Diabetes

What is Diabetes?A disease in which there are high levels of

sugar in the blood. Three types of Diabetes:

Type 1 Type 2Gestational

Diabetes affects more than 20 million Americans and over 40 million Americans have pre-diabetes.

What causes Diabetes? When your body doesn’t produce enough

insulin, resistance to insulin, or both. Insulin is a hormone produced by the

pancreas to control blood sugar.

SymptomsVision changesExcess thirstFatigueFrequent urinationHungerWeight lossTingling or numbness in hands or feet Feeling very tired much of the timeMore infections than usualVery dry skin Sores that are slow to heal

Type I DiabetesPreviously called, insulin-dependent diabetes

mellitus or juvenile-onset diabetes. Pancreas cannot produce insulin.Glucose (sugar) is built up in the

bloodstream instead of going to the cells for energy.

Most often diagnosed in children, adolescents, and young adults.

Makes up about 5% of diagnosed cases of diabetes.

Type II DiabetesPreviously called, non-insulin-dependent

diabetes mellitus or adult-onset diabetes. When your fat, liver, and muscle cells do not

respond correctly to insulin. (Insulin resistance)

Sugar can not enter cells so it builds up in the blood.

Makes up for 90-95% of diagnosed cases of diabetes.

Keeping a healthy diet and active lifestyle can help prevent type II diabetes.

Gestational DiabetesOnly pregnant women can get this type of

diabetes.Pregnancy hormones block insulin from

doing its job.Can cause problems in the mother and baby

if not treated. Develops in 2-10% of pregnancies.Usually disappears when pregnancy is over.

Cancer

What is Cancer?Uncontrolled growth of abnormal cells.New cells grow when your body doesn’t need

them and old cells don’t die off when they should.

Extra cells form a mass called a tumor.Tumors:

Benign- non-cancerousMalignant- cancer

Can develop in almost any organ or tissue.

General Signs and SymptomsUnexplained Weight LossFeverFatiguePainSkin ChangesThere are more specific symptoms with

different types of cancers.

Causes of CancerBenzene and other chemicalsDrinking excess alcoholEnvironmental toxinsExcessive sunlight exposureGenetic problemsObesity RadiationVirusesThe cause of many cancers are still unknown

Common CancersMen in the United States:

ProstateLungColon

Women in the United States:BreastColonLung

Most common cancer-related death is from lung cancer.

Other Types of CancersBrain cancerCervical cancerHodgkin's lymphomaKidney cancerLeukemiaLiver cancerNon-Hodgkin's lymphomaOvarian cancerSkin cancerTesticular cancerThyroid cancerUterine cancer

Common TestsBiopsy of the tumorBlood tests (which look for chemicals such as

tumor markers)Bone marrow biopsy (for lymphoma or

leukemia)Chest x-rayComplete blood count (CBC)CT scanMRI scan

TreatmentsSurgeryRadiation- uses high energy to kill tumor

cells without harming healthy cells. Chemotherapy- Uses drugs to kill cancer

cells.

Cardiovascular Disease(Heart Disease)

What is Cardiovascular Disease?Narrowing or blockage of the coronary

arteries (blood vessels that supple blood to the heart).

Atherosclerosis- plaque builds up in the walls of arteries.

Leading cause of death in the United States for men and women.

In the United States, someone has a heart attack every 34 seconds. Each minute, someone in the United States dies from a heart disease-related event.

Types of Cardiovascular DiseaseCoronary Artery Disease (most common)

Plaque buildup in your coronary arteries that leads to blockages. Can cause heart attacks.

StrokeIschemic stroke (most common stroke)- blood vessel that feeds

to the brain gets blocked. Hemorrhagic stroke- blood vessel in the brain bursts from

uncontrolled hypertension. Heart Failure

Heart doesn’t pump blood as well as it should be.Arrhythmia

Abnormal rhythm of the heart.Heart Valve Disease

Heart valves don’t open enough to allow blood to flow as well as it should be.

Treatment Heart Valve Problems

Medications Heart Valve Surgery

Arrhythmia Medications Pacemaker Cardiac Defibrillation

Heart Attack Medications Coronary Angioplasty (procedure to open blocked or narrow

arteries) Coronary Artery Bypass Graft Surgery (surgery to improve blood

flow to the heart) Stroke

Medications Carotid Endarterectomy (surgery to remove fatty deposits blocking

the arteries)

Risk FactorsHigh cholesterol High blood pressure Diabetes Cigarette smoking Overweight and obesity Poor diet Physical inactivity Alcohol use

PreventionControl your blood pressure Lower your cholesterol Don't smoke Get enough exercise Eat a healthy diet