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of seven years’ service, he is qualified for a pension calculated at thesame rate. If invalided before completing seven years’ service, he isqualified for a gratuity not exceeding three-quarters of a month’ssalary for each six months of service; provided that he has been con-firmed in his appointment. For the purpose of calculating the amountof these pensions and gratuities, leave of absence without salary is notcounted, while leave with half salary is counted at the rate of onemonth for every two months of such leave. An addition, representingthe value of free quarters, is made to the officer’s salary. This additionis as follows: To salaries of B400 a vear, an addition of E40; to salariesabove C400, but not exceeding JE500,an addition of £50: to salariesabove £500, but not exceeding 2700, an addition of B60; to salariesabove .E700, but not exceeding £900, an addition of .E70; to salariesexceeding £900, an addition of B80. In addition to the ordinaryregulations, an officer of the West African Medical Staff enjoys thefollowing special privilege. At the end of nine years (of which notless than six must have been residential) he will be permitted to retirewith a gratuity of E1000, or at the end of 12 years (of which not lessthan eight must have been residential) with a gratuity of B1250. Allclaims to pensions are, however, forfeited on the receipt of such agratuity. In the event of an officer dying in the service after com-pleting the period of residence qualifying him for the smaller or thelarger of these gratuities, a sum equal to the gratuity in questionwill be paid to the credit of his estate. Officers are not allowed totake their wives out with them until they have acquired experienceof the local conditions, and have obtained the sanction of the Governor.Passages for wives and children are not provided.

Candidates for medical appointments iii West Africa are allowed to.express a preference for any particular Colony or Protectorate, andtheir wishes in this respect will be borne in mind and met as far aspossible, but they are liable to be posted in the first instance, or trans-ferred afterwards if necessary, to any other West African Colony orProtectorate at the discretion of the Secretary of State. Candidateswho wish to be posted to the Northern Provinces of Nigeria- should be able to ride. Candidates should on no account applyfor, or accept, a West African appointment in the expectation ofultimately being transferred elsewhere, as the number of such transfersis exceedingly small. No applications for transfer can be entertaineduntil an officer has served for five years in the Wes African MedicalStaff, and officers desiring to be transferred must be preparedto find that medical salaries in other Colonies are lower thanin West Africa. Only a small proportion of applicants succeedin obtaining a transfer. Officers who may be transferred to

pensionable appointments under the Crown elsewhere than in WestAfrica do not forfeit their claim to pension in respect of their WestAfrican service on final retirement, provided they have been membersof the Staff for at least 12 months.lnstruction in Tropical Medicine.-Every candidate st,.Iectecl for

appointment will, unless the Secretary of State decides otherwise, berequired to undergo a course of instruction for two or three monthseither at the London School of Tropical Medicine, Royal Victoria andAlbert Docks, E. (near Connaught Road Station), or at the LiverpoolSchool of Tropical Medicine at the University of Liverpool. The costof the tuition fees, board, and residence during such instruction,amounting to a maximum of £48 8s 10d.. for three months, will beborne by the Government in the case of the London School ; at Liverpoolthe cost of tuition will be borne by the Government, but candidates mustmake their own arrangements for board and lodging ; an allowance of E2 2aweek will be paid to them monthly in arrear for this purpose. A rlailyallowance of 5s. (but no salary) will be paid to each candidate, monthlyin arrear. during the course. and may be continued subsequently up tothe date of embarkation. These payments must be refunded by thecandidate if he declines to accept an appointment in any of theColonies or Protectorates for which he mav be selected, if he fails toobtain a certificate showing t-hat he has satisfied the school authorities,or if he relinquishes the West African service for any other reasonthan mental or physical infirmity, or is removed for misconduct,within three years of the date of his arrival in West Africa. If at theend of the session there exist no vacancy in the staff to which a can--didate can be appointed. he will be placed in a Reserve and grantedan allowance at the rate of E200 a year until the occurrence of avacancy.

ro2crse of study for highe1’ scale of salary.-The approved course ofstudy is the three months’ course of the West London Post-GraduateCollege or the London School of Clinical Medicine. Greenwich, inclinical medicine, clinical surgery, and pathology. Officers are allowedto substitute for this course either the course of study and examinationfor a recognised diploma or degree in public health, sanitary science, orState medicine ; the course of stud and examination for a furthermedical or surgical diploma or degree ; or if the Governor, on the,recommendation of the Principal Medical Officer, approves-a courseof study in some special branch of medical or surgical practice (e.g.,ophthalmology, dermatology, genito-urinary diseases), or an advancedcourse at the London or Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine.Whichever of these courses of study is selected. the necessary tuitionand examination fees will be paid by the Colonial Government except inthe event of an officer’s deciding to enter for a further medical orsurgical diploma or degree. ’

In conclusion it should be added that the West AfricanMedical Staff, from which many British medical officers havebeen lent to serve with the Allied. forces, receive terms andemoluments which comp tre favourably with other medicalservices of the Crown. Since the outbreak of war it hasbeen the policy of the Secretary of State for the Coloniesto refrain from calling the attention of the medical pro-fession to recent improvements in the pay and prospects ofthe West African Medical Staff in order that the effortsof the naval and military authorities to obtain an adequatesupply of medical officers should not be hampered inany degree. This consideration no longer applies as ithas been so widely recognised by all the younger membersof the medical profession that the claims of the Navy andArmy are paramount. I

DENTAL SURGERY.

ANYONE who is on the Medical Register is entitled to

practise as a dentist, although he cannot register as suchwithout the special licence ; but it is of eminent advantageto take the L.D.S., otherwise few dental appointments atgeneral or special hospitals or dispensaries are available.The subjects beyond those included in the generalqualification are-Dental Anatomy and Physiology (Humanand Comparative), one course; a separate course ofDental Histology, including the preparation of micro-scopical sections ; Dental Surgery, one course ; a separatecourse of Practical Dental Surgery; a course of notless than five lectures on the Surgery of the Mouth;Dental Mechanics, one course ; a course of PracticalDental Mechanics, including the manufacture and adjust-ment of six dentures and six crowns ; Dental Metallurgy,one course ; a course of Practical Dental Metallurgy ; Prac-tice of Dental Surgery at a recognised school, two years, anda certificate of having been engaged during a period of notless than two years in acquiring a knowledge of DentalMechanics (this may be obtained by apprenticeshipto a duly qualified dental practitioner or in themechanical department of a recognised dental hospital).The Dental Schools in London are the Royal Dental

Hospital of London, the National Dental Hospital, Guy’sHospital Dental School, and the London Hospital DentalSchool. Most of the large provincial towns, where thereare medical schools, have now dental hospitals.

The Registration of Dental Students is carried on at theMedical Council Office in London in the same manner asthe existing registration of medical students, and subject tothe same regulations as regards Preliminary Examinations.Candidates for a diploma in Dental Surgery must producecertificates of having been engaged during four years inprofessional studies, including two years’ instruction inmechanical dentistry. The two years of instruction inmechanical dentistry, or any part of them, may be takenby the dental student either before or after his registrationas a student, but no portion of such mechanical instructionwill be counted as one of the four years of professionalstudy unless taken after registration. The recommendationsas to the course of study and examinations adopted by theGeneral Medical Council in November, 1909, are underrevision by the Council, but consideration of them is post-poned until the Departmental Committee on the DentistsAct has reported.

It is necessary for anyone practising Dental Surgeryin this country to be on the Register, and no foreign qualifi-cations are recognised, except the Dental Diploma granted inBelgium after examination by the Provincial Medical Com-mission, provided the holder has obtained the grade of° ° Candidate in Medicine" at one of the four BelgianUniversities. Certain dental qualifications granted inAustralia and New Zealand are also registrable. The RoyalColleges of the United Kingdom and ten of the Universities ,

grant degrees or licences in Dental Surgery.THE REGISTERING BODIES IN DENTISTRY.

The Royal College ef S’tarqeons cf England grants a

diploma in Dental Surgery under the following regulations,which apply to all candidates who have registered as dentalstudents after Jan. lst, 1897. Candidates are required topass three examinations : the Preliminary Science Exami-nation, the First Professional Examination, and the SecondProfessional Examination. I. Preliminarv Science Exami-nation. -This is identical with Part I. of the FirstExamination of the Examining Board in England.Candidates who commenced professional study on or afterOct. lst, 1913, must pass the Preliminary Science Exa-mination before commencing the courses required forthe Second Professional Examination. II. The FirstProfessional Examination.-The candidate must produceevidence of instruction in Dental Metallurgy and PracticalDental Mechanics. The Examination consists of Part I.

(Mechanical Dentistry) and Part II. (Dental Metallurgy),the examination in Dental Metallurgy being by writtenpaper. The parts may be taken together or separately.III. The Second Professional Examination.-This is dividedinto two parts : (a) the General. (b) the Dental. The Generalpart must be passed before the Dental portion. The instruc-tion is obtained partly at a General Hospital and partly

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at a Dental Hospital.-The Second Professional Examinationconsists of : Part I., General Anatomy and Physiology,General Surgery and Pathology ; Part II., DentalAnatomy and Physiology, Dental Pathology and Surgery,and Practical Dental Surgery. There is a written andviva voce examination in each part and a practicalexamination as well in Part II. Exemption fromthe Preliminary Science Examination is granted tocandidates who have passed an Examination in Chemistryand Physics for a degree in Medicine at a Universityin the United Kingdom, in India, or in a British

colony. Exemption from Examination in Anatomy andPhysiology is granted to candidates who have passed theSecond Examination of the Examining Board in England orthe corresponding Examination for any degree or qualifica-tion in Medicine or Surgery registrable under the MedicalAct of 1886. Exemption from Examination in General Sur-gery and Pathology is granted to candidates who have passedthe Examination in Surgery of the Examining Board inEngland or the corresponding Examinations of the Col-

leges and University above mentioned. The fee forthe diploma is 20 guineas, and is payable as follows:-

Preliminary Science Examination, 3 guineas; First Pro-fessional Examination, 7 guineas ; Second ProfessionalExamination, 10 guineas. Synopses of examinations andall further information can be obtained from the Secretary,Examination Hall, Queen-square, London, W.C. 1.

Royal College of Surgeons, Edinburgh.-Regulationsgiving a list of Preliminary Examinations recognisedfor obtaining the Licence in Dental Surgery, as wellas of the subjects of the Professional Examinations,may be obtained from Mr. D. L. Eadie, Clerk to the

Royal College of Surgeons, at 50, George-square, Edin-

burgh. Candidates must produce certificates of having,subsequently to the date of registration, been engagedfor four years in professional studies and of three

years’ instruction in Mechanical Dentistry from a regis-tered dental practitioner, except in the case of previouslyregistered medical practitioners, when two years will beconsidered sufficient. Candidates must also have attendeda course of instruction at a University or in an establishedschool of medicine or in a provincial school speciallyrecognised by the College as qualifying for the Diploma inSurgery. In addition they will be required to have attendedin a recognised dental hospital, or with teachers recognisedby the College, special courses of lectures and instructionin Anatomy and Physiology (Human and Comparative),Surgery, Pathology, Materia Medica, Dental Histology, andPractical Dental Mechanics and Metallurgy; two years’attendance at a dental hospital or the dental depart-ment of’ a general hospital recognised by the College.Practical instruction in Mechanical Dentistry from a

registered Dentist, or in the Mechanical Depart-ment of a recognised Dental Hospital and School, forthree years. Candidates who have passed the First andSecond Examinations for the Triple Qualification will be

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exempt from the First Dental Examination, and will havethe advantage of being admissible either to the Final DentalExamination or to the subsequent Examination for the TripleQualification, or to both. But the First Dental Examination will not be held as equivalent to the First and Second TripleExaminations, and will admit to the Final Dental Examina-tion only. Candidates who are Licentiates of this College orwho may be registered medical practitioners will be requiredto produce certificates of attendance on the special subjectsonly and will be examined in these only for the dentaldiploma. - First Professional Examination : The candidatemust have attended the required courses. The examinationembraces (1) Chemistry and Physics ; and (2) Anatomy andPhysiology. The fee is P,5 5s. for the complete examina-tion, and £3 3s. is payable for each division. In all cases ofrejected candidates the fee for re-entry is £3 3s. SecondExamination : The candidate must have attended the remain-ing courses of the curriculum, must produce certificates

showing that he is 21 years of age, and must pay a feeof £10 10s., for re-entry E5 5s. The examination embraces(1) Surgery and Medicine ; and (2) the special subjects ofDental Anatomy and Physiology, Dental Surgery andPathology, Dental Materia Medica, Dental Mechanics andDental Metallurgy, with a practical as well as the writtenand oral- examinations in the subjects of Dental and OralSurgely, Pathology, and Mechanics. The candidate will

be tested in the Treatment of Dental Diseases, in OperativeDentistry, the Administration of Anaesthetics, Ortho-dontics, and in Prosthetic and Mechanical Dentistry.Candidates who claim exemption from the First DentalExamination on the ground of having passed the First andSecond Triple Qualification Examinations or other recognisedexaminations will, before being admitted to the SecondDental Examination, be required to pay the total fee of£15 15s. payable for the dental diploma. Fees and schedulesmust be lodged with the Clerk not later than one weekbefore the examination.

Royal -Faculty of Physicians and Surgeons of Glasgow.-The regulations as to certificates, curriculum, number, andsubjects of examinations, fees, &c., are in effect similarto those of the Royal College of Surgeons of Edinburgh,but embrace Dental Bacteriology. Candidates can enter forthe First Examination in three divisions, the first embracingPhysics and Chemistry, the second Dental Metallurgy andDental Mechanics, and the third Anatomy and Physiology.The examination in Dental Mechanics is practical ; andthere is at the Final Examination an examination inPractical Dentistry conducted in a dental hospital. Copiesof regulations, &c., to be obtained from Mr. Walter Hurst,Registrar, Faculty Hall, 242, St. Vincent-street, Glasgow.Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland.-Candidates for the

Licence in Dental Surgery are required to pass two pro-fessional examinations. Before the First Examination thecandidate must produce evidence of having attended coursesin Theoretical and Practical Chemistry, including Metallurgyand Physics, at a recognised institution ; of having beenregistered as a medical or dental student by the GeneralMedical Council ; and of having attended courses of instruc-tion in the following subjects at a recognised school ofmedicine : (a) Anatomy Lectures ; (b) Dissections withDemonstrations ; (c) Physiology, including Dental Physio-

logy ; (d) Practical Physiology and Histology, includingDental Physiology and Histology, Human and Comparative.Before the Final Dental Examination the candidate musthave been engaged during a period of two years in acquiring apractical familiarity with the details of Mechanical Dentistryunder the instruction of a registered dentist, or under thedirection of the superintendent of the Mechanical Depart-ment of a recognised Dental Hospital, and have attended, atinstitutions recognised by the College for the purpose, the-following courses of instruction : (a) Dental Surgery andPathology, Orthodontia, and the Materia Medica and Thera-peutics applicable to Dental Surgery, Lectures. Two courses.(b) Dental Mechanics. Lectures. Two courses. (e) DentalAnatomy, Lectures. One course. a The practice 01 a

Dental Hospital, or of the Dental Department of a GeneralHospital. Two years. He must also have attended Clinicalinstructions at a recognised General Hospital during theordinary teaching sessions (nine months), and have been

engaged during four years in the acquirement of pro-fessional knowledge subsequently to the date of registrationas a medical or dental student. One vear’s boná-fide appren-ticeship with a registered dental practitioner, after beingregistered as a medical or dental student, may be countedas one of the four years of professional study. He must be21 years of age.

In the First Dental Examination candidates will beexamined in (A) Physics and Chemistry, including PracticalChemistry and Metallurgy. (B) Anatomy, Physiology, andHistology-General and Dental. All the subjects may bepassed at the same time. or they maybe passed in two groups,(A) and (B). The examination is partly written, partlyvivá voce, and partly practical.

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In the Final Dental Examination candidates will b&examined in General Pathology, Medicine, and Surgery; Dental Surgery, and Dental Pathology, with the MateriaMedica and Therapeutics applicable to Dental Surgery ;Dental Mechanics and Metallurgy; Orthodontia. Candi-dates must pass in all the subjects at one examination. Theexamination is partly written, partly vivá voce, and partlypractical, and includes the examination of patients and the-performance of dental operations. Candidates are requiredto provide their own instruments and gold for filling. TheFirst Dental Examination will commence on the first

Mondays in the months of February, May, and November.The Final Dental Examination will commence on the-second Mondays in the months of February. May. andNovember. The total fee for the Diploma in Dental Surgery

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is 20 guineas. Candidates must pay the fees for examina-tions from which they are exempted, unless when such

exemptions have been granted in virtue of examinations

passed before the Conjoint Board in Ireland.University of Birmingham.-The teaching of Dentistry is

undertaken by the University acting in association with theBirmingham Dental Hospital and the Birmingham ClinicalBoard. The instruction at the Dental Hospital is carriedout under the direction of the University Dental ClinicalBoard, so that students may fully qualify themselves forthe Dental Diploma (L.D.S.) of this and other universitiesand licensing bodies. There is a special and well-equippedDental Museum and Laboratory. An Entrance Exhibition,value 37 10s. is awarded annually at the commencement ofthe winter session. The following are the regulations forDegrees in Dentistry :-1. The degrees conferred by the Uni-versity are those of Bachelor and Master of Dental Surgery(B. D. S. and M.D.S.). 2. All candidates for these degreesmust pass the same Matriculation Examination as that

required from candidates for Medical Degrees. 3. The

degree of Bachelor of Dental Surgery is not conferred

upon any candidate who has not obtained a Licence inDental Surgery. The candidate is not eligible for the

degree until a period of 12 months has elapsed from thepassing of his examination for the Licence in Dental Surgery.Of this period at least six months must be spent in the dentaldepartment of a general hospital approved by the University.4. A. In addition to the Licence in Dental Surgery thecandidate must produce evidence that he has attended thecourses required by medical students of the University inthe following subjects and passed the Examinations held inthe same for Medical and Surgical Degrees : (a) Chemistryand Practical Chemistry, (b) Physics and Practical Physics, (c)Elementary Biology, (d) Anatomy and Practical Anatomy,and (e) Physiology and Practical Physiology. B. That he haspassed the class examinations in : ( f ) One Special Course ofLectures on Medicine, (g) One Special Course of Lectureson Surgery, and (h) Pathology and Bacteriology. C. Thathe has attended courses and passed the class examina-tions in : (k) Dental Histology and Patho-Histology, (l)Comparative Dental Anatomy, and (m) Dental Surgery andProsthetic Dentistrv. D. That he has received instructionin the Clinical Examination of living cases at the dentaldepartment of a general hospital for a period of not less thansix months. 5. The Final Examination will deal with the

subjects in Classes C and D. 6. On the expiration of12 months from the date of passing the Examination forthe Degree of Bachelor of Dental Surgery, the candi-date will be eligible for that of Master of Dental Surgery.7. For this degree candidates will be required to submit athesis containing original work and investigations in somesubject connected with Dentistry, which thesis shall besubmitted to examiners to be nominated bv the DentalAdvisory Board.

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University of Bristol. -Candidates for the degree ofBachelor of Dental Surgery must be not less than 21

years of age and shall have pursued the courses prescribedby University regulations during not less than five years, ofwhich three shall have been passed in the University, andshall have been registered as dental students by the GeneralMedical Council. All candidates for the degree of B.D.S.are required to satisfy the examiners in the several subjectsof four examinations. The First Examination : The subjectsare Chemistry, Physics, and Zoology, and the curriculumextends over one year. * The Second Examination: Thesubjects are Dental Mechanics, Dental Metallurgy, andDental Materia Medica, and the candidate shall produceevidence of having served for two years an approved pupilagein Dental Mechanics. The Third Examination : The sub-

jects are Anatomy, Physiology, and Histology, Dental

Anatomy, and Dental Histology. The Final Examination :The subjects are Medicine and Surgery, Dental Surgery(including Prosthetics), Operative Dental Surgery, andDental Bacteriology. Degree of Master of Dental Surgery :Candidates shall be Bachelors of the University, shall

present a Dissertation on some subject of Dental Surgery tobe approved by the Examiners, and pass an examination inDental Surgery. Diploma in Dental Surgery: Candidatesneed not be undergraduates, but shall be registered dental

* Candidates who have passed the Higher School Certificate approvedby the Board of Education in these subjects will not be required to sitfor the first examination for either the B.D.S. or the L.D.S., and willbe regarded as having completed one year of study.

students before being admitted to any professional examina-tion ; the curriculum extends over four years. A two years’pupilage in Mechanical Dentistry is required, and fourexaminations must be passed, the subjects of which differ

only from those of the B. D. S. in that Zoology is not

required for the First Examination, and Medicine is notrequired for the Final Examination. Candidates who are

already registered medical practitioners shall be further

exempted from study and examination in Physics andChemistry, Anatomy, Physiology and Histology, Medicine,and General Surgery.

Unirersity of Dezrlzecm.-Everv candidate for the Licencein Dental Surgery must be registered as a dental student.There are four Examinations. The subjects are:-First: :(a) Chemistry; and (b) Physics. Second : : (a) DentalMechanics, Theoretical and Practical ; (b) Dental Metallurgy.Third: : (a) Anatomy ; (b) Physiology and Histology;(c) Dental Anatomy and Dental Histology ; and (d) DentalMateria Medica. -Final: (a) Surgery ; (b) Dental Surgery,including Prosthetics and Orthodontia ; (c) Operative DentalSurgery, Practical Examination ; and (d) Dental Pathologyand Bacteriology. A candidate before presenting himselffor examination is required to furnish certificates ofinstruction in the following subjects, attended after

registration as a dental student at recognised Collegesor Schools :-First Examination : Cheuiistry and Physics.Second Examination : Dental Mechanics and Dental Metal-

lurgy. l’hird Exanzizta.tiot2 Anatomy, with Dissections;Physiology; Histology ; Dental Anatomy and Physiology ;Dental Histology ; and Dental Materia Medica. Final Examination : : Dental Hospital Practice (two years) ;General Hospital Practice (nine months) ; Medicine Lectures(two terms) ; Surgery Lectures (two terms) ; Dental Surgeryand Pathology (a course of not less than 20 lectures);Dental Bacteriology (three terms) ; Operative Dental Surgery(not less than 12 lectures) ; and Anaesthetics (a course ofnot less than one month).

Before admission to the Final Examination each candidatemust furnish evidence (1) of having attained the age of 21years ; (2) of having undergone a three years’ pupilage inMechanical Dentistry with a registered dentist; and (3) ofhaving been engaged in professional study for at least fouryears subsequent to registration as a dental student. Theexaminations will be held concurrently with the medicalexaminations, and the fees payable by candidates are asfollows : First Examination, £2 10s. Second Examination,£2 10s. Third Examination, £3 10s. Final Examination,£3 10s. fee for Licence, £3 ; total, £15. For re-examina-tion : First Examination, £ 1 10s. ; Second Examination,2; Third Examination, .63 (in one part only, £1) ; FourthExamination, 2. The practical examinations in dentistrywill be conducted at the Newcastle Dental Hospital.

University of Leeds.-The degrees in Dental Surgeryare Bachelor of Dental Surgery (B.Ch.D.) and Master ofDental Surgery (M. Ch. D.). All candidates for the degree ofBachelor of Dental Surgery shall be required to have passedthe Matriculation Examination, to have pursued thereafterapproved courses of study for not less than five academicyears, two of such years at least having been passed in theUniversity subsequently to the date of passing Parts I. andII. of the First Examination, and to have completed suchperiod of pupilage or hospital attendance, or both, as maybe prescribed by the regulations of the University. Nocandidate will be admitted to the degree who has notattained the age of 21 years on the day of graduation.The classes in the Department of Dentistry begin on

Sept. 30th. The instruction in the Preliminary subjects ofChemistry, Physics, and Biology are given at the Uni-

versity in College-road. The classes in the other

subjects and the systematic courses in Dental subjectsare held in the School of Medicine of the University in

Thoresby Place. The clinical instruction is given in theDental Department of the Leeds Public Dispensary, whichis affiliated with the University and recognised by the RoyalCollege of Surgeons. Applications for the prospectus shouldbe made to the Dean of the Faculty of Medicine.

University of Liverpool (-Liverpool Dental Hospital ClinicalSchool and School of Dental Surgery).-The University grantsa Licence in Dental Surgery (L. D. S.) and degrees in DentalSurgery (B.D.S. and M.D.S.). The courses of systematicinstruction are given in the University buildings, fiveminutes’ walk from the Dental Hospital. The two insti-tutions are now closely associated, and the manage-

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IDent of the curriculum is in the hands of the Boardof Dental Studies. The Dental Hospital, covering a siteof 672 square yards, was opened in March, 1910, equippedin each department with every modern accessory andreceives constant additions. The laboratory is in chargeof a skilled -dental mechanic under the supervision ofthe Director of Dental Education and Dental Sbaff, andstudents are able to undertake at the hospital thewhole of their training in Mechanical Dentistry. The timesof the lectures at the University are arranged to meetthe convenience of students, thus allowing the maximumtime for attendance upon Dental Hospital practice. Thestaff of the hospital includes 12 Dental Surgeons, threeDemonstrators, six Anaesthetists, three House Surgeons, anda Curator. Fees: The composition fees are as follows :Licence course (L.D.S.) : Composition fee £58 10s., for thecourse of other licensing bodies £61 10s., payable in twoequal instalments, the first on entry, the second 12 monthslater. Two years’ instruction in Mechanical Dentistry(pupilage) and two years’ Dental Hospital Practice (com-bined), £100, or in two instalments of £52 10s. each. Degreecourse(B.D.S.): £67 10s. foralllectures(including Chemistry,Physics, and Zoology) in three instalments. Two years’dental hospital, £21 ; general hospital practice, £10 10s. ;three years’ mechanical instruction (pupilage), £105. Furtherinformation may be had from the Director of DentalEducation, Mr. W. H. Gilmour.

University of Manchester.-In the University of Man-chester the Dental Department forms an integral part of theFaculty of Medicine. This contains a series of laboratories,lecture rooms, and museums which will bear comparisonwith those of any other school in the kingdom, and the fullestopportunities for study are offered to students preparing forany of the professional examinations. Instruction adaptedto the requirements of students preparing for the B.D.S.Degree and the Dental Diplomas of the University, the RoyalCollege of Surgeons of England, and of other licensing bodiesis given during the Winter and Summer Sessions both at theUniversity and at the Dental Hospital of Manchester adjoin-ing the University. The required general hospital practice istaken at the Manchester Royal Infirmary. Women studentsare admitted to the classes in the Dental Department, andfor them common rooms are provided. The compositionfee for candidates for the University degree of Bachelor ofDental Surgery is 60 guineas, payable in two equalinstalments at the beginning ot the first and third

years of studentship. The composition fee for candidatesfor the University Diploma in Dentistry is 55 guineas,payable in two equal instalments at the beginning ofthe first and third years of studentship. The composi-tion fee for candidates for the L.D.S. of England is 60

guineas, payable in two equal instalments at the beginningof the first and third years of studentship. Students whohave already served their apprenticeship with a privatepractitioner, and who propose to complete the final portionof their attendance at the University and at an approveddental hospital, will be required to pay the composition feein two equal instalments at the commencement of the firstand second years of studentship. The composition fee doesnot include the hospital fees, the examination fees, the fee forthe conferment of the degree or the diploma, the registrationfee, nor the fees for chemicals and chemical apparatus.

National University of Ireland.-This University grantsthe degrees of Bachelor of Dental Surgery and a degreeof Master of Dental Surgery. A student may not beadmitted to the Degree of Bachelor of Dental Surgeryunless a period of not less than four years shall have elapsedfrom the date of his matriculation, during which period hemust have pursued an approved course of study of not lessthan nine terms. For the degree of Bachelor of Dental

Surgery candidates must pass four examinations, the firsttwo being the same as those for the first and secondexamination in Medicine. The subjects of the third examina-tion are Dental and Practical Pathology, Dental Surgeryand Dental Medicine. the subjects of the fourth beingDental Surgery and Pathology, Dental Mechanics, OperativeDentistry, Orthodontia, and Dental Materia Medica. Acandidate for the degree of B.D.S. must produce evidenceof having been engaged during a period of two years inacquiring a practical familiarity with the details ofMechanical Dentistry under the instruction of a registereddentist, or under professional direction in the mechanical

department of a dental hospital approved by the Univer-sity. A portion of or the entire period may be servedbefore commencing study for the degtee of B. D. S. , but noportion so taken prior to commencement of study shallcount as part of the four years of Dental Study. The degreeof Master of Dental Surgery will not be granted until threeyears after the B. D. S. has been obtained.

TEACHING INSTITUTIONS IN DENTISTRY.

See also under Universities of Birmingham, Leeds, Liver-pool, and Manchester above.

LONDON.

Royal Dental Hospital of London, School of Dental

Surgery, Leicester-square.-A school of the University ofLondon, and women are now admitted as students andare eligible for all hospital appointments and school

prizes.-The school provides the special dental educa-tion required by the Royal College of Surgeons forthe Licence in Dental Surgery. The general part of thecurriculum may be taken at any general hospital. The

hospital is open from 9 A.M. to 5 P.M., there beingone staff for the morning and another for the after-noon of each day. Pupils are received for the trainingin dental mechanics recognised by the curriculum. Thedemonstrators at the commencement of each session givea course of lectures on Operative Dental Surgery. The sixhouse surgeoncies are held for six months each and areopen to all qualified students. The lecturers, in addition totheir lectures, give special demonstrations on the Microscopyof Dental Anatomy and Dental Surgery. The lecturer onDental Mechanics also gives practical demonstrations inthe laboratory. There is an Entrance Scholarship in

Chemistry and Physics of the value of 50. One Entrance

Scholarship in Dental Mechanics and Metallurgy value&25, open to pupils of the Hospital only. One Entrance

Scholarship of £25 in Dental Mechanics, open to pupilsof private practitioners. The Saunders Scholarship ofR20 awarded to second year students. The Storer BennettResearch Scholarship for Scientific Research in any branchof Dental Surgery, value £50, is awarded triennially. TheAlfred Woodhouse bchotarship of £35 and the RobertWoodhouse Prize of £10 for Practical Dental Surgery.Prizes and certificates are awarded by the lecturers forthe best examinations in the subjects of their respectivecourses, at the end of the summer and winter sessions.Fee for two years’ hospital practice required by thecurriculum, including lectures, B53 3s. in one payment, or£55 13s. in two yearly instalments. The curriculumrequires two years to be passed at a General Hospital; thefee for this is about .S.60. Both hospitals can be attendedsimultaneously. For the lectures in Chemistry and Physicsfor the Preliminary Science Examination Z10 10s. The feefor the instruction in Dental Mechanics and the two years’hospital practice required by the curriculum is £150 if paidin one instalment, or 150 guineas if paid in three equalinstalments. The fee for tuition in Dental Mechanics is

50 guineas per annum; for one year’s hospital practiceE21. The Winter Session opens on Oct. lst.

University College Hospital Dental School.-Corner of GreatPortland and Devonshire-streets, W.—Students are enteredas students of University College Hospital and, as such,attend the classes of Chemistry, Physics, Anatomy,and Physiology in University College, which is a fewminutes’ walk from the Dental Department in GreatPortland-street, hitherto known as the National Dental Hos-pital. The First Dental School to admit Women Students.Practical courses to comply with the R. C. S. curriculum areheld. Clinical Lectures and Demonstrations are given, andeach student on entering passes through a preliminary courseunder a demonstrator. Two Entrance Exhibitions, of thevalue of £40 and £20, are open for competition. Prizes areopen for competition at the end of each course of lectures.Fee for the full curriculum of four years, in all subjectsrequired by the Royal College of Surgeons, 180 guineas,or in four instalments of 62, 41, 41, 41 guineas. A com-

position fee foi medical men has been arranged coveringthe Two Years’ Mechanical Work, Hospital Practice, andLectures required by the curriculum of the Royal College of

Surgeons amounting to 120 guineas. Hospital Practice to

registered practitioners by special permission of Committee,

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12 months, .615 15s. The Calendar, containing full informa-tion as to Lectures, Fees, Prizes, and Subjects for theEntrance Exhibitions may be had on application to the

Dean, who attends the Hospital on Tuesday morningsat 10.30.

Guy’s Hospital.-The work of the Dental Departmentbegins daily at 9 A.M. both in the extraction rooms and inthe conservation room. The Extraction Rooms: A newDental Out-patient Department has been provided. Thereis ample accommodation for ordinary extractions and anaes-thetic extractions, together with waiting- and retiring-rooms.Patients are admitted between 8.45 and 9.30 A.M., and areseen by the dental surgeon for the day, the dental housesurgeon, the assistant dental house surgeon, and thedressers. The Conservation Room is open from 9 A.M.

till 5 P. M. It has recently been entirely remodelledand greatly enlarged, giving a floor space of over

6000 square feet. It affords accommodation for about100 dental chairs, with the necessary equipment of themost modern type, for the use of the Dressers, who,under the supervision of the Staff, perform the variousoperations of Dental Surgery. The members of the staffattend every morning and afternoon to give demonstra-tions and otherwise assist students in their work in the Con-servation Room and Mechanical Laboratory. The Proba-tioners’ Laboratory is supervised by two of the staff demon-strators, and instruction is given in operative dentistry on a"mannikin" to students during their first three months ofstudy. Pupils in Dental Mechanics are received, and agraded, systematic, and full course of instruction, extendingover two years, is carried out. Dental students have the

opportunity of attending at this hospital the whole courseof instruction required by the examining board for theL.D.S. Eng.-viz., two years’ pupilage in dental mechanics,the special lectures and practice of the Dental Depart-ment, and the general lectures and practice of theMedical School. The fees for these two courses maybe paid separately or together, or they may be combinedwith the fees required to be paid for the course for amedical diploma. Students who enter for a medical as wellas a dental diploma are allowed to pursue their studyof Dentistry during any period of their medical course mostconvenient to themselves without further charge. FourEntrance Scholarships in Dental Mechanics of the value of20 each are offered for competition annually, two inSeptember and two in April, and prizes of the aggregatevalue of S47 are awarded for general proficiency and forskill in Practical Dentistry. A Dental Travelling Scholar-ship of the value of 100 is awarded every second year.Dental students are eligible for admission to the Resi-dential College and enjoy the privileges of students in theMedical School. Application should be made to the Deanof the Medical School.London Bospital. -This school is apart of the London Hos-

pital and Medical College, and is fully equipped on the mostmodern lines and with the latest appliances. It provides acomplete curriculum in all subjects for the L. D. S. Diploma,and is admirably adapted for the purpose of teaching. TheConservation Room is well lighted and ventilated and fittedwith pump chairs of the latest pattern ; the fountain spittoonat every chair has been specially designed and has attachedto it a saliva ejector, hot and cold water, compressed air,gas and electric current, also a swing bracket to carry thestudents’ cabinet. Electric sterilisers are supplied in eachdepartment and motor engines where required. The Schoelpossesses in addition to the Theatres, Laboratories andMuseums in the College, a special Museum of DentalAnatomy and Surgery, Operative Dentistry, Prosthetic andExtraction Rooms, and Laboratories for Practical DentalMetallurgy and Dental Prosthesis. A systematic course ofinstruction in Dental Prosthesis is arranged for pupils. The

up-to-date Laboratory contains every modern apparatus andis in charge of a skilled curator and his assistants. Con-nected with the Medical College and Dental School are aLibrary, Athenasum, Clubs’ Union, Dining Hall withmoderate tariff, Students’ Hostel, and an Athletic Ground.For full particulars as to fees and course of study advisedapply to the Dean, Professor William Wright, who will beglad to make arrangements for anyone wishing to see theDental School and Medical College.The above arrangements are subject to revision in conse-

quence of circumstances arising out of the war.

London (Royal Free Hospital) School of Medicine for Women.full courses are arranged for women students for the studyof dentistry, and in preparation for the Licence in DentalSurgery of the Royal College of Surgeons of England, atthe London (Royal Free Hospital) School of Medicine forWomen, in conjunction with the London Dental Hospital,Leicester-square, and the National Dental Hospital, GreatPortland-street, W. The course is arranged as follows : Firstand second years: Chemistry, Physics, and Dental Mechanics.Third, fourth, and fifth years: Anatomy, Physiology, andSpecial Dental Courses, Courses in Medicine and Surgery,General Hospital Course, Dental Hospital Course. Thecombined fees at the London School of Medicine for Womenand the National Dental Hospital are .6180 if paid in onesum on beginning the course, or 191 if paid in three annualinstalments. Bursary : The Council of the School will awardannually (until further notice) an ’’ Agnes Guthrie

"

Bursaryof the value of 50 to a student fulfilling the required con-ditions, who enters for the full dental course. Candidatesare required to send in applications on or before July lst,to the Warden and Secretary, from whom a prospectus of theSchool and all particulars can be obtained.

PROVINCIAL.

Birmingham Dental Hospital.-The Dental Hospital wasfounded in 1858, and was recognised by the Royal College ofSurgeons in 1880 for the teaching of Dental Students.

Having an annual attendance of about 16,000 patients, itaffords every advantage for students about to enter the

profession to acquire a thorough practical knowledge, asrequired by the Medical Council. The present Hospital wasopened on July 6th, 1905. It has accommodation for 50students. The equipment is in accordance with the mostmodern requirements for the efficient teaching and practiceof Dental Surgery. The operations performed annuallyaverage 35,000, including 5000 gold and other fillings,and many cases of crowns, bridges, porcelain inlays, andregulations. By arrangements with the Birmingham Uni-versity and with the General and Queen’s Hospitals the ,

entire course of Lectures, Hospital Practice, &c., maybe completed for an inclusive fee of 96 15s., or

including Mechanical Pupilage, .E186. The instrumentsand materials necessary for Hospital Practice cost about.E.28. The Composition Fee for the courses required forthe L.D.S. of the University, or any of the Corpora-tions alone, is .660, payable in two annual instalmentsat the commencement of the first and second years ; thatfor the courses required for the L.D.S. and the Degree inDentistry of the University is .f.75 ; that for the L.D.S. incombination with the M. R. C. S. and L.R.C.P. is .E.85 ; andthat for the M.B., Ch.B., and B. D. S. is 95. All of these

composition fees are payable in two annual instalments atthe commencement of the first and second years. Each ofthese fees covers the cost of the courses given at the Uni-versity for the qualifications indicated, but does not includefees for Hospital teaching. For two years’ dental hospitalpractice the fee is 20 guineas, payable in two instalments of10 guineas each at the commencement of the first and second(hospital) years respectively. For two years’ mechanicalpupilage, 85 guineas, which may be paid in two annual instal-ments of 50 and 35 guineas respectively ; mechanical pupilsmay join for a probationary period of one month, fee 5 guineas,which is deducted upon payment of the-full amount. For

general surgical hospital practice, lectures, and demonstra-tions : Surgery, two winters, .610 10s. One Entrance Scholar-ship is offered annually of the value of E37 10s. It isawarded to the student who, entering for the Dental Degreeof the University in October, or having entered not earlierthan the previous April, shall pass the best examination inthe subjects studied during his apprenticeship. Candidatesmust be under the age of 21 years. Application for

admission, together with a certificate of birth, must be sentto the Dean of the Medical Faculty, Mr. W. Thompson Madin,on or before Oct. 15th.

-Leeds Public Dispensara.-T he Dental Department of theLeeds Public Dispensary is fully equipped to providetraining for Dental Students, and affords every oppor-tunity for the student to prepare for any of the Dental

Degrees or Diplomas. The Demonstrator of OperativeDental Surgery instructs students during their probationarycourse. At the completion of this training students have epatients allotted to them by the Demonstrator, and have

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every opportunity of acquiring knowledge from the membersof the Staff, two of whom are in attendance each day. The

following prizes are awarded :-First year Students, value2 guineas. Operative Dental Surgery Prize, value 5 guineas.Two prizes in Prosthetic Dentistry : (a) a prize, value2 guineas, for first-year pupils ; (b) a prize, value 5 guineas,open for competition to all Students. Extraction prize,value 2 guineas, open for competition to all Students. A

prize in Orthodontics, value 5 guineas, is open to- allstudents. Warden: Mr. Stephen D. Hey, to whom allcommunications should be addressed.

Dental Hospital of lJ-Iancheste1’.-This Hospital is inassociation for teaching purposes with the University ofManchester and the Royal Infirmary, and is in the centre ofa very large population. Courses of study are provided tomeet the requirements of the various examining bodies,including those of the University of Manchester for thequalifications L.D.S. and B.D.S., and the L.D.S. of the

Royal College of Surgeons of England. Clinical instructionis given by the members of the staff and by the housesurgeons and demonstrators, and also by the honoraryanesthetists in the administration of nitrous oxide gas ; a

special class in anaesthetics is conducted by the clinicaltutor in that subject.A Travelling Scholarship, value .E.100, will be awarded

from time to time. Ten prizes, varying in value from .f.2 to.f.8, are awarded annually.

For the whole course of hospital instruction for the L. D. S.(including two years’ mechanical training) the fee is .S.100, orif paid in instalments .f.105. For the two years’ OperativeCourse only, 21, or if paid in two instalments 21 guineas.For the whole course of hospital instruction for the B. D. S.degree (including mechanical training), 130, or if paid ininstalments 130 guineas. Additional practice in DentalMechanics may be taken by pupils who have already receivedtheir mechanical training elsewhere, at a fee of .f.20 for sixmonths.

All the courses of instruction are open to women students.

Copies of the Prospectus will be forwarded on applicationto Mr. J. Hilditch Mathews, Dean.

2Ve7veastle-itpon-Tylne -Dental Hospital and School.-ThisHospital is centrally situated (within five minutes of thevarious colleges, infirmary, and railway station) ; the roomsare well lighted and thoroughly equipped for carrying on thework. Dental surgeons and an anaesthetist attend each

morning. A tutorial dental surgeon is also in attend-ance. The Composition Fee for the special DentalLectures and Dental Hospital Practice is &45 3s. if paid inone sum, or 46 4s. if paid in two instalments of .f.23 2s.The Composition Fee for the Lectures at the Colleges ofMedicine and Science is 40 guineas; in addition to this thereis a library and an athletic fee. Particulars of the fee for’General Hospital Practice may be obtained from the SeniorHouse Physician, Royal Victoria Infirmary, Newcastle-upon-Tyne. Medals and Certificates of Merit are granted tostudents showing certain standards of proficiency in thevarious classes at the Dental School. The prospectus of theDental Hospital and School, containing full information,may be obtained from either Mr. J. T. Jameson, 12,Windsor-crescent, Newcastle-upon-Tyne, Dean, or Mr.James Coltman, 13, Ellison-place, Newcastle-upon-Tyne,Vice-Dean.

Devon and Exeter Dental Hospital, 240, .Sotctherrchca,y, -rVest,-Exeter. -Established 1880.-The hospital is open on

Tuesdays, Wednesdays, and Thursdays, and patients areadmitted between the hours of 9 and 11 A.1I1. Studentsattend the practice of the hospital under the control of themedical officers. Honorary treasurer, Mr. J. M. Acklandsecretary, Mr. Albert G. Littlejohn.

SCOTLAND.

The Incorporated Edinburgh Dental Hospital and School.-The Edinburgh Dental Hospital and School is located ina spacious and well-equipped building at 31, Chambers-street and offers special advantages to dental students.The General Courses required for the Dental Diplomamay be taken in the Medical School of the RoyalColleges of Physicians and Surgeons or in the Universityschools. The hospital attendance and clinical instructionare taken at the Royal Infirmary. The University, Medical

Schools, and Royal Infirmary are within three minutes’walk of the Dental Hospital. The special courses are takenin the hospital. The Dental Hospital practice, extendingover two years, affords a student ample opportunity fora full acquaintance with every branch of dentistry. The

hospital admits a limited number of indentured pupils.They receive their instruction in Mechanical Dentistryconcurrently with the general and special courses. A

premium of 60 guineas is payable with each such

pupil. The practice and lectures of the hospital are

recognised by, and qualify for, all the Licensing Boards.The cost of the hospital outfit of instruments isincluded in the Dental Hospital fee of .E.31 10s. Theminimum cost of classes and Diploma for the whole courseof dental instruction amounts to .f.93 12s. Those studentswho desire to take a Medical and Surgical Diplomain addition to the L.D.S. have in this school admirablefacilities for so doing. The triple qualification ’of the

Royal College of Physicians and Surgeons of Edinburgh andthe Royal Faculty of Physicians and Surgeons of Glasgowis recommended. The minimum cost of Professional Educa-tion, the Triple Qualification, and the Licence in DentalSurgery amounts to .E167 14s. Further particulars can beobtained from the Dean, Mr. W. Guy.

Incorporated Glasgow Dental Hospital and School,158, Renfre7v-street, and 15, Dalhousie-street, Garnethill,Glasgow.-Lectures will be delivered on the followingsubjects : Dental Mechanics, Dental Metallurgy., Dental

Anatomy and Physiology, Dental Surgery and Pathology,Anesthetics, Operative Technique, Dental Bacteriology,Operative Dental Surgery, Dental Histology. Orthodontia, andCrown and Bridge Work. Fees for two years’ hospital practice.f.18 18s. Composite fee for Lectures and Hospital Practice,S40. The hospital is opened daily from 5 to 7 P.M..

(Saturdays excepted). Students may only enrol during themonths of April or October. Prospectus may be had from theSecretary, D. M. Alexander, 186, St. Vincent-street, Glasgow.

Glasgow Royal Infirmary (Dental Department).-Mr. W.Taylor attends at the Royal Infirmary at 9 A.]I.1. on Wednesdaysand other days as arranged, and gives a course of instruction inDental Surgery. The following course in the curriculum can betaken at St. Mungo’s College : Anatomy, six months ; PracticalAnatomy, nine months ; Physiology, six months ; Chemistry,six months ; Practical Chemistry with Metallurgy, three

months ; Surgery, six months ; Medicine, six months ; MateriaMedica, three months ; Clinical Surgery, six months ; DentalSurgery, six months. and attendance for two years on thedental department of the hospital. The attendance on theDental Clinic is free to students of the hospital.

IRELAND.

Incorporated Dental Hospital of Ireland, Zirzcoltlaee,Dublin.-All Dental Students who have passed their FirstDental Examination in the Royal College of Surgeons inIreland (or an equivalent examination or examinations) areadmissible to the Clinical Instruction of the Hospital.In addition to Clinical Instruction and Special Demon-strations, courses of lectures are given at the hospitalon Dental Surgery and Pathology, Mechanical Dentistry, theAdministration of Anassthetics, Orthodontia, Dental Anatomy,and Dental Materia Medica. Practical instruction is also givenin Anaesthetics. In addition to the longer courses of hospitalattendance, courses of three months’ duration will be givento surgeons intending to practise in the Colonies or remotecountry districts, or in the Army and -LNavy.Fees.-Dental Hospital Practice (each year), .612 12s. ;

Lectures, Z6 6 6s. ; Composition Fee, £15 15s. per annum. Inaddition to the above courses registered dentists who aremembers of the British Dental Association will usually be per-mitted to take out a three months’ course for a fee of 6 guineas.The course in practical Dental Mechanics can be takenin the Hospital Laboratory. Further particulars can beobtained from the Dean.

UNIVERSITY OF BRUSSELS.-This University grants itsM.D. degree to such foreign candidates as are already dulyqualified in medicine and surgery in their own countries,provided they pass the three examinations imposed. For

the present, owing to the war, examinations at the Universityare for internal students only.