Digital Fundamentals

FloydFloydDigital Fundamentals, 9/eDigital Fundamentals, 9/e

Copyright ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc.Copyright ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc.Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458

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Digital FundamentalsDigital Fundamentals

CHAPTER 3 CHAPTER 3 Logic GatesLogic Gates




Logic Gates Logic Gates

• InverterInverter• AND GateAND Gate• OR GateOR Gate• Exclusive-OR GateExclusive-OR Gate• NAND GateNAND Gate• NOR GateNOR Gate• Exclusive-NOR GateExclusive-NOR Gate




The InverterThe Inverter




The Inverter The Inverter

Boolean expressionTruth table0 = LOW1 = HIGH

Pulsed waveforms

The output of an inverter is always the The output of an inverter is always the complement (opposite) of the input.complement (opposite) of the input.




The AND GateThe AND Gate




The AND Gate The AND Gate

Boolean expression

Truth table0 = LOW1 = HIGH Pulsed waveforms

The output of an AND gate is HIGH only The output of an AND gate is HIGH only when all inputs are HIGH.when all inputs are HIGH.




The AND Gate The AND Gate

3-Input AND Gate3-Input AND Gate

4-Input AND Gate4-Input AND Gate




The OR GateThe OR Gate




The OR Gate The OR Gate

Boolean expression

Truth table0 = LOW1 = HIGH

The output of an OR gate is HIGH The output of an OR gate is HIGH whenever one or more inputs are HIGHwhenever one or more inputs are HIGH

Pulsed waveforms




The OR Gate The OR Gate

3-Input OR Gate3-Input OR Gate

4-Input OR Gate4-Input OR Gate




The NAND GateThe NAND Gate




The NAND GateThe NAND Gate

Boolean expression


The output of a NAND gate is HIGH The output of a NAND gate is HIGH whenever one or more inputs are LOW.whenever one or more inputs are LOW.

Pulsed waveforms




The NAND Gate The NAND Gate

3-Input NAND Gate3-Input NAND Gate 4-Input NAND Gate4-Input NAND Gate




The NOR GateThe NOR Gate




The NOR Gate The NOR Gate

Boolean expression


The output of a NOR gate is LOW The output of a NOR gate is LOW whenever one or more inputs are HIGH.whenever one or more inputs are HIGH.

Pulsed waveforms




The NOR Gate The NOR Gate

3-Input NOR Gate3-Input NOR Gate 4-Input NOR Gate4-Input NOR Gate




Exclusive-OR and Exclusive-NOR GatesExclusive-OR and Exclusive-NOR Gates




Exclusive-OR Gate Exclusive-OR Gate

Boolean expression


The output of an XOR gate is HIGH The output of an XOR gate is HIGH whenever the two inputs are different.whenever the two inputs are different.

Pulsed waveforms




Exclusive-NOR Gate Exclusive-NOR Gate

Boolean expression


The output of an XNOR gate is HIGH The output of an XNOR gate is HIGH whenever the two inputs are identical.whenever the two inputs are identical.

Pulsed waveforms




Programmable LogicProgrammable Logic





• Programmable AND arrayProgrammable AND array• Programmable link technologyProgrammable link technology• Device programmingDevice programming• In-system programming (ISP)In-system programming (ISP)





• Programmable AND arrayProgrammable AND array





Programmable link technologyProgrammable link technology• Fuse technologyFuse technology• Anti-fuse technologyAnti-fuse technology• EPROM technologyEPROM technology• EEPROM technologyEEPROM technology• SRAM technologySRAM technology





Device programmingDevice programming• Design entryDesign entry

– Text entryText entry– Graphic (schematic) entryGraphic (schematic) entry





• In-system programming (ISP)In-system programming (ISP)– Joint Test Action Group (JTAG)Joint Test Action Group (JTAG)– Imbedded processor Imbedded processor




Fixed-Function LogicFixed-Function Logic




Fixed-Function Logic Fixed-Function Logic

• CMOSCMOS• TTLTTL

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Digital Fundamentals

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