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Page 1 April 13, 2012Rainer Münz
Diasporas and Homelands –What Do We Know?
Rainer Münz
Erste Group
Migration and Identity: Encouraging the Role of Diaspora
Riga, April 13, 2012
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Page 2 April 13, 2012Rainer Münz
What is a Diaspora?
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Diaspora
• Originally, the term was used for Jewish emigrants forced into Babylonian exile after the collapse of the Kingdom of Judah (587 B.C.)
• Today, the term is generally used for ethnic or religious groups of people, who:
− live outside their historical home country,
− are dispersed as a result of historical migration or changes of boundaries,
− keep a distinct identity that differs from the majority in their host countries
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A few examples …
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Greeks and Phoenicians
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Greek and Phoenician colonies, 550 B.C.
Source: Ancient History Encyclopaedia; http://www.ancient.eu.com
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Jewish Diaspora
Riga‘s main synagogue, 1870-1941
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Page 8 April 13, 2012Rainer Münz
Jewish Diaspora, 547 BC – 1500 AD
Source: World Jewish Congress
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Page 9 April 13, 2012Rainer Münz
Jewish Diaspora, 1000 – 1500
Source: World Jewish Congress
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Jewish Diaspora today
Source: www.wikipedia.org
more than 100,000
50,000 – 100,000
20,000 – 50,000
10,000 – 20,000
5,000 – 10,000
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Page 11 April 13, 2012Rainer Münz
Jewish Diaspora today
Source: World Jewish Congress
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Page 12 April 13, 2012Rainer Münz
Armenian Diaspora
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Page 13 April 13, 2012Rainer Münz
Armenian Diaspora
Source: www.wikipedia.org
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Armenian Diaspora
Charles Aznavour(ian),Famous French singer
Cher(ilyn Sarkissian),Famous US singer
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Page 15 April 13, 2012Rainer Münz
Ethnic German Diaspora
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Page 16 April 13, 2012Rainer Münz
Ethnic German Diaspora
Source: www.wikipedia.org
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Ethnic German Diaspora
Source: www.wikipedia.org
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Ethnic German Diaspora?
Source: http://www.rollintl.com
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Page 19 April 13, 2012Rainer Münz
Ethnic German Diaspora?
German Gref,Former Russian
Minister for Economy and Trade, CEO &
Chairman of SberbankKlaus Johannis,Mayor of Sibiu
Karl-Heinz Lambertz,First Minister, German speaking community,
Belgium
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Ethnic Russian Diaspora
Soviet Bronze Soldier monument relocated from Tallinn to Tonismagi
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Ethnic Russians
Source: http://maps.nationmaster.com
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Ethnic Russian Diaspora
Source: http://maps.nationmaster.com
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Ethnic Russian Diaspora?
Nils Ušakovs, Mayor of Riga
Ualikhan Qaisarov, candidate for Kazakhstan’s presidential election 2011,
disqualified for 28 spelling errors
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Roma Diaspora
Austrian supermarket initiative: donating money to a school for Roma children in Hungary
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Roma Diaspora
Source: http://www.vurdon.it
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Roma Diaspora today
Source: www.spiegel.de
below 0.3%
0.3% - 0.6%
0.6% - 1%
1% - 3%
3% - 5%
5%-9%
over 9%
n.a.
Estimations
Total:8 mn
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Indian Diaspora
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Page 28 April 13, 2012Rainer Münz
The Caribbean
Mauritius
Malaysia, Singapore
Fiji
East Africa
South Africa
“Reshuffling” of East Indian labor within the British EmpireWhere did Mahatma Gandhi start his political career?
Indian Diaspora, 1850-1940
Burma
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Indian Diaspora today
Source: Forbes India
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Indian Diaspora?
Inder Singh, Chairman, Global Organization of People of Indian Origin (GOPIO)
Kamla Persad Bissessar , Prime Minister,
Trinidad & Tobago
Bobby Jindal,Governor,Louisiana
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Chinese Diaspora
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Page 32 April 13, 2012Rainer Münz
USA, Canada
South East Asia
Large scale export/import of Chinese labor
Chinese Diaspora, 1850-1920
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Chinese Diaspora in Southeast Asia
Source: Source: http://greenefutures.blogspot.com
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Chinese Diaspora today
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Page 35 April 13, 2012Rainer Münz
African Diaspora(s)?
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African Diaspora?
Barack Hussein ObamaUS president
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Population by largest ancestry group, US counties, census 2000
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Why should we take an interest in Diasporas?
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Diaspora quarters around the world
New York Chicago
Vienna
ParisNew York
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There are several types of Diasporas
− Diasporas identifying / not identifying with a particular homeland (Indians abroad vs. Gypsies; Africans in Europe vs. African Americans)
− Diasporas supporting / not supporting a particular nation state abroad considered as homeland (Armenians, Jews vs. Cubans abroad)
− Diasporas looking for “repatriation”, change of borders, creation of new nation states (Kosovo-Albanians abroad, Irish Diaspora, ethnic Germans)
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Page 41 April 13, 2012Rainer Münz
There are also several types of Diaspora involvement
− Sending remittances
− Contributing to community development
− Paying taxes
− Voting from abroad
− Lobbying for the cause of the (former) homeland
− Investing in the (former) homeland
− Supporting ethnic conflicts, regime change, etc.
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Economic aspects
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From host to home countries:
Remittances
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Global remittances amount to over 400 billion US-$ per yearRemittances to emerging markets and total, 1990-2012, in billion US-$
-
100
200
300
400
500
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
2012
f
Emerging markets WorldSource: World Bank, UNPD.
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Source: IFAD
Over 300 billion US$ are sent to emerging markets every yearRemittances to emerging markets, 2010
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Investments in the former homeland
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Diaspora investments
Largest flows:• Chinese investments from Hong
Kong, Singapore, Taiwan, US to mainland China
• Indian Diaspora from UK + US investing in India
• Israeli + Indian Diaspora bonds
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Page 48 April 13, 2012Rainer Münz
From home to host countries:
Brain drain
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Source: OECD.
Good for the host country, but brain drain is of great disadvantage for the home country Share of a country’s nationals with university education living in an(other) OECD country
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In Africa, up to 60% of the highly skilled in the health care sector emigrate Share of highly skilled emigrants in the health care sector
Source: IOM.
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Gaining higher education abroad
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Some 3 million people are living abroad for educational reasonsMigration of international students
Source: IOM 2010
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Social and cultural aspects
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Identity
Loyalty
Citizenship
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Language and citizenship
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Religion and traditions
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Integration vs. Diaspora?
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The melting pot theory
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The salad bowl theory
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Political involvement
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Page 61 April 13, 2012Rainer Münz
Political involvement back home –A few examples
Vaira Vike Freiberga, Canadian university
professor, former president of Latvia
Imran Khan,Oxford graduate, world
class cricket player, founder of Pakistan’s Islamist
Tehreek-e-Insaf (PTI) party
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Political involvement back home –A few examples
Radosław Sikorski,Oxford graduate, former freelancer journalist and Mujahideen -combatant in
Afghanistan,current Foreign Minister of
Poland
Milan Pani ć, US entrepreneur, former
Prime Minister of Yugoslavia
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Voting rights?
Mexican presidential candidate Josefina Vazquez Mota adresses a Hispanic
audience in San Antonio (TX)
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Page 64 April 13, 2012Rainer Münz
Taxation?
• Some countries try to tax their citizens wherever they live
• The most prominent examples are the US and the Philippines
• Other countries try to tax remittances
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Outlook:
What could be done?
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Mobility of skills through circular migration could be
an advantage for home countries!
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Migrants can return with …
• additional knowledge,
• improved skills,
• new business ideas,
• established trade relations
• money
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Page 68 April 13, 2012Rainer Münz
How can countries empower their Diasporas
abroad while keeping them engaged with their former
homeland?
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Page 69 April 13, 2012Rainer Münz
Diaspora relations: The Indian example
• Since the 1990s: Regular visits of Diasporas around the world by Indian presidents, prime ministers, union ministers
• Since 1999: Person of Indian Origin Card (PIO card) available to former Indian citizens and their non-Indian-born descendants
• Since 2005: Overseas Citizenship of India (OCI) restricted to those whose parents or grandparents had Indian citizenship in 1950
• Both grant practical parity with Indian citizens but do not permit voting, standing for election, or government employment
Source: Migration Policy Institute
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Diaspora relations: The Indian example
• Since 2003: Diaspora conferences (Pravasi BharatiyaDivas) as a platform for interaction between overseas Indians, the Indian government, and interested segments of the Indian society
• Since 2004: The Ministry of Overseas Indian Affairs reaching out to the Diaspora: "Know India”-Program for Diaspora youth, annual awards for eminent Diaspora personalities
• Since 2007: Overseas Indian Facilitation Centre assists Indians abroad to invest in India
• Since 2009: Global Advisory Council to the Prime Minister, consisting of Indian scholars, scientists, politicians, and businessmen living abroad
Source: Migration Policy Institute
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Diaspora relations: The Indian example
Minister for Overseas Indian Affairs Vayalar Ravi lighting the lamp to inaugurate the first Gujarati Convention in New Jersey
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Diaspora relations: The Indian example
Public diplomacy: Indian Independence Day celebrations on Aug. 15
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From repression via neglect to pro-active engagement of Diasporas
• In the past many governments either restricted emigration and saw those leaving as traitors,
• Or facilitated emigration in the hope of getting rid of underemployed workers, political opponents, members of ethno-religious minorities.
• As a result emigrants were often ignored or neglected by their (former) home countries.
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Page 74 April 13, 2012Rainer Münz
From repression via neglect to pro-active engagement of Diasporas
• Today a growing number of sending countries begins to understand the potential of emigrants and Diasporas.
• Some countries have developed smart migration and Diaspora policies.
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Thank you for your attention!
