Dhaulpur Powerplant Report

8/13/2019 Dhaulpur Powerplant Report

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A

PRACTICAL TRAINING REPORT

ON

COMBINED CYCLE POWER PLANT

DHOLPUR(RVUNL)

SUBMITTED FOR PARTIAL FULFILLMENT

OF

BACHELOR OF ENGINEERING

BMIT JAIPUR

Session:2!"#!$

SUBMITTEDE TO SUBMITTEDE BY-

MISS. JYOTI CHOUDHARY MANOJ KUMAR SHARMAVII SEM EE.

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL ENGINNERING

BALDEV RAM MIRDHA INSTITUTE OF

TECHNOLOGY%&AIPUR'


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ACNOWLEDGEMENT

Its my pleas!e t" #e a#le t" t$a%& all t$e pe"ple '$" $elpe( s t" t!% "! )(ea a%(

*"%*epts )% *"mplet)%+ "! smme! t!a)%)%+ "% ,THERMA POER PANT/.

T$e p!ese%t !ep"!t *a!!)e( "t at my pla*e )% a% "t*"me "0 t$e "pe!at)"% !e%(e!e( #y a %"

"0 pe"ple.

I $a1e #ee% e2t!emely l*&y t" $a1e a spp"!t "0 "! tea*$e!s '$"se *"mme%ts3 *"!!e*t)"%

a%( s++est)"% $a1e e%"!m"sly e%!)*$e( my p!"4e*t !ep"!t.

I "'e a spe*)al t$a%&s t" my ele*t!)*al (epa!tme%t a%( spe*)ally Satya1ee! s)! '$" playe(

ma4"! !"le )% (es)+%)%+ "0 t$)s p!"4e*t.

Me!e t$a%&s t" my pa!e%ts a%( my l"1ely #!"t$e! seems p!etty small *"mpa!e( t"

t$e (ays "0 t!eme%("s spp"!t a%( e2t!a1a+a%*e t$ey +a1e. )t$"t t$e)! *$ee!0l

spp"!t t$)s p!"4e*t '"l( %"t $a1e see% t$e l)+$t "0 t$e (ay.

Ma%"4 &ma! s$a!maR"ll %"567EBMEE789

B.Te*$3IVYea!3VIISEM


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CONTENT T"p)*s Pa+e N". T!a)%)%+ *e!t)0)*ate I

A*&%"'le(+eme%t II

6: A#st!a*t;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;6

: .


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FIGURE INDE:

Fi*+,e -.*e no'

)+6.6 =AS TURBINE 66

)+

)+67.6 VDT BASED DIA=RAM PRESSURE 8?

)+8.67.< TYPICA DIAPHA=RAM =A=E PRESSURE 8?


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TABLE INDE:

T./0e P.*e no'

Ta#le 6 COMBINED =AS POER PANT @

Ta#le < DETAI O


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!' ABSTRACT

I% DCCPP3 ele*t!)*)ty )s +e%e!ate( #y #"t$ steam a%( +as t!#)%e. Ma)% 0eat!e "0

DCCPP )s t$at $e!e ele*t!)*)ty )s +e%e!ate( ')t$"t m*$ 'asta+e "0 e%e!+y. As t$e

%ame )mpl)es )t )s a *"m#)%e( *y*le ).e. 'aste $eat 0!"m t$e +as t!#)%e )s !e*"1e!e( #y a

$eat !e*"1e!y steam +e%e!at"! t" p"'e! a *"%1e%t)"%al steam t!#)%e )% a *"m#)%e( *y*le

*"%0)+!at)"%. Ele*t!)*)ty +e%e!ate( )s t$e% t!a%sm)tte( t" ()00e!e%t pla*es ')t$ t$e $elp "0

+!)(.


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2' INTRODUCTION

DHOLPUR COMBINED CYCLE POWER PRO&ECT'

DCCPP )s s)tate( )% t$e "ts&)!ts "0 D$"lp! '$)*$ )s a#"t Km. S"t$ est "0 A+!a.

D$"lp! 'as *"%s)(e!e( a% )(eal l"*at)"% 0"! sett)%+ p "0 a +as p"'e! pla%t $a1)%+

!e+a!(s t" t$e a1a)la#)l)ty "0 la%(3 'ate!3 t!a%sm)ss)"% %et'"!&3 p!"2)m)ty t" #!"a( +a+e

!a)l'ay 3 als" 'ell *"%%e*te( #y !"a(s G=.T. !"a( passes t$!"+$ t$)s *)ty: a%( #e)%+ a%

)mp"!ta%t l"a( *e%te! 0"! easte!% Ra4ast$a%.

T$e t"tal est)mate( *"st "0 t$e pla%t )s Rs. 66 *!"!e.T$e ma)% e)pme%ts 'e!e sppl)e(

#y Ms BHE a%( )t 'as als" t$e ma)% *"%t!a*t"! 0"! e!e*t)"%3 test)%+ a%( *"mms)%)%+ "0

t$e pla%t. T$e BOPGBala%*e "0 pla%t: 'as +)1e% t" Ms =EA E%e!+y System. T$e ma)%

0el se( 0"! t$)s pla%t )s R-N=Gl))0)e( %at!al +as: '$)*$ ')ll #e sppl)e( #y Ms

=AI. T$e +as !e)!e( pe! (ay 0"! #"t$ %)t )s 6.8MM SCM at 777K*al.

T$e %)e 0eat!e "0 t$)s pla%t )s t$at 'aste $eat 0!"m t$e +as t!#)%e )s !e*"1e!e( #y a

$eat !e*"1e!y steam +e%e!at"! t" p"'e! a *"%1e%t)"%al steam t!#)%e )% a *"m#)%e( *y*le

*"%0)+!at)"%. A%( als" a MARK- > *"%t!"l system $as #ee% )%t!"(*e( 0"! t$e 0)!st t)me)% t$e %"!t$e!% !e+)"% )% INDIA.


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"' GENERAL INTRODUCTION

"'! CONVERSION OF ENERGY

Met$"( 0"! t!a%s0"!m)%+ "t$e! p"'e! )%t" ele*t!)*al p"'e! 5-P"'e! pla%ts a!e *lass)0)e( )% t$e 0"ll"')%+ *ate+"!)es a**"!()%+ t" t$e 0el se(5

Ga: C"al #ase( t$e!mal p"'e! pla%t

G#: N*lea! p"'e! pla%t

G*: Hy(!" ele*t!)* p"'e! pla%t

G(: S"la! p"'e! pla%t

Ge: )%( p"'e!

G0: =as p"'e! pla%t R"tat)%+ t!#)%es atta*$e( t" ele*t!)*al +e%e!at"!s p!"(*e m"st

*"mme!*)ally a1a)la#le ele*t!)*)ty. T!#)%es may #e (!)1e% #y s)%+ steam. ate! ')%( "!

"t$e! 0l)(s as a% )%te!me()ate e%e!+y *a!!)e!. T$e m"st *"mm"% sa+e )s #y steam )%

0"ss)l 0el p"'e! pla%ts "! %*lea! p"'e! pla%ts a%( #y 'ate! )% $y(!"ele*t!)* (ams.

Alte!%ately t!#)%es *a% #e (!)1e% ()!e*tly #y t$e *"m#st)"% "0 %at!al +as.

E0e1,i1i3 F,o4 N.+,.0 *.s

P"'e! pla%t ses se1e!al met$"(s t" *"%1e!t +as )%t" ele*t!)*)ty. O%e met$"( )s t" #!% t$e

+as )% a #")le! t" p!"(*e steam3 '$)*$ )s t$e% se( #y a steam t!#)%e t" +e%e!ate

ele*t!)*)ty. A m"!e *"mm"% app!"a*$ )s t" #!% t$e +as )% a *"m#st)"% t!#)%e t"

+e%e!ate ele*t!)*)ty.

A%"t$e! te*$%"l"+y t$at )s +!"')%+ )% a *"m#st)"% t!#)%e a%( se( t$e $eat *"m#st)"%

t!#)%e e2$ast t" ma&e steam t" (!)1e a steam t!#)%e. T$)s te*$%"l"+y )s *alle( *"m#)%e(

*y*le a%( a*$)e1es a $)+$e! e00)*)e%*y #y s)%+ t$e same 0el s"!*e t')*e.


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"'2 COMBINED CYCLE POWER GENERATION

Co4/ine5 1310e e0e1,i1i3 *ene,.ion :#=!"'t$ )% +as 0ele( *"m#)%e( *y*le system

')ll ta&e pla*e3

#e*ase "0 t$e att!a*t)1e e*"%"m)* e%1)!"%me%tal a%( "pe!at)%+ *$a!a*te!)st)*s "0 t$)s

%at!al +as system.C"m#)%e( *y*le +as t!#)%e pla%ts +e%e!ate ele*t!)*)ty m"!e. E00)*)e%tly

t$a% *"%1e%t)"%al 0"ss)l t" pe!*e%t *"mpa!es ')t$ 87 t" 7 pe!*e%t 0"! typ)*al %"'

#)"l"+)*al %)ts.

A(1a%ta+e "0 C"m#)%e( Cy*le =as P"'e! Pla%t

H)+$ T$e!mal E00)*)e%*y

"' 'ate! Re)!eme%t

E%1)!"%me%tal 0!)e%(l)%ess

ast sta!t-p

"' =estat)"% pe!)"(

"' I%stallat)"% C"st

D)sa(1a%ta+e "0 C"m#)%e( Cy*le =as P"'e! Pla%t

"' t$e!mal E00)*)e%*y )% Ope% *y*le

H)+$e! C"st "0 =e%e!at)"%

H)+$e! Ma)%te%a%*e C"st

Class)0)*at)"% "0 C"m#)%e( Cy*le =as P"'e! Pla%t

SIE PANT CAPICITY =T CAPACITY

SMA UP TO 677 M 87-97 M

MEDIUM 7-977 M >7-6


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En6i,on4en.0 e77e1s o7 1o4/ine5 1310e e0e1,i1i3 *ene,.ion

Ga:. N.+,.0#*.s 7+e0e55 *"m#)%e( *y*le %)ts a!e e%1)!"%me%tally pe!0"!ma#le t"

*"%1e%t)"%al *"al system t$e +as *"m#)%e( *y*le %)t p!"(*es %"%e "0 t$e s"l)( 'aste

ass"*)ate( ')t$ *"al %)ts less t$a% 6 pe!*e%t "0 t$e sl0! ()"2)(e a%( pa!t)*late matte!

a%( a#"t @ pe!*e%t less %)t!"+e% "2)(e p!"(*es #y a s)m)la!)ty s)e( %e' *"al %)t

e)ppe( ')t$ p"llt)"% *"%t!"l e)pme%ts.

G#)' Co#*ene,.ion s3se4 5- *"+e%e!at)"% )s se "0 a p!)ma!y e%e!+y l)&e %at!al +as t"

see%t)ally p!"(*e $eat a%( ele*t!)*)ty. T$e *"%*ept )s #ase( "% t$e !e*"1e! a%( se "0

'aste $eat p!"(*e( (a!)%+ t$e +e%e!at)"% "0 ele*t!)*)ty. I% m"st ele*t!)* t)l)ty p"'e!

pla%ts3 t$)s 'aste $eat )s l"st !eslt)%+ )% s#sta%t)ally l"'e! "pe!at)%+ e00)*)e%*)es t$a%

')t$ *"-+e%e!at)"%.

A 1a!)ety "0 %at!al +as *"-+e%e!at)"% te*$%"l"+)es a!e *!!e%tly #e)%+ se(. I%*l()%+

small p!e-pa*&a+e( %)ts t$at )%*"!p"!ate all t$e %e*essa!y *"mp"%e%ts 0"! a *"-+e%e!at)"%

system as 'ell as $)+$ e00)*)e%*y )%(st!)al +as t!#)%es. T$ese %at!al +as *"-+e%e!at)"%

system a!e a1a)la#le )% s)es !a%+)%+ 0!"m as small as


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T$e met$"(s "0 'aste $eat ()sp"sal e)t$e! #y ()!e*t *""l)%+ #y la&e !)1e! "! sea 'ate! "!

s)%+ *""l)%+ t"'e!s.

Ge: E77i1ien13 o7 CCGT -0.ns 5- T$e t$e!mal e00)*)e%*y "0 a *"m#)%e( *y*le p"'e! pla%t

)s %"!mally )% te!ms "0 t$e %et p"'e! "tpt "0 t$e pla%t as a pe!*e%ta+e "0 t$e l"'e!

$eat)%+ 1ale "! %et *al"!)0)* 1ale "0 t$e 0el. I% t$e *ase "0 +e%e!at)%+ "%ly et*. *!)t)*)ty

p"'e! pla%t e00)*)e%*)es "0 p t" *a% #e a*$)e1e( )% t$e *ase "0 *"m#)%e( $eat a%(

p"'e! +e%e!at)"% t$e e00)*)e%*y *a% )%*!ease t" a#"t @.

PLANT DESIGN INPUTS

AMBIENT TEMPERATURE RAN=E

AMBIENT AIR LUAITY

UE SPECIICATIONS

ENVIRONMENTA RELUIREMENTS

PEAKIN= CAPABIITY

OPERATIONA EFIBIITY

PANT ATER LUAITY

BACK START ACIITY

FUEL SPECIFICATIONS

NATURA =AS N= VS NAPHTHA

NATURA =AS SUPPY PRESSURE

BRID=E UE - NAPHTHA HSD

SUPHUR CONTENT - O PREERRED

"'" WORING OF THE COMBINED CYCLE POWER PLANT

DCCPP l"*ate( at D$"lp! $as a% %)e 0eat!e t$at t$e same e%e!+y s"!*e G).e. %at!al

+as: )s se( t" !"tate #"t$ +as a%( steam t!#)%e ')t$"t 'ast)%+ m*$ "0 e%e!+y. As t$e

%ame )mpl)es )t )s a *"m#)%e( *y*le ).e. 'aste $eat 0!"m t$e +as t!#)%e )s !e*"1e!e( #y a

$eat !e*"1e!y steam +e%e!at"! t" p"'e! a *"%1e%t)"%al steam t!#)%e )% a *"m#)%e( *y*le*"%0)+!at)"%. He%*e3 t$e '"!&)%+ "0 #"t$ +as a%( steam t!#)%e )s ()s*sse( $e!e.


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$' GAS TURBINE

$'! WORING OF GAS TURBINE:

A +as t!#)%e e2t!a*ts e%e!+y 0!"m a 0l"' "0 $"t +as p!"(*e( #y *"m#st)"% "0 +as "! 0el
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:GasTurbine.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:GasTurbine.jpg


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")l )% a st!eam "0 *"mp!esse( a)!. It $as a% pst!eam a)! *"mp!ess"! G!a()al "! a2)al0l"':

me*$a%)*ally *"ple( t" a ("'%st!eam t!#)%ea%( a *"m#st)"% *$am#e! )% #et'ee%. =as

t!#)%e may als" !e0e! t" 4st t$e t!#)%eeleme%t.

E%e!+y )s !elease( '$e% *"mp!esse( a)! )s m)2e( ')t$ 0el a%( )+%)te( )% t$e *"m#st"!.

T$e !eslt)%+ +ases a!e ()!e*te( "1e! t$e t!#)%es #la(es3 sp)%%)%+ t$e t!#)%e3 a%(3

me*$a%)*ally3 p"'e!)%+ t$e *"mp!ess"!. )%ally3 t$e +ases a!e passe( t$!"+$ a %"le3

+e%e!at)%+ a(()t)"%al t$!st #y a**ele!at)%+ t$e $"t e2$ast +ases #y e2pa%s)"% #a*& t"

atm"sp$e!)* p!ess!e.

E%e!+y )s e2t!a*te( )% t$e 0"!m "0 s$a0t p"'e!3 *"mp!esse( a)! a%( t$!st3 )% a%y

*"m#)%at)"%3 a%( se( t" p"'e! a)!*!a0t3 t!a)%s3 s$)ps3 ele*t!)*al +e%e!at"!s3 a%( e1e% ta%&s.

A +as t!#)%e 3 als" *alle( a *"m#st)"% t!#)%e 3 )s a !"ta!y e%+)%e t$at e2t!a*ts e%e!+y 0!"m

a 0l"' "0 $"t +as p!"(*e( #y *"m#st)"% "0 +as )% a st!eam "0 *"mp!esse( a)!. It $as a%

pst!eam a)! *"mp!ess"! !a()al "! a2)al 0l"' me*$a%)*ally *"ple( t" a ("'%st!eam

t!#)%e a%( a *"m#st)"% *$am#e! )% #et'ee%. =as t!#)%e may als" !e0e! t" 4st t$e

t!#)%e eleme%t.

E%e!+y )s !elease( '$e% *"mp!esse( a)! )s m)2e( ')t$ 0el a%( )+%)te( )% t$e *"m#st"! .

T$e !eslt)%+ +ases a!e ()!e*te( "1e! t$e t!#)%es #la(es3 sp)%%)%+ t$e t!#)%e a%(

me*$a%)*ally3 p"'e!)%+ t$e *"mp!ess"!. )%ally3 t$e +ases a!e passe( t$!"+$ a %"le3

+e%e!at)%+ a(()t)"%al t$!st #y a**ele!at)%+ t$e $"t e2$ast +ases #y e2pa%s)"% #a*& t"

atm"sp$e!)* p!ess!e.

E%e!+y )s e2t!a*te( )% t$e 0"!m "0 s$a0t p"'e!3 *"mp!esse( a)! a%( t$!st3 )% a%y*"m#)%at)"%3 a%( se( t" p"'e! ele*t!)*al +e%e!at"!s .

$'2 THEORY OF OPERATION

=as t!#)%es a!e (es*!)#e( t$e!m"(y%am)*ally #y t$e B!ayt"% *y*le 3 )% '$)*$

a)! )s *"mp!esse( Is e%t!"p)*ally 3 *"m#st)"% "**!s at *"%sta%t p!ess!e3 a%( e2pa%s)"%

"1e! t$e t!#)%e "**!s )s e%t!"p)*ally #a*& t" t$e sta!t)%+ p!ess!e.

I% p!a*t)*e3 0!)*t)"% a%( t!#le%*e *ase5
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Axial_flowhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turbinehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turbinehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Energyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compressed_airhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fuelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ignition_systemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Combustorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nozzlehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aircrafthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trainhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shiphttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrical_generatorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tankhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Axial_flowhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turbinehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turbinehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Energyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compressed_airhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fuelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ignition_systemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Combustorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nozzlehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aircrafthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trainhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shiphttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrical_generatorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tank


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a: N"%-Ise%t!"p)* C"mp!ess)"%5 "! a +)1e% "1e!all p!ess!e !at)"3 t$e *"mp!ess"!

(el)1e!y tempe!at!e )s $)+$e! t$a% )(eal.

#: N"%-Ise%t!"p)* E2pa%s)"%5 Alt$"+$ t$e t!#)%e tempe!at!e (!"p %e*essa!y t"

(!)1e t$e *"mp!ess"! )s %a00e*te(3 t$e ass"*)ate( p!ess!e !at)" )s +!eate!3 '$)*$ (e*!eases

t$e e2pa%s)"% a1a)la#le t" p!"1)(e se0l '"!&.

*: P!ess!e l"sses )% t$e a)! )%ta&e3 *"m#st"! a%( e2$ast5 !e(*es t$e e2pa%s)"%

a1a)la#le t" p!"1)(e se0l '"!&.

$'" GAS POWER CYCLE

Alt$"+$ a%y *y*le may )% p!)%*)ple #e se( as a $eat e%+)%e "! as a !e0!)+e!at"! a%( $eat

pmp #y 4st !e1e!s)%+ t$e ()!e*t)"% "0 t$e p!"*ess )% p!a*t)*e t$e!e a!e #)+ ()00e!e%*e a%(

t$e st(y )s spl)t #et'ee% p"'e! *y*le a%( !e0!)+e!at)"% *y*le.

Ma%y +as *y*le $a1e #ee% p!"p"se( a%( se1e!al a!e *!!e%tly se( t" m"(el !eal $eat

e%+)%es. !"m t$e a*a(em)* p")%t "0 1)e' 'e ')ll t$e #!ayt"% *y*le.

B!ayt"% Cy*le 5- T$e #!ayt"% *y*le %ame( a0te! t$e Ame!)*a% E%+)%ee! =e"!+e B!ay t"%3

)s a +""( m"(el 0"! t$e "pe!at)"% "0 a +as t!#)%es e%+)%e. N"' a (ays se( #y p!a*t)*ally

all a)!*!a0t e2*ept t$e smallest "%*e #y 0ast #"ast a%( )%*!eas)%+ly #ee% se( 0"! stat)"%a!y

p"'e! +e%e!at)"%. Pa!t)*la!ly '$e% #"t$ p"'e! a%( $eat a!e "0 )%te!est t$e )(eal #!ay t"%


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*y*le )% t$e T-S a%( P-V ()a+!am a%( t$e !e+e%e!at)1e *y*le. As ')t$ all *y*l)* $eat

e%+)%es3 $)+$e! *"m#st)"% tempe!at!e mea%s +!eate! e00)*)e%*y. T$e l)m)t)%+ 0a*t"! )s t$e

a#)l)ty "0 t$e steel3 %)*&el3 *e!am)*3 "! "t$e! mate!)als t$at ma&e p t$e e%+)%e t" ')t$sta%(

$eat a%( p!ess!e. C"%s)(e!a#le e%+)%ee!)%+ +"es )%t" &eep)%+ t$e t!#)%e pa!ts *""l. M"st

t!#)%es als" t!y t" !e*"1e! e2$ast $eat3 '$)*$ "t$e!')se )s 'aste( e%e!+y. t$e $eat

!elease( 0!"m t$e e2$ast +as $as #ee% a#s"!#e( #y ma%y &ms "0 t#)%+ '$)*$ l)%e t$e

#")le!. I%s)(e t$ese t#es )s 'ate!3 '$)*$ ta&es t$e $eat a%( )s *"%1e!te( )%t" steam at $)+$

tempe!at!e a%( p!ess!e. T$e type "0 #")le! )s *alle( $eat !e*"1e!y steam +e%e!at)"%

GHRS=: T$)s steam at $)+$ tempe!at!e a%( p!ess!e )s se%t t" t$e t!#)%e '$e!e )t )s

()s*$a!+e( t$!"+$ t$e %"les "% t" t$e t!#)%e #la(es. T$e e%e!+y "0 t$e steam st!)&)%+

"% t$e #la(es ma&es t$e t!#)%e t" !"tate. C"ple( t" t$e t!#)%e )s t$e !"t"! "0 t$e

+e%e!at"!. S" '$e% t$e t!#)%e !"tates t$e !"t"! "0 t$e +e%e!at"! t!%s. T$e !"t"! )s $"se(

)%s)(e a stat"! $a1)%+ $ea1y *")ls "0 *"ppe! #a!s )% '$)*$ ele*t!)*)ty )s p!"(*e( t$!"+$

t$e m"1eme%t "0 ma+%et)* 0)el( p!"(*e( #y t$e !"t"!. Ele*t!)*)ty passes 0!"m stat"!

')%()%+ t" t$e t!a%s0"!me!3 '$)*$ )%*!eases )ts 1"lta+e le1el s" t$at )t *a% #e t!a%sm)tte(

"1e! t$e l)%es t" 0a! "00 pla*es.

T$e steam3 '$)*$ $as +)1e% a'ay )ts e%e!+y3 )s *$a%+e( #a*& )%t" 'ate! )% t$e *"%(e%se!.

C"%(e%se! *"%ta)%s ma%y &ms "0 t#)%+ t$!"+$ '$)*$ *"l( 'ate! )s *"%t)%"sly

pmpe(. T$e steam pass)%+ "1e! t$e t#es *"%t)%"sly l"ses $eat a%( )s !ap)(ly *$a%+e(

#a*& )%t" 'ate!. Bt t$e t'" 'ate!s ).e. t$e #")le! 0ee( 'ate! a%( *""l)%+ 'ate! mst %e1e!

m)2. B")le! 'ate! mst #e a#s"ltely p!e "t$e!')se t$e t#)%+ "0 t$e #")le! may +et

(ama+e( (e t" t$e 0"!mat)"% "0 salts )%s)(e t$e t#es (e t" t$e p!ese%*e "0 ()00e!e%t

)mp!)t)es )% 'ate!.

T" *"%(e%se la!+e a%t)t)es "0 steam $+e a%( *"%t)%"s 1"lme "0 'ate! )s !e)!e(. I%

s"me p"'e! stat)"%s same 'ate! $as t" #e se( a+a)% a%( a+a)% #e*ase t$e!e )s %"t

e%"+$ 'ate!. S" t$e $"t 'ate! t!a*ts a!e passe( t$!"+$ t$e *""l)%+ t"'e!s. T$e *""l)%+

t"'e!s a!e s)mply *"%*!ete s$ells a*t)%+ as a $+e *$)m%ey *!eat)%+ a (!a+$t "0 a)!. T$e

(es)+% "0 *""l)%+ t"'e!s )s s*$ t$at a (!a+$t "0 a)! )s *!eate( )% t$e p'a!( ()!e*t)"%.T$e 'ate! )s sp!aye( at t$e t"p "0 t$e t"'e!. As )t 0alls ("'% t$e a)! 0l"')%+ )% t$e p'a!(


16/42

()!e*t)"% *""ls )t. T$e 'ate! )s *"lle*te( )% a p"%( 0!"m '$e!e t$e 'ate! )s !e*)!*late( #y

t$e pmps t" t$e *"%(e%se!. I%e1)ta#ly3 $"'e1e! s"me "0 t$e 'ate! )s ta&e% ta&e% a'ay #y

t$e (!a+$t "0 'ate! )% t$e 0"!m "0 1ap"!s a%( )t )s t$)s 'ate! ')t$ 0am)l)a! '$)te *l"(s

eme!+)%+ 0!"m t$e *""l)%+ t"'e!s.

$'$ HRSG (8e. ,e1o6e,3 se.4 *ene,.o,)

SALIENT FEATURES OF HRSG

Ho,i9on.0 HRSG

H"!)"%tal Nat!al C)!*lat)"% Des)+%.

Steam +e%e!at)"% at mlt)ple p!ess!e le1els ')t$ "! ')t$"t !e$eate!s.

M"(la! *"%st!*t)"% ')t$ sp)!al 0)%%e( t#es 0"! *"mpa*t%ess.

lly (!a)%a#le $eat t!a%s0e! se*t)"%

S$"!t )%stallat)"% t)me.

Ease "0 "pe!at)"%..

"' NO2 a%( CO em)ss)"%.

U%0)!e( #")le!.

E2$ast +ases a!e se( t" +e%e!ate steam.

77 * l"'e! p"!t)"%.

H)+$ p!ess!e *)!*)t t'".

>H #a! ppe! p"!t)% e*"%"m)e!.

"' tempe!at!e p"!t)"%.

> #a!


17/42

At 677 * lea1e! #")le!.

Dea!eate! 0ee( st"!a+e ta%&

C)!*)t 0ee( !e+lat)%+

E*"%"m)e!

E1ap"!at"!

Spe! $eate!

T')% *yl)%(e! t!#)%e.

Te%("% *"mp"%( t!#)%e.

HP STEAM GRATED PARAMETERS:

PRESSURE5 ?@.< K+Cm


18/42

' STEAM TURBINE

A steam t!#)%e )s a (e1)*e t$at e2t!a*ts t$e!mal e%e!+y 0!"m p!ess!)e( steam a%( ses )t

t" (" me*$a%)*al '"!& "% a !"tat)%+ "tpt s$a0t. Its m"(e!% ma%)0estat)"% 'as )%1e%te(

#y S)! C$a!les Pa!s"%s )% 6@@9.

Be*ase t$e t!#)%e +e%e!ates !"ta!y m"t)"%3 )t )s pa!t)*la!ly s)te( t" #e se( t" (!)1e

a% ele*t!)*al +e%e!at"! a#"t 7 "0 all ele*t!)*)ty +e%e!at)"% )% t$e U%)te( States G6>:

)s #y se "0 steam t!#)%es. T$e steam t!#)%e )s a 0"!m "0 $eat e%+)%e t$at (e!)1es m*$ "0

)ts )mp!"1eme%t )% t$e!m"(y%am)* e00)*)e%*y t$!"+$ t$e se "0 mlt)ple sta+es )% t$e

e2pa%s)"% "0 t$e steam3 '$)*$ !eslts )% a *l"se! app!"a*$ t" t$e )(eal !e1e!s)#le p!"*ess.

ARRANGEMENT OF HRSG DHOLPUR

CCPP

HP

SH-II

=T E2$ast

HP Steam D!m P Steam D!m

HPEVP-II

HP

ECO-II

PEVP-II

CPHP

SH

HP

ECO-IHP

SH-IHP

EVP-I

PEVP-II

Sp!ay l)%e

HP Ma)% Steam)%e

P Ma)% Steam

)%e

HPDee(

ate!

-PD

ee(ate!

C"%(.I%

Ot

DESHDD

=D


19/42

'!WORING OF STEAM TURBINE

,A steam t!#)%e )s a p!)me m"1e! t$at (e!)1es )ts e%e!+y "0 !"tat)"% (e t" *"%1e!s)"% "0

t$e $eat e%e!+y "0 steam )%t" &)%et)* e%e!+y as )t e2pa%(s t$!"+$ a se!)es "0 %"les

m"%te( "% t$e *as)%+ "! t$e 0)2e( #la(es./

ate! )s *"%1e!te( t" steam #y appl)*at)"% "0 $eat )% t$e #")le!3 '$)*$ ma&es t$e steam at


20/42

spe*)0)e( p!ess!e a%( tempe!at!e. T" *"%1e!t t$e

steams e%e!+y )%t" '"!&3 )t mst +" t$!"+$ a t$e!m"(y%am)* *y*le t$at *"m#)%es

e2pa%s)"% *"mp!ess)"%3 $eat )%pt3 a%( $eat !e4e*t)"%. T$e m"st e00)*)e%t t$e!m"(y%am)*

*y*le 0"! a% )(eal 0l)( )s Ca!%"t *y*le. It *"%s)sts "0 a% )s"t$e!mal $eat )%pt3 )se%t!"p)*

e2pa%s)"%3 )s"t$e!mal $eat !e4e*t)"%3 a%( a% )se%t!"p)* *"mp!ess)"%. Re+a!(less "0 t$e

*"m#)%at)"%3 t$e e00)*)e%*y "0 t$e *y*le3 assm)%+ *"%sta%t mass 0l"' )s #ase( "% t$e

()00e!e%*e )% t$e e%t$alpy


21/42

a%( #et'ee% #e+)%%)%+ a%( e%( "0 t$e *y*le. Steam *a% #e se( as t$e '"!&)%+ 0l)( )%

t$e Ca!%"t Cy*le. Bt )ts p!"pe!t)es a(1e!sely )mpa*t )ts se0l%ess. I% t$)s *ase t$e steam

e2pa%s)"% p!"*ess ta&es pla*e *"mpletely )% t$e m")st!e !e+)"%. T$)s !e)!es

*"mp!ess)"% "0 a 1ap"!m")st!e m)2t!e t" !et!% t" t$e *y*les sta!t)%+ p")%t. M")st!e

)s a% e2pa%s)"% p!"*ess )mp"ses la!+e me*$a%)*al e00)*)e%*y l"sses. Als"3 1ap"!

*"mp!ess)"% )s )%e00)*)e%t a%( *"%smes !elat)1ely la!+e am"%ts "0 p"'e!.

T" a1")( a t'"-p$ase 1ap"! *"mp!ess)"% p!"*ess3 t!#)%es a!e #ase( "% t$e Ra%&)%e

*y*le. It )s s)m)la! t" t$e Ca!%"t Cy*le3 e2*ept t$at t$e )%)t)al p!ess!e "0 t$e steam )s

!a)se( a%( t$e *"%(e%sat)"% p!"*ess t$at a**"mpa%)es $eat !e4e*t)"% *"%t)%es %t)l t$e

l))( sat!at)"% p")%t )s !ea*$e(. At t$e e%( "0 t$e *y*le3 t$e%3 *"%(e%sate )s s)mply

pmpe( #a*& t" t$e #")le! t" #e+)% t$e *y*le. T$e !"le "0 t$e steam t!#)%e )s t" e2pa%(

t$e steam 0!"m $)+$ p!ess!e a%( tempe!at!e t" l"'e! p!ess!e a%( tempe!at!e.

Ra%&)%e *y*le )s a $eat e%+)%e ')t$ 1ap"! p"'e! *y*le. T$e *"mm"% '"!&)%+ 0l)( )s

'ate!. T$e *y*le *"%s)sts "0 0"! p!"*esses5

Se1e!al t$)%+s *a% #e ("%e t" steam t" )mp!"1e t$e Ra%&)%e Cy*le e00)*)e%*y. Ra)se

)%)t)al steam *"%()t)"% a%( !e(*e t$e am"%t "0 m")st!e %ea! t$e e%( "0 e2pa%s)"%
http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_ydK_MdfTz88/STZrjykb7AI/AAAAAAAAAW4/ybJSypxHRAA/s1600-h/turbin1.gif


22/42

sta+e. T$e 0)!st )s a**"mpl)s$e( #y spe!$eat)%+ t$e steam #e0"!e )t ("es a%y '"!&. T$e

se*"%( )%1"l1es !e- $eat)%+ steam t" %ea! )%)t)al-*"%()t)"%s a0te! )t )s pa!t)ally e2pa%(e(

#y ()!e*t)%+ )t #a*& t" t$e $eat s"!*e3 t$e% *"mplet)%+ t$e e2pa%s)"%. I% *"%1e!t)%+ t$e

t$e!mal e%e!+y "0 steam )%t" me*$a%)*al e%e!+y t!#)%es ta&es a(1a%ta+e "0 t$)s 0a*ts- as

)t e2pa%(s "! (!"ps )% p!ess!e3 t$!"+$ a small %"le "! "pe%)%+3 )t a**ele!ates a%(

0"!ms a $)+$-spee( 4et. D)!e*t)%+ t$)s m"me%tm )% a !"tat)%+ #la(e p!"1)(es me*$a%)*al

e%e!+y.

'2Se.4 +,/ine .+;i00.,3 (STA) :#

H'P' < L'P' /3 -.ss s3se4

6. S$a0t t!%)%+ +ea! system


23/42

G*.: H.P. steam l)%e

=' 22 V SWITCHYARD AND TRANSFORMERS

='! 22 V SWITCHYARD AND DIFFERENT E>UIPMENTS INSTALLED AND

BUS SCHEMES'

BUS SCHEME

Ma)% %*t)"% O0 T$e Stat)"%s Is T" Re*e)1e T$e E%e!+y A%( T!a%sm)t It At T$e

Re)!e( V"lta+e e1el )t$ t$e a*)l)ty O0 S')t*$)%+.

At DCCPP "ll"')%+ a!e t$e Bays5-

6 =T=-6

< Bs *"ple!

8 )%e-6

9 =T=-.> &V t"

7.9888 KV. T$e!e a!e > N".s "0 UST.TRANSFORMER

T$e!e a!e 8 +e%e!at"! t!a%s0"!me!s )% t$e pla%t. O%e 0"! ea*$ %)t. T$e "tpt 0!"m t$e

+e%e!at"! )s 0e( t" t$e +e%e!at"! t!a%s0"!me! '$)*$ steps p t$e 1"lta+e 0!"m 67. KV t"


28/42

$"le "0 t$e t!a%s0"!me! ')%()%+ )s )mme!se( )% t$e ")l )% t$e ta%&. T$e ta%& )s a)!t)+$t.

T$e ta%& s$"l( #e st!"%+ e%"+$ t" #ea! t$e p!ess!e +e%e!ate( )%s)(e t$e ta%& ')t$"t

#!st)%+. T" a1")( #!st)%+ "0 t$e ta%& t'" p!ess!e !el)e0 1al1es a!e p!"1)(e( "% #"t$

s)(es "0 t$e ta%&. I% *ase p!ess!e )%s)(e t$e ta%& e2*ee(s 7.8 &+*m< t$ese 1al1es

"pe!ate. T$e ()ap$!a+m )%s)(e #!sts a%( ")l sp)lls "t t$s t!)pl)%+ t$e +e%e!at"!.

2' B+s8in*s

P"!*ela)% #s$)%+s a!e p!"1)(e( "% #"t$ s)(es "0 t$e ta%& 0!"m '$)*$ .V. a%( H. V.

')%()%+ )s *"%%e*te( t" t$e e2te!%al *)!*)t. T$ese #s$)%+s )%slate t$e ')%()%+ te!m)%als

0!"m t$e #"(y. Bs$)%+s a!e als" 0)le( ')t$ t!a%s0"!me! ")l3 '$)*$ $elps )% *""l)%+ as 'ell

as )%slat)"%.

"' Coo0in* S3se4

D!)%+ t$e "pe!at)"% "0 t$e t!a%s0"!me!3 '$)*$ !a)ses t$e tempe!at!e "0 #"t$ t$e ")l a%(

t$e ')%()%+Q "! p!"pe! "pe!at)"% t$e tempe!at!e s$"l( #e &ept ')t$)% l)m)ts. T" *""l

t$e ")l sepa!ate *""l)%+ system )s p!"1)(e(. It *"%s)sts "0 !a()at"!3 *""l)%+ 0a%s a%( m"t"!

pmp. H"t ")l %m#e! "0 !a()at)%+ 0)%s 0!"m t$e t"p. T$e!e a!e a la!+e e%te!s t$e !a()at)%+

0)%s 0!"m t$e t"p. T$e!e a!e a la!+e %m#e! "0 !a()at)%+ 0)%s p!"1)(e(. $e% ")l 0l"'s

t$!"+$ t$)s !a()at"! 0)%s )t *""ls ("'% a%( a+a)% e%te!s t$e ma)% ta%& 0!"m t$e #"tt"m.

T$e la!+e %m#e! "0 0)%s )%*!eases t$e s!0a*e a!ea t$s )%*!eas)%+ !ate "0 $eat ()ss)pat)"%.

I% t!a%s0"!me! t$e!e a!e t$!ee types "0 *""l)%+ systems5

a. Oi0 N.+,.0 Ai, N.+,.0 (ONAN)

I% t$)s type *""l)%+ "0 ")l )s ("%e #y t$e %at!al 0l"' "0 t$e ")l. It )s ("%e '$e% t$e l"a( "%

t$e t!a%s0"!me! )s #el"' 6>7 MVA#. Oi0 N.+,.0 Ai, Fo,1e5 (ONAF)

$e% t$e l"a( "% t$e t!a%s0"!me! )s #et'ee% 6>7 MVA t"


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)t$ 0!t$e! )%*!ease )% l"a(3 m"!e $eat )s +e%e!ate( '$)*$ %e*essa!y 0"!*e( *""l)%+ "0 ")l

als". T$)s )s ("%e #y e%e!+))%+ t$e pmps pla*e( )% t$e #"tt"m pmp %ea! t$e ma)% ta%&.

T$ese 0"!*e t$e ")l t" 0l"' '$)*$ !eslts )% t$e *""l)%+ "0 t$e ")l. =. T. )s p!"1)(e(

$' Conse,6.o, T.n? .n5 B,e.8e,

)t$ *"%sta%t $eat)%+ "0 ")l t$e!e )s a l"ss "0 ")l (e t" e1ap"!at)"% a%( t$e!e )s e2pa%s)"%

"0 ")l. I0 s"me spa*e )s p!"1)(e( a#"1e t$e ")l le1el )% ta%&. As t$e ta%& )s *"mpletely

seale(3 s" st!esses ')ll (e1el"p "% t$e ta%& (e t" t$e e2pa%s)"% "0 ")l. S" a 1e%t)lat)%+

system )s p!"1)(e( '$)*$ a1")(s st!esses )% t$e ta%& a%( $elps )% t$e p!"pe! e2pa%s)"% "0

t$e ")l. A *"%se!1at"! ta%& ')t$ a #!eat$e! )s p!"1)(e( "% t$e t"p "0 t$e ta%&. C"%se!1at"!

*"%ta)%s ")l t" s"me le1el a%( a)! *ell. D!)%+ e2pa%s)"% "0 t$e ")l le1el )%s)(e t$e

*"%se!1at"! ta%& )%*!eases. De t" t$)s a)! *ell *"%t!a*ts a%( a)! )%s)(e )s ps$e( "t. $e%

t$e ")l *""ls ("'%3 ")l le1el (e*!eases. A)! *ell e2pa%(s a%( s*&s a)! )%s)(e. T$e

atm"sp$e!)* a)! *"%ta)%s m")st!e a%( )0 ")l *"mes )% *"%ta*t ')t$ t$)s m")st a)! )ts

p!"pe!t)es (e+!a(e. T$)s )s a1")(e( #y pla*)%+ a (!y)%+ a+e%t )% t$e #!eat$e!. Cal*)m

*$l"!)(e "! s)l)*a +el )% t$e #!eat$e! a#s"!#s t$e m")st!e 0!"m a)!. T$s m")st!e less a)!

e%te!s t$e ta%&. I% %"!mal *"%()t)"%s t$e *"l"! "0 s)l)*a +el )s #le. $e% )ts *"l"! *$a%+es

t" pale p)%&3 )t s$"l( #e !epla*e( )mme()ately.

B+118o09 ,e0.3 :

It )s t$e m"st )mp"!ta%t p!"te*t)1e (e1)*e 0"! )%te!%al 0alts. It )s a +as-a*t)1ate( !elay.

D!)%+ a%y 0alt )%s)(e t$e ')%()%+ l)+$t +ases l)&e $y(!"+e% a!e +e%e!ate(. T$e B**$"l

!elay )s *"%%e*te( "% t$e p)pe #et'ee% t$e *"%se!1at"! a%( t$e ma)% ta%&. T$ese +ases +et

st!*& )% t$e B**$"l !elay a%( *ase t$e le1el "0 ")l )% t$e !elay t" +" ("'%. De t" t$)s

a me!*!y s')t*$ )s "pe!ate( '$)*$ ma&es t$e *"%ta*t a%( +)1e% a s)+%al. I% t$e #e+)%%)%+

"%ly a% ala!m )s t$e!e. Bt )0 t$e 0alt pe!s)sts a%( #e*"mes se!)"s t$e!e )s a se*"%(

me!*!y s')t*$3 '$)*$ +ets "pe!ate( a%( t!)ps t$e t!a%s0"!me!. T$e 1a!)"s !ea()%+s 0"! t$e

ala!m a%( t!)p s)+%al a!e5

Ala!m s)+%al -


30/42

= T.- 18.n*e,:

Tap *$a%+e!s a!e p!"1)(e( )% t$e t!a%s0"!me! t" +et t$e (es)!e( "tpt 1"lta+e #y

*$a%+)%+ t$e %m#e! "0 t!%s.

T$e tap *$a%+e!s a!e "0 t'" types5

6. O% l"a( tap *$a%+e!


31/42

)%*!eas)%+ t$e e00)*)e%*y. It )s a step ("'% t!a%s0"!me!3 '$)*$ steps ("'% t$e 1"lta+e 0!"m

67. &V t" >.&V. T$e !at)%+ "0 UAT )s 6UENCY : H

MASS (A--,o;') : "*'


32/42

UNIT AUILIARY TRANSFORMER

POER5 6. KV

TRANSORMER PERCENTA=E IMP 67

TRANSORMER VECTOR =ROUP Dy%6

TAP - 67 O RATED VOTA=E

GENERATOR TRANSFORMER

POER5 767 MVA

HV VOTA=E


33/42

' TEMPERATURE AND PRESSURE MEASUREMENT CONTROLTempe!at!e a%( p!ess!e a!e meas!e( a%( *"%t!"l t$!"+$ ma%y (e1)*es s" t$e% t$e!e

')ll %"t #e a%y (ama+e t" ma*$)%es. T$)s '$"le p!"*ess )s #e)%+ ("%e )% C I !""m.

'! TEMPERATURE MEASUREMENT:

Tempe!at!e "0 t!#)%e $as t" #e meas!e( 0!"m t)me t" t)me. S" t" meas!eme%t "0

tempe!at!e )s ("%e #y tempe!at!e meas!)%+ )%st!me%t. "! t$)s p!p"se ma)%ly

meas!)%+ )%st!me%t se( a!e T$e!m"*"ple3 RTD3 T$e!m)st"!s et*. T$ese meas!)%+(e1)*es a!e t$e% *"%%e*te( t" *a!ts t$!"+$ l"+)* +ates. Ca!ts +)1es )%0"!mat)"% a#"t t$e

tempe!at!e t" *"%t!"l a%( )%0"!mat)"% !""m. T$ese *a!ts als" p!"1)(e t$e l)m)t t"

tempe!at!e. $e%e1e! tempe!at!e !ea*$es a#"1e t$e l)m)t3 a )%()*at)"% ')ll #e +)1e% t"

*"%%e*te( system t$e% t$e ma*$)%e ')ll # at"mat)*ally t!%e( "00. S" (e t" )%*!ease )%

tempe!at!e t$e!e ')ll %"t #e a%y (ama+e t" t!#)%e a%( "t$e! ma*$)%e.

THERMOCOUPLE

A t$e!m"*"ple *"%s)sts "0 t'" *"%(*t"!s "0 ()00e!e%t mate!)als Gsally metal all"ys:

t$at p!"(*e a 1"lta+e )% t$e 1)*)%)ty "0 t$e p")%t '$e!e t$e t'" *"%(*t"!s a!e )% *"%ta*t.T$e 1"lta+e p!"(*e( )s (epe%(e%t "%3 #t %"t %e*essa!)ly p!"p"!t)"%al t"3 t$e ()00e!e%*e "0

tempe!at!e "0 t$e 4%*t)"% t" "t$e! pa!ts "0 t$"se *"%(*t"!s. T$e!m"*"ples a!e a ')(ely

se( type "0 tempe!at!e se%s"! 0"! meas!eme%t a%( *"%t!"la%( *a% als" #e se( t"

*"%1e!t a tempe!at!e +!a()e%t )%t" ele*t!)*)ty. T$ey a!e )%e2pe%s)1e3 )%te!*$a%+ea#le3 a!e

sppl)e( ')t$ sta%(a!( *"%%e*t"!s3 a%( *a% meas!e a ')(e !a%+e "0 tempe!at!es. I%

*"%t!ast t" m"st "t$e! met$"(s "0 tempe!at!e meas!eme%t3 t$e!m"*"ples a!e sel0

p"'e!e( a%( !e)!e %" e2te!%al 0"!m "0 e2*)tat)"%. T$e ma)% l)m)tat)"% ')t$

t$e!m"*"ples )s a**!a*y system e!!"!s "0 less t$a% "%e (e+!ee Cels)s GC: *a% #e

()00)*lt t" a*$)e1e.


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A%y 4%*t)"% "0 ()ss)m)la! metals ')ll p!"(*e a% ele*t!)* p"te%t)al !elate( t" tempe!at!e.

T$e!m"*"ples 0"! p!a*t)*al meas!eme%t "0 tempe!at!e a!e 4%*t)"%s "0 spe*)0)* all"ys

'$)*$ $a1e a p!e()*ta#le a%( !epeata#le !elat)"%s$)p #et'ee% tempe!at!e a%( 1"lta+e.

D)00e!e%t all"ys a!e se( 0"! ()00e!e%t tempe!at!e !a%+es. P!"pe!t)es s*$ as !es)sta%*e t"

*"!!"s)"% may als" #e )mp"!ta%t '$e% *$""s)%+ a type "0 t$e!m"*"ple. $e!e t$emeas!eme%t p")%t )s 0a! 0!"m t$e meas!)%+ )%st!me%t3 t$e )%te!me()ate *"%%e*t)"% *a%

#e ma(e #y e2te%s)"% ')!es '$)*$ a!e less *"stly t$a% t$e mate!)als se( t" ma&e t$e

se%s"!. T$e!m"*"ples a!e sally sta%(a!()e( a+a)%st a !e0e!e%*e tempe!at!e "0 7

(e+!ees Cels)s p!a*t)*al )%st!me%ts se ele*t!"%)* met$"(s "0 *"l(-4%*t)"%

*"mpe%sat)"% t" a(4st 0"! 1a!y)%+ tempe!at!e at t$e )%st!me%t te!m)%als. Ele*t!"%)*

)%st!me%ts *a% als" *"mpe%sate 0"! t$e 1a!y)%+ *$a!a*te!)st)*s "0 t$e t$e!m"*"ple3 a%(

s" )mp!"1e t$e p!e*)s)"% a%( a**!a*y "0 meas!eme%ts.

T$e!m"*"ples a!e ')(ely se( )% s*)e%*e a%( )%(st!y appl)*at)"%s )%*l(e tempe!at!e

meas!eme%t 0"! &)l%s3 +as t!#)%e e2$ast3 ()esel e%+)%es3 a%( "t$e! )%(st!)al p!"*esses .

THERMISTORS

A t$e!m)st"! )s a type "0 !es)st"! '$"se !es)sta%*e 1a!)es s)+%)0)*a%tly ')t$ tempe!at!e3

m"!e s" t$a% )% sta%(a!( !es)st"!s. T$e '"!( )s a p"!tma%tea "0 t$e!mal a%( !es)st"! .

T$e!m)st"!s a!e ')(ely se( as )%!s$ *!!e%t l)m)te!s3 tempe!at!e se%s"!s3 sel0-!esett)%+"1e!*!!e%t p!"te*t"!s3 a%( sel0-!e+lat)%+ $eat)%+ eleme%ts.

T$e!m)st"!s ()00e! 0!"m !es)sta%*e tempe!at!e (ete*t"!s GRTD: )% t$at t$e mate!)al se( )%

a t$e!m)st"! )s +e%e!ally a *e!am)* "! p"lyme!3 '$)le RTDs se p!e metals. T$e

tempe!at!e !esp"%se )s als" ()00e!e%t RTDs a!e se0l "1e! la!+e! tempe!at!e !a%+es3

'$)le t$e!m)st"!s typ)*ally a*$)e1e a $)+$e! p!e*)s)"% ')t$)% a l)m)te( tempe!at!e !a%+e3

typ)*ally 7 WC t" 687 WC.

T$e!m"*"ple sym#"l


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Bas)* "pe!at)"%s

Assm)%+3 as a 0)!st-"!(e! app!"2)mat)"%3 t$at t$e !elat)"%s$)p #et'ee% !es)sta%*e a%(

tempe!at!e )s l)%ea!3 t$e%5

'$e!e

X *$a%+e )% !es)sta%*e

X *$a%+e )% tempe!at!e

X 0)!st-"!(e! tempe!at!e *"e00)*)e%t "0 !es)sta%*e

T$e!m)st"!s *a% #e *lass)0)e( )%t" t'" types3 (epe%()%+ "% t$e s)+% "0 . I0 )s p"s)t)1e3

t$e !es)sta%*e )%*!eases ')t$ )%*!eas)%+ tempe!at!e3 a%( t$e (e1)*e )s *alle( a p"s)t)1e

tempe!at!e *"e00)*)e%t G PTC : t$e!m)st"!3 "! p"s)st"! . I0 )s %e+at)1e3 t$e !es)sta%*e

(e*!eases ')t$ )%*!eas)%+ tempe!at!e3 a%( t$e (e1)*e )s *alle( a %e+at)1e tempe!at!e

*"e00)*)e%t G NTC: t$e!m)st"!. Res)st"!s t$at a!e %"t t$e!m)st"!s a!e (es)+%e( t" $a1e a as

*l"se t" e!" as p"ss)#le3 s" t$at t$e)! !es)sta%*e !ema)%s %ea!ly *"%sta%t "1e! a ')(e

tempe!at!e !a%+e.

I%stea( "0 t$e tempe!at!e *"e00)*)e%t & 3 s"met)mes t$e tempe!at!e *"e00)*)e%t "0

!es)sta%*e Galp$a s# T: )s se(. It )s (e0)%e( as

RESISTANCE THERMOMETER

Res)sta%*e t$e!m"mete!s 3 als" *alle( !es)sta%*e tempe!at!e (ete*t"!s G RTD s:3

a!e se%s"!s se( t" meas!e tempe!at!e #y *"!!elat)%+ t$e !es)sta%*e "0 t$e RTD eleme%t')t$ tempe!at!e. M"st RTD eleme%ts *"%s)st "0 a le%+t$ "0 0)%e *")le( ')!e '!appe(

a!"%( a *e!am)* "! +lass *"!e. T$e eleme%t )s sally )te 0!a+)le3 s" )t )s "0te% pla*e(

)%s)(e a s$eat$e( p!"#e t" p!"te*t )t. T$e RTD eleme%t )s ma(e 0!"m a p!e mate!)al '$"se

!es)sta%*e at 1a!)"s tempe!at!es $as #ee% ("*me%te(. T$e mate!)al $as a p!e()*ta#le

*$a%+e )% !es)sta%*e as t$e tempe!at!e *$a%+es )t )s t$)s p!e()*ta#le *$a%+e t$at )s se( t"

(ete!m)%e tempe!at!e.

As t$ey a!e alm"st )%1a!)a#ly ma(e "0 plat)%m3 t$ey a!e "0te% *alle( plat)%m !es)sta%*e

t$e!m"mete!s G PRT s:. T$ey a!e sl"'ly !epla*)%+ t$e se "0 t$e!m"*"ples )% ma%y

)%(st!)al appl)*at)"%s #el"' >77 WC3 (e t" $)+$e! a**!a*y a%( !epeata#)l)ty. C"mm"%
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Celsiushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Celsius


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RTD se%s)%+ eleme%ts *"%st!*te( "0 plat)%m *"ppe! "! %)*&el $a1e a %)e3 a%(

!epeata#le a%( p!e()*ta#le !es)sta%*e 1e!ss tempe!at!e !elat)"%s$)p GR 1s T: a%(

"pe!at)%+ tempe!at!e !a%+e. T$e R Vs T !elat)"%s$)p )s (e0)%e( as t$e am"%t "0

!es)sta%*e *$a%+e "0 t$e se%s"! pe! (e+!ee "0 tempe!at!e *$a%+e.

'2 PRESSURE MEASUREMENT

P!ess!e "0 t!#)%e $as t" #e meas!e( 0!"m t)me t" t)me. S" t" meas!eme%t "0 p!ess!e )s

("%e #y p!ess!e meas!)%+ )%st!me%t. "! t$)s p!p"se ma)%ly meas!)%+ )%st!me%t

se( a!e #"!("% t#e3 t#e3 ()ap$!a+m p!ess!e +a+e et*. t$ese meas!)%+ (e1)*es a!e

t$e% *"%%e*te( t" *a!ts t$!"+$ l"+)* +ates. Ca!ts +)1es )%0"!mat)"% a#"t t$e p!ess!e t"

*"%t!"l a%( )%0"!mat)"% !""m. T$ese *a!ts als" p!"1)(e t$e l)m)t t" p!ess!e. $e%e1e!

p!ess!e !ea*$es a#"1e t$e l)m)t3 a )%()*at)"% ')ll #e +)1e% t" *"%%e*te( system t$e% t$e

ma*$)%e ')ll #e at"mat)*ally t!%e( "00. S" (e t" )%*!ease )% p!ess!e t$e!e ')ll %"t #e

a%y (ama+e t" t!#)%e a%( "t$e! ma*$)%e.

BOURDON TUBE

T$e B"!("% t#e )s a %"% l))( p!ess!e meas!eme%t (e1)*e. It )s ')(ely se( )%

appl)*at)"%s '$e!e )%e2pe%s)1e stat)* p!ess!e meas!eme%ts a!e %ee(e(.

A typ)*al B"!("% t#e *"%ta)%s a *!1e( t#e t$at )s "pe% t" e2te!%al p!ess!e )%pt "%

"%e e%( a%( )s *"ple( me*$a%)*ally t" a% )%()*at)%+ %ee(le "% t$e "t$e! e%(3 as s$"'%

s*$emat)*ally #el"'.


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)+.-Typ)*al B"!("% T#e P!ess!e =a+es .

T$e e2te!%al p!ess!e )s +)(e( )%t" t$e t#e a%( *ases )t t" 0le23 !eslt)%+ )% a *$a%+e )%*!1at!e "0 t$e t#e. T$ese *!1at!e *$a%+es a!e l)%&e( t" t$e ()al )%()*at"! 0"! a %m#e!

!ea("t. Alte!%at)1ely3 a st!a)% +a+e *)!*)t *a% #e atta*$e( "% t$e t#e t" *"%1e!t t$e

p!ess!e-)%(*e( (e0le*t)"%s )%t" ele*t!)* 1"lta+e s)+%als. T$ese s)+%als *a% t$e% #e "tpt

ele*t!"%)*ally3 !at$e! t$a% me*$a%)*ally ')t$ t$e ()al )%()*at"!.

U TUBE

T$e U T#e *"%ta)%s 'ate! "! me!*!y )% a U-s$ape( t#e3 a%( )s sally se( t" meas!e

+as p!ess!e. O%e e%( "0 t$e U t#e )s e2p"se( t" t$e %&%"'% p!ess!e 0)el( a%( t$e "t$e!

e%( )s *"%%e*te( t" a !e0e!e%*e p!ess!e s"!*e Gsally atm"sp$e!)* p!ess!e:3 s$"'% )%

t$e s*$emat)* #el"'.

Typ)*al U T#e
http://www.efunda.com/designstandards/sensors/strain_gages/strain_gage_theory.cfmhttp://www.efunda.com/designstandards/sensors/strain_gages/strain_gage_theory.cfm


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T" at"mate t$e p!ess!e meas!eme%t )% a me!*!y-0)lle( U t#e3 a $eatst"%e

B!)(+e*a% #e 0a#!)*ate( #y *"%%e*t)%+ t'" e2te!%al !es)sta%*e t" a $)+$-!es)sta%*e ')!e

t$!ea()%+ t$e )%te!)"! "0 t$e U t#e3 as s$"'% )% t$e s*$emat)* #el"'.

U T#e P!ess!e Se%s"!

T$e !es)sta%*e "0 t$e U t#e ')!e )s p!"p"!t)"%al t" )ts *!!e%t-*a!!y)%+ le%+t$. T$e t'"

pa!ts "0 t$e ')!e e2te!%al t" t$e me!*!y ')ll *a!!y *!!e%t a%( t$e!e0"!e ')ll )mpa!t

!es)sta%*es t" t$e *)!*)t. H"'e1e!3 t$e )mme!se( p"!t)"% "0 t$e ')!e *a!!)es %" *!!e%t3

s)%*e t$e *!!e%t ')ll )%stea( t!a1el t$!"+$ t$e $)+$ly-*"%(*t)1e me!*!y. T$e U t#e')!e )s e00e*t)1ely sepa!ate( )%t" t'" sepa!ate !es)sta%*es3 ea*$ !es)sta%*e (epe%(e%t p"%

t$e ')!e le%+t$ a#"1e t$e me!*!y. As a !eslt3 t$e ()00e!e%*e )% t$e !es)sta%*e "0 t$ese t'"

')!e se+me%ts ')ll #e p!"p"!t)"%al t" t$e p!ess!e ()00e!e%*e a*!"ss t$e U t#e3

'$e!e * a%( & X *R'a!e 0a*t"!s t$at *a% #e "#ta)%e( (!)%+ *al)#!at)"%.

DIAPHRAGM PRESSURE GAGE

T$e D)ap$!a+m P!ess!e =a+e ses t$e elast)* (e0"!mat)"% "0 a ()ap$!a+m G).e. mem#!a%e:

)%stea( "0 a l))( le1el t" meas!e t$e ()00e!e%*e #et'ee% a% %&%"'% p!ess!e a%( a

!e0e!e%*e p!ess!e.

A typ)*al D)ap$!a+m p!ess!e +a+e *"%ta)%s a *apsle ()1)(e( #y a ()ap$!a+m3 as s$"'%

)% t$e s*$emat)* #el"'. O%e s)(e "0 t$e ()ap$!a+m )s "pe% t" t$e e2te!%al ta!+ete(

p!ess!e3 PE2t3 a%( t$e "t$e! s)(e )s *"%%e*te( t" a &%"'% p!ess!e3 PRe03. T$e p!ess!e

()00e!e%*e3 PE2t- PRe03 me*$a%)*ally (e0le*ts t$e ()ap$!a+m.
http://www.efunda.com/designstandards/sensors/methods/wheatstone_bridge.cfm.cfmhttp://www.efunda.com/designstandards/sensors/methods/wheatstone_bridge.cfm.cfmhttp://www.efunda.com/designstandards/sensors/methods/wheatstone_bridge.cfm.cfmhttp://www.efunda.com/designstandards/sensors/methods/wheatstone_bridge.cfm.cfm


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Typ)*al D)ap$!a+m P!ess!e =a+e

T$e mem#!a%e (e0le*t)"% *a% #e meas!e( )% a%y %m#e! "0 'ays. "! e2ample3 )t *a% #e

(ete*te( 1)a a me*$a%)*ally-*"ple( )%()*at)%+ %ee(le3 a% atta*$e( st!a)% +a+e3 a l)%ea!

1a!)a#le ()00e!e%t)al t!a%s0"!me! GVDT see t$e s*$emat)* #el"':3 "! ')t$ ma%y "t$e!

()spla*eme%t1el"*)ty se%s"!s. O%*e &%"'%3 t$e (e0le*t)"% *a% #e *"%1e!te( t" a p!ess!e

l"a()%+ s)%+plate t$e"!y.

VDT-Base( D)ap$!a+m P!ess!e =a+e

CONCLUSION


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I% DCCPP ele*t!)*)ty )s +e%e!ate( ')t$"t m*$ 'asta+e "0 e%e!+y. Tempe!at!e a%(

P!ess!e "0 t!#)%es )s *"%t!"lle( #y meas!)%+ )%st!me%t l)&e T$e!m"*"ple3 B"!("%

T#e. =e%e!ate( ele*t!)*)ty )s t$e% sppl)e( t" ma%y pla*es ')t$ t$e $elp t$e =!)(. !"m

$e!e ele*t!)*)ty )s t!a%sm)tte( t" D$"lp!3 B$a!atp!3 Ja)p! a%( ma%y "t$e! pa!ts "0!a4ast$a% pla*es.


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12. BIBLIOGRAPHY

PLANT RECORD (Notes): Files

A COURSE IN ELECTRICAL POWER: J.B. Gut!

PROTECTION OF POWER S"STE# : B. R!$

POWER TRANSFOR#ER: T!t! #!%&. 'ill

ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING: T!t! #!%&. 'ill

WEB-SITES:-

.iii*+!.,o$

.oe&s+ste$s.,o$

.oe&e-%%.,o$

.&ote,tio-oele,t&i,!ls+ste$.,o$.ele,t&i,!lte,/-olo%+.,o$
http://www.wikipidya.com/http://www.powersystems.com/http://www.powerengg.com/http://www.protectionofelectricalsystem.com/http://www.electricaltechnology.com/http://www.wikipidya.com/http://www.powersystems.com/http://www.powerengg.com/http://www.protectionofelectricalsystem.com/http://www.electricaltechnology.com/


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