. Dental Mechanics : Mr. H. Rose, Mondays,7 P.M., in January, February and March. Demonstrationsin Dental Mechanics : Mr. Humby, Wednesdays, 7 P.M., inJanuary, February, and March (in 1895 and alternate years).Summer-Dental Surgery and Pathology : Mr. W. Weiss,Mondays and Thursdays, 6 P.M., in May, June, and July.Elements of Histology : Dr. J. Maughan, Mondays andThursdays, 5 P.M., May, June, and July. The hospital islighted throughout by electricity and warmed and ventilatedby approved methods. Clinical Lectures and Demonstra-tions are given from time to time, and each student onentering passes through a preliminary course under a Idemonstrator. The stopping rooms have accommodationfor sixty chairs. Dresserships in the extraction roomsare rearranged every three months. An Entrance Exhi-bition, of the value of ;&15, is open for competition atthe commencement of each summer and winter session.Six prizes in medals are open for competition at the endof each course of lectures. Certificates of honour are givenin each class. The Rymer Medal for General Proficiency,value £5, is awarded annually to the most meritoriousstudent ; and the Ash Prize, value £3 3s., for a Thesison a subject in Dental Surgery. General fee for speciallectures required by the curriculum of the Royal College ofSurgeons of England, 15 15s. For the Two Years’ HospitalPractice required, 15 15s. Total fee for the SpecialLectures and Hospital Practice required, 31 10s. SingleCourses : Dental Anatomy and Physiology, Dental Surgeryand Pathology, Operative Dental Surgery, and DentalMechanics, each, one course, ;E2 12s. 6d. ; two courses, £4 4 4s. ;Dental Metallurgy, one course, £3 3s.; two courses, £5 5s.; ;Dental Materia Medica, :E2 2s. ; Demonstration of DentalMechanics, Elements of Histology, each P.1 ls. HospitalPractice to registered practitioners by special permission of

Committee, twelve months, £9 9s. Information respectingthe Hospital Practice and the College may be obtained fromthe Dean, Mr. Sidney Spokes, who attends at the Hospital,Great Portland-street, on Tuesday mornings.

Guy’s Hospital.-The work of the Dental Departmentbegins daily at 9 A.M. both in the extraction rooms andin the conservation room. The Extraction Rooms Patientsare admitted between 9 and 10.30 A.M., and are seen by theassistant dental surgeon for the day, the dental house sur-

geon, the assistant dental house surgeon, and the dressers.Such cases as are suitable for conservative treatment aretransferred to the conservation room, taking with them adental chart to indicate the treatment required. The Con-servation Room This room is under the charge of one of theassistant dental house surgeons from 9 A.M. till the com-

pletion of the extractions, and he receives patients transferredfrom the extraction rooms and allots the cases to the dressers.The assistant dental surgeons of the day demonstrate afilling or one of the operations of dental surgery every dayat 11 A M. and 1 P.M. respectively.Admission to the General and Special Lectures and

Demonstrations, and to the Hospital and Dental Practice,requisite for the diploma in Dental Surgery of the RoyalCollege of Surgeons of England, may be obtained : (1)by a ticket which gives admission to the Special Lecturesand Demonstrations and Dental Practice only on paymentof 50 guineas on entrance ; (2) by a ticket which gives ad-mission to the General Lectures, Demonstrations, and HospitalPractice required for the L.D.S.Eng. on payment of .E60paid on entrance, or 60 guineas paid in instalments of 30guineas at the beginning of the first year and 30 guineasat the beginning of the second year ; (3) a ticket whichgives admission to the General and Special Lectures andDemonstrations, and to the Hospital and Dental Practice

, required for the L. D. S Eng., may be obtained by payment of£110 on entrance, or of 60 guineas at the beginning of thefirst year and bU guineas at the beginning of the second year.From these fees the reduction mentioned in No. 2 will bemade ; (4) the inclusive fee for students entering for thecourse of instruction for the M.R.C.S., L.R.C.P., and L.D.S.Eng. is £190 paid in one sum, or 190 guineas paid by instal-ments at the commencement of each academical year.Students who pay this inclusive fee are allowed to pursuetheir study of Dentistry during any period of their medicalcourse most convenient to themselves, without furthercharge.London Hospital.-Mr. Barrett gives practical instruction

during the winter session on Tuesdays at 9 A.M., and duringthe summer session on Tuesdays and Thursdays at the samehour. The attention of dental students is particularly directedto the fact that the Council of the Royal College of Surgeonsrecognises the dental department of the London Hospital as aschool at which may be obtained the dental practice neces-sary to qualify a student for the examination for the Dentaldiploma. Dental students may also obtain the generalmedical education (apart from certain lectures to be attendedat the dental school) and the dental practice necessary forthe diploma at the London Hospital School. In selectingfrom candidates for the office of Dental Assistant

priority will be given to those who have attended the

greatest number of lectures on Dental Pathology and

Surgery, and have also been the most punctual in attendancein the dental department on the Tuesday mornings. Duringthe summer a class for special instruction in filling teeth willbe formed by Mr. Barrett.Mason College, Birnting7tant. -The teaching of Dentistry is

undertaken by the Mason College, acting in association withthe Birmingham Dental Hospital and the Birmingham ClinicalBoard, so that the students may fully qualify themselves forthe Dental diploma of the Royal Colleges. There is a specialand well-equipped Dental Museum and Laboratory. Specialcourses of lectures are delivered on Medical and SurgicalDiseases of the Mouth, &c., and there is a special course ofPractical Dental Histology. An Entrance Exhibition, value15, is awarded annually at the commencement of the wintersession. Medals and honour certificates are awarded annuallyin the various classes.

Liverpool -Dental Hospital, Mount Pleasant. -The LiverpoolDental Hospital, founded in the year 1864, combines the workof a most useful charity with all the advantages of a dentalschool recognised by all the licensing bodies of Great Britainand Ireland. During the past winter the whole of the topstorey has been converted into one large operating roomcapable of accommodating fifty chairs. In its construction

549

special attention has been paid to the ventilation andlighting ; the electric light alone is employed for operatingduring the evening. Each chair has been provided with aspecially constructed canting pendant which can be fixed atany angle. The chairs are of the well-known Morrison

pattern, which, together with other fittings and fixtures,render this room one of the finest in the kingdom. Thereis an abundant daily supply of patients. Over 23,006cases were treated during last year. The hospital staffconsists of twelve honorary dental surgeons, one of whomis present each morning and evening. In addition tothese there are one or more house surgeons to superintendall the hospital work and devote themselves to clinical

teaching, advising- and helping the students in their studies.Every facility is afforded to students who are anxious to

acquire proficiency in Dental Surgery and to prepare them-selves for the Dental diploma of the Royal College of Sur-geons. The fee for the two years’ Dental Hospital Practice re-quired by the Royal College of Surgeons is zP.12 12s., which mustbe paid on entrance. Fee as a perpetual student, ;&15 15s.Composition fee for all Lectures : a payment of q50 onentrance, or in two equal instalments (one half on entranceand the remainder within twelve months). Fee for GeneralHospital Practice, j&10 10s. All communications relating tothe medical department should be addressed to ProfessorGotch, Dean of the Medical Faculty, University College ;and all communications relating to the Dental Hospitalshould be addressed to R. Edwards, 50, Mount Pleasant.

Bristol General Hospital.-Mr. Genge gives practical in-struction in Dental Surgery at 9.30 A. M. on Mondays andThursdays.

Owens College, Manchester.-Arrangements have been madefor dental students to attend the hospital practice at theManchester Royal Infirmary and the practice at the VictoriaDental Hospital. Lectures on special subjects will be givenin the College as follows:-Winter session : Dental Mechanics,Mr. Tanner, Thursday, 4 P. M. Summer session : DentalAnatomy and Physiology, Mr. Hooton, Tuesday at 4 P.M.,Friday at 2 P. M. Dental Surgery, Mr. Campion, Tuesday andFriday, 3 P. M. Operative Dentistry, Mr. Whittaker, Wednes-day : Lecture, 2.30 P.M. ; Demonstration, 4 P.M. Dental

Metallurgy, Dr. Burghardt, Monday, 2.30 P. M. Demonstra-tions in Dental Pathology and Histology, Mr. Headridge.For the course of Metallurgy the fee is ;&3 3s. ; for otherlectures, one course, 63 3 3s. ; two courses, E4 4s. Dentalpractice for two years at the Manchester Royal Infirmary,610 l0s. ; at the Victoria Dental Hospital at Manchester,n2 12s., paid in advance, or .68 8s. for the first year and£5 5s. for the second year. At the Victoria Dental Hospitalpatients attend at 8.30 A.M. daily, and at 7 P. M. on

Monday, Wednesday, and Friday. Consulting Physicians :Dr. H. Simpson and Professor D. J. Leech. ConsultingSurgeons: Mr. E. Lund, Mr. F. A. Heath, Professor T.

Jones, and Mr. J. Hardie. Consulting Dental Surgeons :Mr. H. Campion and Mr. G. W. Smith. Dental Surgeons :Mr. G. G. Campion, Mr. E. P. Collett, Mr. W. Dougan, Mr.L. Dreschfeld, Mr. J. W. Dunkerley, Mr. W. Dykes, Mr.W. Headridge, Mr. W. A. Hooton, Mr. I. Renshaw, Mr. W.Simms, Mr. W. Smithard, Mr. T. Tanner, and Mr. G. O.Whittaker. Assistant Dental Surgeons : Mr. P. A. Linnell,Mr. F. W. Minshall, Mr. C. R. Morley, and Mr. C. H. Smale.Administrators of Anæsthetics : Dr. A. Wilson and Dr. J. P.Stallard. Dean : Mr. G. G. Campion.Devon and Exeter Dental.hospital, Castle-street, Exeter.-

Established 1880.-The hospital is open daily (Sundaysexcepted), and patients are admitted between the hours of9 and 11 A.M. Students attending the practice of the

hospital must consider themselves strictly under the controlof the medical officers, and must not undertake any operationwithout the consent of the dental surgeon for the day. Hon.treasurer, Mr. J. M. Ackland ; hon. secretary, Mr. HenryYeo.

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SCOTLAND.

The Incorporated Edinburgh Dental Hospital and School,5, Laureston-lane, Edinburgh.-For the special classes, boththeoretical and practical, required by dental students, thedirectors have secured the services of an efficient staff ofdental officers and lecturers. There will also be a course ofdemonstrations in Mechanical Dentistry. Students willreceive instruction in Practical Dental Mechanics under themechanician. The fee for clinics in gold filling is included inthe Dental Hospital fee of E15 15s. The minimum cost ofclasses for the whole course of dental instruction amounts to

£78 13s. Consulting Physician : Dr. Alex. Peddie. Con-

sulting Surgeon : Mr. Joseph Bell. Consulting Surgeon-Dentist : Dr. John Smith. Dental Surgeons : Messrs. W.Bowman Macleod, Andrew Wilson, Malcolm Macgregor,George W. Watson, J. S. Durward, James Mackintosh, andW. Forrester. Assistant Dental Surgeons : Messrs. John S.Amoore, J. Graham Munro, T. Gregory, John Turner, DavidMonroe, and F. Page. Extra Assistants : Messrs. SewillSimmons, R. Nasmyth Hannah, Hume Purdie, AlexanderWilson, John Malcolm, and D. Baillie Wilson. TutorialDental Surgeon : Mr. Robert Lindsay. Dean : Mr. WilliamBowman Macleod, 16, George-square.Dental Hospital and S’chool, Glasgow. - The summer

session was opened on Tuesday, May lst, 1892, and the lecturesare delivered as under :-Dental Surgery and Pathology, onTuesdays and Thursdays, at 8 A.M. Mr. Rees Price, lecturer.Dental Anatomy and Physiology, on Tuesdays and Fridays,at 7 A.M. Dr. Wm. Wallace, M.A., M.B., L.D.S., lec-turer. The winter session opens on Nov. 6th, 1894, and thelectures will be delivered as under: Dental Mechanics, onTuesday evenings at 7 P.M., beginning Nov. 6th. Mr. JohnA. Biggs, lecturer. Fee for each of the above courses oflectures, 3 3s. The lectures on Dental Anatomy and DentalSurgery are arranged to extend over two summer sessions,as required by the English College, thus enabling studentsto present themselves for examination at any of the fourLicensing Boards. The fees for attendance at the DentalHospital and lectures amount in all to C25 4s., and can bepaid separately, but may be compounded by a payment ofE23 2s. on entering. Intending students before commencingto attend the lectures or hospital practice must produceevidence of having passed the preliminary examination pre-scribed by the regulations of the General Medical Councilfor registration of dental students. Dean : Mr. J. RankinBrownlie. Secretary : D. M. Alexander, 97 West Regent-street, Glasgow. The hospital is open daily from 5 to 7 P.M.(Saturdays excepted); Saturdays from 9 to 11 A.M. Studentsmay enrol at any time, their period of attendance countingfrom date of entry.

Glasgow Royal Iwfirniary (Dental Department). -Mr.W. H. Gray attends at the Royal Infirmary at 3 P.M. onMondays, Wednesdays, and Saturdays, and gives a course ofDental Surgery on these days in summer. The following coursein the curriculum can be taken at St. Mungo’s College : Ana-tomy, six months ; Practical Anatomy, nine months ; Physio-logy, six months ; Chemistry, six months ; Practical Che-

mistry with Metallurgy, three months ; Surgery, six months;Medicine, six months; Materia Medica, three months;Clinical Surgery, six months; Dental Surgery, six months,and attendance for two years on the dental department of thehospital. The attendance on the Dental Clinic is free tostudents of the hospital; to dental students, one year, ;E5 5s. ; ;perpetual, fl.10 10s.

THE COST OF MEDICAL EDUCATION.

THE cost of passing a candidate for medical qualificationsthrough his student career involves much beyond the merepayment of school fees ; and in order that those interested inarriving at the whole amount of this expense may have some

trustworthy materials for forming an opinion, the Editors ofTHE LANCET have brought together such information as theyhave been able to obtain by personal communicationsaddressed to a considerable number of medical students.These communications passed some thr:e years ago and theresult has already been made public ; but as we are to dayrepeating for the benefit of new readers much that has pre-viously appeared in our columns, our statement would hardlybe complete unless this part of the case were also put forwardin the present connexion.

It may be useful to explain precisely the source from whichour information has been derived. A schedule of questionshaving been drawn up, it was, by the aid of the deans andregistrars of the various medical schools, placed in the handsof a certain number of selected students, who were asked tofurnish in the form of replies the data from which our ownstatement could be prepared.

It will be readily supposed that the record so compiledexhibits a great many varieties and inequalities, since