0.5
setg
ray0
0.5
setg
ray1
Die Dynamik von Trübungszonenin Gezeitenästuaren
Hans [email protected]
Institut fur Ostseeforschung Warnemunde
FWG-Kolloquium, Kiel, 12. Februar 2003 – p. 1/23
Program of the talk
• Phenomenology• Conceptual models• Numerical simulations (historical)• Numerical simulations (recent)• Conclusions
FWG-Kolloquium, Kiel, 12. Februar 2003 – p. 2/23
Map of the tidal Elbe
9°00' 10' 20' 30' 40' 50' 50' 40' 30' 10°00'
54°00'
53°30' 0 10km
53°40'
53°50'
20' 8°10'
54°10'
Scharhörn
Gr. Knechtsand
Neuwerk
Cuxhaven
Friedrichskoog
Oste
Nord-
Ost
see-
Kana
l
Stör
Wischh. Süderelbe
Schwinge
Krückau
Pinnau
Este
Lühe
Med
em
Brunsbüttel
Glückstadt
Stade
Hamburg 630
640 650
660
670
680
690
700
710 720
730
740
Strom-km 700
Trischen
Watt
WGE Be 10.96
Mühlen- berger Loch
Pagensand
Medemgrund
Neufelder Sand
Großer Vogelsand
Medemsand
Gelbsand
FWG-Kolloquium, Kiel, 12. Februar 2003 – p. 3/23
PhenomenologySPM observations in the tidal Elbe
Pers. comm. Jens Kappenberg
FWG-Kolloquium, Kiel, 12. Februar 2003 – p. 4/23
PhenomenologySPM observations in the tidal Elbe
Pers. comm. Jens Kappenberg
FWG-Kolloquium, Kiel, 12. Februar 2003 – p. 5/23
PhenomenologySPM observations in Columbia River
Salinity
SPM
Pers. comm. David Jay, Phillip Orton
FWG-Kolloquium, Kiel, 12. Februar 2003 – p. 6/23
Classical conceptual models• Flocculation of riverine colloids due to the ion
content of the saline sea water (Lucht [1953]).• "The peculiar process of mixing between riverine
and marine water in the tidal zone works as aSPM trap." (Postma und Kalle [1955]).
Schoellhamer & Burau, 1998
FWG-Kolloquium, Kiel, 12. Februar 2003 – p. 7/23
Classical conceptual modelsDensity currents from numerical lock exchange
t = 5 h
-15
-10
-5
10 20 30 40 50 600
1
2
3
4
5
x / km
z / m
PSfrag replacements
σt / kg m−3
FWG-Kolloquium, Kiel, 12. Februar 2003 – p. 8/23
Turbulenzmodellierung
http
://w
ww
.got
m.n
et
Challenge
Aim
The Idea
Key features
Software
Fortran code
Test cases
Forcing
How to run?
Information
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Publications
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FAQ
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PPM:
10/26/00 20:48:54
New
GOTM is a one-dimensional numerical modeldeveloped and supported by a core team ofocean modellers. GOTM aims at simulatingaccurately vertical exchange processes in themarine environment where mixing is known toplay a key role. GOTM is freely available underthe GPL (Gnu Public License).
The interested user can download the sourcecode, a set of test cases (Papa, November, Flex,...) and a comprehensive report.
You are warmly invited to join the GOTM mailinglist and send any comments/questions to theGOTM team or become a GOTM contributor. TheGOTM developers are grateful to their sponsors.
Page "www.gotm.net" maintained by webmaster. Last update: 10/28/00 18:10:02
FWG-Kolloquium, Kiel, 12. Februar 2003 – p. 13/23
Liverpool Bay
SST (Degrees C.)
Land/Cloud
11.0-11.9
12.0-12.9
13.0-13.9
14.0-14.9
15.0-15.9
16.0-16.9
17.0-17.9
18.0-18.9
19.0-19.9
20.0-20.9
21.0-21.9
22.0-22.9
AVHRR Sea Surface Temperature image (11 July 1999, 17:00)
� �� �� �� � � � �
�
Courtesy Caren E. Binding, BangorFWG-Kolloquium, Kiel, 12. Februar 2003 – p. 14/23
Liverpool Bay
SST (Degrees C.)
Land/Cloud
11.0-11.9
12.0-12.9
13.0-13.9
14.0-14.9
15.0-15.9
16.0-16.9
17.0-17.9
18.0-18.9
19.0-19.9
20.0-20.9
21.0-21.9
22.0-22.9
AVHRR Sea Surface Temperature image (11 July 1999, 17:00)
� �� �� �� � � � �
�
Courtesy Caren E. Binding, BangorFWG-Kolloquium, Kiel, 12. Februar 2003 – p. 14/23
Liverpool BaySection of Temperature and Salinity
1 1
1 1 .5
1 2
1 2 .5
1 3
1 3 .5
1 4
1 4 .5
1 5
1 5 .5
1 6
3 2 .2
3 2 .4
3 2 .6
3 2 .8
3 3
3 3 .2
3 3 .4
3 3 .6
3 3 .8
3 4
3 4 .2
3 4 .4
2 3 .6
2 3 .8
2 4
2 4 .2
2 4 .4
2 4 .6
2 4 .8
2 5
2 5 .2
2 5 .4
2 5 .6
2 5 .8
2 6
2 6 .2
2 6 .4
2 6 .6
0
-20
-40
-60
0
-20
-40
-60
0
-20
-40
-60
0
-20
-40
-60
100 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0
100 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0
100 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0
Fig 2.a Temperature (Degrees C)
Fig 2.b Salinity (PSU)
Fig 2.c Sigma T (kg/m3)
Distance Along Transect (km)
De
pth
(m
)D
ep
th (
m)
De
pth
(m
)
LB2
Rippeth, Fisher, Simpson [2001]
FWG-Kolloquium, Kiel, 12. Februar 2003 – p. 15/23
Liverpool BayObserved and simulated temperature and salinity
Simpson, Burchard, Fisher, Rippeth [2002]
FWG-Kolloquium, Kiel, 12. Februar 2003 – p. 16/23
Liverpool BayObserved and simulated current velocity
Simpson, Burchard, Fisher, Rippeth [2002]
FWG-Kolloquium, Kiel, 12. Februar 2003 – p. 17/23
Liverpool BayObserved and simulated dissipation rates
Simpson, Burchard, Fisher, Rippeth [2002]
FWG-Kolloquium, Kiel, 12. Februar 2003 – p. 18/23
Liverpool BayObserved and simulated dissipation rates
Simpson, Burchard, Fisher, Rippeth [2002]
FWG-Kolloquium, Kiel, 12. Februar 2003 – p. 18/23
Three-dimensional modelling
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%$ � & '"( � )$( * $ � *+ $( & � � � ' , * �� -
33.8
33.9
34
34.1
34.2
34.2
34.3
34.3
34.4
34.4
34.5
34.5
34.6
34.6
34.7
34.7
34.8
34.833.8
33.9
34
34.1
34.2 34.3
34.4
34.5
34.5
34.6
34.6
34.7
34.7
34.8
34.8
33.8
33.9
34
34.1 34.2
34.3
34.4
34.4
34.5
34.5
34.6
34.6
34.7
34.7
34.8
34.8
34.8
33.8
33.9
34
34.1
34.2
34.3
34.3
34.4
34.4
34.5
34.5
34.6
34.6
34.7
34.7
34.8
34.8
34.8
FWG-Kolloquium, Kiel, 12. Februar 2003 – p. 19/23
Suspended matter moduleTransport equation:
∂tC +∂x(uC)+∂y(vC)+∂z((w−ws)C)−∂z(ν′
t∂zC) = 0 (1)
Bottom boundary condition:
−wsC − ν ′
t∂zC = Fe − Fs (2)
Erosion & sedimentation flux:
Fe =ce
ρ0
(|τb| − τce)+; Fs =
wsCb
τcs
(|τb| − τcs)− (3)
Bottom SPM pool:∂t(B) = Fs − Fe (4)
FWG-Kolloquium, Kiel, 12. Februar 2003 – p. 20/23
Two-dimensional experiments
• Salinity and SPM (click for animation), noadvection of turbulence
•
Salinity and eddy diffusivity (click for animation),no advection of turbulence
Zusammenarbeit mit Manuel Ruiz Villarreal, Spanish Institute of Oceanography, A Coruña
FWG-Kolloquium, Kiel, 12. Februar 2003 – p. 21/23
Tide-Elbe in 3D: GETM
9°00' 10' 20' 30' 40' 50' 50' 40' 30' 10°00'
54°00'
53°30' 0 10km
53°40'
53°50'
20' 8°10'
54°10'
Scharhörn
Gr. Knechtsand
Neuwerk
Cuxhaven
Friedrichskoog
Oste
Nord-
Ost
see-
Kana
l
Stör
Wischh. Süderelbe
Schwinge
Krückau
Pinnau
Este
Lühe
Med
em
Brunsbüttel
Glückstadt
Stade
Hamburg 630
640 650
660
670
680
690
700
710 720
730
740
Strom-km 700
Trischen
Watt
WGE Be 10.96
Mühlen- berger Loch
Pagensand
Medemgrund
Neufelder Sand
Großer Vogelsand
Medemsand
Gelbsand
Animation
Zusammenarbeit mit Manuel Ruiz Villarreal, Spanish Institute of Oceanography, A Coruña
FWG-Kolloquium, Kiel, 12. Februar 2003 – p. 22/23
Conclusions• In many estuaries, turbidity maxima (ETMs) are
observed at the tip of the salt intrusion.• These types of ETMs have been numerically
simulated with different 2D- and 3D-models.• Two major ETM generation mechanisms have
been pinpointed, residual gravitational circulationand tidal velocity asymmetry.
• The simulation of ETM generation in a realisticestuary has been sucessfully carried out with athree-dimensional model coupling mean flow,salinity, turbulence and suspended matter.
FWG-Kolloquium, Kiel, 12. Februar 2003 – p. 23/23