DEVELOPMENT OF POLARIZATION AND DEPOLARIZATION CURRENT

MEASUREMENT AND ANALYSIS SYSTEM USING LAB VIEW

RUBIATUL ADDAWIYAH BINTI ZAINIR

A thesis submitted in fulfilment of the

requirements for the award of the degree of

Master of Engineering (Electrical)

Faculty of Electrical Engineering

Universiti Teknologi Malaysia

JULY 2015

With lots o f love,

Dedicated to my beloved:

Husband (En. Kharulazuan Abdullah)

My lovely son (Muhammad Harith Danial bin Kharulazuan) and baby

Mom (Pn. Saerah Mohd Mokhtar),

Dad (En .Zainir Habib),

MIL (Pn. Fatimah Musa)

Late FIL (En. Abdullah Salleh)

Siblings (Aishatul Humaira Zainir, Mahfuzatul Izyan Zainir, Farizatul HaziraZainir),

For the prayers, supports and encouragement.

I was blessed because I was loved by all o f you.

Thank you very much.

iv

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

In the name of Allah, Most Gracious, Most Compassionate. Praise be to

Allah. With His Kindness, here I am presenting my thesis.

Firstly, I would like to express my thankfulness to my supervisor, Dr. Nor

Asiah Muhamad for all the ideas, guidance, enthusiasms, encouragement and

advices in order to finish my project. It has been such a great memories for me.

Without her, I’ve lost.

My gratitude goes to my beloved, lovely, supportive husband and son, my

parents; my mother in law, my siblings; and my in laws for supporting me to finish

my study. Thank you very much for your prayers. For all my lab mate friends,

thank you very much for your encouragement and ideas.

Not forget to En. Aizam from TNBR for the equipment. Last but not least,

for those who contributed to my journey of education either directly or indirectly,

thank you very much.

May Allah bless all of you. Insha’Allah. Thank you once again.

v

ABSTRACT

Polarization and depolarization current (PDC) measurement is a new

dielectric testing method that has been used to monitor the condition of an insulating

material. ThIs non-destructive dielectric testing method helps to determine the

conductivity and dielectric response functions (f(t)) of insulation material. The

dielectric response, f(t) obtained gives further information on ageing as well as the

condition of insulator. Development in measurement technologies and data analysis

techniques using computational methods yields advantages such as time saving and

safety enhancement. Currently, a commercial PDC measurement system known as

PDC Analyser 1MOD only carries out PDC measurement and does not analyse the

PDC data for material conductivity and f(t) which are used to evaluate the condition

of insulation material. In this research, a user-friendly PDC system is developed

using LabVIEW. This system will enable users to analyse insulation condition of a

material through the material’s conductivity and f(t) using the PDC measurement

data. Hence, the main objective of this project is to develop a user-friendly and

comprehensive method that enables users to activate, control, record and analyse

PDC measurement within one system. The system has been tested by running the

PDC tests and analysis on two types of insulation materials: solid based and liquid

based. The results of these tests were compared with tests conducted using

MATLAB as well through manual calculations. The developed system has been

found to produce faster results compared to MATLAB and manual calculation

methods. This developed system contributes by saving time in performing PDC data

analysis and helping user to assess conditions of insulating material in a single

comprehensive system with cheaper equipment compared to the cost of commercial

equipment. In addition, the system also increases users’ confidence in carrying out

high voltage equipment monitoring and diagnosis.

vi

ABSTRAK

Pengukuran arus polarisasi dan depolarisasi (PDC) merupakan kaedah

pengukuran dielektrik terbaru yang digunakan untuk memantau keadaan bahan

penebat. Ia merupakan metod pengukuran dielektrik yang tidak memusnahkan untuk

menentukan kekonduksian dan fungsi respons dielektrik bagi sesuatu bahan. Fungsi

respons dielektrik, f(t) diperoleh memberikan maklumat lanjut berkenaan penuaan

dan keadaan penebat. Pembangunan dalam teknologi pengukuran dan teknik

penganalisian data menggunakan komputer memberikan kelebihan seperti

menjimatkan masa selain daripada peningkatan tahap keselamatan. Namun alat

pengukuran PDC yang wujud di pasaran kini yang dikenali sebagai PDC Analyser

1MOD tidak mengandungi fungsi penganalisan data untuk kekonduksian bahan dan

fungsi respons dielektrik, f(t) yang digunakan untuk menilai keadaan sesuatu bahan.

Dalam kajian ini, satu sistem antaramuka yang mesra-pengguna telah dibangunkan

menggunakan LabVIEW. Sistem ini membolehkan pengguna menganalisis keadaan

penebat berdasarkan kekonduksian bahan dan fungsi respons dielektrik, f(t)

menggunakan data pengukuran PDC. Maka, objektif utama kajian ini adalah untuk

membangunkan satu sistem antaramuka yang mesra-pengguna dan komprehensif

bagi pengguna mengaktifkan, mengawal, merekod dan menganalisis pengukuran

PDC di dalam satu sistem. Sistem ini telah disahkan dengan menjalankan ujian PDC

dan dianalisis menggunakan dua jenis bahan penebat: pepejal dan cecair. Keputusan

yang diperoleh kemudian dibandingkan dengan ujian yang dijalankan menggunakan

MATLAB serta pengiraan manual. Sistem yang dibangunkan didapati mampu

menghasilkan keputusan lebih cepat dibandingkan dengan MATLAB dan pengiraan

manual. Sistem ini menyumbang kepada penjimatan masa dalam menganalisis data

PDC dan membantu pengguna mengakses keadaan penebat dalam satu sistem

komprehensif dengan peralatan lebih murah jika dibandingkan dengan kos peralatan

komersial. Tambahan lagi, sistem ini juga menambahkan keyakinan pengguna untuk

menjalankan diagnosis dan memantau peralatan bervoltan tinggi.

vii

TABLE OF CONTENTS

CHAPTER TITLE PAGE

DECLARATION ii

DEDICATION iii

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS iv

ABSTRACT v

ABSTRAK vi

TABLE OF CONTENTS vii

LIST OF TABLES x

LIST OF FIGURES xi

LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS xiii

LIST OF SYMBOLS xiv

LIST OF APPENDIX xv

1 INTRODUCTION

1.1 Introduction 1

1.2 Problem statement 2

1.3 Objectives 3

1.4 Scope of Study 3

1.5 Methodology 4

1.6 Thesis Outline 6

1.7 Contributions 7

2 LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1 Insulation System 8

viii

2.2 Dielectric Properties 9

2.2.1 Polarization Effects 9

2.2.2 DC Conductivity (o) 9

2.2.3 Dielectric Permittivity (£) 10

2.2.4 Dielectric Strength 10

2.3 Condition Monitoring of HV Insulations 11

2.3.1 Polarization and Depolarization Current 12

(PDC)

2.3.1.1 Principle of PDC Measurement 13

2.3.1.2 Estimation of Conductivity 15

2.3.1.3 Dielectric Response Function in Time 16

Domain

2.4 Previous studies on PDC Measurement Methods 17

2.5 RVM 23

2.6 LabVIEW 24

3 METHODOLOGY

3.1 Software Development 25

3.2 Software Testing 30

3.2.1 Measurement panel 30

3.2.2 Analysis panel 32

3.3 Software Evaluation 34

3.3.1 Pattern display 35

3.3.2 Time taken for measurement and analysis 36

3.3.3 S ensitivity and accuracy 3 6

4 RESULT AND DISCUSSION

4.1 Software Development 37

4.1.1 Measurement GUI panel 37

4.1.2 Analysis GUI panel 39

4.1.3 Overall measurement and analysis system 43

4.2 Testing the System 44

ix

4.3 Pattern of solid-based and liquid-based insulation 45

material

4.4 Result Pattern and Analysis 45

4.4.1 Software Testing Results 48

4.4.1.1 Result of liquid-based insulation 48

material in LabVIEW and

MATLAB

4.4.1.2 Result of solid-based insulation 54

material in LabVIEW and

MATLAB

4.4.1 Manual calculation 58

5 CONCLUSION AND FUTURE DEVELOPMENT

5.1 Contributions 63

5.2 Recommendations 64

5.2.1 Friendly to all types of insulation 64

material based

5.2.2 Online monitoring 64

5.2.3 More features in user-friendly panel 64

REFERENCES 65

Appendices A-E 69 - 76

x

TABLE NO. TITLE PAGE

1.1 Implementation Plan 6

2.1 Diagnostic Method for Assessing Insulation Condition 11

2.2 Interfacial Polarisation Spectra (IPS) Features 19

2.3 PDC Analyser 1MOD Features 22

3.1 Model Specifications for Keithley 6517B Electrometer/ 30

High Resistance Meter

4.1 Features of measurement and analysis system in the 44

proposing product

4.2 Solid-Based and Liquid-Based Insulating Material 46

4.3 Capacitance and relative permittivity values for 46

insulation-based material

4.4 Time consumption for KP1 in MATLAB and LabVIEW 51

4.5 Time consumption for KP1-CN in MATLAB and 53

LabVIEW

4.6 Time consumption for A0 in MATLAB and LabVIEW 56

4.7 Average time for calculating f(t) and o 60

5.1 Approximate price for commercialized and proposed 63

product

LIST O F TA BLES

5

13

14

18

19

22

23

26

27

28

29

29

31

34

35

38

39

40

41

LIST OF FIG U R ES

TITLE

Methodology of research project

Basic PDC measuring circuit

Waveform of polarization and depolarization current

Expert system activities

Interfacial Polarisation Spectra

PDC Analyser 1MOD

RVM circuit and waveform

Flowchart of PDC measurement using LabVIEW for

measurement and analysis

Flowchart of research project

Block diagram of initial PDC measurement in

LabVIEW

Overview for PDC measurement setup

Keithley 6517B Electrometer/ High Resistance Meter

Flowchart for measurement part

Flowchart for analysis part

Parameters that influence PDC curve graph

GUI of measurement panel

‘Highlight execution’ button in block diagram

GUI of analysis panel

Pop-out windows for choosing file

xii

4.5 Pop-out windows for saving data 42

4.6 Overall system for measurement and analysis system 43

4.7 Test setup for PDC measurement 47

4.8 Close-up of custom made cage and test cell for liquid- 47

based insulation material

4.9 Test cell (3-terminals electrode/ guard ring capacitor) 47

by TETTEX for solid-based insulation material

4.10 Graph for ipol of KP1 in LabVIEW 49

4.11 Graph for ipol of KP1 in MATLAB 49

4.12 ipol graph of KP1 for the 2nd test in MATLAB 50

4.13 ipol graph of KP1 for the 2nd test in LabVIEW 50

4.14 ipol graph of KP1 for the 3rd test in MATLAB 51

4.15 ipol graph of KP1 for the 3rd test in LabVIEW 51

4.16 Graph for idepol of KP 1 -CN in LabVIEW 52

4.17 Graph for idepol of KP 1 -CN in MATLAB 52

4.18 idepol graph of KP 1 -CN in MATLAB for third test 53

4.19 idepol graph of KP 1 -CN in LabVIEW for third test 54

4.20 ipol graph of A0 in LabVIEW for first test 55

4.21 ipol graph of A0 in MATLAB for first test 55

4.22 idepol graph of A0 in MATLAB for first test 56

4.23 idepol graph of A0 in LabVIEW for 2nd test 57

4.24 idepol graph of A0 in MATLAB for 2nd test 57

4.25 idepol graph of A0 in LabVIEW for 3rd test 58

4.26 idepol graph of A0 in MATLAB for 3 rd test 58

4.27 Conductivity graph of KP1-CN 60

4.28 Dielectric response function graph of KP1-CN 61

xiii

PDC - Polarization and Depolarization Current

LabVIEW - Laboratory Virtual Instrumentation Engineering Workbench

IPS - Interfacial Polarisation Spectra

HV - High Voltage

GPIB - General Purpose Interface Bus

DC - Direct Current

DGA - Dissolved Gas Analysis

RV - Return Voltage

DP - Degree of Polymerization

HPLC - High-Performance Liquid Chromatography

RVM - Return Voltage Measurement

XLPE - Cross-Linked Polyethylene

HV - High Voltage

VI - Virtual Instruments

DAQ - Data Acquisition

GUI - Graphical User Interface

AC - Alternating Current

TNBR - Tenaga Nasional Berhad Research

SCPI - Standard Commands for Programmable Instruments

NI - National Instruments

NPLC - Number of Power Line Cycles

MATLAB - Matrix Laboratory

ASCII - American Standard Code for Information Interchange

AC - Alternating Current

NR - Natural Rubber

LCR - Inductance, Capacitance and Resistance

USD - United States Dollar

LIST O F A B B R E V IA T IO N S

xiv

LIST OF SY M B O L S

kV - kilovolts

g - Conductivity

J - Current Density

E - Electric Stress

V/m - Volts/meter

A/m2 - Ampere/meter square

T - Temperature

Sr - Dielectric constant/ Dielectric permittivity/ relative

permittivity

C - Capacitance

Co - Geometric Capacitance value of insulation

pC - picoCoulumb

|im - micrometer

F/m - Farad/meter

°C - Celcius

% - percent

MHz - MegaHertz

Q.m - Ohm meter

mm - millimeter

f(t) - Response function

Uo - Charging voltage

£0 . Vacuum permittivity

s - second

tc - Charging time/ Polarization time

ip(t) - Polarization current varies with time

id(t) - Depolarization current varies with time

E(t) - Electric field

xv

D(t) - Electric displacement

P(t) - Dielectric polarization

Vmax - maximum recovery voltage

dV/ dt - initial slope of RVM

tpeak - central time constant

Ipol - polarization current

Idepol - depolarization current

A - Ampere

nA - nanoAmpere

fA - femtoAmpere

d - diameter

xv

LIST OF APPENDICES

APPENDIX TITLE PAGE

A List of Publications 69

B List of Intellectual Properties 73

C Results from TNBR 74

D Block diagram of VI panel for calculating er 75

E Block diagram for calculating o and f(t) 76

65

REFERENCES

[1] D. F. H. Kreuger, Discharge Detection in High Voltage Equipment. London:

Temple Press Books Ltd, 1964.

[2] T. K. Saha, "Review of modern diagnostic techniques for assessing insulation

condition in aged transformers," Dielectrics and Electrical Insulation, IEEE

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Dielectrics and Electrical Insulation, IEEE Transactions on, vol. 17, pp.

1461-1469, 2010.

[4] T. K. Saha, et al., "How Confident are we with Polarisation Based

Diagnostics for Transformer Condition Assessment?," in Australasian

Universities Power Engineering Conference, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia,

2005.

[5] T. K. Saha and P. Purkait, "Investigation of an expert system for the

condition assessment of transformer insulation based on dielectric response

measurements," Power Delivery, IEEE Transactions on, vol. 19, pp. 1127­

1134, 2004.

[6] M. Farahani, et al., "Calculation and measurement of dielectric response

function in insulation systems of high voltage rotating machines," in

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7th International Conference on, 2003, pp. 290-293 vol.1.

66

[7] T. K. Saha and P. Purkait, "Investigation of polarization and depolarization

current measurements for the assessment of oil-paper insulation of aged

transformers," Dielectrics and Electrical Insulation, IEEE Transactions on,

vol. 11, pp. 144-154, 2004.

[8] N. A. Muhamad, et al., "Polarization and Depolarization Current (PDC) tests

on biodegradable and mineral transformer oils at different moisture levels," in

Power Engineering Conference, 2009. AUPEC 2009. Australasian

Universities, 2009, pp. 1-6.

[9] T. Fountain, "Software advances in measurement and instrumentation," in

Software Instrumentation - Software Components, IEE Colloquium on, 1993,

pp. 4/1-445.

[10] N. A. Muhamad, "Condition Monitoring of Biodegradable Oil-Filled

Transformer using DGA, PD and PDC Measurement Techniques," Ph.D,

University of New South Wales (UNSW), Australia, 2009.

[11] G. R. Soltani and E. David, "Condition assessment of rotating machine

winding insulation by analysis of charging and discharging currents," in

Electrical Insulation, 2006. Conference Record o f the 2006 IEEE

International Symposium on, 2006, pp. 336-339.

[12] T. K. Saha and P. Purkait, "Investigating Some Important Parameters of the

PDC Measurement Technique for the Insulation Condition Assessment of

Power Transformer," presented at the International Power Engineering

Conference, Singapore, 2003.

[13] W. S. Zaengl, "Dielectric spectroscopy in time and frequency domain for HV

power equipment. I. Theoretical considerations," Electrical Insulation

Magazine, IEEE, vol. 19, pp. 5-19, 2003.

67

[14] N. A. M. Jamail, et al., "Comparative study on conductivity using

Polarization and Depolarization Current (PDC) test for HV insulation," in

Electrical Engineering and Informatics (ICEEI), 2011 International

Conference on, 2011, pp. 1-6.

[15] T. K. Saha and P. Purkait, "Impact of the condition o f oil on the polarisation

based diagnostics for assessing the condition of transformers insulation," in

Power Engineering Society General Meeting, 2005. IEEE, 2005, pp. 1881­

1886 Vol. 2.

[16] T. K. Saha, et al., "Understanding frequency & time domain

polarisation methods for the insulation condition assessment of power

transformers," in Power & Energy Society General Meeting, 2009. PES '09.

IEEE, 2009, pp. 1-8.

[17] S. A. Bhumiwat, "Insulation condition assessment of transformer bushings by

means of polarisation/depolarisation current analysis," in Electrical

Insulation, 2004. Conference Record o f the 2004 IEEE International

Symposium on, 2004, pp. 500-503.

[18] C. Sumereder, et al., "Polarization-depolarization measurements at insulation

systems for rotating machines," in Electrical Insulating Materials, 2005.

(ISEIM 2005). Proceedings o f 2005 International Symposium on, 2005, pp.

706-709 Vol. 3.

[19] B. Oyegoke, et al., "Condition assessment of XLPE cable insulation using

short-time polarisation and depolarisation current measurements," Science,

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[20] A. Engineering, "PDC-Evaluation User’s Guide," Switzerland Patent, June

2000.

68

[21] M. A. Talib, et al., "Diagnosis of transformer insulation condition using

recovery voltage measurements," in Power Engineering Conference, 2003.

PECon 2003. Proceedings. National, 2003, pp. 329-332.

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class," in Frontiers in Education, 2002. FIE 2002. 32nd Annual, 2002, pp.

T1D-13-T1D-16 vol. 1.

[23] N. A. Muhamad and S. A. M. Ali, "Simulation panel for condition monitoring

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Journal o f Engineering, Computing & Technology, v14, p187-193, vol. 14,

pp. 187-193, 2006.

[24] H. A. P. Silva, et al., "Noninvasive ageing assessment by means of

polarization and depolarization currents analysis and its correlation with

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Transmission a nd Distribution Conference and Exposition: Latin America,

Latin America, 2004.

[25] R. A. Zainir and N. A. Muhamad, "Review on Software Development for

Time-Domain High Voltage Equipment Condition Monitoring," presented at

the IEEE International Conference on Condition Monitoring and Diagnosis

(CMD 2012), Bali,Indonesia 2012.

69

A PPE N D IX A

LIST OF PUBLICATIONS

JOURNAL

1. N. A. M. Jamail, M. A. M. Piah, N. A. Muhamad , Z. Salam, N. F Kasri, R.

A. Z ain ir and Q. E. Kamarudin. “Effect of Nanofillers on the Polarization

and Depolarization Current Characteristics of New LLDPE-NR Compound

for High Voltage Application.” Advanced in Materials Science and

Engineering. Accepted on August 2014, Impact Factor: 0.897.

2. N.A.M. Jamail, M.A.M. Piah, N.A. Muhamad, R.A. Zainir, N.F. Kasri, Q.E.

Kamarudin. “Polarization and Depolarization Current Measurement of

Polymer Added with Nano-particles of Silicon Oxide For HV Insulation”.

Jurnal Teknologi Vol.64 Issue 4, pp. 141-144, October 2013 (Scopus Index).

3. R. A. Zainir, N. A. Muhamad, Z. Adzis, M. A. M. Piah, N. F. Kasri, N. A.

M. Jamail. “RVM versus PDC Methods for Insulations’ Conductivity and

Moisture Content Monitoring”. Jurnal Teknologi Vol.64 No. 4, pp. 49-53,

October 2013 (Scopus Index).

4. N. A. M. Jamail, M. A. M. Piah, N. A. Muhamad, R. A. Zainir, N. F. Kasri

“DC Conductivity of Polymer Nanocomposites for Different Types and

Amount of Nano-Filler” International Journal on Electrical Engineering and

Informatics 5 (2) , pp. 217-225, June 2013 (Scopus indexed).

70

5. Abubakar A. Suleiman, R abiah A. Zainir, Nor Asiah B. Muhamad,

Nouruddeen Bashir “Comparative Study on Effect of Temperature &

Moisture on Transformer Insulation Conductivity.” Applied Mechanics and

Materials, Vol. 284-287, pp: 1126-1130, 2013. (Scopus indexed).

6. Zainir-R ubiatul Addawiyah, Muhamad-Nor Asiah, Ishak-Iqbal Rafei and

Mohd Jamail-Nor Akmal, Simulation Panel on Conductivity for Polarization

and Depolarization Current (PDC) Measurement of Offline Monitoring Using

LabVIEW.’’ Applied Mechanics and Materials, Vol. 284-287, pp: 1104­

1108, 2013. (Scopus indexed).

CONFERENCE

1. N. F. Kasri, R. A. Zainir, N. A. Muhamad, N. A. M. Jamail, and B. T.

Phung. “Monitoring of Polarization and Depolarization Current (PDC)

Measurement and Analysis by User-Friendly Panel” . The 60th international

instrumentation symposium (IIS2014), Cavendish Square, London, UK, 24­

26 June 2014.

2. R.A. Zainir, N.A. Muhamad, N.A.M. Jamail, M.A.M. Piah, Abubakar A.

Suleiman and N.F. Kasri. "Development of User Panel for Polarization and

Depolarization Current (PDC) Measurement Analysis of High Voltage (HV)

Machine Insulation System". 4th International Conference on Power

Engineering, Energy and Electrical Drives (POWERENG 2013), 13-17 May

2013, Istanbul, Turkey, pp. 1297-1300.

3. N. A. M. Jamail, M. A. M. Piah, N. A. Muhamad, R. A. Zainir, N. F. Kasri

“Polarization and Depolarization Current Measurement of Polymer Added

with Nanoparticles o f Silicon Oxide for HV Insulation” Proceeding of 16th

71

Asian Conference on Electrical Discharge (ACED 2012), The Zone Johor

Bharu Johor Malaysia, 10-12 December 2012.

4. N. A. M. Jamail, M. A. M. Piah, N. A. Muhamad, R. A. Zainir, N. F. Kasri

“DC Conductivity of Polymer Nanocomposites for Different Types and

Amount of Nano-Filler” Proceeding of 16th Asian Conference on Electrical

Discharge (ACED 2012), The Zone Johor Bharu Johor Malaysia, 10-12

December 2012.

5. R. A. Z ain ir , N. A. Muhamad , Z. Adzis , N. A. M. Jamail, M. A. M. Piah,

N. F. Kasri “RVM versus PDC Methods for Insulations Conductivity and

Moisture Content Monitoring” Proceeding of 16th Asian Conference on

Electrical Discharge (ACED 2012), The Zone Johor Bharu Johor Malaysia,

10-12 December 2012.

6. Abubakar A. Suleiman, R abiah A. Zainir, Nor Asiah B. Muhamad,

Nouruddeen Bashir “Comparative Study on Effect of Temperature &

Moisture on Transformer Insulation Conductivity,” Proceeding of the 2nd

International Conference on Engineering and Technology Innovation 2012

(ICETI2012), 02-06 November 2011, Kaohsiung, Taiwan, pp 08.

7. Zainir-R ubiatul Addawiyah, Muhamad-Nor Asiah, Ishak-Iqbal Rafei and

Mohd Jamail-Nor Akmal “Simulation Panel on Conductivity for Polarization

and Depolarization Current (PDC) Measurement of Offline Monitoring Using

LabVIEW”, Proceeding of The 2nd International Conference on Engineering

and Technology Innovation, 2012 (2nd- 6th November), Kaohsiung, Taiwan

pp 50.

72

8. R. A. Zainir, N. A. Muhamad, Review on Software Development for Time-

Domain High Voltage Equipment Condition Monitoring, IEEE International

Conference on Condition Monitoring and Diagnosis (CMD 2012), 2012

(September 23th- 27th), Bali, Indonesia.

9. Rubiatul Addawiyah Zainir, Nor Asiah Muhamad, “Temperature Pattern

during Void Discharge in XLPE Cable “ International Conference on

Advanced Electromaterials 2011, Jeju Korea November 7-10, 2011.

73

A PPE N D IX B

LIST OF INTELECTUAL PRO PERTIES

COPYRIGHT

2013 UTM Copyright for ‘’Polarization and Depolarization Current (PDC)

Measurement Analyzer Software (OFFLINE)’’, Start from 26 December 2013.

PATEN

Invention: Online Polarization and Depolarization Current (PDC) Measurement

Analyzer, Status: Submitted to ICC UTM.

74

A PPEN D IX C

RESULT FROM TNBR FO R Ipol AND Idepol IN MATLAB

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75

A PPEN D IX D

BLOCK DIAGRAM OF VI PANEL FO R CALCULATING £r

76

A PPE N D IX E

BLOCK DIAGRAM FO R CALCULATING a AND f(t)

f UTM PDC ANALYZERS Block Diagram* 1 ° @ % I