The Discourse‐Initial
Mo and Epistemic
Modality
Sum
iyo
Nish
iguc
hiTo
kyo
Univ
ersit
y of
Sci
ence
Pre-
JK W
orks
hop
on E
vid
entia
lsan
d M
odal
sSe
oul N
atio
nal U
nive
rsity
Oct
19,
201
1
10/1
9/20
11Su
miy
o N
ishig
uchi
, Pr
eJKW
orks
hop@
SNU
1
Abstract
•Se
nten
ces w
ith th
e Ja
pane
se fo
cus m
arke
r m
o“a
lso/t
oo”
can
be u
ttere
d d
iscou
rse-
initi
ally
. •
Inst
ead
of a
con
trast
ive
narro
w fo
cus,
mo
sent
ence
s hav
e a
pres
enta
tiona
l neu
tral
focu
s.•
The
disc
ours
e-in
itial
mo
“also
/too
” is
an
epist
emic
nec
essit
y m
odal
and
an
emph
atic
mar
ker s
imila
r to
ind
eed
or r
eally
.
10/1
9/20
11Su
miy
o N
ishig
uchi
, Pr
eJKW
orks
hop@
SNU
2
•A
s a m
odal
, mo
“also
/too
” as
soci
ates
with
a
who
le p
ropo
sitio
n.
•Be
caus
e its
mea
ning
is re
lativ
ized
to th
e m
atrix
subj
ect o
f the
em
bed
ded
cla
use
in
whi
ch it
app
ears
, mo
cont
ribut
es to
trut
h-co
nditi
onal
mea
ning
as o
ppos
ed to
co
nven
tiona
l impl
icat
ure,
whi
ch re
flect
s the
sp
eake
r’s p
ersp
ectiv
e w
ithou
t sco
pe, a
s ar
gued
in P
otts
(200
7).
10/1
9/20
11Su
miy
o N
ishig
uchi
, Pr
eJKW
orks
hop@
SNU
3
Moʺalso/evenʺ
•M
o “a
lso/e
ven”
in J
apan
ese
is a
parti
cle
that
atta
ches
to a
nou
n ph
rase
. •
Japa
nese
gra
mm
aria
ns h
ave
cons
ider
ed it
as
pol
ysem
ous(
Sad
anob
u19
97):
(i) a
lso(ii
) eve
n(ii
i) at
tenu
atio
n(N
umat
a19
86)
adm
iratio
n(T
eram
ura
1984
), 10/1
9/20
11Su
miy
o N
ishig
uchi
, Pr
eJKW
orks
hop@
SNU
4
Mo 1“also”
(1) #
(Jun
-ga
utat
-te,)
[Ken
] F-m
ood
ot-ta
.Ju
n-N
omsin
g-Pa
st-a
nd K
en-a
lso d
ance
-Pas
t“J
un sa
ng, a
nd K
en d
ance
d, t
oo.”
•A
focu
s mar
ker o
r qua
ntifi
er-li
ke e
lem
ent (
Kuro
da
1969
), ty
pica
lly p
lace
s con
trast
ive
focu
s on
NP
•Lik
e En
glish
also
and
too,
mo
“also
” re
quire
s an
iden
tifie
d in
divi
dual
(van
der
San
dta
nd G
eurts
2001
), Ju
n, to
be
cont
rast
ed w
ith K
en.
•Si
mila
r to
Engl
ish to
o (K
arttu
nen
and
Pet
ers 1
979)
, a m
o-p
asse
rtion
is fe
licito
us o
nly
whe
n it
follo
ws a
noth
er
sent
ence
such
as “
Som
eone
oth
er th
an K
en c
ame”
or,
at
leas
t, w
hen
the
pres
uppo
sitio
nsar
e sa
tisfie
d b
y th
e ex
tralin
guist
icco
ntex
t.10
/19/
2011
Sum
iyo
Nish
iguc
hi,
PreJ
KWor
ksho
p@SN
U5
Mo 2“even”
(2)
IKEA
-mo
bikk
uri-n
o ko
npak
uto-
naka
guse
ttoIK
EA-e
ven
surp
rise-
Gen
com
pact
-be
fu
rnitu
re se
t“A
set o
f com
pact
furn
iture
, whi
ch w
ould
eve
n su
rpris
e IK
EA”
•IK
EA is
the
furn
iture
mak
er le
ast l
ikel
y to
be
surp
rised
at t
he
com
pact
ness
of t
he fu
rnitu
re, b
ecau
se it
is m
ostly
likel
y to
m
ake
the
mos
t com
pact
furn
iture
sets
.
10/1
9/20
11Su
miy
o N
ishig
uchi
, Pr
eJKW
orks
hop@
SNU
6
Mo 2un
iversal
•M
o “e
ven”
is u
nive
rsal
whe
n it
has
ind
eter
min
ates
(wh-
wor
ds)
with
in it
s sco
pe(K
urod
a 19
65, K
ratz
eran
d S
him
oyam
a20
02):
(3)
Dar
e-m
oko
-nai
.an
yone
co
me-
Neg
“Nob
ody
com
es.”
10/1
9/20
11Su
miy
o N
ishig
uchi
, Pr
eJKW
orks
hop@
SNU
7
Mo 3em
phatic &
discou
rse‐initial
•W
hat I
cal
l the
em
phat
ic, d
iscou
rse-
initi
al m
ois
neith
er
“also
” no
r “ev
en.”
(4
) a.
Yo-m
ofu
ke-ta
. M
o
ner
u-to
sh
i-yo.
nigh
t-also
bec
ome.
late
-Pas
t alre
ady
sleep
-Com
p d
o-le
t’s
“It’
s lat
e, in
dee
d. I
t’s t
ime
to g
o to
bed
.”b.
Ko-
no
saifu
-mo
fuku
ku-n
at-ta
.th
is-G
en
wal
let-a
lso
old
-bec
ome-
Past
“Thi
s wal
let h
as in
dee
d b
ecom
e ol
d.”
10/1
9/20
11Su
miy
o N
ishig
uchi
, Pr
eJKW
orks
hop@
SNU
8
Discourse‐in
itial mo
c.
Yo-m
osu
e-d
a.w
orld
-also
fin
ale-
be“T
his i
s the
end
of t
he w
orld
.”d
. M
ari-m
oka
shik
o-i.
Mar
i-also
sm
art-b
e“M
ary
is in
dee
d sm
art.”
e.O
mae
-mo
aho-
ya-n
a.yo
u-al
so
silly
-be-
Exc
“I m
ust s
ay th
at y
ou a
re si
lly.”
10/1
9/20
11Su
miy
o N
ishig
uchi
, Pr
eJKW
orks
hop@
SNU
9
Discourse‐in
itial Mo
(5)
Soto
-mo
hiet
e-ki
-ta.
outs
ide-
also
co
ld-c
ome-
Past
“It i
s ind
eed
get
ting
chilly
out
side.
”
•N
o co
ntra
st b
etw
een
its sy
ntac
tic c
onst
ituen
t sot
o“o
utsid
e” &
any
ant
eced
ent.
•N
eutra
l and
pre
sent
atio
nal f
ocus
•In
stea
d o
f a n
arro
w fo
cus o
n N
P, th
ere
is a
wid
e fo
cus o
n th
e w
hole
sent
ence
.
10/1
9/20
11Su
miy
o N
ishig
uchi
, Pr
eJKW
orks
hop@
SNU
10
•Ev
en th
ough
mo 3
form
s a c
onst
ituen
cy w
ith
the
subj
ect D
P, it
s sem
antic
scop
e is
not t
he
DP.
•
Mo 3
doe
s not
trig
ger t
he p
resu
ppos
ition
“S
omeo
ne/s
omet
hing
oth
er th
an x
is su
ch.”
o
(6a)
doe
s not
pre
supp
ose
that
“Th
e m
orni
ng g
rew
late
"o
(6b)
doe
s not
pre
supp
ose
“You
r wal
let
beca
me
old
"
10/1
9/20
11Su
miy
o N
ishig
uchi
, Pr
eJKW
orks
hop@
SNU
11
Num
ata(2000)
(6)
Haru
-mo
take
naw
a-ni
na
ri-m
ashi
-ta.
sprin
g-al
sope
ak-G
OA
L be
com
e-HO
N-P
AST
“Spr
ing
has r
each
ed it
s pea
k.”
(Num
ata
2000
: 172
)
•M
o as
soci
ates
itse
lf w
ith a
who
le p
ropo
sitio
n an
d
cont
rast
s oth
er th
ings
rem
inisc
ent o
f the
seas
on a
nd th
e tra
nsiti
on o
f tim
e•
The
spea
ker p
resu
ppos
es p
rior s
ituat
ions
such
as
bloo
min
g of
che
rry b
loss
oms,
gree
n le
aves
of t
rees
, and
co
mfo
rtabl
y w
arm
wea
ther
.
10/1
9/20
11Su
miy
o N
ishig
uchi
, Pr
eJKW
orks
hop@
SNU
12
Epistemic m
odal
•I w
ould
rath
er c
laim
that
mo 3
is th
e ep
istem
ic m
odal
that
con
veys
spea
ker’s
ev
alua
tion
•In
vie
w o
f wha
t is k
now
n, th
e sp
eake
r ex
pres
ses h
is/he
r jud
gmen
t tha
t pin
mo-
pm
ust b
e tru
e.
10/1
9/20
11Su
miy
o N
ishig
uchi
, Pr
eJKW
orks
hop@
SNU
13
Interference w
ith negation
(7)
a. #
Mar
i-mo
kash
ikok
u-na
i.M
ari-a
lso
smar
t-Neg
“Mar
i is in
dee
d n
ot sm
art.”
b. #
Yo-m
ofu
ke-n
akat
-ta.
nigh
t-also
be
com
e.la
te-N
eg-P
ast
“It d
id n
ot g
row
late
.”c.
#Ko
nosa
ifu-m
ofu
ruku
nara
-nak
at-ta
.th
is w
alle
t-also
be
com
e ol
d-N
eg-P
ast
“Thi
s wal
let d
id n
ot b
ecom
e ol
d.”
10/1
9/20
11Su
miy
o N
ishig
uchi
, Pr
eJKW
orks
hop@
SNU
14
Negation is no prob
lem fo
r mo 1“also” or mo 2 “e
ven”
(8) a
. M
ari-m
oko
-nak
at-ta
.M
ari-a
lso
com
e-N
EG-P
AST
“Mar
i did
not
com
e ei
ther
.”b.
Dar
emo
ko-n
akat
-ta.
Mar
i-mo
ko-n
akat
-ta.
anyo
ne c
ome-
NEG
-PA
ST M
ari-a
lso c
ome-
NEG
-PA
ST“N
o on
e ca
me.
Not
eve
n M
ari c
ame.
”
10/1
9/20
11Su
miy
o N
ishig
uchi
, Pr
eJKW
orks
hop@
SNU
15
Bipo
lar Item
•Th
e in
terfe
renc
e w
ith n
egat
ion
mig
ht in
dic
ate
dep
end
ency
of N
P-m
oon
its l
icen
sing
pred
icat
es,
e.g.
, kas
hiko
i‘be
smar
t’, f
uker
u‘b
ecom
e la
te’,
and
fu
ruku
naru
‘bec
ome
old
’.•
As i
ndet
erm
inat
e +
univ
ersa
l mo 2
is a
nega
tive
pola
rity
item
, or a
neg
ativ
e co
ncor
d it
em
(Wat
anab
e 20
04),
it is
not s
urpr
ising
that
NP
+ m
o 3
also
dem
onst
rate
s pol
arity
sens
itivi
ty.
•N
ishig
uchi
(200
5, 2
010)
ana
lyze
d N
P+
mo 3
as a
bi
pola
r ite
min
van
der
Wou
den
’ste
rmin
olog
y (v
an
der
Wou
den
2005
).
10/1
9/20
11Su
miy
o N
ishig
uchi
, Pr
eJKW
orks
hop@
SNU
16
Hungarian Is
Isha
s the
mea
ning
of ‘
also
,’ ‘e
ven’
and
em
phat
ic (s
ee
Piño
n19
92, f
or th
e Hu
ngar
ian
emph
atic
is).
(9)
Péte
rm
egig
érte
, ho
gy e
l fo
g Pe
ter
VM
pr
omise
.Pas
t.3SG
.Def
that
aw
ay
will
men
niés
[el] F
ism
ent.
go.P
res.3
SG
and
aw
ay is
go
.Pas
t.3SG
‘Pet
er p
rom
ised
he
wou
ld g
o, a
nd h
e w
ent,
too!
’(S
zala
i199
6:12
, F-m
arki
ng b
y th
e au
thor
)
10/1
9/20
11Su
miy
o N
ishig
uchi
, Pr
eJKW
orks
hop@
SNU
17
Is: P
olarity fo
cus marker
•Is
‘also
/eve
n’ is
equ
ival
ent t
o th
e En
glish
in
dee
d, s
urel
y,an
d re
ally
. •
Itst
reng
then
s the
affi
rmat
ive
whe
n po
larit
y is
in q
uest
ion.
•
Whe
ther
Pet
er w
ent i
s the
issu
e, a
nd is
em
phas
izes t
hat P
eter
real
ly w
ent.
Prop
osal
: •
Is is
a ve
rum
focu
s (or
pol
arity
focu
s) m
arke
r (H
öhle
1992
)
10/1
9/20
11Su
miy
o N
ishig
uchi
, Pr
eJKW
orks
hop@
SNU
18
Mois not polarity fo
cus
•Hu
ngar
ian
is re
quire
s an
ante
ced
ent a
nd
stre
ngth
ens t
he p
olar
ity•
Japa
nese
em
phat
ic m
o-p
is d
iscou
rse-
initi
al
•Be
caus
e p
or n
ot p
is n
ot a
que
stio
n in
the
disc
ours
e, it
is d
iffic
ult t
o ca
ll mo
a po
larit
y fo
cus.
•N
ever
thel
ess,
mo
doe
s stre
ngth
en th
e af
firm
ativ
e.
10/1
9/20
11Su
miy
o N
ishig
uchi
, Pr
eJKW
orks
hop@
SNU
19
Una
ccusativity
All p
red
icat
es w
ith w
ide
scop
e m
oar
e un
accu
sativ
esor
ad
ject
ival
pre
dic
ates
.(1
0)fu
keru
"bec
ome
late
"ta
kena
wa-
nina
ru"re
ach
its p
eak"
furu
kuna
ru"b
ecom
e ol
d"
owar
i-nic
hika
zuku
"nea
r the
end
"hi
ete-
kuru
"bec
ome
cold
"ah
o-d
a "b
e sil
ly"
Sinc
e un
accu
sativ
eve
rbs t
ake
only
one
arg
umen
t as
intra
nsiti
ve v
erbs
do,
pas
siviza
tion
is im
poss
ible
.(1
1)
a. M
ary
appe
ared
.b.
*M
ary
was
app
eare
d.
10/1
9/20
11Su
miy
o N
ishig
uchi
, Pr
eJKW
orks
hop@
SNU
20
No pa
ssivization
(12)
a.
*Yo-
ga/w
afu
ke-ra
re-ta
.ni
ght-n
om/t
op g
row
late
-pas
s-pa
st`T
he n
ight
was
gro
wn
late
.'b.
*Kon
o-ka
ban-
ga/w
afu
ruku
-nar
-are
-ta.
this-
bag-
nom
/top
old
-bec
ome-
pass
-pas
t`T
his b
ag w
as b
ecom
e ol
d.'
c.*T
abi-g
a/w
aow
ari-n
ichi
kazu
k-ar
e-ta
.tri
p-no
m/t
op e
nd-d
atne
ar-p
ass-
past
`Thi
s trip
was
nea
red
by
its e
nd.'
10/1
9/20
11Su
miy
o N
ishig
uchi
, Pr
eJKW
orks
hop@
SNU
21
Una
ccusativehy
pothesis
(Per
lmut
ter1
978)
A
subj
ect D
P of
una
ccus
ativ
epr
edic
ates
is
base
gen
erat
ed a
s a th
eme
argu
men
t of
the
verb
in th
e co
mpl
emen
t pos
ition
of
the
verb
.
10/1
9/20
11Su
miy
o N
ishig
uchi
, Pr
eJKW
orks
hop@
SNU
22
Emph
atic M
eaning of Moas
Epistemic N
ecessity M
odal
Mea
ning
of m
o•
An
expr
essiv
e em
phat
ic m
arke
r tha
t co
nvey
s eva
luat
ions
and
sent
imen
ts.
•Pr
esup
pose
d c
onte
nt•
Not
CI b
ut tr
uth
cond
ition
al•
Epist
emic
nec
essit
y m
odal
10/1
9/20
11Su
miy
o N
ishig
uchi
, Pr
eJKW
orks
hop@
SNU
23
Presup
posed Con
tent:
embedd
ed und
er emotive factives
(13)
a. Z
anne
nna-
koto
-ni
soto
-mo
hiet
e-ki
-ta.
unfo
rtuna
te-fa
ct-D
atou
tsid
e-al
so
cold
-Asp
-Pas
t
‘I am
sorry
that
it h
as b
ecom
e co
ld o
utsid
e.’
b.Za
nnen
na-k
oto-
ni
tabi
-mo
ow
ari-n
i chi
kazu
ite-k
i-ta.
un
fortu
nate
-fact
-Dat
trip-
also
e
nd-to
a
ppro
ach-
Asp
-Pas
t
‘The
trip
is n
earin
g its
end
.’
10/1
9/20
11Su
miy
o N
ishig
uchi
, Pr
eJKW
orks
hop@
SNU
24
c.
(Syn
path
etic
ally
)O
mae
-mo
aho-
ya-n
a.yo
u-al
sosil
ly-b
e-Ex
c‘I
mus
t say
that
you
are
silly
.’d
. Ur
eshi
i-kot
o-ni
tenk
i-mo
yoku
natte
-ki-t
a.ha
ppy-
fact
-Dat
wea
ther
-also
be
tter-
com
e-Pa
st‘I
am g
lad
that
the
wea
ther
has
bec
ome
bette
r.’•
The
attit
ude
of th
e sp
eake
r tow
ard
mo-
pis
not
neut
ral b
ut e
ither
neg
ativ
ely
or p
ositi
vely
incl
ined
.
10/1
9/20
11Su
miy
o N
ishig
uchi
, Pr
eJKW
orks
hop@
SNU
25
Mo‐pis biased: can
not b
e used in
typical ʹinform
ation‐seeking’ que
stions
(14)
a.#
Soto
-mo
kura
ku-n
arim
ashi
ta-k
a?ou
tsid
e-al
sod
ark-
beca
me-
Q‘H
as it
bec
ome
dar
k ou
tsid
e?’
b.So
to-m
oku
raku
-nat
ta-d
esho
?ou
tsid
e-al
sod
ark-
beca
me-
daro
u‘It
has
bec
ome
dar
k ou
tsid
e, h
asn’
t it?
’
•Su
ch e
mbe
dd
abilit
yun
der
fact
ive
pred
icat
es a
nd
inco
mpa
tibilit
y w
ith n
eutra
l info
rmat
ion-
seek
ing
ques
tions
ind
icat
e th
at p
in m
o-p
is pr
esup
pose
d
cont
ent.
10/1
9/20
11Su
miy
o N
ishig
uchi
, Pr
eJKW
orks
hop@
SNU
26
Con
ventiona
l implicatureor
truth‐cond
ition
al m
eaning
•C
onve
ntio
nal im
plic
atur
e(G
rice
1975
; Ka
rttun
enan
d P
eter
s 197
9; P
otts
200
5)? 10
/19/
2011
Sum
iyo
Nish
iguc
hi,
PreJ
KWor
ksho
p@SN
U27
(15)
a. P
asok
on-m
oya
suku
-nat
-ta.
com
pute
r-also
ch
eap-
beco
me-
Past
‘Per
sona
l com
pute
rs h
ave
ind
eed
bec
ome
chea
p.’
b. P
asok
on-g
a/w
aya
suku
-nat
-ta.
com
pute
rs-N
om/T
opch
eap-
beco
me-
Past
‘Per
sona
l com
pute
rs h
ave
beco
me
chea
p.’
(16)
a. A
nata
-mo
zuru
i hi
to-d
a.yo
u-al
so
craf
ty
pers
on-b
e‘Y
ou a
re in
dee
d a
cra
fty p
erso
n.’
b. A
nata
-wa
zuru
i hi
to-d
a.yo
u-To
pcr
afty
pe
rson
-be
‘You
are
a c
rafty
per
son.
’
•Th
e ex
ampl
es in
(a) a
re m
ore
emph
atic
and
hav
e a
som
ewha
t per
sona
l fee
l tho
ugh
the
diff
eren
ce is
m
ore
subt
le in
(15)
.
10/1
9/20
11Su
miy
o N
ishig
uchi
, Pr
eJKW
orks
hop@
SNU
28
Relativ
ized to m
atrix
subject
•Th
e m
eani
ng o
f mo
is no
t spe
aker
-orie
nted
co
nven
tiona
l impl
icat
ure
in P
otts
’s (2
005)
sens
e (G
rice
1975
).•
A c
onve
ntio
nal im
plic
atur
e is
neve
r rel
ativ
ized
to
the
belie
fs o
f an
entit
y ot
her t
han
the
spea
ker (
Potts
20
05:3
1)
10/1
9/20
11Su
miy
o N
ishig
uchi
, Pr
eJKW
orks
hop@
SNU
29
(17)
Mar
i-wa
[kod
omo-
mo
te-g
a M
ari-T
op
child
-also
ha
nd-N
om
kaka
ra-n
aku-
natta
-kot
o]-d
a-sh
i, so
roso
ro,
mat
ata
ke-N
eg-b
ecam
e-fa
ct-b
e-so
soon
agai
nsh
igot
o-o
suru
-tsum
ori-d
a.w
ork-
Acc
do-
will-
be‘M
ari is
goi
ng to
star
t wor
king
aga
in so
on
beca
use
her c
hild
doe
s not
nee
d m
uch
care
an
ymor
e.’
•Th
e at
titud
e to
war
d th
e ch
ild’s
gro
win
g up
is th
at o
f Mar
i, th
e m
atrix
subj
ect,
rath
er th
an th
e sp
eake
r.
10/1
9/20
11Su
miy
o N
ishig
uchi
, Pr
eJKW
orks
hop@
SNU
30
evalua
tion
Epith
ets
•Sc
opel
esss
peak
er-o
rient
atio
n m
arks
co
nven
tiona
l impl
icat
ure
whi
ch c
ontri
bute
s to
the
mea
ning
diff
eren
tly fr
om re
gula
r ‘at
iss
ue’ c
onte
nt•
The
nega
tivity
of t
he e
pith
et b
asta
rdpo
ints
to
the
spea
ker’s
atti
tud
e, n
ot to
the
mat
rix
subj
ect S
usan
.(1
8)(D
iscus
sing
Bob,
one
mig
ht sa
y th
e fo
llow
ing.
)A
maz
ingl
y, S
usan
still
thin
ks th
at b
asta
rdis
a ni
ce g
uy.
10/1
9/20
11Su
miy
o N
ishig
uchi
, Pr
eJKW
orks
hop@
SNU
31
speaker
evalua
tion
(19)
[Iwan
-no
baka
-to
atte
-ki-t
at-te
]Iv
an-G
en
bast
ard
-with
mee
t-com
e-Pa
st-
Com
pM
ari-g
ait-
te-ta
-yo.
Mar
i-Nom
say-
Prog
-Pas
t-Par
‘Mar
i was
sayi
ng th
at sh
e m
et w
ith Iv
an th
e ba
star
d.’
10/1
9/20
11Su
miy
o N
ishig
uchi
, Pr
eJKW
orks
hop@
SNU
32
speaker evalua
tion
Epith
ets
Hon
orifics
•Ja
pane
se h
onor
ifics
alw
ays p
oint
to th
e sp
eake
r, no
t to
the
mat
rix su
bjec
t.
(20)
Mar
i-wa
Nak
amur
a-se
nsei
-no
Mar
i-Top
Nak
amur
a-pr
ofes
sor-G
en
o-ka
ki-n
i-nat
-taho
n-o
Hon-
writ
e-D
at-b
ecom
e-Pa
stbo
ok-A
ccyo
n-d
a-so
-da.
read
-Pas
t-Evi
-be
‘I he
ard
that
Mar
i rea
d th
e bo
ok th
at P
rof.
Nak
amur
a w
rote
.’10
/19/
2011
Sum
iyo
Nish
iguc
hi,
PreJ
KWor
ksho
p@SN
U33
Scop
e sensitivity of m
odal
hazuʺsho
uldʺ
(21)
a.M
ari-w
a
[yo-
ga
fuke
-ta-h
azu]
-da-
shi,
Mar
i-Top
n
ight
-Nom
bec
ome.
late
-Pas
t-mus
t-be-
soha
yaku
kaer
u-ko
to-n
i sh
i-ta.
so
on
go.h
ome-
fact
-Dat
do-
Past
‘Mar
i is g
oing
hom
e so
on b
ecau
se it
mus
t ha
ve b
ecom
e la
te.’
b.M
ari-w
a[y
o-m
ofu
ke-ta
-kot
o]-d
a-sh
i,M
ari-T
op
nigh
t-also
b
ecom
e.la
te-P
ast-f
act-b
e-so
ha
yaku
kaer
u-ko
to-n
ish
i-ta.
so
on
go.h
ome-
fact
-Dat
do-
Past
‘Mar
i is g
oing
hom
e so
on b
ecau
se it
has
bec
ome
late
.’10
/19/
2011
Sum
iyo
Nish
iguc
hi,
PreJ
KWor
ksho
p@SN
U34
Not CI
•Th
eref
ore,
the
attit
ude
of th
e sp
eake
r or t
he m
atrix
su
bjec
t of m
o-p
is no
t con
vent
iona
l impl
icat
ure
(CI)a
ccor
din
g to
Pot
ts’s
def
initi
on.
•Ev
ery
CI i
s sco
pele
ssan
d h
as th
e w
ides
t sco
pe
poss
ible
out
of a
ll syn
tact
ic is
land
s, in
tens
iona
lco
ntex
ts, e
tc. (
Potts
200
5:79
). •
How
ever
, the
scop
e of
mo
is its
c-c
omm
and
ed
dom
ain.
•Sp
eake
r eva
luat
ion
is re
gula
r at-i
ssue
con
tent
, or
the
truth
-con
diti
onal
mea
ning
of m
o
10/1
9/20
11Su
miy
o N
ishig
uchi
, Pr
eJKW
orks
hop@
SNU
35
Epistemic N
ecessity
•M
oha
s em
phat
ic m
eani
ng.
•A
s mo-
pis
fact
ive,
mo
is a
nece
ssity
mod
al lik
e m
ust
or sh
ould
(22)
[| m
o-p
|](w
) = 1
iff
w’.[
wRw
’-> p
(w’)
= 1
](2
3)[|
mo
|] =
p <
s, t>
. w
.w
’.[w
Rw’ -
> p(
w’)
= 1
](R
: epi
stem
ic a
cces
sibilit
y re
latio
n, w
: pos
sible
wor
ld)
•In
all t
he w
orld
s tha
t are
epi
stem
ical
lyac
cess
ible
fro
m th
e ac
tual
wor
ld b
y th
e sp
eake
r, th
e pr
opos
ition
to w
hich
mo
‘also
’ is a
ttach
ed is
true
(K
ratz
er19
81).
•Se
man
tical
ly, m
ois
a fu
nctio
n fro
m a
pro
posit
ion
to
a se
t of w
orld
s com
patib
le w
ith sp
eake
r’s b
elie
f, in
al
l of w
hich
pis
true.
10/1
9/20
11Su
miy
o N
ishig
uchi
, Pr
eJKW
orks
hop@
SNU
36
Syntactic Structure
•G
iven
the
mea
ning
of t
he d
iscou
rse-
initi
al m
o, th
e ep
istem
ic se
nten
tial m
odal
mo
shou
ld ta
ke h
ighe
r sc
ope
over
the
prop
ositi
on in
the
synt
actic
tree
.
(24)
Ko-n
o sa
ifu-m
ofu
ruku
-nat
-ta.
this
wal
let-a
lso
old
-bec
ome-
Past
‘Thi
s wal
let,
unfo
rtuna
tely
and
obv
ious
ly, h
as
grow
n ol
d.’
10/1
9/20
11Su
miy
o N
ishig
uchi
, Pr
eJKW
orks
hop@
SNU
37
Kurod
a (1969)
Con
trastiv
e mo 1is generated in COMP
(25)
Dee
p St
ruct
ure:
Hana
ko-g
aod
or-ta
sh
im
oHa
nako
-Nom
dan
ce-P
ast
and
al
soM
asao
-ga
odor
-ta
mo
Mas
ao-N
om
dan
ce-P
ast
also
Surfa
ce S
truct
ure:
Hana
ko-m
ood
ot-ta
-shi
Hana
ko-a
lso
dan
ce-P
ast-a
nd
Mas
ao-m
ood
ot-ta
.M
asao
-also
d
ance
-Pas
t‘H
anak
od
ance
d, a
nd M
asao
dan
ced
to
o.’
10/1
9/20
11Su
miy
o N
ishig
uchi
, Pr
eJKW
orks
hop@
SNU
38
Nishigauchi
(1990)
•Un
iver
sal m
o,w
hich
has
a w
h-w
ord
in it
s sco
pe, i
s in
the
Com
p.
10/1
9/20
11Su
miy
o N
ishig
uchi
, Pr
eJKW
orks
hop@
SNU
39
My prop
osal:
Moas an ep
istemic m
odal
•
10/1
9/20
11Su
miy
o N
ishig
uchi
, Pr
eJKW
orks
hop@
SNU
40
DP
yo
Tʹ
Mod
alP
T
Mod
al
mo
VP
<yo>
V fuke
ta
TP
unaccusativ
e
Adjectiv
al Predicates
•
10/1
9/20
11Su
miy
o N
ishig
uchi
, Pr
eJKW
orks
hop@
SNU
41
DP
Mari
Tʹ
Mod
alP
T
Mod
almo
Pred
P
<Mari>
Predʹ
AP
kashikoiʺsmartʺ
Pres
TP
adjective
Pred
Conclusion
•A
lthou
gh so
me
stud
ies h
ave
focu
sed
on
mo
as th
e co
ntra
stiv
e to
o an
d a
uni
vers
al q
uant
ifier
alo
ng w
ith
wh-
wor
ds,
little
has
bee
n re
veal
ed a
bout
the
disc
ours
e-in
itial
mo,
whi
ch is
the
focu
s of t
his p
aper
. •
I cha
ract
erize
d th
is m
oas
an
epist
emic
nec
essit
y m
odal
sim
ilar t
o m
ust.
•Th
e m
eani
ng o
f mo
is no
t con
vent
iona
l impl
icat
ure
but a
t-iss
ue c
onte
nt, a
s tes
ted
by
its re
lativ
ized
su
bjec
t orie
ntat
ion.
•A
s a se
nten
tial m
odal
, mo
scop
es o
ver t
he
prop
ositi
on in
bas
e po
sitio
n.
10/1
9/20
11Su
miy
o N
ishig
uchi
, Pr
eJKW
orks
hop@
SNU
42