Desktop Ecological Appraisal of Potential Oxford to Cambridge...

Desktop Ecological Appraisalof Potential Oxford to CambridgeExpressway

Ecology Report

February 2018

Desktop Preliminary

Ecological Appraisal of

Potential Oxford to

Cambridge Expressway

Ecology Report

Photo: View towards Chilterns from Wheatley Road, By Will Ewart

LC-356 Document Control Box

Client Expressway Action Group

Report Title Desktop Ecological Assessment of Potential Oxford to Cambridge Expressway

Status Draft

Filename LC-356_PEA_EAG_5_280218CW.docx

Date 28/02/2018

Author CW

Reviewed JE

Approved ND

About this report & notes for the reader Lepus Consulting Ltd (Lepus) has prepared this

report for the use by Expressway Action Group.

There are a number of limitations which should

be borne in mind when considering the results

and conclusions of this report. No party should

alter or change this report without written

permission from Lepus.

© Lepus Consulting Ltd

An adapted Preliminary Ecological Appraisal

methodology has been used to identify key

environmental features.

The report is based on the best available

information, including information that is

publicly available. No attempt to verify

secondary data sources have been made and

they are assumed to be accurate as published.

Every attempt has been made to assess

features as accurately as possible using the

available information. The report was prepared

during February 2018 and is subject to, and

limited by, the information available during this

time.

The report has been produced to identify the

key environmental features within the Area of

Search. It is not intended to be a substitute for

Environmental Impact Assessment or Habitat

Regulations Assessment.

Lepus Consulting Ltd��

1 Bath Street

Cheltenham

Gloucestershire��

GL50 1YE

(01242) 525 222

[email protected]

www.lepusconsulting.com

Preliminary Ecological Appraisal of Potential Oxford to Cambridge Expressway February, 2018

LC-356_PEA_EAG_5_280218CW.docx

© Lepus Consulting for Expressway Action Group ii

Contents1 Introduction .......................................................................................................... 11.1 Background ................................................................................................................................ 11.2 Purpose of this report ................................................................................................................. 11.3 Project outputs ........................................................................................................................... 11.4 Area of Search ............................................................................................................................ 11.5 Area Context .............................................................................................................................. 21.6 Land Use in the Area of Search .................................................................................................. 2

2 Methodology ........................................................................................................ 32.1 Approach to the Survey .............................................................................................................. 32.2 Desktop Study ............................................................................................................................ 32.3 Field Survey ................................................................................................................................ 32.4 Legal and Planning Policy Context ............................................................................................. 4

3 Desktop Survey Results ......................................................................................... 73.2 Statutory designated nature conservation sites ......................................................................... 73.3 Non-statutory sites ..................................................................................................................... 93.4 Priority Habitats .......................................................................................................................... 43.5 Protected / Notable Species ...................................................................................................... 5

4 The Ecological Network ...................................................................................... 134.2 Core Biodiversity Areas ............................................................................................................ 134.3 Strategic Corridors ................................................................................................................... 144.4 Stepping Stones ....................................................................................................................... 154.5 Restoration Areas ..................................................................................................................... 154.6 Sustainable Use Areas .............................................................................................................. 16

5 Conclusions ......................................................................................................... 185.1 Summary ................................................................................................................................... 185.2 Natural Capital and Ecosystem Services .................................................................................. 185.3 Limitations ................................................................................................................................ 195.4 Recommendations .................................................................................................................... 19

References ................................................................................................................. 21

Table of Figures Figure 3.1: Map of the designated statutory and non-statutory nature conservation sites within the

Area of Search, along with details of the green belt and watercourses. ................................................ 3Figure 3.2: A map of selected protected and notable species recorded within the Area of Search as

provided by TVERC. ............................................................................................................................... 6Figure 4.1: A map of the proposed ecological network across the Area of Search. ............................ 17



© Lepus Consulting for Expressway Action Group ii

Table of Tables Table 3.1: List of LWS’s within the proposed development zone and the Section 41 habitats

associated with each. ............................................................................................................................. 9Table 3.2: Key biodiversity features of Oxfordshire’s CTAs and each sites BAP targets, in terms of

management, restoration and creation. ............................................................................................... 11Table 3.3: List of designated priority habitats within the Area of Search, along with possible priority

habitats. .................................................................................................................................................. 4Table 3.4: European Directive protected species list detailing the number and date of the records

within the proposed development zone. All data has been provided by TVERC. ................................ 7Table 3.5: List of European protected species present and habitat prefernces. ................................. 10

Acronyms

AoS Area of Search

BAP Biodiversity Action Plan

BBOWT Berks, Buck & Oxon Wildlife Trust

CIEEM The Chartered Institute of Ecology and Environmental Management

CTA Conservation Target Area

JNCC Joint Nature Conservancy Council

LNR Local Nature Reserve

LWS Local Wildlife Site

NBN National Biodiversity Network

PEA Preliminary Ecological Appraisal

RSPB Royal Society for the Protection of Birds

SAC Special Area of Conservation

SPA Special Protection Area

SSSI Site of Special Scientific Interest

TVERC Thames Valley Environmental Records Centre

WCA Wildlife and Countryside Act (1981)



© Lepus Consulting for Expressway Action Group iii

Executive Summary E1 A desktop preliminary ecological assessment was undertaken by Lepus Consulting

in February 2018 on behalf of Expressway Action Group. The task was to identify

key ecological features for land south of Oxford, in South Oxfordshire.

E2 The Area of Search (AoS) covers approximately 16,000 hectares and is dominated

by agricultural land, particularly arable and pasture. Due to the size of the study

area, an adapted preliminary ecological appraisal methodology was used, based on

CIEEM’s guidelines for Preliminary Ecological Appraisals (2013).

E3 The objective was to locate key biodiversity features within the Area of Search,

identify the ecological network of the area and recommend any further work.

E4 Professional ecologists undertook a field survey on the 20th February 2018. Data

obtained from Thames Valley Environmental Records Centre was used as baseline

information alongside information freely available on the internet and inform the

ecological survey. This revealed multiple non-statutory conservation sites within the

AoS. There were 9,739 records of protected and notable species across the AoS

provided by TVERC. As a matter of priority, working with restricted time and

financial budget, this report focuses on European protected species, those with the

greatest legal protection. Data was also supplied by the River Thame Conservation

Trust.

E5 The findings of the desktop analysis, combined with high level field work, have led

to the identification of an ecological network across the AoS. This network and the

records associated with it show the widespread ecological interest throughout the

corridor. On this basis and to better understand the presence, populations and

qualities of identified species and habitats, and a number of additional surveys are

recommended.

Ecological Assessment of Potential Oxford to Cambridge Expressway February, 2018


© Lepus Consulting for Mr Peter Rutt 1

1 Introduction

1.1 Background

1.1.1 Lepus Consulting was commissioned by Mr Peter Rutt on behalf of the Expressway

Action Group to prepare baseline ecological evidence associated with an Area of

Search south of Oxford, running from Abingdon to beyond Thame.

1.2 Purpose of this report

1.2.1 The purpose of this report is to provide baseline ecological information about the

Area of Search (AoS) identified by the client team. Disparate secondary ecological

evidence sources have been assembled and analysed with a view to improving the

appreciation of landscape ecological function, habitats and species in the AoS. To

our knowledge, this exercise has not been prepared before.

1.3 Project outputs

1.3.1 The outputs from this report include:

• Habitat distribution maps;

• Species distribution maps;

• An ecological network map;

• Narrative interpretation of the above features; and

• Relevant biodiversity policy context.

1.3.2 Recommendations for additional surveys have been suggested where appropriate.

1.4 Area of Search

1.4.1 The AoS runs from west of Abingdon to Thame. This has been defined by the

Expressway Action Group. The expressway proposal includes the upgrade of

existing roads as well as the development of new roads of approximately 8 or 14

miles long. The development would also include the addition of major new

interchanges and junctions.



© Lepus Consulting for Expressway Action Group 2

1.5 Area Context

1.5.1 The AoS is situated south of Oxford, primarily in the South Oxfordshire district. The

Routes stretch from west Abingdon to east Thame. Route 1 starts north of

Northcourt and south of Sandford-on-Thames, then passes south of Garsington and

Cuddeston before joining the A418 near Tiddington. Route 2 starts at the A34 at

Abingdon and passes north of Culham and Clifton Hampden, then passes the north

edge of the Chalgrove Airfield before crossing the M40 at Tetsworth and joining

the A418 east of Thame.

1.6 Land Use in the Area of Search

1.6.1 The AoS is predominantly arable and pasture land. Broad alluvial floodplains form

large areas of the landscape. The River Thame is a key ecological feature which

runs across the landscape, enhancing the fertility of the land and resulting in the

main land use of farming. The vast majority of the landscape is large, open fields,

with areas of dense woodland juxtaposing the arable land. The woodlands are

mainly broadleaved semi-natural.




2 Methodology

2.1 Approach to the Survey

2.1.1 The methodology draws on the principles of CIEEM (Charted Institute of Ecology

and Environmental Management) Guidelines for Preliminary Ecological Appraisal

(CIEEM, 2013) to conduct a desk study and field survey. This method has been

adapted to facilitate an appropriate strategic approach to the study.

2.1.2 The aim of the study is to establish a more comprehensive understanding of the

ecological network within South Oxfordshire and its importance to biodiversity of

the area.

2.2 Desktop Study

2.2.1 The desktop study involved a review of publically available information on

protected habitats and species within the AoS, in order to place the proposed

development in context with its environmental surroundings.

2.2.2 Ecological data was compiled from the Thames Valley Environmental Records

Centre (TVERC), and supported by additional information freely obtained via Nature

on the Map, Multi-Agency Geographic Information for the Countryside (MAGIC),

and the National Biodiversity Network (NBN). Aerial photography has also been

used as a basis of land use prior to the site visit. Data is also provided by the River

Thame Conservation Trust and local Botanical Society of the British Isles.

2.3 Field Survey

2.3.1 Due to the size of the AoS (16,000 hectares), the recommended PEA survey

methodology was adapted and a broad ground survey of the whole area was

completed. The purpose of the survey was to gain information on the AoS,

identifying habitats of importance and ecological corridors that combine to create

a robust ecological network. Information gathered during the field survey was used

to help prepare the ecological network map in Figure 4.1.

2.3.2 The field survey took place on the 20th February 2018 by professional ecologist Neil

Davidson (MCIEEM) and Catherine Wright (MSc). Prevailing weather conditions

were cold, dry and sunny with a high wind.




2.3.3 It should be noted that the survey was not intended to provide a comprehensive list

of floral and faunal species, rather it was to characterise the habitats present in the

AoS and determine their potential for supporting protected/notable species.

2.4 Legal and Planning Policy Context

2.4.1 This report has shown that there are a number of protected habitats and species

that can be found in the AoS. These include species protected by the European

Habitats and Birds Directives, as well as Priority Habitats and Species, identified in

the Natural Environment and Rural Communities Act 2006. There are also species

of plants and birds protected by the Wildlife and Countryside Act 1981, as

amended.

2.4.2 The Habitats Directive (Directive 92/43/EEC of 21 May 1992 on the conservation of

natural habitats and of wild fauna and flora) aims to promote the maintenance of

biodiversity by ensuring measures are undertaken to preserve, protect and restore

wild habitats and species. This gives robust legislative protection for these habitats

and species of European importance.

2.4.3 The Birds Directive (Directive 2009/147/EC on the conservation of wild birds (the

codified version of Council Directive 79/409/EEC as amended) sets objectives for

the conservation and management of wild birds in Europe , along with human

interaction limitations, restricting the sale and keeping of wild birds.

2.4.4 The Natural Environment and Rural Communities (NERC) Act aims to help achieve

a rich and diverse natural environment. Section 41 of the Act lists 56 habitats of

principle importance, all of which are identified as needing action under the UK

BAP. There are 943 species of principle importance under this section, also where

action is require. These lists aim to guide decision-makers to meet requirements in

place under the NERC Act. (N.B. The Act does not automatically protect all priority

species, as the Biodiversity Duty to protect only falls on LPAs and other public

bodies e.g. Highways England).

2.4.5 The Wildlife and Countryside Act 1981 protects certain species within the UK.

Specifically, prohibiting certain methods of killing and taking wild animals and

restricting the introduction of certain species. The three main schedules are;

Schedules 1, 2, 3 and 4 - birds, Schedules 5 and 6 - animals, and Schedule 8 - plants.

The act only applies to UK terrestrial environments and inshore water.




2.4.6 There are a number of policy and position statements which are relevant to the

consideration of biodiversity interest and value in the AoS, including the following:

• The Natural Choice: Securing the Value of Nature (2011)

This sets out a broad 50-year vision for the natural environment and how

Government in England intends to put natural capital at the heart of

economic thinking and decision making. The White Paper outlines a number

of initiatives to restore the natural environment, new programmes for

connecting people and nature, and several proposals for capturing the

economic value of nature and measuring green growth.

• The EU Biodiversity Strategy to 2020 (2011)

This sets out a vision such that by 2050, European Union biodiversity and the

ecosystem services it provides – its natural capital – are protected, valued and

appropriately restored for biodiversity’s intrinsic value and for their essential

contribution to human well-being and economic prosperity, and so that

catastrophic changes caused by the loss of biodiversity are avoided. It seeks

to halt the loss of biodiversity and the degradation of ecosystem services in

the EU by 2020, and restoring them in so far as feasible, while stepping up

the EU contribution to averting global biodiversity loss.

• The 2020 England Biodiversity Strategy (2011)

This sets out a mission to improve ecosystem health, reduce biodiversity

losses and establish clear ecological networks by 2020. There are four priority

areas to address this goal. This includes an integrated, large-scale approach

to biodiversity conservation and ‘putting people at the heart of the policy’.

Another area is to reduce environmental pressures from key decisions-makers

across the country, such as agricultural, forestry, planning and development,

water and marine management, and fisheries. Improvements in knowledge

on ecological networks are required to aid the large-scale approach desired.

• The 25 Year Environment Plan

This plan is the Government’s proposed actions for “leaving the environment

in a better state than when it found it”. Wide ranging proposals and

aspirations are included which seek to protect, manage and restore the

natural environment to deliver benefits for society. For example, the plan

includes several objectives including the achievement of a growing and

resilient network of land, water and sea that is richer in plants and wildlife. A




cornerstone of the plan is the commitment to the Natural Capital approach,

which is considered to be a world first.

• National Planning Policy Framework (2012)

This sets out the Government’s planning policies for England and how these

are expected to be applied. In ‘Conserving and enhancing the natural

environment’ of the framework, it emphasizes the need for ecological

networks that are more resilient to current and future pressures/ planning

policies should identify ecological networks and promote their preservation.




3 Desktop Survey Results

3.1.1 This chapter has been presents information in relation to:

• Statutory designated nature conservation sites;

• Non-statutory sites;

• Priority Habitats; and

• European protected species.

3.2 Statutory designated nature conservation sites

Natura 2000 Sites

3.2.1 There are no Natura 2000 sites recorded within Area of Search.

Sites of Special Scientific Interest

3.2.2 Sites of Special Scientific Interest (SSSI) are areas in the United Kingdom designated

for conservation by Natural England. SSSIs are the building blocks of site based

nature conservation in the UK. Most other conservation designations, are based on

their location.

3.2.3 SSSIs are designated based on the characteristics of their fauna, flora, geology

and/or geomorphology.

3.2.4 Natural England periodically assesses the conservation conditions of each SSSI unit,

assigning it a status of one of the following:

• Favourable;

• Unfavourable – recovering;

• Unfavourable – no change; or

• Unfavourable – declining.




3.2.5 The three SSSI’s found within the AoS are:

• Sugworth SSSI;

• Culham Brake SSSI; and

• Spartum Fen SSSI.

3.2.6 Sugworth SSSI has a favourable conservation status and is designated for Earth

Heritage conservation1. These areas are protected for their important unchanging

geological features, with geology and landscape having a profound influence on

society and civilisation2. This site is presumed to be the only Cromerian site in the

UK and therefore is also designated under Geological Conservation Review.

3.2.7 Culham Brake SSSI has an assessment status of Favourable3. This area is mainly

broadleaved, mixed and yew woodland and has one of the largest British

populations of the red data book species summer snowflake (Leucojum aestivm).

3.2.8 Spartum Fen SSSI has an assessment status of Unfavourable – recovering4. The

main habitat is lowland fen, marsh and swamp, creating habitats of interest

including calcareous fen, carr vegetation and open water. This has led to a rich

assemblage invertebrate fauna, including over forty nationally uncommon or rare

species.

Local Nature Reserves

3.2.9 Local Nature Reserves (LNR) are areas of local special interest selected for wildlife,

geological, education or public enjoyment purposes. There are currently 1,500

LNRs in England, usually comprised of areas of natural green space but not

excluding brownfields and artificial sites, agricultural land and orchards, or

commons and other accessible green spaces.

3.2.10 The two LNRs found within the AoS are:

• Abbey Fishponds LNR; and

• Cuttle Brook Nature Reserve.

1 Natural England (1986) Designated Sites View: Sugworth SSSI. https://designatedsites.naturalengland.org.uk [Date Accessed: 08/02/18] 2 JNCC (no date) Earth Heritage Conservation. http://jncc.defra.gov.uk/pdf/Chapter6.pdf [Date Accessed: 08/02/18]3 Natural England (1985) Designated Sites View: Culham Brake SSSI. https://designatedsites.naturalengland.org.uk [Date Accessed: 08/02/18] 4 Natural England (1992) Designated Sites View: Spartum Fen SSSI. https://designatedsites.naturalengland.org.uk [Date Accessed: 08/02/18]




3.2.11 Abbey Fishponds LNR is an area of lowland fen, covering approximately 6 hectares

and has an abundance of wild flowers, birds, dragonflies and damselflies in summer

months5. The site is designated for its section 41 habitat of principle importance;

lowland fen. Numerous species of principle importance (section 41) have been

located here, including; water voles, common pipistrelle, soprano pipistrelle,

common cuckoo, dunnock, song thrush, common starling, house sparrow, common

linnet, common bullfinch, yellow hammer and reed bunting. Many of these birds

are also found on RSPB’s red and amber lists.

3.2.12 Cuttle Brook Nature Reserve. The 13 hectare biological reserve offers broadleaved

woodland and flower rich meadows, with evidence of medieval open field

ploughing and centuries of grazing6.

3.3 Non-statutory sites

Oxfordshire Local Wildlife Sites

3.3.1 Local Wildlife Sites (LWS) Oxfordshire are areas of important and rare habitats and

species. Many are designated due to having habitats of principal importance.

Below is a summary table for all LWSs found within the AoS.

Table 3.1: List of LWS’s within the proposed development zone and the Section 41 habitats associated with each.

Oxfordshire LWS Section 41 Habitat of Principle Importance

Sandford Brake Lowland mixed deciduous woodland

Radley Gravel Pits Oligotrophic-mesotrophic standing water, eutrophic standing water

and reed-bed.

Nuneham Arboretum Lowland mixed deciduous woodland, pond and lowland wood-

pasture and parkland

Kennington Memorial Field Lowland, meadow, lowland calcareous grassland

Lower Farm Bottom Meadow Lowland meadow

Furze Brake Lowland mixed deciduous woodland

Clifton Hampden Meadows Lowland meadows, lowland fens

Clifton Hampden Wood Wet woodland

5 Natural England (2010) Designated Sites View: Abbey Fishponds LNR. https://designatedsites.naturalengland.org.uk [Date Accessed: 08/02/18] 6 Natural England (1994) Designated Sites View: Cuttle Brook LNR. https://designatedsites.naturalengland.org.uk [Date Accessed: 08/02/18]




3.3.2 Sandford Brake is an LWS and designated for it lowland mixed deciduous

woodland, containing many ancient woodland indicator species. Numerous species

have been recorded on site. Legally protected species include: red kite, redwing,

fieldfare, common frog, badgers and bluebells. Section 41 species of principle

importance include: song thrush, common bullfinch, dunnock, common starling,

yellowhammer, house sparrow, corn bunting and lapwing. Many of the birds here

are also on the RSPB’s red and amber lists.

3.3.3 Radley Gravel Pits LWS is a large site of previous gravel workings. Although still in

commercial use, restoration processes have begun in areas of the site and has

encouraged wildlife. The site currently contains habitats of principle importance

(section 41); oligotrophic-mesotrophic standing water, eutrophic standing water

and reed-bed. There are numerous section 41 species of principle importance

Schedule 1 and 5 of the WCA species, red data book species, nationally scarce or

notable species and RSPB bird species of concern.

3.3.4 Nuneham Arboretum LWS is a designated habitat of principle importance for its

lowland mixed deciduous woodland, pond and lowland wood-pasture and

parkland. The woodland is predominantly conifers and non-native trees and is

abundant with bluebells. UK priority species on site include; dingy skipper, great

crested newt, common toad, lapwing, skylark, dunnock, song thrush, spotted

flycatcher, marsh tit, starling and linnet. There are also numerous RSPB birds of

conservation concern.

Berks, Bucks & Oxon Wildlife Trust Reserves

3.3.5 Wells Farm BBOWT is located in the center of the AoS. This working wheat and

barley farm is of manly open field habitat provides suitable habitat for wildlife, with

natural springs emerging on the valley sides.

Conservation Target Areas

3.3.6 Oxfordshire’s CTAs have been selected as some of the most important areas for

wildlife, where maximum biodiversity benefits can be secured. They provide a focus

for coordinated delivery of biodiversity work, agri-environment schemes and

biodiversity enhancements through the planning system.




3.3.7 Figure 3.2 summarises the key biodiversity features of the four CTAs within the

development boundary as well as Biodiversity Action Plan (BAP) targets associated

with the site.

Table 3.2: Key biodiversity features of Oxfordshire’s CTAs and each sites BAP targets, in terms of management, restoration and creation.

Biodiversity Features BAP Targets

Oxf

ord

Hei

ght

s W

est

• Fen;

• Wet woodland;

• Lowland mixed deciduous

woodland;

• Acid grassland;

• Heathland;

• Limestone grassland; and

• Lowland meadows.

• Lowland heathland and dry acid

grassland;

• Fen;

• Lowland deciduous woodland;

• Lowland calcareous grasslands; and

• Arable field margins.

Tham

es a

nd

Che

rwel

l at

Oxf

ord

• Lowland meadows;

• Wet grassland;

• Fen;

• Swamp; and

• Reedbed

• Lowland meadow and floodplain

grazing;

• Fen and swamp;

• Reedbed; and

• River.

Tham

es C

lifto

n to

Shill

ing

ford

• Lowland meadow;

• Eutrophic standing water; and

• Wet woodland.

• Lowland meadows;

• Lowland mixed deciduous woodland

and wet woodland;

• Eutrophic standing water;

• Fen;

• Ponds; and

• Floodplain grazing marsh.

Tham

es

Rad

ley

to

Ab

ing

don


• Wet woodland; and

• Fen


• Wet Woodland; and

• Floodplain grazing marsh.




Ancient Woodland

3.3.8 Ancient woodlands date back to at least 1600, when woods present at that time

were likely to have developed naturally. They are irreplaceable, living historic

monuments. Woodlands are often rich in wildlife, acting as a reservoir for wildlife

to spread as well as an integral part of England’s historic landscape. It is also

important to preserve features of original natural forests along with providing

renewable resources. The Woodland Trust has identified 63 species that are used

to indicate an ancient woodland7. There are two categories of identified ancient

woodlands; ancient semi natural woodland and plantation on ancient woodland

sites. The former usually presents characteristics such as native broadleaved

canopy, whereas the latter has had native tree and shrub species introduced.

3.3.9 There are numerous stands of ancient woodland located within the AoS. These are

listed below.

• Fernhill Wood

• Radley Large Wood

• Radely Little Wood

• Bagley Wood

• Haseley Wood

• Whitford Copse

• Colesheath Copse

• Upper Sugworth

Copse

• Lower Sugworth

Copse

• Tiddington Copse

• Tadpole Copse

• Blacke’s Oak

• Warren Copse

• Old Mans’s Piece

• Cornwell Copse

• North Close Copse

• Sheep Bridge Copse

• Rycote Park

• Long Copse

• Latchford Copse

• Goodwin’s Copse

• Round Copse

• Carters Copse

• Sands Corner Copse

3.3.10 Bagley Wood has extensive conifer and broadleaved plantations, with soft conifers

including norway spruce and douglas fir dominating the woodland and common

oak the dominant broadleaved species. The woodland is an important site for birds,

specifically the woodpecker, marsh tit and buzzard, and is a traditional breeding site

for goshawk. Birds from the RSPB’s Red and Amber List have been recorded here.

7 The Woodland Trust (2018) Ancient woodland species. http://www.backonthemap.org.uk/theproject/analysis/species [Date Accessed: 08/02/18]




3.3.11 Radley Large Wood is dominated by mainly oak and ash, with hazel coppice. There

are areas of ash coppice to the north of the woodland. There is a thick shrub layer,

rich in hawthorn and field maple. The ground flora is rich and includes the WCA

protected bluebell. Other legally protected species recorded here are badgers, the

purple emperor butterfly and the sharp-collared furrow bee.

3.3.12 Radley Little Wood’s canopy is dominated by oak and ash, numerous of which are

over 200 years old. The understory is dominated by hazel coppice and has

numerous ground flora, including bluebell, protected under the WCA (1981). The

wood white butterfly, a section 41 species of principle importance, has also been

recorded, along with badgers and the lesser spotted woodpecker.




Figure 3.1: Map of the designated statutory and non-statutory nature conservation sites within the Area of Search, along with details of the green belt and watercourses.




3.4 Priority Habitats

3.4.1 The UK Post 2010 Biodiversity Framework designated priority habitats are selected

which are threatened and requiring conservation action8. It aims to target priority

work at a UK level, contributing strategies from the four countries, where they can

all agree on the benefits of the combined outcomes, and streamline governance

arrangements.

3.4.2 Table 3.3 shows a summary of the habitats found within the proposed development

area. This includes all of the statutory and non-statutory designated sites

mentioned above. The possible priority habitats have yet to be confirmed by

TVERC.

Table 3.3: List of designated priority habitats within the Area of Search, along with possible priority habitats.

Habitat Total Areas (Ha)

Coastal and floodplain grazing marsh 229.28

Eutrophic standing water 50.09

Lowland calcareous grassland 1.88

Lowland fens 4.46

Lowland meadows 15.77

Lowland mixed deciduous woodland 130.28

Lowland wood pasture and parkland 24.81

Open mosaic habitats on previously developed land 73.79

Ponds 3.43

Reedbeds 1.01

Rivers N/A

Traditional orchards 12.28

Wet woodland 7.31

Possible Habitats

Possible priority fen habitat 1.35

Possible priority grassland habitat 226.72

8 JNCC (2012) The UK Post-2010 Biodiversity Framework. http://jncc.defra.gov.uk/page-6189 [Date Accessed: 19/02/18]




Rivers

3.4.3 River quality is vital to encourage natural ecosystems and support wildlife. The

waterbody classifications can indicate the likely success of wildlife within and around

the river ecosystem and highlights specific features requiring improvement. The

aim is for all waterbodies to reach ‘good’ classification by 20279.

3.4.4 The proposed development of the expressway cover two operational catchments;

the Thame and the Ock. The River Thame winds across the majority of the AoS. All

of the waterbodies across the proposed development are classified as ‘moderate’

or ‘poor’ indicating a failure in water quality.

3.4.5 Following and crossing the river paths, the proposed routes are potentially at risk

from being situated in flood zones.

3.5 Protected / Notable Species

3.5.1 Data supplied by the TVERC in conjunction with freely available data from the NBN

found records of rare or protected species within the Area of Search. The records

dated between 1962 and 2017, but only records from 2000 onwards are used in this

report. This helps pinpoint more valuable records and excludes any species that

may have been present prior to major development changes across the district.

3.5.2 The use of the biological records were limited for this project, due to the size of the

Area of Search and the volume of records collected from this zone. In response,

only the specific details of European protected species are mentioned in this report

(see below). This report therefore does not wish to disregard any other records and

recommends further detailed study of protected and notable species. It is also

noted that presence on the TVERC species list does not confirm species inhabiting

the area and we acknowledge that many may use the area for passage.

3.5.3 A map of recorded species provided by TVERC is presented in Figure 3.2 The

location of several protected species records is confidential and are thus not shown.

9 Environment Agency (2017) Catchment Data Explorer: Thames River basin District. http://environment.data.gov.uk/catchment-planning/RiverBasinDistrict/6 [Date Accessed 09/02/18]




Figure 3.2: A map of selected protected and notable species recorded within the Area of Search as provided by TVERC.




European Protection

3.5.4 European legislation helps the UK meet biodiversity targets through legislative

measures. In relation to wildlife and conservation, two key European Directives are:

• Directive 2009/147/EC on the conservation of wild birds (the codified version

of Council Directive 79/409/EEC as amended (Birds Directive); and

• Directive 92/43/EEC of 21 May 1992 on the conservation of natural habitats

and of wild fauna and flora (Habitats Directive).

3.5.5 Table 3.4 summarises the records for European protected species. Many locations

are confidential and therefore no specific location can be given. On the other hand,

some species have been documented in many locations, full details of location and

dates of records were provided by TVERC.

3.5.6 The European Directive which corresponds with each species is labelled as follows:

• BirdsDir-A1 = species listed on Annex 1 of the EC Directive 79/409/EEC on

the Conservation of Wild Birds.

• HabDir-A2, HabDir-A4 & HabDir-A5 = Annex 2 and Annexes 4/5 respectively

of the EC Habitats Directive. This is the Council Directive 92/43/EEC on the

Conservation of natural habitats and of wild fauna and flora.

• RL-Global = Species listed by the International Union for Conservation of

Nature (IUCN) in the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species.

Table 3.4: European Directive protected species list detailing the number and date of the records within the proposed development zone. All data has been provided by TVERC.

Common Name Latin Name Number of Records

Dates Recorded

Directive

Kingfisher Alcedo atthis 56 2000 – 2004, 2006 & 2012

BirdsDir-A1, Amber List

Short-eared Owl Asio flammeus 1 2012 BirdsDir-A1, Amber List

White-clawed Freshwater Crayfish

Austropotamobius pallipes 1 2002 HabDir-A2, HabDir-A5

Western Barbastelle Barbastella barbastellus 1 2016 HabDir-A2, HabDir-A5, RL-Global

Barbel Barbus barbus 13 2003 – 2005, 2008 – 2010, 2014 & 2015

HabDir-A5

Bittern Botaurus stellaris 4 2000 - 2002 BirdsDir-A1, Red List

Barnacle Goose Branta leucopsis 8 2000 - 2004 BirdsDir-A1, Amber List





Dates Recorded

Directive

Ruff Calidris pugnax 10 2001 – 2003 & 2006

BirdsDir-A1, Red List

Black Tern Childonias niger 3 2000 - 2001 BirdsDir-A1, Amber List

Marsh Harrier Circus aeruginosus 1 2002 BirdsDir-A1, Amber List

Bullhead Cottus gobio 24 2000, 2004, 2005, 2009 - 2014

HabDir-A2

Bewick’s Swan Cygnus columbianus 1 2001 BirdsDir-A1, Amber List

Little Egret Egretta garzetta 28 2000 - 2004 BirdsDir-A1, Amber List

Serotine Eptesicus serotinus 3 2006, 2007 & 2016

HabDir-A4

Merlin Falco columbarius 2 2001 & 2006 BirdsDir-A1, Amber List

Peregrine Falco peregrinus 15 2000, 2001, 2003, 2004, 2006 & 2011

BirdsDir-A1

Little Gull Hydrocoloeus minutus 2 2001 BirdsDir-A1, Amber List

Brook Lamprey Lampetra planeri 2 2004 & 2006 HabDir-A2

Mediterranean Gull Larus melanocephalus 1 2006 BirdsDir-A1, Amber List

European Otter Lutra lutra 319 2000 – 2015, 2017

HabDir-A2, HabDir-A4, RL-Global

Smew Mergellus albellus 4 2006 BirdsDir-A1, Amber List

Red Kite Milvus milvus 372 2000 – 2004, 2006 - 2016

BirdsDir-A1, Amber List, RL-Global

Polecat Mustela putorius 20

2000, 2005, 2006, 2008, 2010, 2014 - 2017

HabDir-A5

Daubenton’s Bat Myotis daubentonii 14

2000, 2003, 2006, 2009, 2011, 2013 & 2014

HabDir-A4

Whiskered Bat Myotis mystacinus 3 2010 & 2011 HabDir-A4 Natterer’s Bat Myotis nattereri 2 2013 & 2014 HabDir-A4 Lesser Noctule Nyctalus leislrei 1 2014 HabDir-A4

Noctule Bat Nyctalus noctula 19 2006, 2008,, 2010 - 2016

HabDir-A4

Osprey Pandion haliaetus 1 2004 BirdsDir-A1, Amber List

Honey-buzzard Pernis apivorous 2 2000 & 2004 BirdsDir-A1, Amber List

Nathusius’s Pipistrelle Pipistrellus nathusii 1 2013 HabDir-A4 Common Pipistrelle Pipistrellus pipistrellus 96 2004 - 2017 HabDir-A4





Dates Recorded

Directive

Soprano Pipistrelle Pipistrellus pygmaeus 73 2004, 2006 - 2016

HabDir-A4

Brown Long-eared Bat Plecotus auritus 44 2004 - 2007, 2010 - 2016

HabDir-A4

Golden Plover Pluvialis apricaria 34 2000 – 2002, 2008 & 2009


Southern Golden Plover Pluvialis apricaria subsp. apricaria

1 2004 BirdsDir-A1, Amber List

Common Frog Rana temporaria 56 2000, 2003, 2004, 2006 – 2015 & 2017

HabDir-A5

Avocet Recurvirostra avosetta 2 2006 BirdsDir-A1, Amber List

Butcher’s-Broom Ruscus aculeatus 1 2014 HabDir-A5

Common Tern Sterna hirundo 37 2000 – 2004, 2006 & 2013


Ruddy Shelduck Tadorna ferruginea 1 2002 BirdsDir-A1, Amber List

Wood Sandpiper Tringa glareola 1 2011 BirdsDir-A1, Amber List

Great Crested Newt Triturus cristatus 159 2000, 2001, 2004, 2005, 2009 - 2016

HabDir-A2, HabDir-A4

ThepresenceofeachEuropeanprotectedspeciescanbeestimatedbydeterminingtheirpreferredtheirpreferredhabitats.




3.5.7 Table 3.5 describes each species habitat likely to be present in the AoS and the

possible threats the expressway may have on the species habitat.

Informationinthe




3.5.8 Table 3.5 has been gathered from the IUCN Red List species10 and RSPB Wildlife

Guides11. Each species is considered to be vulnerable to various impacts of

development, such water an air pollution, traffic movements or noise disturbance.

10 IUCN (2017) Red List of Threatened Species. http://www.iucnredlist.org/ [Date Accessed: 15/02/18]. 11 RSPB (no date) Wildlife Guides, Birds A-Z https://www.rspb.org.uk [Date Accessed: 15/02/18]




Table 3.5: List of European protected species present and habitat preferences.

Common Name Latin Name Habitat Area of proposed development suitable?

Kingfisher Alcedo atthis Breeding: Gently flowing water, lakes, ponds and flooded gravel pits. Wintering: Coastal.

R

Short-eared Owl Asio flammeus Wintering: Young conifer plantations, lowland rough grassland and marshes.

R

White-clawed Freshwater Crayfish

Austropotamobius pallipes

Freshwater , permanent waterbodies, streams, rivers and lakes with overhanging vegetation. Prey to kingfisher and otters.

R

Western Barbastelle

Barbastella barbastellus

Forages: Mature woodland and woodland edges.

R

Barbel Barbus barbus Medium to large fast-flowing rivers most of the year, slower-flowing rivers in winter.

T

Bittern Botaurus stellaris

Breeding: Lowland marshes, near rivers and lakes. Wintering: Wet grassland, small ponds and gravel pits.

R

Barnacle Goose Branta leucopsis

Breeding: Artic semi-desert tundra. Near wetlands, lakes, rivers, marshes and wet meadows. Forages: Agricultural land.

R

Ruff Calidris pugnax

Breeding: Tundra, lowland freshwater wetlands, swamps, marshes and grasslands. Wintering: Saline and alkaline lake, pond and marshland borders.

R

Black Tern Childonias niger

Breeding: Freshwater wetlands, lakes and marshes. UK Passage: Inland wetland pools and lakes but mainly coastal.

R

Marsh Harrier Circus aeruginosus Dense marsh vegetation and fresh or brackish water.

T

Bullhead Cottus gobio Small to medium sized fast-flowing rivers, shores of lakes and brackish waters.

R

Bewick’s Swan Cygnus columbianus

Breeding: Near shallow pools and lakes. Passage: Lowland and upland lakes and shallow ponds. Wintering: Brackish and freshwater marshes, flooded pastures and agricultural arable fields.

R

Little Egret Egretta garzetta

Fresh, brackish and saline shallow wetlands, cattle pastures and margins of lakes, rivers, streams and ponds, swamps, marshes and flooded meadows.

R

Serotine Eptesicus serotinus Scrubland, farmland and suburban areas. Forages: Pastureland, woodland edges and forests.

R

Merlin Falco columbarius Open country grassland and pastures. R Peregrine Falco peregrinus Extreme variety of habitats. R

Little Gull Hydrocoloeus minutus Breeding: Lowland shallow fresh, brackish lakes and marshes.

T





Passage: Coastal.

Brook Lamprey Lampetra planeri Freshwater lowlands, predominantly rivers but sometimes lakes.

R

Mediterranean Gull

Larus melanocephalus Nests near water on flood-lands, fields and grasslands.

R

European Otter Lutra lutra Lakes, rivers, streams, marshes, swamps and brackish waters with bank-side vegetation.

R

Smew Mergellus albellus

Breeding: Freshwater oligotrophic lakes, pools and coniferous and mixed deciduous woodland. Wintering: Freshwater lakes and reservoirs.

R

Red Kite Milvus milvus

Breeding: Broadleaved woodland, farmland, pasture and heathland. Wintering: Wasteland, scrub and wetlands.

R

Polecat Mustela putorius Lowland woodlands, rural areas, marshes, agricultural land and forest edges, near waterside habitats.

R

Daubenton’s Bat Myotis daubentonii Forages: Natural and artificial waterbodies, woodlands and scrub.

R

Whiskered Bat Myotis mystacinus Forests, woodland edges, shrubland, open meadows, often near to water sources.

R

Natterer’s Bat Myotis nattereri Forages: Woodland, shrubland and pastures.

R

Lesser Noctule Nyctalus leisleri Forages: Woodland, pasture and river valleys.

Noctule Bat Nyctalus noctula Forages: Wetlands, woodlands and pasture.

R

Osprey Pandion haliaetus Shallow waters and lakes. R

Honey-buzzard Pernis apivorous Breeding: Temperate and boreal woodland. Wintering: Forests

T

Nathusius’s Pipistrelle

Pipistrellus nathusii Forages: Woodland edges and wetlands. R

Common Pipistrelle

Pipistrellus pipistrellus Forages: Open woodland, wood edges, farmland, rural and urban areas.

R

Soprano Pipistrelle

Pipistrellus pygmaeus Forages: Woodlands, wetlands, closely associated with water.

R

Brown Long-eared Bat

Plecotus auritus Forages: Deciduous and coniferous woodland, and hedgerows.

R

Golden Plover Pluvialis apricaria Passage: Freshwater wetlands, moist grasslands, pastures and agricultural land.

R

Southern Golden Plover

Pluvialis apricaria subsp. apricaria

Passage: Freshwater wetlands, moist grasslands, pastures and agricultural land.

R

Common Frog Rana temporaria

Woodlands; coniferous, mixed and deciduous, grasslands, meadows and marshes. Aquatic habitats; permanent and temporary ponds, lakes and rivers.

R





Avocet Recurvirostra avosetta

Breeding: Flat open spaces and shallow saline and brackish wetlands where water levels gradually decline. Wintering: Inland saline lakes, pools and forages in agricultural land.

R

Butcher’s-Broom Ruscus aculeatus Lowland, dry, calcareous woodland, scrub and moist, uncultivated ground.

R

Common Tern Sterna hirundo Breeding: Inland sand or shingle lake and river banks, gravel pits, marshes, ponds and grasslands.

R

Ruddy Shelduck Tadorna ferruginea

Breeding: Shores of inland freshwater, saline or brackish lakes in open country. Wintering: Freshwater ponds, flooded grasslands, marshes and brackish and saline lakes, including artificial reservoirs.

R

Wood Sandpiper Tringa glareola

Breeding: Forests, wet heathlands and grassy marshes. Wintering: Inland freshwater lakes, reservoirs, swamps and flooded grasslands.

R

Great Crested Newt

Triturus cristatus

Coniferous, mixed and broadleaved woodlands. Breeding: Aquatic habitats; medium-sized ponds, permanent stagnant and semi-flowing waters.

R

3.5.9 Within the AoS there are six distinct areas of coastal and floodplain marsh priority

habitat. One of these areas is locally known as Waterstock. Waterstock is an area

in the centre of the Thame Valley flood plain, along the northern edge of the AoS.

Numerous surveys have noted 96 bird species, 282 botanical species, eleven fish

species and the presence of Great Crested Newts (Triturus cristatus) in four ponds

at Waterstock.

3.5.10 Lowland mixed deciduous woodland priority habitats are mainly found in the centre

of the AoS. The full extent of ecologically important woodland across the AoS is

not yet known because some woodland within the Aos has not been assessed for

its potential to be a priority. Many of the protected species mentioned above are

known to inhabit and forage in various woodland types which are found across the

AoS. These areas of woodland are vital ‘stepping stones’ for some species.




4 The Ecological Network

4.1.1 The concept of ecological networks are a representation of the biotic interactions

in an ecosystem. They represent the connected natural ‘infrastructure’ of habitats

needed to allow populations of species and habitats to survive in fluctuating

conditions. Fragmented environments can be caused naturally, but more

commonly by human activities. This can break already fragile ecological

connections and restrict free movement of species across the landscape.

4.1.2 ‘Biodiversity 2020’ (see section 2.4 below) describes an ecological network as “a

network of high quality sites, protected by buffer zones, and connected by wildlife

corridors and smaller, but still wildlife-rich, ‘stepping-stone’ sites”. It emphasises

the need for strong ecological networks to ensure connectivity to the small, isolated

habitat sites, with the threats of climate change. As stated in ‘Biodiversity 2020’,

the five components of ecological networks are:

• Core areas of high nature conservation value;

• Corridors;

• Stepping stones;

• Restoration areas; and

• Sustainable use areas.

4.1.3 Ecological network maps help pinpoint concentrations of core biodiversity areas

and those isolated at a landscape scale. This can then be used to focus effort and

target limited resources to restore areas and corridors where it will make the most

difference.

4.2 Core Biodiversity Areas

4.2.1 The core biodiversity areas contain rare or important habitats or ecosystem services.

They include protected wildlife sites and other semi-natural areas of high ecological

quality. These were identified using information gathered during the field survey

and using aerial photography. They are also often linked with designated wildlife

sites and priority habitats and multiple protected species records. Core biodiversity

areas were considered to include the following attributes of landscape and habitat

features:

• Smaller, well-connected fields;




• Robust hedgerow structure, especially pastoral;

• Hedgerows with trees;

• Connectivity of hedgerows;

• Densely wooded area and frequency;

• Woodland type and quality (where available);

• Ancient woodland;

• Species records; and

• Presence of watercourses.

4.2.2 The identified core biodiversity areas as shown in Figure 4.1 cover approximately

5,500 hectares (34%) of the AoS. These areas are likely to be vulnerable to negative

impacts from any development that would lead to disturbance or fragmentation.

4.2.3 An area identified for its core biodiversity is located east of Abingdon-on-Thames

and south of Radley, and includes the Radley Gravel Pits LWS, Thrupp Lake and

numerous areas of woodland. It has been classified as a core biodiversity area for

its variety of priority habitats and high number of species records.

4.2.4 Another area of core biodiversity habitat surrounds Fernhill Wood, south of

Tiddington and is approximately 600 hectares in size and numerous stands of

woodland, some that have yet to be classified as priority habitats. These areas

come together to comprise a strong ecological network.

4.3 Strategic Corridors

4.3.1 Ecological corridors help maintain or recover a certain degree of cohesion in

otherwise fragmented ecosystems. Through improving and conserving these

connections, the viability of species populations is likely to be improved by:

• enlarging habitats, for example to improve the search for food;

• dispersion of young animals; and

• re-use of "empty" habitats.

4.3.2 The River Thame flowing through the AoS is a vital strategic corridor for the ecology

of the area. The river can provide links to many of the priority habitats found within

the area and provides connections with new sources.




4.3.3 As the main strategic habitat corridor within the AoS, any potential disruption or

loss of this feature may adversely affect the species that currently rely on the corridor

and prevent future species from utilising it.

4.3.4 The river is also a vital source for other surrounding habitats. The riparian habitat

along the river’s banks is characterized by trees, scrub and long grass that will be

likely to be supporting a diverse range of priority species such as the Eurasian otter

(Lutra lutra). Surrounding the river edge are numerous pockets of high biodiversity

woodlands and parklands. These add to the habitat variety along the strategic

corridor, increasing the number of species using the habitat.

4.4 Stepping Stones

4.4.1 These habitats are classified though their ability to enable species to move between

core areas. These can be made up of a number of small sites acting as ‘stepping

stones’ or a mosaic of habitats that allows species to move and supports ecosystem

functions. The connections between core biodiversity areas are vital for species

4.4.2 Stepping stone corridors are features of small non-connected habitats in close

proximity, that create a series of habitats for shelter, food and rest. They allow long-

distance dispersal and passage into larger areas of habitat. It is important to note

the necessity of these stepping stones as climate change forces many species to

search for more suitable habitats northwards. Without these connecting features,

many species may struggle to relocate and could lead to species lost from the AoS.

Although typically small in size, these stepping stones provide an important part of

the ecological network.

4.5 Restoration Areas

4.5.1 The restoration areas for this ecological network are the defined Conservation

Target Areas set out by South Oxfordshire (see Figure 4.1). Here strategies have

been put in place to encourage the growth of high value biodiversity areas,

restoring ecological functions and wildlife. Although not legally protected sites, it

is necessary in the scale of the county to meet these targets to improve overall

biodiversity. In South Oxfordshire, these are large areas of land and therefore

possible biodiversity hotspots for the future. Geographically, they help provide an

improved spatial structure to the ecological networks connectivity.




4.6 Sustainable Use Areas

4.6.1 These are areas of land that are managed in a sustainable and wildlife friendly way.

They are often adjacent to the core biodiversity areas. Sustainable land use within

South Oxfordshire can mainly be defined by the agri-environment schemes in place

for agricultural land. The agri-environmental scheme data was gathered from

MAGIC12. The schemes encourage farmers to manage their land in a way that

supports biodiversity, enhances the landscape, and improves the quality of water,

air and soil. By following these schemes, the land use within the fields can be

classed as sustainable.

12 MAGIC http://www.natureonthemap.naturalengland.org.uk/




Figure 4.1: A map of the proposed ecological network across the Area of Search.




5 Conclusions

5.1 Summary

5.1.1 There are numerous ecologically important features that cover the AoS within South

Oxfordshire. As seen in Figure 4.1, the area is covered with land of importance,

with very little area left ‘blank’ indicating a lack of potential ecological opportunities.

However, these areas are few and disperse, found between core biodiversity areas

and amongst key ecological stepping stones. By removing these biodiversity

features, the ecological network has the potential to collapse, restricting species

movement and diminishing the vibrant wildlife of the area. It is concluded from this

report that there is a strong ecological network running through the area which

could be vital for a high number of species, including many that are protected

through European legislation.

5.2 Natural Capital and Ecosystem Services

5.2.1 This study has concentrated on the existing ecological records and information

available to inform an ecological network across the AoS. A number of

recommendations for additional surveys have been made to better understand the

biodiversity of the AoS. The biodiversity resource is under-recorded and only

partially understood through the interpretation of the existing c.9,000 records of

protected and priority species for the AoS. It is clear that further research is likely

to reveal a much clearer picture about the species richness and habitat connectivity

of the AoS.

5.2.2 Notwithstanding additional biodiversity surveys, there is a significant quantity of

Natural Capital within the AoS. The biodiversity resource forms a key part of this.

5.2.3 Natural Capital is defined by the Natural Capital Committee as “those elements of

nature that directly or indirectly produce value to people, including ecosystems,

species, freshwater, land, minerals, the air and oceans, as well as natural processes

and functions. When we talk about natural capital, we talk in terms of assets. Any

capital asset has the important capacity to produce various goods and services.

Natural capital is simply those assets provided by nature which has the capacity to

generate goods and services. In fact, natural capital can be regarded as the source

of all other types of capital: whether manufactured, financial, human or social”.




5.2.4 The Natural Capital approach forms a cornerstone of the 25 Year Environment Plan,

seeking to raise the profile and appreciation of natural resources that provide

ecosystem services that have benefits for society.

5.2.5 It would be useful to prepare an assessment of natural capital in the AoS. This

approach is aimed at anyone who wants to use natural capital approaches in making

decisions about the natural environment. A “How to do it” guide is presented by

the Natural Capital Committee. The approach is intended to support decision-

makers, including planners, communities and landowners, but has particular

relevance for place-based decisions.

5.3 Limitations

5.3.1 There are multiple limitations to the study, often due to the size of the Area of

Search. The detailed required for the objectives state in the task are broad, and

thus the results scope the wider area rather than detailed section of the AoS.

5.3.2 As the report outlines the ecological baseline of the AoS, the majority of the data is

gathered from secondary sources. This means not all data may be up-to-date and

precise.

5.4 Recommendations

5.4.1 The ecological network demonstrates a strong biodiversity connection across South

Oxfordshire, as well as a vital opportunity for enhancing biodiversity in the region,

and thus the main recommendation following this report will be to carry our further

survey work. Due to the scale of the AoS, habitat and species study could not be

fulfilled in as much detail as would be ideal. Therefore, it is proposed that individual

habitat and species surveys are carried out for the entire AoS before planning

decisions are made.

5.4.2 Data from this study was gained sporadically. The field survey was carried out at

landscape level so has provided a broad overview of the ecology of the surrounding

environment.

5.4.3 Potential further ecological surveys should include:

• Detailed Phase 1 Habitat;

• Bat Surveys

• GCN Surveys;




• Amphibian and Reptile Surveys;

• Breeding birds Surveys;

• Wintering Birds Surveys

• Dormouse Survey;

• Badger Survey;

• Otter Surveys; and

• Water Voles Surveys.

5.4.4 Woodland should also be assessed for its suitability on a priority habitat where this

has not already been done.

5.4.5 Only when further ecological details have been gathered can a clear conclusion on

the ecological constraints within the area be fully defined.




References

In addition to the footnotes in this report the following references have been used:

CIEEM (2013) Guidelines for Preliminary Ecological Appraisal

https://www.cieem.net/data/files/Resource_Library/Technical_Guidance_Series/GPEA/GPEA_April_20

13.pdf

DEFRA (2011) Biodiversity 2020: A strategy for England’s wildlife and ecosystem services.

https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/biodiversity-2020-a-strategy-for-england-s-wildlife-and-

ecosystem-services

DEFRA (2011) The natural choice: securing the value of nature.

https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/the-natural-choice-securing-the-value-of-nature

Department for Communities and Local Government (2012) National Planning Policy Framework.

https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/6077/2116950.pdf

Google Maps (2018) https://www.google.co.uk/maps

Joint Nature Conservation Committee (2010) Handbook for Phase 1 habitat survey - a technique for

environmental audit, ISBN 0 86139 636 8

Natural Capital Committee (2017) How to do it: a natural capital workbook.

https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/608852/ncc-natural-

capital-workbook.pdf

NERC Act (2006) http://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/2006/16/pdfs/ukpga_20060016_en.pdf

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Ecological Services�

Green Infrastructure

Landscape and Visual Impact Assessment

Landscape Character Assessment

Habitats Regulations Assessment

Strategic Environmental Assessment

Sustainability Appraisal

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