Development Dialogue no.57

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Th Unitd Nation and Rgional Challng in Arica- 50 Yar Atr Dag Hammarkjld

no. 57 | dcmbr 2011


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Series editorHenning Melber

Editors o this issueHenning Melber andMaxi Schoeman

Coordination and text editingPeter Colenbrander

Production, design and layoutMattias Lasson

PrintersX-O Gra TryckeriUppsala, Sweden,December 2011

ISSN 0345-2328ISBN 978-91-85214-63-1

Subscribers are kindly requested toinorm the Dag Hammarskjld Centreo any changes o address or

subscription cancellations.

Editorial oceThe Dag Hammarskjld Centrevre Slottsgatan 2SE-753 10 Uppsala, Sweden

Phone: +46-(0)18-410 10 00Fax: +46-(0)18-12 20 72E-mail: [email protected]

Website: www.dh.uu.se

The opinions expressed in the journalare those o the authors and do notnecessarily refect the views o theDag Hammarskjld Foundation.

Development Dialogueis a orumprovided by the Dag HammarskjldFoundation since 1972 or criticaldiscussions o international developmentpriorities and challenges. Its mainocus is on North-South relations andalternative perspectives to dominantparadigms. Development Dialogueis

published in consecutive numbers onaverage once or twice a year.


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development dialoge,no. 57 december 2011

The United Nation andRegional Challenge in Arica- 50 Year Ater Dag Hammarkjld

Edited by Henning Melber and Maxi Schoeman

Preace ................................................................................... 5Henning Melber and Maxi Schoeman

Opening Contribtion .........................................................11

Welcome by Proeor Cheryl de la Rey ................................11Vice-Chancellor and Principal o the University o Pretoria

Statement by Peter Tejler .......................................................13Ambassador o Sweden to South Arica

Keynote by Mari Franman ................................................17Member o Parliament and Deputy Minister or InternationalRelations and Cooperation / Republic o South Arica

Contribtion to Panel Debate ..............................................25

Mediation, Confict Prevention,Reoltion and Pot-confict Recontrction ........................25Carlos Lopes

Dag Hammarkjld Legacy

- The United Nation and Arica ..........................................31Jan Axel Nordlander

A Legacy o the UN and Arica ............................................34Dumisani S. Kumalo

Keynote Lectre ..................................................................39

Dag Hammarkjld - Ethic, Solidarity and Global Leaderhip ....39Henning Melber

The Hammarkjld Approach to International Law ..............51Ove Bring

Dag Hammarkjld and Apartheid Soth Arica ...................61Chris Saunders


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Paper and Comment ..........................................................77

International Criminal Jtice in the Shadow o Politic ........77Alex Obote Odora

How to Tackle Impnity - A Comment .............................108

Michelo Hansungule

Solidarity Trimph Over Democracy- The Dioltion o the SADC Tribnal ............................123Laurie Nathan

The SADC Tribnal Regional Organiation,Hman Secrity, Hman Right and International Law ........138

Jan Axel Nordlander

Wet Arican Regional Secrity Architectre with

Special Reerence to the Cte dIvoire Crii ......................141Cyril Obi

Conclding Refection ....................................................... 163

The United Nation Vale, Practice and Reorm ........... 163Jan Pronk

Mediation, Prevention and Reoltion o Confict ............. 182Dumisani S. Kumalo

Reponibility to Protect ..................................................... 185Jan F. Mutton

Vale-Oriented Commonality ............................................190Ove Bring

Arica and Global Governance InternationalPerpective or Peace, Secrity and the Rle o Law .........192Sandy Arica

Note on contribtor .........................................................195


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14 August 1960

Elisabethville, Republic of the Congo

Secretary-General Dag Hammarskjld at the airport prior tohis return to Leopoldville. The Secretary-General arrived inDemocratic Republic of the Congo to carry out the terms of the

Security Council resolution calling upon Belgium to withdraw itstroops and allowing the entry of the UN force into the provinceof Katanga. Photo: UN Photo/HP


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Preace

Henning Melber and Maxi Schoeman

Thi volme contain a election o the original contribtion and reviedverion o the paper delivered dring the international conerence enti-tled The United Nation and Regional Challenge: Arica 50 Year aterHammarkjld, jointly organied by the Dag Hammarkjld Fondationand the Department o Political Science at the Univerity o Pretoria.The conerence took place rom 13 to 15 Jly 2011 on the camp o that

niverity and over 120 participant rom everal contrie in Arica andErope were in attendance.

It wa by no mean coincidental that the death o the econd Secretary-General o the United Nation hal a centry earlier wa the originalpoint o reerence and departre or thi event. Dag Hammarkjld, andwith him 15 other member o hi entorage and crew, died on the nighto 17-18 September 1961 in the wreckage o the DC6 aeroplane thatcrahed a ew mile rom the airport while approaching the NorthernRhodeian mining town o Ndola. He wa to meet cloe to the bordero the Congo with the leader o the Katangee eceionit movement,Moie Thombe, in an eort to negotiate a peacel oltion to the civilwar, ater earlier eort by the United Nation to bring an end to theKatangee eceion had ailed dimally. The circmtance o the planecrah remain a matter o peclation, depite the nding o everalo cial commiion o inqiry that it wa mot probably the relt opilot error. Too many qetion remain to be anwered atiactorily, oit i no rprie that hal a centry later they rerace.1

1 For a concise overview on the different speculations and explanations, see ManuelFrhlich, The Unknown Assignation: Dag Hammarskjld in the Papers of George

Ivan Smith, in Beyond Diplomacy. Perspectives on Dag Hammarskjld,. Uppsala:Dag Hammarskjld Foundation 2008 (Critical Currents, no. 2), pp. 27-33. See for thelatest, most coherent and comprehensive effort to explore the dubious aspects of theplane crash, Susan Williams, Who Killed Hammarskjld? The UN, the Cold War andWhite Supremacy in Africa, London: Hurst 2011 and Rolf Rembe and Anders Hellberg,Midnatt i Kongo. Dag Hammarskjlds frlorade seger, Stockholm: Atlantis 2011.


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6 development dialogue december 2011 the united nations and regional challenges

The legacy Dag Hammarkjld created dring hi lietime, however,trancend the eort to reinvetigate the circmtance o hi death.2

Hi ethic, hi concept o olidarity, hi ene o ndamental niveralvale and hman right in combination with hi repect or the ml-titde o identitie within the hman amily have lot none o theirvale and relevance, and neither have the tandard he et in dicharginghi reponibilitie a the world highet international civil ervant andin playing a global leaderhip role.3 In particlar, the way he denedand exected hi dtie with regard to the people o Arica can becondently characteried a an act o international olidarity o a ortoten painlly lacking today.

Hammarkjld teadatne in navigating the maniold internationalinteret at play in the Congo and in eeking to implement hi policieremain exemplary. He reited all the eort and prere rom thehegemonic tate both in the Eat and Wet to give in. When the Sovietgovernment and it allie campaigned or Hammarkjld removal a alackey o Wetern imperialim, he delivered hi amo peech in theGeneral Aembly in early October 1960, which inclded the ollowingmemorable line:

It i not the Soviet Union or indeed any other Big Power who needthe United Nation or their protection, bt all the other. In thiene, the Organiation i rt o all their Organiation, and I deeplybelieve in the widom with which they will be able to e it andgide it. I hall remain in my pot dring the term o my O ce a aervant o the Organiation in the interet o all thoe other nation,a long a they wih me to do o.4

2 Suffi ce it to conclude that suspicions that certain Western interests could have been atplay in the plane crash are not completely unfounded or dismissed. This in itself pointsto the outstanding relevance of Hammarskjlds role as second Secretary-General ofthe United Nations, as also highlighted in some of the contributions to this volume andin the special issue of the African Journal on Conflict Resolution, vol. 11, no. 1, July 2011,on Southern Africa 50 years after Hammarskjld, published by the African Centrefor the Constructive Resolution of Disputes (ACCORD) in partnership with the DagHammarskjld in connection with the conference, at which it was launched.

3 See for recent acknowledgments of this role, Manuel Frhlich, Helmut Klumpjanand Henning Melber, Dag Hammarskjld (1905-1961). Fr eine friedliche Welt Ideenund Impulse des zweiten UN-Generalsekretrs, Frankfurt am Main: Brandes & Apsel2011; Manuel Frhlich, Political Ethics and the United Nations. Dag Hammarskjld asSecretary-General, Abingdon: Routledge 2008.

4 General Assembly Offi cial Records, Fifteenth Session, 883rd plenary meeting. NewYork, 3 October 1960, in Andrew W. Cordier and Wilder Foote (eds), Public Papers ofthe Secretaries-General of the United Nations. Volume V: Dag Hammarskjld 1960-1961,New York and London: Columbia University Press 1975, pp. 200f. As the record notes:Here the speech was interrupted for several minutes by a standing ovation.

Hammarskjlds steadfastnessin navigating the manifoldinternational interests at playin the Congo and in seekingto implement his policiesremains exemplary.Photo: UN Photo


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preface 7

He contined to tay on core in the beqent debate in the Se-crity Concil. On 13 Febrary 1961, he tated in another repone in

the Secrity Concil to contined demand or hi reignation over thepolicy in the Congo:

For even or eight month, throgh eort ar beyond the imagina-tion o thoe who onded thi Organization, it ha tried to contertendencie to introdce the Big-Power confict into Arica and pt theyong Arican contrie nder the hadow o the cold war. It ha doneo with great rik and againt heavy odd. It ha done o at the coto very great peronal acrice or a great nmber o people. In thebeginning the eort wa ccel, and I do not now heitate to aythat on more than one occaion the drit into a war with oreign-powerintervention o the Korean or Spanih type wa avoided only thank tothe work done by the Organization, baing itel on Arican olidarity.We eectively contered eort rom all ide to make the Congo ahappy hnting grond or national interet. To be a roadblock to cheort i to make yorel the target o attack rom all thoe who ndtheir plan thwarted[]From both ide the main accation wa a lacko objectivity. The hitorian will ndobtedly nd in thi balance oaccation the very evidence o that objectivity we were acced o

lacking, bt alo o the act that very many Member nation have not yetaccepted the limit pt on their national ambition by the very exitenceo the United Nation and by the memberhip o that Organization.5

Another intance o hi even-handedne toward the big power wahared by Stre Linnr (1917-2010) dring hi preentation o the annalDag Hammarkjld lectre in October 2007 in Uppala. Linnr wa atthe time o Hammarkjld death Under-Secretary-General in charge othe UN miion in the Congo. In Jly 1961, Preident J.F. Kennedy triedto intervene directly. Araid that Antoine Gizenga, pected o repreent-

ing Soviet interet, wold come to political power and then campaignor election a prime miniter, Kennedy demanded the UN hold pre-vent Gizenga rom eizing o ce. I the UN did not comply, Kennedyintimated, the United State o America and other Wetern power mightwithdraw their pport rom the UN. Reportedly, Hammarkjld, in aphone converation with Linnr, dimied thi nveiled threat with theollowing word: I do not intend to give way to any prere, be it romthe Eat or the Wet; we hall ink or wim. Contine to ollow the lineyo nd to be in accordance with the UN Charter.6

5 Second Statement after Soviet Demand for His Dismissal. New York, 13 February 1961.Security Council Offi cial Records, Sixteenth Year, 933rd meeting in ibid., pp. 349f.

6 Sture Linnr, Dag Hammarskjld and the Congo Crisis, 1960-61, in Sture Linnr andSverker strm, UN Secretary-General Hammarskjld. Reflections and PersonalExperiences. The 2007 Dag Hammarskjld Lecture, Uppsala: Dag HammarskjldFoundation and Uppsala University 2008, p. 26.


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Stre Linnr ended hi Dag Hammarkjld lectre with thee word:

The Congo crii cold eaily have provoked armed confict in otherpart o Arica, even led to a world war. It wa Dag Hammarkjldand no one ele who prevented that. And it i certain that or a -ering people he came to be een a a model; he broght light intothe heart o darkne.7

Since then, Arican people, people and tate have amed moreownerhip over their aair and achieved rther emancipation romcolonialim and the direct external infence impoed on their ocie-tie throgh the big power. Some o the challenge they ace todayare the reerence point or the conerence contribtion incldedin thi volme. We have, however, alo maintained the link to theHammarkjld legacy, which wa the original intention o the con-erence. One o the triking eatre o the deliberation wa indeedthe extent to which o many o the participant cold relate to thevale and norm repreented by the Secretary-General o long ago.The time have changed, a ha the United Nation, bt many o thedanting challenge then remain to be tackled today. We trt that thevario dimenion and perpective preented in the contribtion to

ollow tetiy to the relevance o the United Nation, the legacy oDag Hammarkjld and the need or local and regional ownerhip inreponibly addreing the obtacle on the road to greater jtice andeqality in or world.

***

7 Ibid., p. 29.

Sture Linnr


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preface 9

We acknowledge or appreciation or the dedicated work o the teamat the Dag Hammarkjld Fondation and the Department o Political

Science, Univerity o Pretoria in making thi high calibre event cha cce. We are alo gratel to the Department o Secrity Policy atthe Minitry or Foreign Aair o Sweden or granting the ndto organie thi academic and policy-relevant exchange a part o theactivitie commemorating Dag Hammarkjld legacy in thi, the 50thanniverary o hi ntimely death on 18 September 1961. The Embayo Sweden in Soth Arica provided mch appreciated additional p-port and added vale to thi endeavor.

We alo wih to thank Mattia Laon, Peter Colenbrander, WendyDavie and Robert terbergh or their reliable and capable pportin editing and laying ot the paper or pblication. We trt thi vol-me will erve a a valable contribtion to rther dicion o cr-rent topical ie and wil l ndercore the act that the Hammarkjldlegacy i not imply o hitorical ignicance bt alo remain relevantor the debate o today.


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Opening Contribtion

Welcome by Proeor Cheryl de laRey, Vice-Chancellor and Principalo the Univerity o Pretoria

Welcome to the Univerity o Pretoria on the occaion o thi eventthat mark the 50th anniverary o econd Secretary-General o theUnited Nation Dag Hammarkjld. On behal o the Univerity oPretoria commnity we are honored to hot thi eminar a it i odirect relevance not only to Soth Arica and the Arican region bt itreonate with contemporary ie within the Univerity itel.

Over the pat two decade the Univerity o Pretoria ha changedbtantially. What wa once a white Arikaan niverity i now thelarget contact niverity in Soth Arica with a divere, mlticltral

and mltilingal tdent poplation o over 45 000 contact edcationtdent and another 20 000 enrolled in ditance edcation. With a totalo over 65 000 tdent, we have aked orelve ndamental qe-tion abot the vale embedded in or crricla and or intittionalcltre. An otcome o thee dicion i that a a pblic niverityin a developing democracy, we have committed orelve to edcatinggradate who will not only have high qality degree bt gradatewho will alo demontrate qalitie o good citizenhip the qalitieand vale that are inherent in Hammarkjld legacy; a legacy that indobtedly relevant to the challenge we are acing in Arica today.

Crrent event here in Soth Arica and in or Arican region romlevel o interperonal violence to pblic violence o all orm leavelittle dobt that we have mch to learn in relation to deliberation,debate and dialoge. Dag Hammarkjld deep belie in dialoge andinter-cltral exchange wa exemplied in hi leaderhip behavior.He engaged with thoe portrayed a the other and he wa willing toengage in dialoge with thoe with whom he diered. In thi eminarwe have an opportnity to refect pon and learn rom hi commitment

to dialoge and debate in order to oter democracy and peace-bildingin or commnitie.


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I wih to expre appreciation to the Dag Hammarkjld Fondationbaed in Uppala, Sweden and or Department or Political Science

or creating thi opportnity to learn throgh thi eminar. Thank yotoo or the nancial pport o the Minitry or Foreign Aair in Swe-den and the Embay o Sweden to Soth Arica.

The Univerity o Pretoria a a changing Arican intittion i a well-choen vene or thi eminar, which dring the ollowing two daywill refect on The United Nation and Regional Challenge in Arica 50 Year ater the Death o Dag Hammarkjld.

The Administration Buildingof the University of Pretoria,or The Ship as it iscolloquially known.


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opening remarks 13

Statement by Peter Tejler

Ambaador o Sweden to SothArica

Both the lie o Hammarkjld, the man who came rom a mall then-netral contry to become the Secretary-General o the United Na-tion withot even being aware o hi candidacy beorehand, and hideath in prit o the vale he alway tried to phold, have given

rie to many opinion. Innmerable book and paper have dealt withthee ie. I will allow myel a more peronal point o departre andgive ome Swedih perpective on Hammarkjld. In my view, theeSwedih perpective are clearly viible in Hammarkjld tewardhipo the UN.

The rt relate to hi amily. Let tart with hi ather. The Ham-markjld amily i well-known in Sweden. A nmber o military menand civil ervant have throgh the centrie borne thi name and tilldo. Hi ather, Hjalmar, wa a law proeor, miniter o jtice, miniter

o edcation and provincial governor. Dring the Firt World War, hewa Sweden prime miniter, even thogh he wa not a member o anypolitical party. He wa criticied or hi principled or perhap infexibleview o international law. He alo eem to have been what we todaywold call a loner. The ather obvioly had an impact on Dag and Iwill revert to thi later. On hi mother ide, the amily backgrond wadierent and we meet cientit, clergymen and athor. Thi heritagealo had an infence on Dag, who, in parallel with hi impeccablecareer a a civil ervant, alo had a rich intellectal and pirital lie.

Dag had three ibling. Two became pecialit in international law andone became a writer. He tdied law at the niverity and gradatedwith a bachelor o law and a mater degree in political economy. Hewent on to tdy economic at Stockholm Univerity, writing a theientitled The Spread o the Bine Cycle. In 1936, at the age o 31, hewa appointed depty miniter o nance. Twelve year later, he becamethe permanent nderecretary the eqivalent o depty miniter atthe minitry or oreign aair, dealing mainly with international eco-nomic matter. At that time the world wa dealing with the atermath

o the Second World War and aw the onet o the Cold War and abipolar world.


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A ew year later, he wa appointed miniter withot portolio at theoreign minitry and became a member o the cabinet. At that time,

the Social Democrat were in power in Sweden, bt Hammarkjldwa not a member o any political party. He wa a civil ervant, noth-ing more and nothing le.

To clariy hi non-political poition he pblihed an article in a magazinecloely aociated with the Social Democratic party. In it, he wrote thatthe baic and el-evident tenet in the political ethic o a civil ervanti that he erve the ociety and not any grop, party or any otherpecial interet. Later in the ame article, he made direct reerence toAlbert Schweitzer, the German-peaking doctor rom Alace, writerand philoopher, who or hal a centry worked in today Gabon andwa one o Hammarkjld mot valed contemporary role model,althogh 30 year hi enior. Hammarkjld noted that Schweitzerbrand o ethic led to the obvio bordination o one peronal inter-et to the whole, with a morally mandatory loyalty rt to ociety ait emerge in a nation, bt econd to the greater concept o ocietyrepreented by internationalim.

With thi early tatement o conviction in mind, Hammarkjld later

real in the UN to bow to the great power, be they the US, UK,France or Soviet Union, cannot have been nexpected. In hi hitoricconrontation with Nikita Khrhchev over UN involvement in theCongo crii, he reed to comply with the Soviet leader demand thathe reign. He made it clear that it i not the Soviet Union or indeed anyother Big Power who need the United Nation or their protection,bt the other, and contined that he aw hi mandate a advocatingthe interet o weaker contrie. He reiterated hi determination tocontine on thi core by tating that, i it i the wih o thoe nationwho ee in the Organiation their bet protection in the preent world,

I hall now do o again. For me, thi i only the logical corollary o hiexplanation o why he had once agreed to erve in government a anon-political member o the Swedih cabinet.

It ha alo been aid that it wa Hammarkjld who minted the terminternational civil ervant. Whether thi claim i right or wrong, hiinterpretation o hi own mandate and obligation and the mandateand obligation o thoe who worked with him in the UN rom 1953 to1961 wa clear. In the ame vein, it i triking how oten Hammarkjld

ed the word integrity. It i a term we hear o oten today that, Iwold arge, it rik loing ome o it real vale. Bt thing were di-erent in Hammarkjld day and hi age o integrity t ngly intohi ndertanding o the role o the civil ervant.


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opening remarks 15

Againt thi backdrop, Hammarkjld attitde to the media i aloworth noting. Again, we mt remember the time. New, view and

inormation were dieminated mainly throgh radio and print media.It wa early day or TV and the internet, mobile phone and blog didnot exit. Bt Hammarkjld wa qick to ndertand the importanceo reaching ot to the media to get hi meage acro.

He held reglar pre brieng, made himel available or interviewand made pblic appearance. Hammarkjld matered or langage Englih, German, French and Swedih and althogh hi deliveryeem to have been lightly wooden and ti, he knew how to createpnch line, a the ollowing example amply illtrate:

The UN wa not created to take hmanity to heaven bt to ave itrom hell.

Never, or the ake o peace and qiet, deny yor own experienceor conviction.

Freedom rom ear cold be aid to m p the whole philoophyo hman right.

All three entence have le than 150 character What a Twitter!

30 December 1954

Before his departureon the first leg of his

mission to Beijing,the Secretary-

General issued astatement, while

movie and televisioncameras recorded the

proceedings.

Photo: UN Photo


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In thi repect, and in the way he looked at hi own role a civil erv-ant, or me Dag Hammarkjld wa a modern leader. He had a clear

viion or the UN and knew where he wanted to take the organiation,which, when he took over, had more or le allen into direpte andhad a dipirited Secretariat. It wa he who developed two o UN moted intrment: the peacekeeping operation rt ed dring theSez crii in 1956 and the good o ce o the Secretary-General aprecror to modern preventive diplomacy. Bt it i alo aid by ome oHammarkjld that he wa a loner, that he didnt know how to delegateand that he wa an athoritarian leader. There i alo ome trth in that.He didnt er ool gladly, bt who doe? He alo wrote many o hipeeche himel and oten took hi own minte.

So how did he ee himel? Let me give yo bt one example. A Ihave already noted, Hammarkjld wa alo a claic intellectal: hetranlated poetry into Swedih, wrote hi book Markings in whichone-ixth o the entrie are haik aphorim and kept p riendhipwith a nmber o well-known athor, Swedih and oreign. Upon thedeath o thi ather and now we retrn to him Dag cceeded hima a member o the Royal Swedih Academy, which award the Nobelprize or literatre. A tradition ha it, the new academy member peak

o hi predeceor. O hi ather, thi i what Dag aid: a matre man ihi own jdge. In the end, hi only olid pport i hi aithlne tohi own conviction. Advice rom other may be welcome and valable,bt doe not abolve a peron rom reponibility. Th he may becomevery lonely.

Thi eem like a proper decription o the on himel. Bt a i clearrom Markings, he wa hi own harhet critic. At the ame time, hiperonal riend decribe him a warm, timlating, intellectally chal-lenging and with a memory o nal capacity. For me, the nda-

mental legacy o Dag Hammarkjld i the mantra, Dont hn yorreponibility and remain aithl to yor conviction. It a valid todaya it wa then.


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opening remarks 17

Keynote by Mari Franman

Member o Parliament and DeptyMiniter or International Relationand Cooperation / Repblic oSoth Arica

We meet on the eve ater the birth o Arica newet tate and the UNlatet member tate. Few thing can ymbolie o cloely the intimateand intricate relationhip between the role o the UN in Arica in gen-eral and particlarly her role in addreing regional challenge.

At the otet I want to ay that I eel greatly honored to have been invitedto participate in thi Seminar, epecially organized arond ch an impor-tant topic that relate to the United Nation and it hitoric aociation withthe Continent o Arica. Allow me to expre my word o appreciationand thoe o the Department o International Relation and Cooperation

(DIRCO) to the joint organizer o thi Seminar, i.e. the Department oPolitical Science o the Univerity o Pretoria; the Dag HammarkjldFondation; and the Embay o Sweden reident here in Pretoria.

I believe it wold not be ot o place on thi occaion to alo ac-knowledge the role o Sweden and it people, in or liberation trggleand the contined pport in the democratic era in a myriad o way.Strengthening thi valable relationhip in the context o the broaderregional challenge in Arica cold perhap be the bet tribte to lieand ideal o Dag Hammarkjld.

I eel even more hmbled to have been reqeted to peak not only onthe United Nation and it long relationhip with the Arican Conti-nent, bt more o to refect on the contribtion o one o the UN betdiplomat and ormer Second Secretary General, Dag Hammarkjld.

A we meet here today and take time to refect on the legacy o thi greatman, we are encoraged by hi elfe dedication to erving the amilyo nation and hi open rebellion againt the oten-time nair inf-

ence o big power. It wa Hammarkjld who aid that he will remainin hi pot a a ervant o the United Nation in the interet o all thoeother nation. Fity-year ater hi death - we who till remain behind can only applad and live the vale that Hammarkjld epoed.


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A Soth Arica, we nd area o convergence between Hammarkjldvale o peace-bilding, ecrity and repect to hman right and the

vale that nderpin or oreign policy. A DIRCO, or argment ithat there will never be tainable development in Arica in the abenceo peace, and vice vera. In the ame breath, we can alo aociate or-elve with Hammarkjld' argment that withot the recognition ohman right we hall never have peace, and that it i only within theramework o peace that hman right can be lly developed.

We read with mch appreciation on the level o philoophical intellecto Hammarkjld, epecially hi aertion that the UN SecrityConcil exit primarily or ettling confict; whilt the UN Eco-

nomic and Social Concil exit primarily to eliminate the cae oconfict by working to change thee economic, emotional and ocialcondition, that create thee confict.

Mltilateralim remain important in or oreign policy, a the grow-ing complexity o international interaction in almot every phere ohman lie, make it imperative or to reconcile and harmonize thereqently conficting interet o contrie. Or viion remain that obilding an Arican continent that i propero, peacel, democratic,

non-racial, non-exit and nited - which contribte to a world thati jt and eqitable. In or participation within the mltilateral ytem,we embrace the pace in the knowledge that it aord an oppor-tnity to ignicantly contribte to the promotion and protection omltilateralim and the repect or international law.

We take particlar interet in the trengthening o eective partnerhipbetween the UN and regional organiation, in particlar the AricanUnion in the maintenance o international peace and ecrity, a wella the intenication o or hared work. Or brie hitory within the

mltilateral ytem attet to the act that we have already ndertakenprogramme in confict prevention, reoltion, management and pot-confict recontrction and peace-bilding in Arican contrie ch aSdan, Cte dIvoire, Brndi, the DRC and elewhere.

Fonded on October 24, 1945, among the rbble o two devatatingWorld War, the UN wa etablihed with the aim o tabilizing inter-national relation and to give peace a more ecre, global ondation.Depite the inevitable ongoing global challenge being aced by h-

mankind, the UN ytem ha achieved a remarkable degree o ccein o many important area.


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opening remarks 19

Among thee ccee that have let a lating legacy are: maintainingpeace and ecrity; helping to prevent nclear prolieration; helping

to provide hmanitarian aid to regee and other victim o confict;promoting democracy, development and hman right, epecially theright o women, children and other vlnerable grop; protecting theenvironment; and generating and maintaining worldwide commitmentin pport o the achievement o the Millennim Development Goal(MDG) the goal that nderpin or collective viion o a develop-ment trategy or a better, more propero and ecre tre.

Soth Arica remain a committed participant in the mltilateral ytem,principally becae, amongt other, we eek to promote a cltre o col-

lective reponibility and collective repone in dealing with challengeo the contemporary world. We have committed orelve to workingwith other like-minded member-tate toward improving the workingmethod o the Secrity Concil in order to make it a more legitimate,accontable, tranparent, repreentative and eective international body.

Like Hammarkjld whoe view otentime let hi adience bewil-dered by hi honety and deire to poitively change the working othe United Nation, o doe Soth Arica apire to amend the rle

ormlated in the pat by pecic interet grop, whether politicalor intittional becae we believe ome o thoe rle have beenrendered irrelevant by the march o time. Depite the attempt by ome

UN Secretary-GeneralDag Hammarskjld (right),photographed at London

Airport in 1956, uponarriving here on the first

lap of a six-week world tourduring which he would visit

15 UN member countries.With him is Mr. Ahmed S.

Bokhari, Under-Secretary incharge of Public Information.

Photo: UN Photo


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to paint a non-conormit, or approach i neither intended to beconrontational toward the major economic power o the world or

toward intittion o global governance. It i alo not amonting toganging-p with the weak and poor againt the powerl and rich.

Or view intead i that we believe that rather than complaining toorelve, we wold be better-o engaging thoe that hold dierentviewpoint and ollowing dierent vale-ytem, no matter how n-poplar or ideal may eem today. Jt like Hammarkjld view inthe early 1950, we believe we owe thi not only to orelve and thegeneration that came beore , bt mot importantly we owe thi tothe generation that will come ater , who will wonder how we wereable to trn a blind eye to in-eqality, nairne and injtice.

Soth Arica remain ready to orge alliance with other intereted na-tion, in a thorogh analyi o thee global ytem and rle createdover time that we believe diadvantage and perpetate ineqalityand nairne. We draw or corage rom what Nelon Mandela aidin hi Atobiography The Long Walk to Freedom that I learned thatcourage was not the absence o ear, but the triumph over it. The brave man is not

he who does not eel araid, but he who conquers that ear.

Thee word o widom deeply inorm the honety with which wepre or earch to nd eqitable oltion to the political, ocial,economic and ecrity challenge that conront or modern day globalenvironment.

We want to believe that Dag Hammarkjld, who paed-on eeking tond a peacel oltion to the nret, which ollowed the Independ-ence o the ormer Belgian Congo in 1960, will be prod to knowthat Soth Arica picked-p hi baton and enred that the Democratic

Repblic o Congo eventally embraced peace, depite the challenge.He will alo be relieved to know that the DRC wa, a we peak, bypreparing to hold it econd democratic election and that Soth Aricai helping her. When lat year the DRC celebrated 50 year o Inde-pendence rom Belgim, it wa a conrmation o Dag work and theendring natre o hi impeccable legacy o the trimph o peacelreoltion o confict within a mltilateral ramework.

In the pat decade the wind o change have wept acro the Arican

continent, leaving behind an Arica that i a lot more table than it wain the 1980 and early 1990. For example, in the 1980 there were onlyor democracie, and part o the continent took on an image o a war

22 June 1990

Nelson Mandela, DeputyPresident of the AfricanNational Congress, addressesthe Special Committee

against Apartheid convenedin his honour in the GeneralAssembly hall.Photo: UN Photo/Pernaca Sudhakaran


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opening remarks 21

zone. Many contrie had written o the Arican continent a a lotcae with little hope that it cold ever rie rom the ahe.

With time, a nmber o contrie, individally and collectively, tartedto take initiative aimed at creating political tability, promoting ocialcoheion and repect or cltral diverity. At or lat cont in early 2010,at leat 30 Arican contrie had acceded to the Arican Peer ReviewMechanim. In the year 2010, we alo witneed more than 20 Aricancontrie celebrating their 50th Year o Independence rom Colonialim,Apartheid and political bjgation. Thee are the living tetimonie othe eed that Hammarkjld planted thoe 50-odd year ago.

Soth Arica ha and will alway regard the Arican continent a thecenterpiece o it oreign policy, to which it hold mobilize a igni-cant amont o reorce toward peacemaking, peacebilding, peace-keeping and pot-confict recontrction. Thi i becae or viion ithat o an Arican continent that i propero, peacel, democratic,non-racial, non-exit, nited and which contribte to a world that ijt and eqitable.

Or view i that, or Non-Permanent Memberhip o the Secrity

Concil wold, amongt other, preent Soth Arica with an oppor-tnity to promote the Arican agenda; promote or national prioritie;and advance the maintenance o international peace and ecrity orocio-economic development to proper. It wold alo aord SothArica an opportnity to ignicantly contribte to the promotion andprotection o mltilateralim and the repect or international law; in-clding heightening the prole o or contry a a champion and agento change toward making or continent and the world better.

Thi wold be a contination o Soth Arica rm reolve o trength-

ening eective partnerhip between the UN and regional organization,in particlar the Arican Union in the maintenance o internationalpeace and ecrity. Similarly, being a member o both the UNSC andAU Peace and Secrity Concil (AUPSC) preent an opportnityor Soth Arica to contine it eort o bringing greater alignmentto the work o the UNSC and that o the AU, epecially the AUPSC.Memberhip in thee two organ wold enhance Soth Arica reolveo trengthening eective partnerhip between UN and regional orga-nization, in particlar the Arican Union in the maintenance o peace

and ecrity.

We look back with appreciation at the theme o the 65th eion othe General Aembly on rea rming the central role o the United


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Nation in global governance, which a Soth Arica, we elt reonatedwith what or global citizen, Nelon Mandela, aid abot thi body on

the occaion o it 50th anniverary, that (and I qote):

The United Nation ha to reae it role, redene it prole andrehape it trctre. It hold trly refect the diverity o ornivere and enre eqity among the nation in the exercie opower within the ytem o international relation in general, andthe Secrity Concil, in particlar.

In cloing and notwithtanding the above, or role in the SecrityConcil dring 2011 ntil 2012 wil l eek to pport and take orward,ome o the view, viion and vale that Dag Hammarkjld oghtto pre dring hi time. Or approach will be inormed by andreonate with the central thrt o or oreign policy, which tandon or pillar thee are:

Promoting and advancing the interet o or continent, incldingthe SADC b-region;

Working with contrie o the Soth to addre challenge onderdevelopment, or marginalization in the international ytem,

and promote eqity and ocial jtice globally;

Work with contrie o the North to develop a tre and eectivepartnerhip or a better world; and

Do or part to trengthen the mltilateral ytem, inclding ittranormation to refect the diverity o or nation, and enre itcentrality in global governance.

Let me take thi time to thank the organizer o thi eminar or inviting

the Department o International Relation and Cooperation to partici-pate and learn rom all the vario inpt by other peaker. DIRCOremain ready to partner with or non-tate actor in the exchange oview and the haring o idea.


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I want to invite thi orm to conider that the mot dire regionalchallenge that we are conronted with are not very dierent rom the

priority oc area that Arica oldet liberation movement (nearly 100year old) the Arican National Congre ha identied here in SothArica. Thee challenge are:

Job Creation

Eradicating poverty

Health and Edcation

Land reorm and Rral Devolopment

Uprooting crime and corrption

It i in the meare that we addre the impact o what we do on thelive o ordinary citizen, that hitory and tre generation will jdge. In thi repect the legacy o Dag Hammarkjold live on in the dailytrggle to improve the qality o lie o the people o Arica.

I thank yo!


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Contribtion to Panel Debate

Mediation, Confict Prevention,Reoltion and Pot-confictRecontrction

Carlos Lopes

The challenge aced by the UN contine nabated. What ew peoplerecognie i that the organiation mean keep decreaing rather thanincreaing, a a relt o o many new complexitie and mandate. Forintance, the o-called zero growth o the UN reglar bdget over thelat decade (exclding peacekeeping operation) i in act a ignicantdecreae, i infation and US dollar depreciation are taken into accont.A qick comparion with the Eropean Commiion ize and bdgettrend over the ame period i revealing. Even the exponential growth

o peacekeeping, rom abot 10,000 peacekeeper a decade ago, to morethan 120,000 today, i mileading. Mot o the growth occrred becaeo the e o the UN or non-priority peace eort. For a nmbero donor contrie it i convenient that le trategic or key confictare handled on the cheap by the UN traditional troop-contribtingcontrie, which are normally rom the Soth.

There i growing international polariation, btantiated by a higherlevel o neaine with concept and methodologie ed in mlti-

lateralim; a well a power hit that have ndermined the tradi-tional predictability o deciion-making in organ ch a the UNSecrity Concil. The concept o overeignty, or intance, i beingeroded on the one hand, and i hotage to deenive poition on theother. Sovereignty i being qetioned by international hmanitarianlaw, Reponibility to Protect, international criminal jtice or evenin the area o health and the environment, to name a ew. Yet it iovereignty that i invoked to top mot o the ar-reaching intergov-ernmental procee ch a thoe relating to trade, environment,diarmament and nclear prolieration rom moving orward.

Sch level o complexity trongly infence the perception we have opeace and ecrity a well a the role the UN hold play in them. Theway we dene confict i a good illtration o thi trth.


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Reearch condcted at Uppala Univerity1 ond that between the 1960and 1991, there wa a contant rie in the nmber o war and armed vio-

lence, which wa ollowed by a peak in 1992 with over 50 ongoing armedconfict. Thereater the trend ha revered, and in 2009 only 36 activearmed confict were recorded by the ame tdy (inclding the confictin Aghanitan, Iraq, Pakitan, Rwanda, Sri Lanka and Somalia). Over thelat ew year, the nmber o recorded confict ha hovered arond 30.

In order to ndertand the rationale behind the redction in the nmbero armed confict, it i important to recognie that many actor play arole and, oten, the poitive impact that economic growth and democra-tiation can have i overlooked. Mediation eort are alo ndamental toredcing the nmber o poible confict, bt mediation i being madedi clt by new challenge in relation to concept, theory and practice.

The majority o crrent confict are internal and eminently political.Abot 70 per cent o thee are taking place in Arica (inclding Sdan,Ethiopia, Somalia and the Democratic Repblic o the Congo). Theoverall redction in the nmber o violent confict can, in part, beattribted to the collective eort o the United Nation, other inter-national actor and regional organiation. We have een Arican tate

taking increaed reponibility throgh their b-regional ormation,while at the ame time recogniing that the peacel reoltion o di-pte remain a overeign dty.

The above raie a nmber o qetion, ch a: why ha a platea beenreached in the trend o a diminihing nmber o ongoing confict? What

1 Uppsala Conflict Data Program (www.ucdp.uu.se)

The overall reduction in thenumber of violent conflictscan, in part, be attributed

to the collective efforts ofthe United Nations, otherinternational actors andregional organisations.Photo: UN Photo/EricKanalstein


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contributions to panel debate 27

need to improve with regard to confict prevention and mediation eortin order to jmp tart the downward trend again? Can the downward

trend alone be attribted to the increaed mediation eort and a tainedpreventive eort aimed at otering economic growth and democratia-tion? Are or peacemaking initiative bearing rit? I thi i the cae, whatmight be ome o the reaon or the poitive trend not contining?

It i di clt to nd a conen in repone to thee qetion. It ipoible to accept, neverthele, that the natre o confict ha clearlychanged in the pat ew year. The oc on identity, acce to politicaldeciion-making and citizenhip are jt a ew area that have clearlyinfenced why people are willing to engage in violent trggle, i needbe, or their cae. Social condition, economic diparitie and acce or denial o acce to political power and deciion-making determineand infence how thee war are oght today.

Thi changing natre o confict, together with the increae in internalwar in peripheral area, poe everal dilemma, epecially with reer-ence to vlnerable actor, ch a children and women. Three dilemmao war conront today with acte complexity:

1. The increaing lack o ditinction between civilian and combatant,relting in the majority o caaltie today being among civilian.Thi i rther encoraged by the more and more common e ocivilian a hman hield and by the collateral damage relting romaerial bombardment, drone attack and other tactical directive.

2. The changing natre o combatant, which today oten incldewomen and children a active player. Thi raie qetion or in-ternational law, ch a whether to try a child perpetrator a an adltor a a child; whether the rle o engagement hold be dierent

when encontering a child; and whether children in detention needto be treated dierently. In addition, the new phenomenon o entitieotide command and control trctre ch a private contractorand roge Special Force add to the complex challenge o enringthat hman right and international hmanitarian law are repected.

3. The blrring o line between military and criminal activitie andbetween military and hmanitarian/development activitie. Power-l armed gang control political activitie and hit between crimi-

nal act and political action. The qetion arie a to whether theycan be een a confict partie, who hold be bond by the GenevaConvention and by tandard o international hmanitarian law, orwhether they only abide by criminal law. In addition, the line are


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increaingly blrred between military and hmanitarian actor, withhmanitarian and development activitie being carried ot by the

military, and in ome itation relying on the military or ecritycoverage. Thi ha led to the debate on the protection o hmanitar-ian pace and how the UN can bet erve the people. It alo raienew dilemma related to the UN being acced o complicity in warcrime, epecially in relation to hmanitarian actor.

Averting violent confict and promoting peace i central to the UnitedNation miion. The UN Secretary-General High Level Panel onThreat, Challenge and Change noted in 20042 that the primarychallenge or the United Nation and it member i to enre that[threat] that are ditant do not become imminent and thoe that areimminent do not actally become detrctive. The Panel therebyplaced preventive action at the very centre o collective ecrity andthe UN role in the world.

The changing dynamic reqire making the protection o civilian,epecially women and children, a primary goal or the UN. Advancehave been made throgh the inclion o the protection o civilianin peacekeeping mandate, bt more thinking need to be done to

enre the image o the UN i not at take when it i given a mandatethat i not poible to ll de to limited nmber o troop on thegrond or other contraint. Strong emphai need to be placed onthe protection o civilian and to thi end the UN oght to be pre-pared to be aertive, inclding ndertaking robt peacekeeping orhmanitarian prpoe, i need be.

A indicated in the 2011 World Development Report on Confict, Security, andDevelopment,3 not only have the threat changed, bt alo inecrityha become the primary development challenge o or time. Theexpreion o violence ha alo changed. Today, althogh tatiticallywe ee a decreae in the nmber o reported armed confict, we canoberve neverthele a teady increae in organied crime and crimi-nal activitie. The abence o the tate, in all or part o it territorie,irrepective o the reaon behind thi abence (or example, lacko capacity; reorce challenge; nwillingne to engage; politicallymotivated interet; corrption) leave room or drg-tra cking,money-landering, nancial criminal act, icide bombing, hman

2 Report of the High-level Panel on Threats, Challenges and Change: A more secureworld: Our shared responsibility (A/59/565, p.12).

3 World Development Report,Conflict, Security and Development (2011), World Bank:Washington DC.

We need to prioritise conflictprevention as part of thedevelopment agenda andidentify a clear threshold forconstructive involvement,if we are serious aboutpreventing armed conflict andviolations of universal humanrights. Photo: UN Photo/Albert Gonzalez Farran


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tra cking and the availability and e o mall arm to increae andforih. Thee are certainly not jt Arican problem, bt preent

in many part o the world, a evident, or example, in Colombianand Mexican drg cartel, Central American, politically motivatedgang war maras hman and organ tra cking in Eatern Erope,money-landering activitie in Central Aia and criminality withinghetto in Eropean metropolie.

Trannational organied crime i an additional threat, which call ora reviiting o ome o the traditional confict prevention analyi andapproache. Confict prevention i a term ed to cover a wide range

o engagement and tool, rom proximate or operational prevention(inclding repone to crie) to trctral prevention (addreingpolitical, ocial and economic alt-line), peacemaking eort car-ried ot in a timely manner and peacebilding initiative, to preventthe recrrence o violent confict. Recent work on mearing theimpact o peacebilding in the immediate atermath o confict hahown that the eqencing and prioritiing o action i ndamental.

We need to prioritie confict prevention a part o the development

agenda and identiy a clear threhold or contrctive involvement,i we are erio abot preventing armed confict and violationo niveral hman right. Recent experience in Libya and Cted'Ivoire how that the repone ha come too late. There i a renewedneed to move rom reaction to prevention.

At the ame time, there are already nmero mechanim ar-ticlating a wide range o norm and vale all aimed at confictprevention, reoltion and pot-confict recontrction. In addi-tion to the United Nation, the Arican Union Peace and SecrityArchitectre (APSA), lanched in 2002, inclde mechanim cha the Peace and Secrity Concil, a Continental Early WarningSytem, a Panel o the Wie (a an enhanced mediation capacity),an Arican tand-by orce and a pot-confict recontrction anddevelopment ramework. Thi i an impreive change.

Available tool ch a mediation have been ed to addre mtalmitrt and lack o condence. Mediator acilitate the tranorma-tion o actor perception o the confict ie at take and aim to helppartie identiy root cae a well a the critical need and intereto all concerned o that mtally benecial and tainable oltionmay be orged. They alo play a ignicant role in acilitating ceaere


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agreement, which demontrate that mediation can be a high-rikproce or which condence-bilding i at the core. Another mecha-

nim that i oten tilied i diplomatic action (or example, throghthe good o ce o the Secretary-General) to bring hotile partie toan agreement, eentially throgh non-military mean ch a thoeenviaged in Chapter VI o the UN Charter. Third-party acilitationi alo oten ed to re-etablih a table political proce and dialogebetween contending political leader and elite.

Focing pecically on Arica, it i important to reiterate that theprotocol that etablihed the AU Peace and Secrity Concil alo

pecically tiplate that in the llment o it mandate in thepromotion and maintenance o peace, ecrity and tability in Arica,the Peace and Secrity Concil hall cooperate and work cloely withthe United Nation Secrity Concil. A nmber o joint meetingo the UN Secrity Concil and the AU Peace and Secrity Concilhave taken place.

To conclde, rened, timely and trategic early warning inormationand analyi can help inorm concerned actor. However, a we know,

it i early action that i reqired to ave live and promote ocial cohe-ion, tability and, ltimately, properity, and Dag Hammarkjldlegacy in the area o preventive diplomacy i today more enlighten-ing than ever. Or modern global challenge with their complexityand interconnectedne have tranormed the natre o confict,a we have een. Neverthele, the ability to prevent ch conficthold till be at the heart o the international commnity' goal.New, complex and innovative oltion are reqired. Thi i whereDag Hammarkjld talent in reolving and preventing confict,

rather than managing them, hold till erve a a leon to all mod-ern mediator. Hi kill diplomatic preventive action, modelor coalition-making, and ability to accept rik dring mediationpaved the way or a new, modern type o early warning and ac-tion that till repreent a beacon or today mltilateral diplomacy.He wa alo the real developer o the peacekeeping tool the UNtill e today. The bet recognition we can oer hi memory i tokeep the high moral tandard he enhrined, while renewing orapproache to better meet today challenge.


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Dag Hammarkjld Legacy

- The United Nation and AricaJan Axel Nordlander

Dag Hammarkjld' viion wa a United Nation Organiation a atool or the common good o mankind: or peace, jtice, hman rightand democratic principle.

The UN legacy in Arica i o core rt and oremot decoloniation.Dring Hammarkjld' term o o ce, ome 25 Arican nation becameindependent. It i againt thi backgrond that the Secretary-Generaltrong emphai on the United Nation a not only a orm bt alo aaegard or mall and emerging tate whether in term o race,poplation or trength i o crcial importance.

Hammarkjld alo introdced the rt armed peacekeeping orce, theUnited Nation Emergency Force, in Egypt and Irael, th partly inArica. Still today the United Nation provide ix peacekeeping opera-tion in thi continent.

International pblic law i a prereqiite or the emancipation o malland emerging tate a well a or monting international peacekeepingoperation. Dring the 50 year that have paed ince Hammarkjld'demie, the body o international law a an elaboration and codica-tion o the Univeral Declaration o Hman Right o 1948 ha growntremendoly, and o have related area, ch a hmanitarian law andthe law o war, inclding pioneering legilation on genocide, crime

againt hmanity and other area.

It cold be aid that we now have a airly atiactory internationallegal ramework or the protection o hman right and againt viola-tion by tate. The implementation o thee law i, however, ar leatiactory, or the application o international pblic law ret ponthe rle o law in individal tate and, nortnately, law doe not rleeverywhere or ele it rle only when een a convenient. Narrow andhortighted interet oten obtrct ch thing a the repect or anindependent jdiciary, and or enorcing verdict, and thereore impedethe implementation o international law. According to the World JticeProject and their 2011 Rle o Law Index, Soth Arica rank bet inb-Saharan Arica, cloely ollowed by Ghana, while all other tate


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gre in the lat tier o the global ranking o the rle o law a actimportant to conider when we want to dic regional challenge!

It i not my intention to grade tate or to point nger, bt to explorereaon and poible remedie. In the beginning I mentioned the legacyo the United Nation in the decoloniation o Arica. The right to el-determination, the rt article o the Covenant on Civil and PoliticalRight, indeed tand a both a relt and a tool o the decoloniationproce.

Dring the many eion o the UN Hman Right Concil which Ihave attended, I have oten heard repreentative o o-called Third Worldcontrie peak againt propoed action o the Concil, ch a adoptinga contry reoltion, calling a pecial eion or dipatching a commiiono inqiry to a contry where pected hman right abe were tak-ing place. Sometime there wold be ombre motive or the reitance,bt more oten than not, thoe repreentative were not peaking againtrepect or hman right bt trying to aegard what wa to them theoverriding principle o national overeignty, ndertandably dear epe-cially to thoe nation that have been independent only or ome 50 year.

Let me jt tate that I believe it neceary to de-dramatie the concepto overeignty in order to promote the implementation o internationalpblic law. Ater all, 192 tate gave p a piece o their overeignty al-ready when they became member o the UN. Did that hrt a lot? UNUnder-Secretary-General Kigo Akaaka aid, at another Hammarkjldcommemorative event in Finland earlier thi year, that [g]overnmenthold give priority to the general global good rather than to pecicnational interet. A pio expectation, bt I wold hope not totallynrealitic ince the tre o individal tate i increaingly linked toor interdependent global tre.

Hammarkjld' main legacy, a we have een, i peace, althogh peaceha evaded many Arican nation or long year. Another legacy i h-manitarian principle in international relation, inclding joint hman-itarian action by the international commnity, perhap bet illtratedby the work o the UNHCR, a Nobel Peace Prize winner in 1954.In the 1960 the decoloniation proce prodced ma migration andthe rt o Arica nmero regee crie. The reponibility o theUNHCR now alo encompae a large nmber o internally diplaced

peron althogh their mandate i nclear in that repect. The needo the regee or the diplaced are not limited to hmanitarian pportbt inclde a very important protection mechanim, ideally a mirror ointernational olidarity.

Hammarskjld's main legacy,as we have seen, is peace,although peace has evadedmany African nations for longyears. Photo: UN Photo/MB


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The nmber o regee and diplaced peron in b-Saharan Aricaha declined rom 3.4 million to 2 million in 10 year. That i a ign that

peace and tability i gaining grond, bt the gre remain high. SothArica alone hot 222,000 aylm eeker, a compared to 236,000 inall o the Eropean Union 27 member tate. Still, certain contrie othe Eropean Union are o pet at thee nmber that new meareto contrct a Fortre Erope are being propoed.

Here in Arica the oremot UN legacy in hman right i the role theworld organiation played in dimantling apartheid and in adopting theConvention on Elimination o all orm o Racial Dicrimination in 1965.

I don't think that Hammarkjld believed that hi legacy cold be im-plemented qickly: ye, he wa an idealit, bt alo very aware o thereqirement orealpolitik. Peace i not yet attained everywhere, bt theUnited Nation play a very important role in maintaining peace whereit ha been attained, the very recent example i o core the UnitedNation Miion in Soth Sdan. Democracy ha gained grond in A-rica, at leat a an nconteted principle. Jtice and rle o law remaina dream or many, bt there i an Arican Hman Right Commiionand Cort. The annal rvey o hman right in the world, preented

by Sweden oreign miniter lat week, indicate that while there areeveral dark pot o erio violation, the general trend i encoraging,inclding in Arica. And lat bt not leat, poverty i being beaten back.


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A Legacy o the UN and Arica

Dumisani S. Kumalo

One cannot dic the legacy o Secretary-General Dag Hammarkjldwithot recalling the time at which he wa at the helm o the UnitedNation.

Many Arican contrie gained independence and joined the UN dr-ing Hammarkjld nal year a Secretary-General. It really mattered

who wa the peron to receive the credential o the repreentativeo thoe contrie and liten to the ie they broght along to thipremier international orm. Having erved or ten year in the UnitedNation in New York, and alo having been aociated with the UNor everal year beore that, I can are yo that thi wa an importantdimenion or Arica, and thi come ot in everything that i writtenabot Dag Hammarkjld a Secretary-General.

The act that thee day the UN role and impartiality i being qe-tioned, epecially in Arica, can alo be traced to the leaderhip o theUnited Nation in thi crrent period.

Let remember that the UN i a croroad literally on Firt Aveneand 42nd Street in New York where hmanity, in the orm o theGeneral Aembly, gather once a year to meet and dic challengeand lay down brden we all ace. For thoe working within the UN, itremain orever a complicated intittion. For thoe on the otide whocome once a year, it can be an almot bewildering place.

So, or the new and decolonied Arican contrie that came to berepreented in New York at the end o the 1950 and the beginning othe 1960, it mattered that there wa a peron like Secretary-GeneralHammarkjld. The act that he wa, a Henning Melber ha pt it,a man o ncompromiing integrity, helped Arican tate nd theircondence and, indeed, their own direction in the UN.

There are many qalitie that Hammarkjld let a a legacy to the UN.The paper beore thi conerence, particlarly the commemorativeie pblihed by ACCORD, have captred thoe qalitie in greatdetail. For me, however, two ndamental qalitie tand ot in thelegacy that Hammarkjld let the UN and the world.


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The rt one o thee wa hi teadat adherence to the principle oimpartiality a Secretary-General. Article 100 o the UN Charter tate

that the Secretary-General and hi or her ta hall not eek or receiveintrction rom any Government or rom any athority external tothe Organization. It rther tate that each Member o the UN n-dertake to repect exclively the international character and reponi-bilitie o the Secretary-General and the ta and not eek to infencethem in dicharge o their reponibilitie.

Anyone one who ha erved either a Secretary-General or even on theenior ta o the UN can give many example o how the powerlmember o the UN have oten ignored Article 100 and tried to bllytheir way throgh the organiation to get what they want.

I can give yo many peronal example o occaion when I have toodp to ome o the big power, and ometime cceeded in embarra-ing them into remembering that there i ch an article in the Charter.Very oten, they have got thing their own way. A Secretary-General,even Hammarkjld wa not immne to thee prere.

Perhaps Hammarskjldbest demonstrated the

protection of sovereignty in1960 when he dispatched a

peacekeeping mission to theCongo in order to protect

the sovereignty of the Congo,as he himself described it.

Left: Nurse Ayana with NurseZenawit Ayele, leaving the

Brigade Headquarters. 1960.Photo: UN Photo/JH


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The econd principle Hammarkjld emphaied wa the overeigntyo tate, which i enhrined in the UN Charter. I am aware that ov-

ereignty ha become controverial over the year a ome leader try tohide behind it o a to get away with denying their citizen their hmanright. However, I till believe that jt becae overeignty ha beenabed by ome, doe not mean it hold be denied to everyone ele.Perhap Hammarkjld bet demontrated the protection o overeigntyin 1960 when he dipatched a peacekeeping miion to the Congo inorder to protect the overeignty o the Congo, a he himel decribedit. The act that the itation in the Congo ha remained challengingince then doe not mean that Congolee overeignty wa not impor-tant then or i not eqally important now.

We have recently witneed two event in Arica that how how thingcan go wrong when the principle o overeignty and the impartialityo the UN are compromied. In Cte Ivoire, we watched or the rttime ever and I dare ay that or ome o it wa with aboltehorror and adne UN peacekeeper being intrcted to ght along-ide the army o one o the powerl member o the UN and to attacka overeign Arican member tate, one which ironically, cold not evenbe dened a an enemy nder Article 53 o the UN Charter.

In Cte Ivoire, we watchedfor the first time everUN peacekeepers beinginstructed to fight alongsidethe army of one of thepowerful members of theUN and to attack a sovereignAfrican member state.Photo: UN Photo/Basile Zoma


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In Libya, once again we watched the UN ide with NATO and itpowerl pporter to engage in regime change nder the gie o

protecting civilian. Ironically, it wa the ame NATO that ided withthe Belgian orce and againt Dag Hammarkjld when the over-eignty o the Congo wa threatened in 1960.

The qetion beore , then, i: how do we try to protect and promotethe legacy that Hammarkjld let ?

I believe that in Arica, we have to become more committed to reolvingor own confict on the continent. We mt protect and promotehman right and women right, and ght againt the corge opoverty and dieae. Thee are thing we can do in partnerhip with orriend rom other contrie bt not nder the direction and control och riend. The ltimate challenge i or a Arican to how leader-hip and take reponibility or or aair. There i a aying, which I rtheard a a child, that God help thoe who help themelve. Maybe avariation on thi cold be that the world hold help thoe who helpthemelve, bt withot intererence.

Dag Hammarjld came ot o hi native Sweden convinced that the

world wold be a better place i the pirital otherne o each o were recognied and repected. Againt great odd, and in the ace othe powerl contrie, which did not want to be contradicted, DagHammarkjld tood or what he believed wa right. In the end, he lothi lie o doing. And the UN, Arica and indeed the whole world i abetter place or hi elfe contribtion. It i p to to walk in hioottep.


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Keynote Lectre

Dag Hammarkjld- Ethic, Solidarity andGlobal Leaderhip

Henning Melber

Sit on the grond and talk to people.That the mot important thing.

It wa not a ocial anthropologit who provided thi advice. Rather, thiwa the anwer given by Dag Hammarkjld, the econd Secretary-General o the United Nation, when aked over dinner by hi riendJohn Steinbeck what wold matter mot dring a world tor.1 Hehad ollowed a imilar approach (thogh not necearily itting on the

grond while talking to the people) dring a ve-week trip throghlarge part o Arica. The jorney, rom 22 December 1959 to the endo Janary 1960, took him to more than 20 contrie on the continent,over which the wind o change had begn to blow. Upon hi retrnon 31 Janary, he declared:

I wold ay that thi experience over thi long jorney make mele inclined than ever to generalize, le than ever willing to ay thior that abot Arica or thi or that abot the Arican, becae jt

a there i very mch in common, epecially the apiration, therei alo an enormo diverity o problem, o attitde, and o tradi-tion. In ch a way, the jorney make me both a little bit wier anda lot more hmble.2

In a beqent pre conerence, Hammarkjld elaborated on the ap-proach he had otlined to hi riend Steinbeck:

1 Per Lind and Bengt Thelin, Nature and Culture: Two Necessities of Life, in Sten Askand Anna Mark-Jungkvist (eds), The Adventure of Peace: Dag Hammarskjld and the

Future of the UN, New York and London: Palgrave Macmillan 2005, p. 99 (quoted inRoger Lipsey, Dag Hammarskjld and Markings: A Reconsideration, Spiritus. A Journalof Christian Spirituality, vol. 11, no. 1, spring 2011, p. 89).

2 Airport Statement on Return from African Trip, New York, 31 January 1960 (UN PressRelease SG/895, 31 January 1960), in Andrew W. Cordier and Wilder Foote (eds), PublicPapers of the Secretaries-General of the United Nations. Volume V: Dag Hammarskjld

1960-1961, New York and London: Columbia University Press 1975, p. 522.


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Yo can ay that to tay in a contry one night or two night cannotgive mch o an experience. Well, rt o all, it can. It can becae,

i yo break throgh the wall and i yo have the neceary back-grond knowledge, even a talk o one hor can tell yo more thanvolme [] It i not in particlar what yo can learn in thi or thatcity or rom thi or that man that give yo valable ndertandingo the itation. It i what he ay and what yo ee in one city eenin the light o what yo have heard other ay and what yo haveeen in other citie.3

Hammarkjld jorney to Arica wa not a mere ighteeing excr-ion, nor what we in crrent jargon wold call a qick and dirty con-ltancy job. It wa not merely a ymbolic getre by omeone alreadypreoccpied with all the problem o the world at the height o theCold War. Hammarkjld decribed it in the ame pre conerence aa trictly proeional trip or tdy, or inormation.4 The trip attetedto hi general mindet and practice o eeking dialoge with other toexplore the common grond o hmanity.

Dring the inagration o the Congre or International Cooperationin Arica at the Univerity Intitte o Somalia on 14 Janary 1960 he

made reerence to the Renaiance (a catchword that wold reracein the Arican context 40 year later). Commenting on the main chal-lenge acing Arican leader, he tated:

The two problem they will have to olve i to create an internationalworld, a world o niverality and nity, and on the other hand toave not only what I wold like to call the peronality o Arica,bt the peronality o each contry, each grop, in thi wonderllyrich continent [] what i needed i nity with diverity, diverityrepected within the ramework o an even deeper repect or nity.5

Thi pledge to reconcile the niqe with the niveral wa by no meanan appeal to abandon globally applicable tandard, vale and norm inavor o particlarim. For him, there exited a dialectical relationhipbetween the local and the global in the ene o the national and theinternational. At Stanord Univerity in Palo Alto nearly ve year earlier,in Jne 1955, he had devoted an addre entitled The World and theNation to thi inter-relatedne. In hi talk, he dened the ndamentalchallenge a ollow: The qetion i not either the nation orthe world.

3 From Transcript of Press Conference. New York, 4 February 1960 (UN Note toCorrespondents No. 2108, 4 February 1960), in ibid., p. 525.

4 Ibid., p. 524.

5 Extemporaneous Remarks at Inauguration of the Congress for InternationalCooperation in Africa at the University Institute of Somalia, Mogadiscio, Somalia, 14January 1960, in ibid., p. 515.


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keynote lectures 41

It i rather, how to erve the world by ervice to or nation, and how toerve the nation by ervice to the world.6

He conidered the United Nation a the relevant link to enhance thicro-ertiliation and to enre that we do not get lot in particlar ob-crantim in hiding behind the hield o national overeignty. For him,the United Nation wa an expreion o or will to nd a yntheibetween the nation and the world.7 When pon hi retrn rom hi viitto the Arican contrie, a jornalit inqired at the pre conerencewhether the ideological trend in Arica tem rom the inner realitie ac-ing Arican lie today or whether they refect the oten repeated clich ooreign ideology, Hammarkjld clarication let no dobt:

I do not think that the right o man i a oreign ideology to anypeople and that, I think, i the key to the whole ideological trctrein Arica at preent. It may be that the mot eloqent and the motrevoltionary expreion o the right o man are to be ond inWetern philoopher and Wetern thinking, bt that certainly doenot make the idea a Wetern idea impoed on anybody.8

The ndamental ethic that were hi moral compa in hi commitment

a a global leader are obvio in thee conviction, which gided hiengagement not only with Arican realitie. Not rpriingly, hi role athe highet international civil ervant repreenting the global governanceintittion etablihed ater the Second World War a the United Nationwa baed on vale that were permeated by a notion o olidarity. On 26Janary 1960, toward the end o hi Arican jorney, he declared at theecond eion o the Economic Commiion o Arica in Tangier:

Partnerhip and olidarity are the ondation o the United Nationand it i in order to tranlate thee principle into practical meare

o economic cooperation that we are gathered today in thi hall[] The emergence o Arica on the world cene, more than anyother ingle phenomenon, ha orced to reappraie and rethinkthe natre o relationhip among people at dierent tage o de-velopment, and the condition o a new ynthei making room oran accelerated growth and development o Arica.9

6 The World and the Nation, Commencement Address at Stanford University, Palo Alto,California, 19 June 1955 (UN Press Release SG/426, 18 June 1955), in Andrew W. Cordier and

Wilder Foote (eds), Public Papers of the Secretaries-General of the United Nations. Volume II:Dag Hammarskjld 1953-1956, New York and London: Columbia University Press 1975, p. 509.

7 Ibid., p. 512.

8 From Transcript of Press Conference, op. cit., pp. 533-4.

9 Statement at the Second Session of the Economic Commission for Africa, Tangier,Morocco, 26 January 1960 (UN Press Release SG/890, 25 January 1960), in Andrew W.Cordier and Wilder Foote (eds), Public Papers ... Volume V, op. cit., p. 517.

Partnership and solidarity arethe foundations of the UnitedNations. Photo: Paul Fris


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Hammarkjld then reverted to a peech he had given a ew month earlierat the Univerity o Lnd in Sweden, with the title Aia, Arica, and the

Wet. It attet to the enlightened view o the Secretary-General. Onthat occaion, he had reminded hi adience that nobody hold orgetthat colonization refected a baic approach which may have been wellonded in certain limited repect, bt which oten mirrored ale claim,particlarly when it toched on pirital development. Applied generally,it wa ntenable.10

Commenting on the Wetern perpective o the early 20th centry,Hammarkjld ond it triking how mch they did notee and did nothear, and how even their mot poitive attempt at entering into a world odierent thoght and emotion were colored by an nthinking, el-aredperiority.11 For Hammarkjld, the richet atiaction lay in meetingdierent pirital tradition and their repreentative, provided one ap-proache them on an eqal ooting and with a common tre goal in mind.He wa condent that thi approach wold enre progre in the direc-tion o a hman commnity which, while retaining the pecial charactero individal and grop, ha made e o what the vario branche o theamily o man have attained along dierent path over thoand o year.12

He clearly dimied any claim to periority over other baed on anykind o natralit concept o dominance rooted in ppoed biologicaladvancement and alo qetioned the legitimacy oght by dominantclae to jtiy their privilege:

The health and trength o a commnity depend on every citizen eelingo olidarity with the other citizen, and on hi willingne, in the nameo thi olidarity, to holder hi part o the brden and reponibilitie othe commnity. The ame i o core tre o hmanity a a whole. Andjt [a] it cannot be arged that within a commnity an economic pper

cla hold it avored poition by virte o greater ability, a a qalitywhich i, a it were, veted in the grop by natre, o it i, o core, impo-ible to maintain thi in regard to nation in their mtal relationhip.13

He thereore conclded:

We th live in a world where, no more internationally than nationally,any ditinct grop can claim periority in mental git and potentialitie

10 Asia, Africa, and the West, Address Before the Academic Association of the University of Lund,Lund, Sweden, 4 May 1959 (UN Press Release SG/813, 4 May 1959), in Andrew W. Cordier andWilder Foote (eds), Public Papers of the Secretaries-General of the United Nations.Volume IV: DagHammarskjld 1958-1960, New York and London: Columbia University Press 1974, p. 381.

11 Ibid., p. 382 (original emphasis).

12 Ibid.

13 Ibid., p. 383.


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keynote lectures 43

o development [] Thoe democratic ideal which demand eqal op-portnitie or all hold be applied alo to people and race [] no

nation or grop o nation can bae it tre on a claim o premacy.14

He condently proclaimed that the Organization I repreenti baed ona philoophy o olidarity.15 Hi advice to Erope wa that the bet andondet way to perpetate (it) cltral heritage i to meet other peopleand other cltre in hmble repect or the niqe git that they, in trn,have oered and till oer to hmanity and remind the continent peo-ple that it i a ign o the highet cltre to be really capable o litening,learning, and thereore alo reponding.16

He conclde with a telling peronal anecdote, hared with him by a col-leage rom Aia who wa edcated at Eropean niveritie.17

He once told me how, in hi early yoth, he lived with and loved theRbaiyat o Omar Khayyam. He thoght he had made the original textentirely hi own, ntil he came to Britain and became acqainted withFitzgerald tranlation. Then, thi in trn became in the academicrronding that began to tranorm him hi real Rbaiyat [...] Heretrned home, however, and again ond Omar Khayyam poem

ch a he had once made them hi own. The pendlm kept winging,and, he conclded, even today I do not know which Rbaiyat i mine,Omar or Fitzgerald.18

Hammarkjld end the tory and hi peech with the viion: We mtreach the day whenall o can enjoy in common the Rbaiyat and theact that we have it both in Omar and in Fitzgerald verion. 19

Hi mlticltral viion challenge the predominant hegemonic world-view. It promote a conter-cltre o global hmanity eeking or

commonalitie while being baed on repect or dierence. By being aSwedih world citizen, combining a trong ene o cltral belongingwith comopolitan openne, Hammarkjld howed that rm root inone own ociety, in it hitory and cltre, are not obtacle or limita-tion bt a valable point o departre, provided they are not taken athe one and only abolte trth. Awarene o one own pbringing ina pecic ocial context, anchoring one identity in a ramework gided

14 Ibid., p. 384.

15 Ibid.

16 Ibid., p. 385.

17 According to the editors it was Ahmed Bokhri, a UN Under-Secretary who died inDecember 1958. Ibid., p. 380.

18 Ibid., pp. 386f.

19 Ibid., p. 387.


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by a et o vale, allow or crioity toward otherne and explorationo the nknown or one own benet and gain. There are no rik in

entering a dialoge with tranger i one know where one come rom.

Hammarkjld exchange with the Jewih philoopher Martin Bbertetiy to thi conviction a doe the dialoge he practied in earch ooltion to confict and dierence deeply entrenched in pecic et ovale, norm or cltral ocialiation. On 16 April 1958, ve day aterhi re-election a the UN Secretary-General, Dag Hammarkjld, in aletter to Bber expreed hi admiration or Bber philoophy o nitycreated ot o the manyold.20

Perhap a little rpriingly, thi exchange in it btance reonated to omeextent with the later emancipatory gopel o the Pedagogy o the Oppressed:eeming tranger, a Palo Freire emphaied, can throgh mtal empathybecome ellow hman being who can relate to one another depite all di-tinction. In becoming aware o their commonality a hman being, pecicknowledge wrongly generalied a niveral knowledge can be modi-ed and tranormed throgh interaction and exchange among eqal andthereby trned into common knowledge acro bondarie. A Freire pt it:

The radical committed to hman liberation, doe not become the prionero a circle o certainty within which reality i alo imprioned. On thecontrary, the more radical the peron i, the more lly he or he enterinto reality o that, knowing it better, he or he can better tranorm it. Thiperon i not araid to meet people or enter into dialoge with them. Thiperon doe not conider himel or herel the proprietor o hitory oro all people, or the liberator o the oppreed; bt he or he doe commithimel or herel, within hitory, to ght at their ide.21

In thi ene, Dag Hammarkjld a the meared diplomat and loyal civil

ervant he wa diplayed the virte o a radical peron.

Hammarkjld alo had a trong ene o the need or economic jtice.In hi lat addre to ECOSOC, he linked the principle o national ov-ereignty to the belie that international olidarity and ocial concionemt go hand in hand by:

[] accepting a a baic potlate the exitence o a world commnity orwhich all nation hare a common reponibility [] to redce the di-

20 Quoted in Lou Marin, Can we save true dialogue in an age of mistrust? The encounterof Dag Hammarskjld and Martin Buber, Uppsala: Dag Hammarskjld Foundation 2010(Critical Currents, no. 8), p. 11.

21 Paulo Freire, Pedagogy of the Oppressed, New York: Continuum 1996, p. 21.

The introduction to the16th annual report of theUnited Nations becameHammarskjlds lastprogrammatic statement.Submitted a month beforehis untimely death, itsummarises his legacy in

terms of ethics, solidarityand global leadership.Photo: UN Photo/MB


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keynote lectures 45

paritie in level o living between nation, a reponibility parallel to thataccepted earlier or greater economic and ocial eqality within nation.22

The introdction to the 16th annal report o the United Nation becameHammarkjld lat programmatic tatement. Sbmitted a month beorehi ntimely death, it mmarie hi legacy in term o ethic, olidarityand global leaderhip. It reiterated hi rm belie in the eqality o peopleand ocietie, a dierent rom each other a thee might be perceived to be:

In the Preamble to the Charter, Member nation have rea rmed theiraith in the eqal right o men and women and o nation large andmall, a principle which alo ha ond many other expreion in theCharter. Th, it retate the baic democratic principle o eqal politicalright, independently o the poition o the individal or o the Membercontry in repect o it trength, a determined by territory, poplationor wealth. The word jt qoted mt, however, be conidered a goingrther and imply an endorement a well o a right to eqal economicopportnitie.23

Importantly, Hammarkjld once again doe not content himel with pro-claiming noble potlate by making loty reerence to an abtract eqality.

A a trained economit, who deended hi PhD with no le a peronthan Gnnar Myrdal a diptant (who diagreed with Hammarkjld onthe argment in hi thei bt advocated the award o the highet markor the ndiptable qality o hi analye), he never loe ight o theocioeconomic dimenion o ineqality. It i thereore no coincidence thathe retrn to tre the right to eqal economic opportnitie:

So a to avoid any mindertanding, the Charter directly tate that thebaic democratic principle are applicable to nation large and mall andto individal withot ditinction a to race, ex, langage and religion,

qalication that obvioly cold be extended to cover other criteriach a, or example, thoe o an ideological character which have beened or may be ed a a bai or political or economic dicrimina-tion [] The demand or eqal economic opportnitie ha, likewie,been and remain o pecic ignicance in relation to thoe verycontrie which have more recently entered the international arena anew tate. Thi i natral in view o the act that, motly, they have beenin an navorable economic poition, which i refected in a mchlowerper capita income, rate o capital pply, and degree o technical

22 Quoted in Sakiko Fukuda-Parr, Poverty and Inequality Challenges in the Era ofGlobalisation, in Sten Ask and Anna Mark-Jungkvist (eds), op. cit., p. 222.

23 Introduction to the Sixteenth Annual Report, New York, 17 August 1961, in Andrew W.Cordier and Wilder Foote (eds), Public Papers ... Volume V, op.cit., p. 544.


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development, while their political independence and overeignty re-qire a air meare o economic tability and economic poibilitie

in order to gain btance and ll viability.24

Thi correpond with hi earlier and contined emphai on the needto addre the economic imbalance inherent in the exiting worldorder. A he treed in an addre a early a Febrary 1956:

The main troble with the Economic and Social Concil at preenti that, in pblic opinion and in practice, the Concil ha not beengiven the place it hold have in the hierarchy o the main organo the United Nation. I ge that we are all agreed that economicand ocial problem hold rank eqal with political problem. Inact, ometime I eel that they hold, i anything, have priority.25

He tetied rther to hi awarene o the need or global economic j-tice only a ew month later in hi opening tatement dring a debate onthe world economic itation in ECOSOC. In hi remark, he bemoaned

the abence o a ramework o international policy that compel thenderdeveloped contrie each to eek it own alvation in it own

way withot reerence to wider horizon. How oten have we notheard the voice o thoe who bewail the act that thi nderdevel-oped contry i moving along the lippery path to atarky, that thatcontry i neglecting it export, whether agricltral or mineral, orthat yet a third contry i maniplating it exchange rate in a mannercontrary to the letter and pirit o the Bretton Wood agreement?And yet how many o thoe who belabor the nderdeveloped con-trie in thi ahion have given adeqate thoght to the trctre oworld economic relationhip which ha orced thee contrie intonorthodox pattern o behavior?26

The trly internationalit pirit in which the econd Secretary-Generalacted, withot ear or avor, dring mot o hi eight year in o ceinclded awarene that gro ocioeconomic diparitie continedto contribte to global challenge. Tackling thee diparitie within amindet o global olidarity wa among the eential Hammarkjldreiterated in hi lat introdction to an annal report:

24 Ibid., p. 545 (original italics).

25 The UN Its Ideologies and Activities , in Andrew W. Cordier and Wilder Foote (eds),Public Papers ... Volume II, op. cit., p. 668.

26 1. Statement in the Economic and Social Council Introducing Debate on the WorldEconomic Situation, Geneva, 16 July 1956 (UN Press Release SG/493, 16 July 1956), inAndrew W. Cordier and Wilder Foote (eds), Public Papers of the Secretaries-Generalof the United Nations. Volume III: Dag Hammarskjld 1956-1957, New York and London:Columbia University Press 1973, pp. 190f.


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The exclively international character o the Secretariat i not tiedto it compoition, bt to the pirit in which it work and to it

inlation rom otide infence [] Anyone o integrity, notbjected to nde prere, can, regardle o hi own view, readilyact in an exclively international pirit.27

A early a 1955, he had inited on a denition

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Development Dialogue no.57

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