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Dependence and Addiction Introduction to
addiction Drug classifications Causes and
treatment of addiction
"Suddenly the thought crossed my mind that if I were to put an ounce of whiskey in my milk it couldn't hurt me on a full stomach. I ordered a whiskey and poured it in my milk. I vaguely sensed I was not being any too smart, but felt reassured as I was taking the whiskey on a full stomach. The experiment went so well that I ordered another whiskey and poured it into more milk. That didn't seem to bother me so I tried another. Thus started one more trip to the asylum for Jim.“
- Jim (Alcoholism)
Introduction to Addiction Addiction: compulsive craving for a
substance despite negative consequencesMarked by physical symptoms (e.g.,
aches, nausea, distress) following withdrawal
Introduction to Addiction
What are drugs? Drug: Any substance that affects our mental state or behavior
Psychoactive drugs Chemical substances that alter perceptions
& mood When is drug use a psychological
disorder? “abuse,” “dependence,” or “addiction”
Introduction to Addiction Is drug use a problem in Washington?8
Illicit Drug Use inPast Month amongPersons Aged 12or Older by State(2005-2006) -
SAMHSA
Alcohol Dependenceor Abuse in Past Yearamong Persons Aged18 to 25, by State
(2005-2006) -SAMHSA
Introduction to Addiction9 Is alcohol dependence/abuse a problem in
Washington?
Addiction: Dependence
Physical Dependence When periodic or continuous
use of the drug is necessary to avoid intense, physical disturbances
Psychological Dependence When periodic or continuous
use of the drug is necessary to produce pleasure and/or avoid emotional discomfort
Addiction: Tolerance/Withdrawal
Tolerance Diminishing effect of
the drug after repeated exposure (graph)
Withdrawal Discomfort after
discontinuing use of drug
Physical or psychological
Small LargeDrug dose
Littleeffect
Bigeffect
Drugeffect
Response tofirst exposure
After repeatedexposure, moredrug is neededto produce same effect
Addiction: Learning Classical
ConditioningUCS = drugUR = highCS = people,
excitement, paraphernalia
CR = craving
Addiction: Learning Operant
ConditioningPositive
ReinforcementAddition of dopamine Increases
behaviorNegative
ReinforcementRemoval of
withdrawal symptoms increases behavior
Intro to Addictions: Summary Definitions of addiction and psychoactive
drugs Physical and psychological dependence Tolerance and withdrawal Principles of learning and addiction
Classical conditioning Operant conditioning
“I had not taken a bath in a year nor changed my clothes or removed them except to stick a needle every hour in the fibrous grey wooden flesh of heroin addiction. . . . I did absolutely nothing.” - Anonymous (heroin addict)
Drug Classifications
DepressantsReduce neural activitySlow body functions
StimulantsExcite neural activitySpeed up body functions
HallucinogensPsychedelic (mind-manifesting)Distort perceptionsEvoke illusionary sensory images
Pre-Quiz Are the following drugs depressants (d),
stimulants (s), or hallucinogens (h)?
1. ___ Nicotine2. ___ Heroin3. ___ LSD4. ___ Cocaine5. ___ MDMA (Ecstasy)6. ___ Alcohol7. ___ THC (marijuana)8. ___ Caffeine9. ___ Amphetamines
Drugs: Depressants Alcohol
Disinhibiter (increases impulsivity)
Slows motor skills, impairs judgment, reduces self-awareness, and disrupts memory
Barbiturates Depress CNS activity Reduce anxiety by
impairing memory and judgment
Drugs: Depressants Opiates: opium
and its derivatives Ex. Morphine,
heroin Depress neural
activity, temporarily lessening pain and anxiety
Highly addictive
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A poppy field in Afghanistan
Drugs: Stimulants Amphetamines
Stimulates neural activity, causing body function enhancement and mood changes
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Cocaine Forms: coca leaves,
powder, crack Euphoric rush
followed by crash of agitated depression
Coca leaves, Bolivia
Drugs: Hallucinogens LSD (Lysergic Acid Diethylamide): “Acid”
Delusions and visual hallucinations MDMA
(Methylenedioxymethamphetamine): “Ecstasy” Interacts with serotonin in the brain to cause
energizing and euphoric effects
THC (Delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol) Active ingredient in marijuana Triggers variety of effects including
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Ecstasy
Drug Classifications: Summary
Depressants Alcohol, Barbituates,
Opiates (heroin)
Stimulants Amphetamines (Meth),
Nicotine, Cocaine
Hallucinogens LSD, MDMA, THC
Causes of Addiction Biology
Predisposition
CultureSocialReligious
Self medicationRelief of psychological
symptoms
Addictions Treatment Behavior therapy
Coping with cravings, avoiding drugs, relapse prevention
Medications Ex. Methadone (opiates) Ex. Patches, gum (nicotine)
Addictions treatment is often long-term with multiple interventions
Dependence and Addiction: Summary Introduction to
addiction Drug classifications Causes and
treatment of addictionBiology, Culture,
Self-medicationBehavior Therapy,
Medications
Anti-Drug Campaign29
In 2003, the U.S. government spent around $19 billion on the War on Drugs Includes law
enforcement, education, ad campaigns, etc.
Is the drug war working? “Across countries and
across drug types, drug use is becoming
Drug arrests, US Department of Justice
Meth in Washington Methamphetamine has
impacted the entire Pacific Region, but Washington has been hardest hit with: Nearly twice the number
of methamphetamine labs reported than Oregon and exponentially more than Idaho and Alaska. (Reports of 951 labs, compared to 474 in Oregon, 67 in Alaska, and only 43 in Idaho just by the 3rd quarter of 2004) (Department of Ecology [DOE]).
Rural areas hard hit by meth
The highest amount of Federal Drug Seizures of methamphetamine in the pacific region. (Federal Law Enforcement in 2003 seized 205.7 kilograms of methamphetamine in Washington, compared to 40.4 in Oregon, 78.0 in California, and 53.0 in Idaho) (NDIC, 2005).
Higher levels of availability of the drug resulting in lower prices than any other state (NDIC, 2005).
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