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DinoflagellatesTrinidad
What are the conditions like in the deep sea?
Physical:
Biological:
What are food sources for animals that live in the deep sea?
200 m
0 m
1000 m
2000 m
4000 m
6000 m
dysphotic
photic
aphotic
Light Penetration in the OceanLight Penetration in the OceanD
epth
in m
eter
s 50 m
100m
150 m
200 m
200 m
0 m
1000 m
2000 m
4000 m
6000 m
dysphotic
photic
aphotic
What color of light will animals use?
What color of light will animals use?
Types of light production: 1. incandescence – light bulb2. luminescence- fluorescence bulb
What is the difference between these types of light?
Bioluminescence: a chemical reaction
Give examples of organisms that are bioluminescent?
Evolution of Bioluminescence
Fossilized bacteria 3.5 bya
• O2 is toxic to some bacteria
• Convert O2 to a nontoxic substance
• Light is a byproduct
• Benefit to some organisms
luciferase
Luciferin + O2 oxyluciferin + light
Bioluminescence: Not found in freshwater organisms.
• Bacterial• Intrinsic
Photobacterium
• Photobacterium (symbiotic relationship)• Achromabacteria (2 types of squid use bacteria, the
rest (17) make their own)• Beneckea (not associated with symbiotic relationship)
Bacteria
Vibrio fischeri
(bacterial)
Light emitting organ
How do they get bacteria?
• organ open to exterior
• potentially continuous luminescence
Tunicate- Pyrosoma- bacterial symbiont (intracellular)
Bacterial Symbiont
Squid Euprymna- squid hatches w/out bacteria; w/in hours it is infected w/natural populations of bacteria
Bacterial photophores
Bacterial Photophores in Fish
Ichthyococcus
AnglerfishPinecone fish
flashlightfish
ponyfish
Intrinsic photophores
Control of Bioluminescence
• Lid
• Vascular control
• Rotation of organ
What are the benefits &
drawbacks of using bioluminescence?
• Reproductive advantage
• Countershading
• Escape and avoid predation
• Species recognition
• Feeding
• In evolution
Hatchetfish
Some deep sea copepods are red in color. Why?
Malacosteus (dragonfish)
squids- looking for mates.
Some predators can lure prey by mimicking signals of prey. Other predators dangle a lure to attract prey.
mid-water squid releases a bioluminescent cloud to startle and confuse predators.
Photoblepharon- blink and run method.
Duncecap or helmet jellyPeriphylla periphylla
Bamboo coral Keratoisis flexibilis
Brittle Star, Ophiroidia
Ctenophore
Dinoflagellate
ostracod
pterapods
Coconut octopusAmphioctopus marginatus
PolychaeteTomopteris
Firefly squid
Deep sea glass squidTeuthowenia pellucida
Deep sea gulper
Photophores on ventral surface
Deep sea viper fish
Black Devil Angler Fish
lure
angler fish
Inquiry
1. Define bioluminescence.2. Who produces bioluminescence?3. What is the difference between
intrinsic and bacterial bioluminescence?
4. What is the blink and run method?5. What is countershading?6. What is the evolutionary
advantage of bioluminescence in bacteria?
7.What color is most common and why?
8. What advantages are there to producing red light?
9. How do fish control luminescence?
10. What triggers luminescence in dinoflagellates?
11. What are luciferin and luciferase?