Desalination:the water and energy crises
Miriam BalabanEuropean Desalination Society
Desalination JournalDesalination Directory
The world’s water
Oceans 97.5%
Freshwater 2.5%
Glaciers (68.7%) Groundwater (30.1%)
Permafrost (0.8%)
Surface and atmospheric water (0.4%)
Freshwater lakes (67.4%) Soil moisture (12.2%) Atmosphere (9.5%) Other wetlands (8.5%) Rivers (1.6%) Plants and animals (0.8%)Source: Shiklomanov and Rodda (2003)
Water Scarcity and StressPopulation in water-scarce and water-stressed countries, 1995-2050
Source: Gardner-Outlow and Engelman, 1997
Water Scarcity and StressPopulation in water-scarce and water-stressed countries (map)
Desalination science and technology haveconverted increasing amounts of water from
300,000 m3/d in 1966 to 47,000,000 m3/d in 2008
Year Desalination units, no.
Capacitym3/d
1966 300,0001993 9,910 18,678,0001999 13,600 25,909,0002001 15,233 32,400,0002005 12,500 40,000,0002008 14,000 47,000,000
– Wangnick Inventory, Report No. 17, 2002– GWI Report 2007
Source: IDA Desalination Yearbook 2006-2007
Global Installed Desalination Capacity 1965-2005
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
196519671969197119731975197719791981198319851987198919911993199519971999200120032005
capa
city
(mill
ion
m3/
d)
Sea water desalination capacity inthe world
Source: Wangnick, 2004
The product of a scientist isa paper
The product of a technologist isa process
Prof. Derek De Sola PriceYale University, USA
DESALINATION JOURNALNumber of articles 1966-2006
90574425No. ofcountries
392412731298537No. ofpapers
1996-20061986-19951976-19851966-1975YEARS
Total number of papers 1966-2006: 7032
Source: Desalination journal 1966-2004
Desalination Articles by regions and decades 1966-2006
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
3500
Europe NorthAmerica
MiddleEast
Far Eastand Asia
Africa Oceania SouthAmerica
Nu
mb
er
of
Art
icle
s
1966-1974 1975-1984 1985-1994 1995-2006 Total 1966-2006
Total Number of Articles 7361
DesalinationArticles on Solar Desalination
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
C & SAmerica
Oceania North America Far East Europe MENA
Nu
mb
er
of
Art
icle
s
Environment
– Renewable energySolarNuclearWindWave
– Control discharge of concentrates
Conservation
Alternative water sources - desalination and water reuse
Renewable energy sources - Solar, wind, nuclear, wave
Prevention of leakage
Communication - to the public - to decision makers
Imagination, vision, innovation
EDS Series of Conferences• Desalination and the Environment• Euromed – Desalination Strategies in
South Mediterranean CountriesCooperation between Mediterranean countries ofEurope and the Southern rim of the Mediterranean
• Membranes in Drinking and IndustrialWater Production (IWA, AWWA, JWA)
DesalinationCooperation amongMediterranean Countriesof Europe and the MENA region
Dead Sea, JordanKing Hussain Bin Talal Convention CenterNovember 9–13, 2008
European Desalination Society
Jordan Ministry of Water and Irrigation
Jordan University of Science and Technology
Hashemite University
Higher Council for Science and Technology