Diagnostico de Fallas y Causas Del Sistema de Refrigeracion

7/25/2019 Diagnostico de Fallas y Causas Del Sistema de Refrigeracion

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LICEO PROFESOR LADISLAO LEIVACon Cristo hacia la excelencia acadmica

Diagnostico y desmontaje del Sistema de Refrigeracin

Alumno: Ricardo Enrique Leonor Chavarra.

Profeor: Ro!er"o O#aldo Solano Ala.

$a"eria:Prac"ica %aller Au"omo"ri&.

'rado:() A*o +achillera"o %,cnico Au"omo"ri&.

Secci-n: D/0 (123

Fecha: San Salvador4 (5 de mar&o (123.


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ndice

INTRODUCCIN.................................................................................................................................3

OBJETIVOS.........................................................................................................................................5GENERAL:.......................................................................................................................................5

ESPECFICOS:................................................................................................................................5

DIAGNOSTICO Y FALLAS EN EL SISTEMA DE REFRIGERACIN................................................6

FALLAS............................................................................................................................................7

SOBRECALENTAMIENTO..........................................................................................................7

PRDIDA DE AGUA.....................................................................................................................9

FALLAS EN EL ELECTRO VENTILADOR.................................................................................

SNTOMAS DE FALLA DEL SENSOR DE TEMPERATURA.....................................................

EL MOTOR TARDA EN ALCAN!AR LA TEMPERATURA DE RGIMEN................................."

COMPROBACIN DEL SISTEMA DE REFRIGERACIN...............................................................3

ESTAN#UEIDAD DEL CIRCUITO................................................................................................3

V$LVULAS DEL TAPN DEL RADIADOR....................................................................................%

BOMBA DE AGUA.........................................................................................................................5

TERMOCONTACTO......................................................................................................................6

TERMOSTATO...............................................................................................................................&

LI#UIDO REFRIGERANTE...........................................................................................................9

CONCLUSIN..................................................................................................................................."

BIBLIOGRAFA..................................................................................................................................""


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4/21

OBJETIO!"ENER#$%

D(,-8- ) 2,( ( -/4'1-, ( */))/ () -1(0/ ( (*-4(/,-' /? ,0 ) 2/ / (4+2// () (0'1/( < (/0/ ( )/ 2/1( () 0-0.

E!&EC'ICO!%

C',( )/ ,/+/ ( ) -( 28)(0/ =+( 2+(( 2(('1/ () 01 2 () -1(0/ (*-4(/,-'.

" P(('1/ )/ 1,'-,/ 2// -/4'1-,/ +' 01 2 */))/ (' () -1(0/ ( (*-4(/,-'.


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6/21

1-Problema con el tapn del radiador y/o el reservorioE) 1/2' () /-/ / -*((',-/ ( ) =0+,@ 2(0 2('/ ' ())/ ,02)(1/0('1(. E) /4+/ /) ,/)('1/( ( (>2/'( < () 1/2' -,0 (4+)/ ( 2(-'. EL (>,( () /4+/ /)( 2 () 1/2' @/,-/ () ((-. A) ('*-/( ( ,(+' /,- ('1 () -1(0/ ( (*-4(/,-' =+( ,@+2/ ( (4( () /4+/ () ((-. S- () 1/2(1H 0/) ) / / (/ =+( () /4+/ /)4/ @/,-/ () ((-. C' () 1-(02 - ' (-/0 () '-()

/4+/ () /-/ ( / =+(/' (,. LA )+,-' (' (1( ,/ ,'-1( (' ,/08-/ () 1/02' /-/ 2 +' '+(

!-Problema con el ventilador/rel/termos"itc# PH,1-,/0('1( 1 ) 01( 1/'(/2H,1-,/0('1( )/ 0/


7/21

$-%&ceso de sedimento en el sistema de refrigeracin E) (-0('1 ( /,+0+)/ (' () -1(0/ (*-4(/,-' ,+/' ( +1-)-/ K'-,/0('1( /4+/. E) /4+/ 2 - )/ 1-('( 0(( 22-(/( --2/,-' ( ,/) =+( () (*-4(/'1( -' (08/4 ,' () 1-(02 (+)1/ ,-/ 8( 1 - ( +1-)-/4+/ () ,@ (' ( ( /4+/ (0-'(/)-//.

S- )/ ,/'1-/ ( (-0('1 ( 0?'-0/ ( 2+(( /2)-,/ /) (*-4(/'1( +' )-02-/ ( /-/ /-/*)+@ (1( )?=+- ( 0(,)/ ,' () /4+/ ('1 () -1(0/ ( (*-4(/,-' < ( (/ 1/8// +/'+' 5 0-'+1. L+(4 ( (>1/( < ( ,),/ () (*-4(/'1(

S- )/ ,/'1-/ ( (-0('1 ( (>,(-/ (H '(,(/- 2-0( ))(/ () /-/ / '( < )+(4/2)-,/ () )-02-/ ( /-/ 2// ()-0-'/ ) (0/'('1( ( (-0('1.

'-Problema con fugas y manguerasE1 ( 0+,@/ (,( ,02)-,/ ( -/4'1-,/ 8( 1,' *+4/ 2(=+(/. L 2-0( =+( ( @/,( ( (/)-/ +'/ -'2(,,-' -+/) / )/ 0/'4+(/ ( - '(1H' (4/1// ( )/ 2+'1/ 1/. L+(4 ( =+-1/' < ( (-/ =+( ' (1' '- 0+< /4+// 0+< 11// (=+(8/H'(. S( (-/ () /-/ (' 8+,/ ( 2+'1 ,' >- ,' 0/,/ @+0(/. C' )/ 0/'4+(/ *+(/ ( (-/ =+( )/ 10/ ( /4+/ ' (1' ,?/.

S- )/ 0/'4+(/ (1H' 0/)/ ( ((02)//'. S- () /-/ ( ( /)+0-'- ( ((02)//. S- ( ( ,8 ( )/1/ ('1',( ( 2+(( (2// () ,1 ( (2//,-' /?/ (2('-(' () /-/ ) 0( ,1-/ - /)( 0( (2// ,02/ 1 '+(.

S- )/ 10/ ( /4+/ (1H' 0+< ,?/ ( 1-('(' =+( ((02)// - )/ ,-' () (-0('1 (0?'-0 ('1',( ( 2+((' )-/

(-Problemas con el termostatoEL 1(01/1 ( +'/ H)+)/ ( 2/ ( /4+/ =+( /8( ,' 1(02(/1+/. C' () 2/ () 1-(02 2+(( / 28)(0/. U' =+( ( =+(( 2(4// < =+(

/8-(1 2(0/'('1(0('1( (' ,+


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)-Problemas con el empa*ue de culataE1( ( () 0H -*?,-) ( (2// 2=+( @/< =+( (1/2/01. /< /- -'-,/( =+( 2(0 -('1-*-,/.

/ E>,(- 4/1 ( /4+/ (0/-// /4+/ (' () (,/2(. S- 2 ((02) ,// ( =+( 0(0 ,/ 1('(0 =+( (,@/)( /4+/ / 2(/ ( =+( 1 () -1(0/ ( (*-4(/,-' (1H *+',-'/'/(,+//0('1( 2?/0 1('( 28)(0/ ,' )/ ,+)/1/.

8 D(0/-// /4+/ (' () (,/2(. E '0/) =+( () 2,( ( ,08+1-' 4('(( ,0 (0/'('1( /)( /4+/ -' (08/4 - )/ ,/'1-/ ( (>,(-/ ' 2+(( (1/ -'-,/' 28)(0/ ,' () (02/=+(.

, B+8+( (' () /-/ /,(-1( (' () (*-4(/'1(. S- (0 =+( /) =+-1/ () 1/2' () /-/8+8+(/ (' (>,( 1-('( 0/',@/ ( /,(-1( ('1',( 2?/0 '(,(-1/ +' ,/08- ( (02/=+( ,+)/1/.

P7RDIDA DE A'8A

+unta de colector de admisin

V/-/ +'1/ ())/' )/ ,'(>-' ('1( () ,)(,1 ( /0--' < )/ ,/8(/ ( ) ,-)-'. C+/' */)/ (*-4(/,-' () )?=+- 2// / 1/ ( )/ +'1/ < ('1/ (' () ,H1( 2+(1 ( /0--' 41(

@/,-/ /8/ () (>1(-() 01. L/ +'1/ ( ,)(,1 ( /0--' (' 0+,@modelos ( 01(' 4('(/) (1H' @(,@/ ( 2)H1-, < '0/)0('1( */))/' / )/ 5. < &. 0-))/ &. / 3.Q0.

,anguera daada

U'/ (-( ( 0/'4+(/ ,'(,1/' () ,)(,1 ,' 1/ 2-(/ () 01. U'/ 0/'4+(/ ( -(//4-(1// ( ,/+/ ,0K' ( +'/ *+4/ ( (*-4(/'1(. S- (1H (' (1( (1/ (8( ( ((02)///.

+untas daadas de los cabe.ales

L/ +'1/ ( ) ,/8(/)( ,'(,1/ () 8)=+(() 01,' () ,/8(/) () ,-)-'. P+((' @/8( *+4/ (*-4(/'1( @/,-/ () ,H1( < -)+- () /,(-1( //' ) ,-'(1( () 01. U'/ *+4/ (' )/ +'1/ 1/08-2+(( ('+,-/ )/ 8+?/ < ,/+/ +'/ 4/' ,/'1-/ ( @+0 ( (,/2( ,) '(4. A4(4/ ())/ -1(0/ ( (*-4(/,-' 2// 1/1/ ( 1/2/ )/ *+4/ 1(02/)0('1( 2( 24/0/ )/ +1-1+,-' (+'1/ ( ) ,/8(/)(.

lo*ue o cabe.ales agrietados

U' 8)=+(de motor /4-(1/ 2+(( ,/+/ *+4/ -'1('/ ( (*-4(/'1( ) ,+/) / 0('+ -)+?4('. S- @/< +'/ 4/' ,/'1-/ *+4/ ( (*-4(/'1( (' () ,-)-' () 01 2+(( 8)=+(/( @-H+)-,/0('1( < '(4/( / //',,+/' -'1('1( (',('().

0apones de congelamiento corrodos


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L 1/2'( ( ,'4()/0-('1 ( (',+('1/' / 0('+ +1 (1H () ,)(,1 () (,/2(. L/ *+4( (*-4(/'1( (' (1 1/2'( 2+((' 2/(,( ('- () 0-0 ,)(,1. L 1/2'( ( ,'4()/0-('' ) (',@+*( ( (>2/'-' () )/ () 8)=+( 01 < ,/8(/) () ,-)-' < / 0('+ ( ,((( ('1 @/,-/ *+(/.

Falla en el elec"ro ven"ilador

Causas por las *ue falla el electro ventilador

C/8)( (,'(,1/ 0/) ,'1/,1 (' )/ ,'(>-'( (' ( 1(02(/1+/ 1(02(/1+( ('1(0 ,'1/,1 1@(0/) ,'1/, R()/


10/21

Sn"oma de falla del enor de "em9era"ura

V('1-)/ (',('- / 1 00('1 () 01 1// (' //',/ (' *- < (' ,/)-('1( ,'+0 (>,(-

( ,08+1-8)( '-()( ( C O 0+< /)1 28)(0/ ( 8(,/)('1/0-('1

Pruebas al sensor de temperatura2M+)1-0(1 (' (,/)/ " , V)1- 2/1( -=+-(/ () ('

%.6 '0/) R(-1(',-/ ,/ /2/4/

3tras pruebas2/2/4/ () 01 < (,'(,1/ () (' 0+)1-0(1 (' (,/)/ " , 2// (-*-,1-(/ 2+'1/ / () 0+)1-0(1 (' )/ 1(0-'/) 2-1-/ ( )/ 8/1(?/ 2+'1/ '(4/ (' () ,'(,1 () ('

)(,1+/ 5 V

V(-*-,/ /)-0('1/,-' 2+'1/ / (' )/ 1(0-'/) () ,'(,1 < )/ 2+'1/ '(4/ (' )/ 1(0-'/) ( 8/1(?/ (@?,+) (',('- ,'*0( ( ,/)-('1( (8( ( /+0('1/ )/ )(,1+/ () 0+)1-0(1 .

Prueba e&acta al termo contacto

S+0(4-) (' /4+/ < ,/)('1/)/ ,' +'/ )H02// ( 2+(8/ 2(0 (-/) ,0 ,+/)=+--'1(+21 () ,-,+-1 (8( ,(/ / 9 95 < /) ('*-/ () /4+/ (8( ,1/ / ) &" &6

Pruebas de verificacin del termostato

E' /4+/ ,/)-('1( (02-(/ /8- / ) &" && < /8( () 1 / ) 95 F/))/ 2=+( ( 1/8/ (' 2-,-' ,(// 2-,-' /8-(1/


11/21

EL $O%OR %ARDA E6 ALCA6;AR LA %E$PERA%8RA DE R7'I$E6

G('(/)0('1( ( (8( / =+( () 1(01/1 ' ,-(/ ,(,1/0('1( 2(0-1-(' () 2/ () )-=+- /-/ (1/' () 01 *-.

O1/ ,/+/ 0(' *(,+('1( ( () *+',-'/0-('1 ,'1-'+ () ()(,1('1-)/ 2 @/8(( =+(/,(/ () 1(0,'1/,1 ( *0/ 2(0/'('1(0('1(.

Com,ro-aci+n del sistema de re*ri(eraci+n

L 2-',-2/)( ()(0('1 (',/4/ ( (/)-/ +'/ (*-,/ (*-4(/,-' ': )/ 808/ ( /4+/ 1(01/1 () /-/ () (2-1 ( (>2/'-' () ('1-)/ < () )?=+- (*-4(/'1(.

C// +' ( ()) ((02(/ +'/ (1(0-'// *+',-' (' () ,-,+-1 2 ) =+( ,+/)=+-( /'0/2+,-/ (' /)4+' ( ) ,02'('1( /*(,1// /) *+',-'/0-('1 4('(/) () -1(0/.

A ,'1-'+/,-' ( (1/))/' ) 2,( ( ,028/,-' () ,'+'1 < ( ,// +' ( ) ()(0('1() -1(0/ ( (*-4(/,-' 2 /4+/.


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E!T#N.UEID#D DE$ CIRCUITO

L -021/'1( / )/ @/ ( (-/ () -1(0/ ( (*-4(/,-' ( ,028/ + (1/'=+(-/. E) ()) )/ 1/2/ (8( (8( /2-1(',-/ ( *+4/. A) 0-0 1-(02 -( 2// 28/ (1( < )/ (1/'=+(-/ () ()) ( )/ 1/2/ ( /-/. P// ,',( (1( -'1+0('1 2+)( 8( )/

-0H4('( =+( /2/(,(' / ,'1-'+/,-

/$U$#! DE$ T#&N DE$ R#DI#DOR

E' 2-0( )+4/ ,02+(8( )/ 1/2/ () /-/ 2// () / 0(,H'-, /// 4-(1/ (4/1(

() >-. " D(( ,+/)=+-( ,+8-(1/ ( ,02'( ( 1( 2/1(: () 0'1/( ( 40/ /'-)) ()H1-, < 2+'1/

0(1/) ,02+(8( )/ 2-0/(/. P// (1( 22-1 ( '(,(/- ,02-0-. S- ( )/ /(4) ,*/,-)-/ ('1',( ( () 00('1 ( ,/08-/ 2=+( )/ 2-0/(/ +2'( )/ 2(-' < -02)(0('2+(( /4/ ()(0('1/) - 2//H (1/ 2(-'.

3 T-( ( )/ H)+)/ ( /,? /8-) < /(4K(( ( =+( ( ,-(/ ,02)(1/0('1( ,+/' ( +()1/. % C02+(8( )/ 1/2/ () /-/ /-('1 ( )/ H)+)/ ( /,? 2// )/ +,-(/. A(4K(( ( =+(

/2(1+/ < ,-(( ( )/ H)+)/ ( /,? ' 2/(,( ( ,+/)=+-( (-/,-' ( )/ '0/. 5


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C02+(8( )/ 1/2/ () /-/ 2(-' ( /)--. P// ()) ,'(,1( +' -2-1- (2(,-/) < () 1'-

( )/ 1/2/ ( )/ 808/ 0-('1/ =+( ( /@-(( / )/ -'1+,,-'( < ) 2'4 (' (*(,1 @/1/ =+( /8/ )/ H)+)/. N 1( )-( ( /+0('1/ )/ 2(-' @/1/ =+( )/ /4+/ (( ( 0((. R(,+(=+( )/ 2(-' ( /2(1+/ ( )/ H)+)/ ( (,/2( ( 7& %& QP/ < )/ 2(-' ( ) 4/( (,/2( ,-(( ( )/ H)+)/ ( /2>-0//0('1( &3% QP/. S- )/ 2(-' ' ( ,(,1 ((02)/,(1/2' () /-/.

6 E) 0-0 -2-1- ( 2+(( ,028/ < 0+< (*(,/'1( ( *+4/ () -1(0/ 2'-') ('

,+()) () /-/. C(/ +'/ 2(-' ( /10 < ,028/ =+( () 0/'0(1 -'-,/ () /) 20-'+1. D( ) ,'1/- () -1(0/ ( (*-4(/,-' -',)+


14/21

*/ () /4+/ / 1/ ( ())/. #+( () /4+/ ' / / 2// 2( +' /+0('1 ( )/ 2(-' ( /)-2+(( */ () *)+ ( /4+/ / 2(-' 2// (,02-0- H2-/0('1( (' () )/ () /-/ 1(01/1. E1/ (,02(-' 2+(( ,(/ +' ,@ ( /2 ( /4+/ /)4 =+( +'/ 808/ /4+/ (1H 0/) 2( ' ( +*-,-('1(. A? () /2 ( -4+/) / 0/)/ 1(01/1

D(1(0-'/ - +1( 1-('( ' +'/ *+4/ /)(( ( )/ 808/ ( /4+/ -1('1( 2( 0/'1('( )/ /2)-,/,-' ( 2)@/1/ =+( 1('4/ +' )+4/ (, 2) +'-*0(. A/'=+( () 01 < () /) /)('1? < ( )(/'1/)/ 1(02(/1+/. L/ *+4/ 2+((' ,+- ) 8/ 2(-' 2// =+( () ,/) ( ((',-/) /=+

R() /)(( ( )/ 808/ ( /


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TER0OCONT#CTO

G('(/)0('1( ) 1(0,'1/,1 +()(' /,1-/( ('1( ) 9 < 95C -,@/ 1(02(/1+/ +()( (4/8// (' )/ 8/(. T/08-' (>-1(' 0() ,' 1(02(/1+/ ( *+',-'/0-('1 )/ 2-0(/+' 9C ,'(,1/ )/ (),-/ )('1/ () ('1-)/ < )/ (4+'/ / +' C 2// )/ (),-/ H2-/.

P// /8( ,0 ,028/ +' 1(0,'1/,1 (4+-(0 ) -4+-('1( 2/: 2-0( ( (/)-/H +

,028/,-' -+/) () ,'(,1 < 1(0-'/)( - ( (',+('1/' (' 2(*(,1/ ,'-,-'( ( 2,((H+'/ ,028/,-' ( *+',-'/0-('1. P// ()) '(,(-1/(0 +' ,/ ,' /4+/ +' @'-)) 1(00(1 8/1(?/ 808-))/ ,/8)( < +' 2)?0(1 (2('-(' () 1-2 ( ,028/,-' ( +1-)-/+' + 1.

Comprobacin con bombilla4g!:

R(/)-/ )/ ,'(>-'( (),1-,/ ,0 ( 0+(1/ (' )/ *-4+/.S+0(4- K'-,/0('1( )/ 2/1( 0(1H)-,/ () 1(0,'1/,1 (' () (,-2-('1( ,' /4+/.C/)('1/ () /4+/ 2, / 2, < 8(/ ,' () 1(00(1 ,0 +8( )/ 1(02(/1+/.C+/' ( /),/',( )/ 1(02(/1+/ ( /,1-/,-' 995C (8(H (',('(( )/ 808-))/.

A2/4/ () @'-)) < (/ ('*-/ )('1/0('1(.L/ 808-))/ (8(H /2/4/( ,+/' /),/',( )/ 1(02(/1+/ ( (/,1-/,-' &"&6C


16/21

Comprobacin con polmetro: S( (/)-/ -4+/)0('1( =+( )/ /'1(- 2( (' ( ( 1('( (/)-/,-' )+0-'/ 1('(0 +' /) ( (-1(',-/,'1-'+-/ (' () 2)?0(1.

C'(,1/ () 2)?0(1 ,0 ( 0+(1/ (' )/ *-4+/. C+/' /),/',( )/ 1(02(/1+/ ( /,1-/,-' 995C (8(H 0/,/ ,'1-'+-/ (-1(',

.. A2/4/ () @'-)) < (/ ('*-/ )('1/0('1( E) 2)?0(1 (8(H / +' /) -'*-'-1 ,+/' /),/',( )/ 1(02(/1+/ ( (/,1-/,-' &

&6C.

E' () ,/ ( =+( ' ( /,1-( (/,1-( ('1 ( ) /)( () */8-,/'1( ( (8(H +1-1+- -'0(-/1 1(0 ( )/ 0/'4+(/ +2(- () /-/ =+( / /) 01L/ ,/,// (1/H (' () (>1(0 ( )/ 0/'4+(/ < () 1(01/1 (1H ('1 ( )/ ,/,//.
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17/21

A'1( ( =+-1/ () 1(01/1 1('H =+( ('/ () /-/ 2/,-/)0('1( 2 ) =+( () '-() (*-4(/'1( (' () /-/ (8(H (1/ (8/ ( '( ( ,'(,1/ )/ 0/'4+(/ +2(- /-/. P+(( 4+// < (+1-)-/ (1( )?=+- (*-4(/'1(. A(4K/1( ( =+( () 01 () ,,< () (*-4(/'1( ' (1' ,/)-('1( ,+/' ( ('/ () )?=+-. T/08-' 2+(( (,'(,1/,/,// -' ('/ () )?=+- (*-4(/'1( () /-/ 2( 1('H =+( (1/ 2(2// 2//88( 2// (,4( () (*-4(/'1( () ,+/) (1H (' )/ 0/'4+(/ (' () 00('1 2 ) 4('(( / " ,+/1 ( 4/)'. N(,(-1/H +'/ '+(/ +'1/ ( 1(01/1 < +' ())/ 2/((02)// / )/ -(/ +'1/ +'/ ( =+( )/ =+-1( -',)+ - () 1(01/1 (1H (' 8+('

,'-,-'(.

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

,(,1/0('1( 2'1 ( /8-H. A (,( () >- ( @/ /,+0+)/ (' () 1(01/1 < ) 0/'1-(,(/. T/08-' 2+(( 1/1/ ( 0/'1('( () 1(01/1 8/ () /4+/ ,/)-('1( () 4-+(1H') ,' +'/ 2-'/ 2// ' =+(0/1( ) ( 2// ( - ( /8( '. E1 ' ( 1/,-('1?*-, -' (08/4.

O1/ 2+(8/ (?/ )/ ( 28/ () ,,@( -' () 1(01/1. T/?/ 1('H =+( -'1/)/ +'/ '+(+'1/ 2// (-1/ ,+/)=+-( *+4/. S- 1+ ,,@( ( =+(/ *? ,' )/ ()-0-'/,-' () 1(01/2+(( (1/ ,'(',- ( =+( () 1(01/1 (1/8/ (*(,1+ < ' /8?/ 2=+( /@/ (/'/' () ,,@( ,' () (*-4(/'1( =+( *)+


18/21

$I.UIDO RE'RI"ER#NTE

P// 2( ,028/ () )?=+- (*-4(/'1( () ,,@( 1-('( =+( (1/ (' +2(*-,-( ))/'/ < () 0111/)0('1( (' *?. E) ,-,+-1 ( (*-4(/,-' ( +' ,-,+-1 ,(/ =+( ,0 '0/ 4('(/) ' 1-('( =+1('( '-'4+'/ 2-/. E' ,/ ( =+( (/ '(,(/- ())('/ @/< =+( (2(/ / =+( () 01 (11/)0('1( *?.

U'/ ( /8-(1 () ,/2 ) 2-0( =+( @/< =+( -('1-*-,/ ( ,+H) ( )/ +8-,/,-' () )?=+- (*-4(/'C0 '0/ 4('(/) () (2-1 +()( ( ( 2)H1-, 1/'2/('1( () 1/2' +()( ( ( ,) '(4/+) ( 1/ *0/ - ( 1-('( /)4+'/ +/ ) 0( (' ,'+)1/ ,' () 0/'+/) () ++/-. U'/ ),/)-/ () (2-1 ' *-/(0 (' )/ 0/,/ ,' +' 0H>-0 < +' 0?'-0 ,0 '0/ 4('(() )?=+- (8( ( - ('1( )/ 0/,/.

E' ,/ ( =+( ' ( (/ () (2-1 ( 2+(( 0( 2// ( 2 '( *)+,1K/ () )?=+- (' ,/ =+( (1 ('1( )/ 0/,/ () '-() ( ,(,1.

E) '-() ( )?=+- (*-4(/'1( (8( ,028/( ( ( (' ,+/' - ( 1-('( )/ ,(1(/ ( =+( @8// (H '(,(/- /,(,/( /) 1/))( 2// ( ( '( 2+(( ('- )/ 2-/.

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CONC$U!IN

T ) 22-(1/- ( 1/ (1/'21(,',(' )/ -021/',-/ ( 0/'1('( ) -'1(/) (4+)/( 0/'1('-0-('1 ( +' 01. S-' (08/4 +/'1( (1/ 2(/,-'( ( 0/'1('-0-('1 ( 2((2(,-/) /1(',-' 2-',-2/)0('1( / )/ *-)1/,-' () /-( )+8-,/'1( < ,08+1-8)(. C' *(,+(',-/ 0/'1('-0-('1 (4+)/ < /22-/ () -1(0/ ( ('*-/0-('1 ( +' 01 ( ,'-(/ ( +-021/',-/ 0('. E1 2+(( 1/1/( ( +' ( 2 () =+( ( / / 2/4/ +' 2(,- 0+< /)1. L-'(1-4/,-'(@/' (01/ =+( () %W ( ) 28)(0/( ) 01( -(() 2// 1/8/ 2(/(1H' ()/,-'/ -(,1/ -'-(,1/0('1( ,' () 0/'1('-0-('1 () -1(0/ ( ('*-/0-('1. E1/ ,-*( +'/ ,)// -'-,/,-' ( )/ -021/',-/ () 0/'1('-0-('1 () -1(0/ ( ('*-/0-('1.

D+/'1( +' 2(- ( "% @/ /)(( ( 7" )-1 ( )?=+- (*-4(/'1( (' 20(- ,-,+)/'1/ () 01 2// 1/8/ 2(/. E +'/ ,/'1-/ +*-,-('1( 2// ))('/ +'/ ('0( 2-,-'/. E,-*/ ( +'/ ,)// -'-,/,-' ( )/ -021/',-/ () 0/'1('-0-('1 () -1(0/ ( ('*-/0-('1.

P ) 1/'1 2// =+( @/


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BIB$IO"R#'#

@112:.0'4/*-/.,01/8/-1(0/('*-/0-('1()(@+0/',(/@+0/'-1(0/('*-/0-('1()(@+0/',(/@+0/'.@10)X22,-/

@112:.)(4-')/'(.,00/'+/)(0/'+/)W"(W"1/))(W"W"-1(0/W"(

W"(*-4(/,-'.2*

@112:.8+('/1/(/.,0(/,@(+)1.2@2Z=+(


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