Dialogue Games

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Dialogue Games

Part I:

Approaches to dialogue

Peter Kühnlein

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Dialogue Games

Characteristic of dialogue games approaches:Dialogue is viewed as consisting of pairs or sequences of utterances thatcan be seen as moves in a game.

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Approach in case:Levin, J.A. & Moore, J.A., 1977: Dialogue Games: Meta-communicationStructures for Natural Language Interaction, ISI/RR-77-53, USCInformation Sciences Institute 4676 Admiralty Way, Marina del Rey, CA 90291

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Motivation

Studies of natural dialogue indicate that people interact according to established patterns.These have the following characteristics: They• are frequently recurring•

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Motivation

Studies of natural dialogue indicate that people interact according to established patterns.These have the following characteristics: They• are frequently recurring• span several turns•

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Motivation

Studies of natural dialogue indicate that people interact according to established patterns.These have the following characteristics: They• are frequently recurring• span several turns • exhibit goal-oriented organization•

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Motivation

Studies of natural dialogue indicate that people interact according to established patterns.These have the following characteristics: They• are frequently recurring• span several turns • exhibit goal-oriented organization• can consist of multi-sentential units•

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Motivation

Studies of natural dialogue indicate that people interact according to established patterns.These have the following characteristics: They• are frequently recurring• span several turns • exhibit goal-oriented organization• can consist of multi-sentential units• belong to speaker‘s knowledge

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Motivation

There is a wealth of implicit information in dialogue.

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Motivation

There is a wealth of implicit information in dialogue.Effective communication requires shared information, as witnessed by the possibility to comprehend indirect utterances

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Motivation


Example:Person A: Do you have a match?

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Motivation


Example:Person A: Do you have a match?Person B: Sorry, I don´t smoke.

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Motivation

Among the implicit information that is revealed in dialogues we find

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Motivation

Among the implicit information that is revealed in dialogues we find• conventional knowledge about language

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Motivation

Among the implicit information that is revealed in dialogues we find• conventional knowledge about language• „world knowledge“

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Motivation

Among the implicit information that is revealed in dialogues we find• conventional knowledge about language• „world knowledge“• knowledge of conventional reasons for behaviour

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Motivation


• We achieve goals through interaction with others

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Motivation


• We achieve goals through interaction with others• We know which responses to expect.

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Motivation


• We achieve goals through interaction with others• We know which responses to expect.

Sets of knowledge structures

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Dialogue games - intuition

Established patterns represented as sets of knowledge structures arecalled dialogue-games dialogue-games (DGs).They capture shared conventional knowledge about communication andthe use of communication to achieve goals

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A dialogue comprehension model is developed:DG-identification, pursuit, termination captures functional aspects of language, especially indirect language use

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A dialogue comprehension model is developed:DG-identification, pursuit, termination captures functional aspects of language:

People`s behaviour is seen as behaviour of goal pursuing organisms:goals determine the type of interaction they engage in

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People`s behaviour is seen as behaviour of goal pursuing organisms:goals determine the type of interaction they engage in

Language use is a way of pursuing goals that speakers currently hold,and the knowledge of participants‘ goals hence a central part of DGs

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Focus on regularities relating to the function of dialogues for theparticipants

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Example:A wants to solve a problem, and interacts with B to arrive at a solution.

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Example:A wants to solve a problem, and interacts with B to arrive at a solution.(Problem solving)

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Example:A wants some action performed and interacts with B to get her/him to perform it

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Example:A wants some action performed and interacts with B to get her/him to perform it(Action seeking)

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Example:A wants to know some specific information, and interacts with B in order tolearn it

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Example:A wants to know some specific information, and interacts with B in order tolearn it(Information seeking)

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Example:A wants to know whether B knows some particular information, and interactswith her/him in order to find out

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Example:A wants to know whether B knows some particular information, and interactswith her/him in order to find out(Information probing)

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Example:A wants B to know some information, and interacts with her/him to impart information

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Example:A wants B to know some information, and interacts with her/him to impart information(Instructing)

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Example:A is unhappy about some state of affairs, and interacts with B to convey that unhappiness

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Example:A is unhappy about some state of affairs, and interacts with B to convey that unhappiness(Griping)

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Every DG consists of three parts:

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Dialogue games – more formal

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• set of parameters

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• set of parameters: dialogue participants (roles)

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• set of parameters: dialogue participants (roles), subject of the dialogue (topic)

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• set of parameters: dialogue participants (roles), subject of the dialogue (topic)• collection of (parameter) specifications

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• set of parameters: dialogue participants (roles), subject of the dialogue (topic)• collection of (parameter) specifications: the set of participants‘ goals

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• set of parameters: dialogue participants (roles), subject of the dialogue (topic)• collection of (parameter) specifications: the set of participants‘ goals• partially ordered set of components

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• set of parameters: dialogue participants (roles), subject of the dialogue (topic)• collection of (parameter) specifications: the set of participants‘ goals• partially ordered set of components: dynamic aspects of the game

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DGs capture a collection of information common across many dialogues

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DGs capture a collection of information common across many dialogues:Free variation of participants and of the subject of dialogue can be described by same DG (e.g. Helping)

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DGs capture a collection of information common across many dialogues:Free variation of participants and of the subject of dialogue can be described by same DG (e.g. Helping):Individuals involved & subject vary across instances of a particular pattern

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DGs capture a collection of information common across many dialogues:Free variation of participants and of the subject of dialogue can be described by same DG (e.g. Helping):DGs‘ parameters (roles, topic) have specific values for each particular dialogue

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Types of dialogues are distinguished by

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Types of dialogues are distinguished by• sets of participants‘ goals

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Types of dialogues are distinguished by• sets of participants‘ goals• individual knowledge states

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Each type of NL dialogue can be described wrt • goals,

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Each type of NL dialogue can be described wrt • goals, • knowledge states,

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Each type of NL dialogue can be described wrt • goals, • knowledge states, • and the topic

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Each type of NL dialogue can be described wrt • goals, • knowledge states, in DGT: parameter• and the topic specifications

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Dialogue games – more formal – parameter specification

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Each type of NL dialogue can be described wrt • goals, • knowledge states, parameter specifications• and the topic remain constant throughout the dialogue

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Each type of NL dialogue can be described wrt • goals, • knowledge states, parameter specifications• and the topic are known to participants

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Dialogue games – more formal – components

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represent systematically changing aspects of DGs

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represent systematically changing aspects of DGsspecify subgoals for participants‘ roles

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represent systematically changing aspects of DGsspecify subgoals for participants‘ roles• partially ordered in time

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represent systematically changing aspects of DGsspecify subgoals for participants‘ roles• partially ordered in time• mutually complementary for participants

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represent systematically changing aspects of DGsspecify subgoals for participants‘ roles• partially ordered in time• mutually complementary for participantscontain expected sequences of intermediate states; these occur during instances of a particular pattern

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Dialogue games – playing the games

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Bidding a certain game

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Bidding a certain game• identifies game

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Bidding a certain game• identifies game • indicates bidder‘s interest in pursuing the game

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Bidding a certain game• identifies game • indicates bidder‘s interest in pursuing the game• identifies intended parameter configuration

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Typical response: Acceptance

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Typical response: Acceptance• without acceptance no pursuit of game

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Typical response: Acceptance• without acceptance no pursuit of game• performed in different ways, often implicit

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Acceptance of the bid of a game accomplishes: 1. recognition of bid

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Acceptance of the bid of a game accomplishes: 1. recognition of bid 2. recognition of particular game and parameter values

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Acceptance of the bid of a game accomplishes: 1. recognition of bid 2. recognition of particular game and parameter values3. agreement to pursue game

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Acceptance of the bid of a game accomplishes: 1. recognition of bid 2. recognition of particular game and parameter values3. agreement to pursue game4. assumption of acceptor´s role

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Acceptance of the bid of a game accomplishes: 1. recognition of bid 2. recognition of particular game and parameter values3. agreement to pursue game4. assumption of acceptor´s roleIndicated by agreement, approval or by pursuing game

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Acceptance of the bid of a game accomplishes: 1. recognition of bid 2. recognition of particular game and parameter values3. agreement to pursue game4. assumption of acceptor´s roleAlternatives: rejection

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Acceptance of the bid of a game accomplishes: 1. recognition of bid 2. recognition of particular game and parameter values3. agreement to pursue game4. assumption of acceptor´s roleAlternatives: rejection, negotiation

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Acceptance of the bid of a game accomplishes: 1. recognition of bid 2. recognition of particular game and parameter values3. agreement to pursue game4. assumption of acceptor´s roleAlternatives: rejection, negotiation, ignoring

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Acceptance of the bid of a game accomplishes: 1. recognition of bid 2. recognition of particular game and parameter values3. agreement to pursue game4. assumption of acceptor´s roleAlternatives: rejection, negotiation, ignoring, interruption

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Acceptance of the bid of a game accomplishes: 1. recognition of bid 2. recognition of particular game and parameter values3. agreement to pursue game4. assumption of acceptor´s roleAlternatives: spontaneous termination by a) goal satisfaction

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Acceptance of the bid of a game accomplishes: 1. recognition of bid 2. recognition of particular game and parameter values3. agreement to pursue game4. assumption of acceptor´s roleAlternatives: spontaneous termination by a) goal satisfaction b) unconditional goal failure

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Dialogue Games

Dialogue game model

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Dialogue Games

Dialogue game model

The Dialogue Game Model (DGM) attempts to answer the following questions:

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Dialogue game model


1. What is the knowledge represented within the definition of a particular Dialogue-game?

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Dialogue game model


1. What is the knowledge represented within the definition of a particular Dialogue-game?2. How is this knowledge used to model the receptive acts of dialogue participants?

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Dialogue game model


1. What is the knowledge represented within the definition of a particular Dialogue-game?2. How is this knowledge used to model the receptive acts of dialogue participants?3. What sort of machinery does it take to support this model?

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Dialogue game model



The focus of the model is on• the role of speaker´s motivations in structuring what he says

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Dialogue game model



The focus of the model is on• the role of speaker´s motivations in structuring what he says• importance of a speaker´s goals for language use

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Dialogue game model



The focus of the model is on• the role of speaker´s motivations in structuring what he says• importance of a speaker´s goals for language use• interaction of these goals with the speaker´s knowledge of his hearer

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Dialogue game model

The DGM is intended to

• specify processes for the comprehension of utterances in dialogues, using agents‘ knowledge structures

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Dialogue Games

Dialogue game model


• specify processes for the comprehension of utterances in dialogues, using agents‘ knowledge structures • allow to infer goals for generation of utterances

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Dialogue Games

Dialogue game model


• specify processes for the comprehension of utterances in dialogues, using agents‘ knowledge structures • allow to infer goals for generation of utterances• represent particular interactions, whereby the type of interaction is determined by goals of participants

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The DGM is built upon the following data:

TENEX system dialogues:

User sends requests to operator

Dialogue game model – the data

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TENEX system dialogues:

User receives info from operator


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TENEX system dialogues: interactions of user and system operator via LINK mechanism;


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TENEX system dialogues: interactions of user and system operator via LINK mechanism; direct communication by typing on terminals


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natural


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natural in the sense that there are no artificially elicitated data


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natural unbiased


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natural unbiased without non-verbal cues


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natural unbiased without non-verbal cues self-transcribed


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natural unbiased without non-verbal cues self-transcribed Goal pursuit methods and structures resemble those in voice dialogue and face-to-face interaction.


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1 L Are you there? Go ahead.

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2 O Yep, what´s up?

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3 L Know anything about the TELNET SUBSYS? Go ahead.

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4 O Try me.

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4 O Try me.

5 L I just connected to[computer site name] via TELNET,and tried the DIVERT.OUTPUT.STREAM.TO.FILE command. Strange things happened. Esp.y, my TELNET typescript is „busy“. Go ahead.

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4 O Try me.


6 O TELNET.TYPESCRIPT will always be busy until you do a RESET, but when you do that, be careful not to EXP, since that is a temporary file. Go ahead.

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4 O Try me.



7 L I see … it´s not enough for me just to do a DISCONNECT? Go ahead.

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4 O Try me.



7 L I see … it´s not enough for me just to do a DISCONNECT? Go ahead.

8 O Correct: Is that the only problem?

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Dialogue Games

Dialogue game model – the representational format

DGs are represented in a semantic network

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DGs are represented in a semantic networkThe implementation is by statements

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DGs are represented in a semantic networkThe implementation is by statements, which are• taken in by the DEFINEDG function

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Example: DEFINEDG(HELPING)

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Example: DEFINEDG(HELPING)The parameters are:>HELPEE, HELPER, TASK

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Example: DEFINEDG(HELPING)The parameters are:>HELPEE, HELPER, TASKThe parameter specifications are:>HELPEE ISA PERSON>HELPEE WANTS ( HELPEE PERFORM TASK )>(( HELPEE ABLE ( HELPEE PERFORM TASK )) NOT )>HELPEE PERMITTED ( HELPEE PERFORM TASK )>HELPER ISA PERSON>HELPER WILLING ( HELPER ENABLE ( HELPEE PERFORM TASK ))>HELPER ABLE ( HELPER ENABLE ( HELPEE PERFORM TASK ))

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Example: DEFINEDG(HELPING)The parameters are:>HELPEE, HELPER, TASKThe components are:>DS1: ( HELPEE WANT ( HELPER KNOW ( HELPEE PERCEIVE ACTION/ EXPECTED-1 PAST)))>DS2: ( HELPEE WANT ( HELPER KNOW ( HELPEE PERCEIVE ACTION/EXPECTED-2 PAST ) NOT ))>TS: ((( HELPER WANT ( HELPEE KNOW ACTION/NEW)) AND (( HELPEE PERFORM ACTION/NEW ) CAUSE ACTION/EXPECTED-2))> ((DS1 AND DS2) THEN TS)

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Example: DEFINEDG(HELPING)The parameters are:>HELPEE, HELPER, TASKThe components are:>DS1: ( HELPEE WANT ( HELPER KNOW ( HELPEE PERCEIVE ACTION/ EXPECTED-1 PAST)))>DS2: ( HELPEE WANT ( HELPER KNOW ( HELPEE PERCEIVE ACTION/EXPECTED-2 PAST ) NOT ))>TS: ((( HELPER WANT ( HELPEE KNOW ACTION/NEW)) AND (( HELPEE PERFORM ACTION/NEW ) CAUSE ACTION/EXPECTED-2))> ((DS1 AND DS2) THEN TS)

(DS, the initial „diagnosis“ stage, specifies a „context-violation“ pattern; TS is the „treatment“ stage)

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DGs are represented in a semantic networkThe implementation is by statements, which are• taken in by the DEFINEDG function • and stored in a semantic network

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A semantic network is a set of nodes interconnected by relations

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pred

agent

object

PERFORM

HELPEE

TASK

A0004 (HELPEE PERFORM TASK)

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pred

agent

object

PERFORM

HELPEE

TASK


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pred

agent

object

PERFORM

HELPEE

TASK


pred

agent

prop

WANT

HELPEE

A0004

A0005 (HELPEE WANT (HELPEE PERFORM TASK))

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parameter

parameter

parameter

HELPEE

HELPER

TASK

HELPING

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„The parameter specification predicates create an interrelated structure with the Parameter nodes as central elements.

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„The parameter specification predicates create an interrelated structure with the Parameter nodes as central elements. This structure represents conventional knowledge about the participants and the topic of a helping interaction. […]

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„The parameter specification predicates create an interrelated structure with the Parameter nodes as central elements. This structure represents conventional knowledge about the participants and the topic of a helping interaction. […] This knowledge about parameters is used in several ways - to select a particular DG, to initiate a DG, to generate expectations, and to terminate a DG.“ (p.13)

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Dialogue game processing

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Each DG „can bee seen as a problem solving operator, selected to accomplish some high level goal (represented in the Parameter Specifications), and then specifying (through its Components) a set of subgoals to pursue.“ (S.17)

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Dialogue assimilation to DG in five stages:

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1. nomination

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1. nomination2. recognition

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1. nomination2. recognition3. instantiation

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1. nomination2. recognition3. instantiation4. conduct

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1. nomination2. recognition3. instantiation4. conduct5. termination

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LONG-TERM MEMORYLONG-TERM MEMORY knowledge before dialogue starts

PROCESSORSPROCESSORS WORKSPACEWORKSPACE

MODIFIES

INFORMS

Worldknowledge•Objects•Processes•Concepts

Cognitive state ofpartner

Linguistic knowledge-words / semantic representations-case frames (verbs, predicates)

Dialogue Games

• parameters• parameter specification• components

tactical goals speaker / hearer

Rules ofinference,evidence

work semi-autonomously

parallel and concurrently

entities: activations

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PROTEUS spreading activation system

MATCH / DEDUCE production system - partial match - plausible inference

DIALOGUE GAMEPROCESSOR

investigates nominated DGseliminates conflicting DGs

PROCESSORSPROCESSORS

WORKSPACEWORKSPACE

activated concepts

nominated DGs

accepted DG

ultimate DG

FUNCTIONS in toto:

state of comprehensionand focus

partial and temporalprocessing results

modelling of implicitcommunication

comprehension ofrest of dialogue

DG terminationLONG-TERM MEMORY

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PROTEUS spreading activation system

MATCH / DEDUCE production system - partial match - plausible inference

DIALOGUE GAMEPROCESSOR

investigates nominated DGseliminates conflicting DGs

PROCESSORSPROCESSORS

WORKSPACEWORKSPACE

activated concepts

nominated DGs

accepted DG

ultimate DG

LONG-TERM MEMORY

FUNCTIONS in toto:

state of comprehensionand focus

partial and temporalprocessing results

modelling of implicitcommunication

comprehension ofrest of dialogue

DG termination

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Dialogue game processing - comprehension

Dialogue Games

DGT implements some generalizations about language comprehension

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Dialogue Games

DGT implements some generalizations about language comprehension:

Comprehension of utterances involves association of particular functions

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Comprehension of utterances involves association of particular functions• imputation of goals

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• participants‘ goals underlie dialogue behaviour

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• participants‘ goals underlie dialogue behaviour• speakers hold multiple goals; these are related in highly constrained ways

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• participants‘ goals underlie dialogue behaviour• speakers hold multiple goals; these are related in highly constrained ways • participants‘ goals are closely related; constrains co-occurrence of goals

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• participants‘ goals underlie dialogue behaviour• speakers hold multiple goals; these are related in highly constrained ways • participants‘ goals are closely related; constrains co-occurrence of goals• participants use knowledge about goal structures for implicit communication

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• participants‘ goals underlie dialogue behaviour• speakers hold multiple goals; these are related in highly constrained ways • participants‘ goals are closely related; constrains co-occurrence of goals• participants use knowledge about goal structures for implicit communication• changes of dialogue „topic“ are side effects of changes of participants‘ goals

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• participants‘ goals underlie dialogue behaviour• speakers hold multiple goals; these are related in highly constrained ways • participants‘ goals are closely related; constrains co-occurrence of goals• participants use knowledge about goal structures for implicit communication• changes of dialogue „topic“ are side effects of changes of participants‘ goals• indirect communication depends on associating functions with utterances

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DG structures allow for abbreviated communication

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DG structures allow for abbreviated communication:• during comprehension process: generation of expectations (used to resolve ambiguities); directing inferences

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DG structures allow for abbreviated communication:• during comprehension process: generation of expectations (used to resolve ambiguities); directing inferences• they focus the comprehension process wrt goals a speaker is pursuing with his utterance

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One central issue for comprehension is to identify those speaker´s goalsthat are motivating his utterances

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Meta-goal of comprehension (inherent in the model):„To comprehend an utterance is to find some previously known goal of the speaker which this utterance can be seen as furthering.“ (p.24)

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Meta-goal of comprehension (inherent in the model):„To comprehend an utterance is to find some previously known goal of the speaker which this utterance can be seen as furthering.“ (p.24)

This is used to limit explosion of possible inferences focusing of effortimplicit in DG model

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Dialogue game processing – comprehension – indirect use of language

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Functions of DGs:initiate another DG

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Functions of DGs:initiate another DGestablish new DG parameters

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Ex.: An utterance establishing parameters of INFO-SEEK DG can serve asindirect request:

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Ex.: An utterance establishing parameters of INFO-SEEK DG can serve asindirect request:• assertions of the speaker‘s own lack of knowledge

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Ex.: An utterance establishing parameters of INFO-SEEK DG can serve asindirect request:• assertions of the speaker‘s own lack of knowledge• questions about the other person‘s knowledge etc.

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Functions of DGs:initiate another DGestablish new DG parameterstermination of DG by change of parameter specifications

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Dialogue Games

Functions of DGs:initiate another DGestablish new DG parameterstermination of DG by change of parameter specifications

fulfilling one component goal of an open game generates expectations about next component

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Dialogue games and Speech acts

Dialogue Games

Similarities:

• Interpretation of individual utterances uses words of utterance and context

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Dialogue Games

Similarities:

• Interpretation of individual utterances uses words of utterance and context• Both depend on dialogue participants‘ knowledge especially wrt. topic of interaction

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Dialogue Games

Similarities:


Differences:

• DGs are bi-lateral actions & by definition interaction between two people Speech acts are unilateral actions

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Dialogue Games

Similarities:


Differences:

• DGs are bi-lateral actions & by definition interaction between two people Speech acts are unilateral actions

• DGs are multi-sentential units, they encompass multiple utterances and turns of a dialogue Speech acts consist of single utterances

Date post:	03-Jan-2016
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Dialogue Games

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