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Diseases to Keep off the Farm Patty Scharko, DVM, MPH, DACPM Extension/Field Veterinarian Livestock Poultry Health Clemson University Columbia, SC
Diseases to Keep off the Farm
Patty Scharko, DVM, MPH, DACPM Extension/Field Veterinarian
Livestock Poultry Health Clemson University
Columbia, SC
#1 Disease Johne’s
Contagious, chronic, & usually fatal infection that affects primarily the
small intestine of ruminants.
Caused by : Mycobacterium avian sub paratuberculosis
(MAP)
Q: What is Johne’s Disease?
Q: What are the clinical signs of Johne’s Disease?
• Lowered milk production • Diarrhea, weight loss, bottle jaw despite
normal appetite • Signs rarely evident until >1 year or more
years after initial infection • Most infected are “subclinical” without
obvious signs other than reduced productivity
Johne’s Disease
• Difficult to diagnose • No treatment • Difficult to control • Prevention
– Maintain a closed flock/herd – Be careful with cow
colostrum – Testing less reliable in
sheep/goats
Ohio State Univ.
Small intestine
1. Maternity/Newborn
Critical Management Points to break the Johne’s cycle
5. Colostrum pooled versus dam’s
7-8. Inutero
2-3. Forage, feed and water
6. Milk
4. Direct contact
Graphics by Chris Rossiter Adapted from Chris Rossiter
1. Maternity/Newborn
Critical Management Points to break the Johne’s cycle
5. Colostrum pooled versus dam’s
7-8. Inutero
2-3. Forage, feed and water
6. Milk
4. Direct contact
Graphics by Chris Rossiter Adapted from Chris Rossiter
CAE (Caprine Arthritis & Encephalitis)
OPP (Ovine Progressive Pneumonia)
Caprine Arthritic Encephalitis (CAE) • Retroviral infection of goats
which may lead to chronic disease of joints and encephalitis (rare) in young kids
• Similar to OPP in sheep • CAE virus is primarily
transmitted to kids through colostrum
• Contact transmission is rare, but possible
• No treatment or vaccine is available
Caprine Arthritic Encephalitis (CAE)
• Control/eradicate CAE – A positive blood test
means the goat has antibodies for the virus.
– Cull seropositive goats from the herd.
– Separate kids from dams and feeding kids artificially.
– Buy from CAE-free herds.
Ovine Progressive Pneumonia (OPP) Maedi-Visna
• A slowly progressive viral disease caused by an ovine lentivirus.
• Similar to CAE • Sheep are infected for life • Some breeds more susceptible • Primary means of transmission is
through the ingestion of infected colostrum and milk
• Contact transmission possible • Symptoms
– Loss of body condition, “thin ewe syndrome”
– Increased breathing at rest – Fever, cough, lethargy, nasal discharge – Hard bag
• No treatment or vaccine
26% of the sheep in the United States are infected with the OPP virus
Important Infectious Diseases in Goats
Orf, Soremouth, Contagious Ecthyma
Soremouth
• Treatment usually not needed in goats – Benzalkonium chloride
• Zoonotic!! • wear gloves
Prevention • Closed flock/herd • Inapparent carriers • Fomites • Pens at show • Vaccination if showing
or endemic • Colorado Serum Co & Texas vaccines
Vaccine introduces virus to farm Vaccinate inside ear, inside thigh,
under-side of tail at 6-8 wk In face of outbreak Do 6 weeks before shows
Caseous Lymphadenitis (CL)
Courtesy of Dr. Maria Shank, UK LDDC Post Doc Scholar
Courtesy of Dr. Maria Shank, UK LDDC Post Doc Scholar
Caseous Lymphadenitis a.k.a. contagious abscesses, cheesy gland
– Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis
– Localized to lymph nodes
• external & internal
– Isolate infected animal; disinfect area**
– Eradication is difficult
– Vaccine is questionable, some + results
CL Control Program 1. Vaccination- reduce incidence
2. Culling
3. Reducing exposure
4. Biosecurity
Screening with Serum hemolysin inhibition (SHI) test
• Test > 6 months of age
• False negatives & positives occur: Se 81% Sp 40%
Foot Scald versus Foot Rot
Clinical signs – Benign foot scald • Fusobacterium necrophorum • remains interdigital • less lame?? • mild strains • resistant breeds • drier conditions • benign and virulent strains
remain interdigital
Clinical signs – Virulent foot rot
• Dichelobacter (Bacteroides) nodosus • interdigital dermatitis • break in skin-horn junction axially • sole undermined • foul odor • misshapen foot • grazes on knees • maggots
Foot Scald
Footrot
Footrot
Kentucky Study Design
Farm Reps
Group
Treatment
Number of Animals
1,2,3 1 Trim feet– No treatment 15
2 Trim feet + Volar* (remove diseased sections)
15
3 Trim feet + Footbath** (5 minutes) 15
4 Trim feet + Footbath + Volar 15
Total 60 * Two injections of Volar (4 weeks apart)- 3cc subcutaneous ** Footbath ZnSO4 at 10% solution (16 lbs in 20 gal of water)
Volar® Fusobacterium Necrophorum Bacterin
• First federally approved Fusobacterium vaccine • Aid in the prevention of acute footrot in dairy & beef cattle • 61% to 88% reduction in clinical symptoms of footrot in sheep • Safe in pregnant ewes
1.00
1.25
1.50
1.75
2.00Fo
ot S
core
(1-5
)
Mo1 Mo2 Mo3 Mo4
Month of Observation
Foot Scores by Month and Treatment
T1 T2 T3 T4
T1 = Trim, T2 = Trim+Volar, T3 = Trim+Bath, T4 = Trim+Bath+Volar
833 observations
a a
a
b
Treatment
• Foot trim • Foot bath 10% zinc
sulfate weekly • Add wetting agent • “One hour” soaks • Systemic antibiotics • Control in wet season • Eradicate in dry
season - trailermycin
Courtesy of Dr. Kevin Pelzer, Virginia-Maryland Regional College of Veterinary Medicine
Foot • Foot rot (in hoof)
– Infectious – Two bacteria – Contagious – Foul odor
• Foot scald (between toes) – Environmental – One bacteria – Not contagious
National Scrapie Eradication Program
Program Summary • As of August 31, 2013, the percent of cull sheep found
positive at slaughter and adjusted for face color was 0.016 percent. This measure of prevalence has decreased by 89 percent since slaughter surveillance started in FY 2003.
• At the current rate of progress, we expect the prevalence to be at or near zero for FY 2017.
Scrapie Infected and Source Flocks New Statuses by Fiscal Year
FY 1997 to 2013*
* Through August 31, 2013
020406080
100120140160180
FY '9
7FY
'99
FY '0
1FY
'03
FY '0
5FY
'07
FY '0
9FY
'11
FY '1
3
SOURCEINFECTED
Scrapie Confirmed Cases in FY 2013 As of August 31, 2013
* Goat case
WY
WV
WI
WA
VT
VA
UT
TX
TN
SD
SC
RI PA – (1)
OR (1)
OK (1)
OH (2)
NY
NV
NM
NJ
NH
NE
ND
NC
MT
MS
MO
MN
MI
ME
MD - 2*
LA
KY KS
IN IL 1/(1)
ID
IA (1)
HI
GA
FL
DE CO
CA
AZ 1* AR
AK
AL
12 Classical Scrapie Cases •RSSS – (4) •Field - 8
State of Origin Unknown
(1)
Scrapie Cases in Goats FY 2002-2013 As of August 31, 2013
WY
WV
WI
WA 1
VT
VA
UT
TX
TN
SD
SC
RI PA
OR
OK
OH 5
NY
NV
NM
NJ
NH
NE
ND
NC
MT
MS
MO
MN
MI 8
ME
MD - 2
LA
KY KS
IN IL 1
ID
IA
HI
GA
FL
DE CO
3 CA 13
AZ 1* AR
AK
AL
34 Classical Scrapie Cases •All 34 goat cases have been field cases •Last herd with infected goats was designated in June 2013*
Scrapie Identification Eradication versus Certification
Eradication (mandatory) • Need permanent official
individual ID to enter livestock auction markets or to travel to another state
• To order FREE Scrapie tags, call toll free:
1-866-USDA- TAG (866-873-2824)
Certification • Voluntary program • Scrapie Flock Certification Program • Apply to USDA APHIS VS
– VS Form5-22
• Annual inspection of all animals ≥ 12 months of age
• MUST keep good records (additions, sales, deaths)
• Additions should come from compliant flocks/herds
Scrapie in Sheep
Clinical Signs of Scrapie in Goats: • Pruritus (itching) of head or
other areas of the body • Hair loss and abrasions from
rubbing • Hypersensitivity to touch • Ataxia - loss of coordination • Weakness or inability to get up • Weight loss • Aggression or other behavioral
changes • Infected goats may have any
combination of these signs
Clinical signs
• Rarely occur in goats less than 24 months of age and
• Has not been reported in goats under 12 months of age
• Variable presentation • Differs individual to individual
Clinical Signs of Scrapie in Goats Naturally occurring case
58 Courtesy of Dr. Joan Bowen, Wellington, Colorado
Discard placentas Wear gloves
Official National Scrapie Eradication Program
• Requires most goats to be officially identified when – Sold, or – Exhibited.
• Requires sale records to be kept for 5 years. • Goat owners have options for official ID:
Official Identification • Options include:
– Registered Tattoos or APHIS assigned Tattoos
• Ear • Tail in LaManchas
– Official Ear tags • See Goat Identification
PowerPoint at www.eradicatescrapie.org for details
or
• Call 866-USDA-TAG
ID and Record Keeping • Producers’ role is vital
– Scrapie in goats is hard to diagnose and potentially under-recognized
• Keeping good records is essential • In several cases, maintaining records for > 5
years would have been valuable • Traceable identification is key to finding
infected animals that may transmit scrapie
Scrapie Free Flock Certification Program (SFCP) Revision 2013
What is the SFCP? The SFCP is a voluntary program that monitors participating flocks for evidence of scrapie, and depending on the category of participation, leads to certification of negligible risk of scrapie existing in the flock or herd.
SFCP Revision 2013
• In 1947, the first case of scrapie was confirmed in the United States.
• In 1952, USDA initiated the national scrapie eradication program. – Successfully reduced the spread of scrapie – Eradication was not achieved - hindered by a lack
of both scientific knowledge and preclinical testing
SFCP Revision 2013 • In 1988, USDA announced in the Federal Register
that discontinuation of the scrapie program was under consideration – Program would be discontinued while APHIS considered a
new approach to controling/eradicating the disease – Public comments argued for continuing the program while
exploring a new approach
• In 1992, through negotiated rulemaking USDA added a voluntary scrapie flock certification program (SFCP) to the national scrapie eradication program. – Opportunity for sheep and goat producers to elect to follow
protocols designed to minimize scrapie exposure in their flocks/herds.
– Provided a one-time indemnity for infected/source flocks.
SFCP Revision 2013 Why revise the SFCP? • The objective of the National Scrapie Eradication Program
is to find and remove the last remaining sheep and goats infected with classical scrapie in the U.S., and then document the absence of the disease for a period of 7 years to gain international recognition as a scrapie-free country.
• The challenge is to maintain current levels of surveillance through traditional channels while also increasing flock-level sampling to find the last remaining cases of classical scrapie. – In the current budget environment this is becoming more
challenging to accomplish. – To find the last remaining cases, scrapie resources must be
directed toward surveillance.
Revised SFCP • May 3 - APHIS published a Notice in the Federal Register
announcing our intention to revise the SFCP. – Comment period closed June 3.
• Revised SFCP standards approved June 20, and the revised
SFCP can be considered in effect June 2013.
• SFCP Participant Notification – April 18, 2013 - APHIS sent letters to SFCP participants notifying them that
the Notice advising the public of the revised program would be published in the next 2-3 weeks.
– June 21, 2013 – APHIS sent a second set of letters to participants informing them that the revised program is in effect and outlining the actions they need to take if they wish to continue participation in the program.
• APHIS scrapie Web site updated with the new information.
Previous SFCP Structure
Selective Monitored
Selective Monitored
Complete Monitored
Complete Monitored Certified
Export Monitored
Export Monitored
Export Certified
94.2% 5.4% 0.4%
1,153 Flocks
As of 05/31/2013
Revised SFCP Structure
Select
Select Monitored
Export
Export Monitored
Export Certified
Call us if you have any questions regarding Scrapie
• Dr. Patty Scharko Clemson Regulatory & Extension
Veterinarian Work Cell: (803) 422-6998 • Dr. Towana Pittman Guinyard USDA VMO (803) 201-8979
Barnyard Biosecurity Goat & Sheep Diseases Tip 1 Don’t haul disease home or to the market. Below are some of the visible signs of diseases that should stay home on the farm until the animal fully recovers
Disease: Biosecurity1 Zoonosis2 Comments Soremouth -“orf” or contagious ecthyma
YES YES Scabs on outside of mouth Wear gloves
Caseous Lymphadenitis “cheesy gland”
YES YES- not common
Abscesses in head, neck or body
Pinkeye (keratoconjuntivitis) and/or conjunctivitis
Yes No
Ringworm/ Club lamb fungus
Yes Yes Wear gloves
Foot rot (not foot scald)
Yes No Bottom of sole/foot usually deformed; does not include overgrown toes; foot scald only affects between the toes
Barnyard Biosecurity Goat & Sheep Diseases Tip 2 Isolate new animals for 2-4 weeks. Have no contact between new animals and the resident farm herd/flock animals during this time. Prevent introduction onto your farm by keeping a closed herd/flock and purchase animals from known sources.
Tip 3 Restrict access to the farm: post signs for vehicle and foot traffic control; keep a visitor log; don’t track disease in- wear different shoes, clothes and hat to livestock auction market/public area and change before working with livestock. Tip 4 Provide good nutrition (water, feed, and minerals) and management plan (vaccination, deworming, etc.) to maintain a healthy herd/flock
Tip 5 Report animals with unusual illness or those that are not responding to treatment to your local veterinarian, Clemson University Livestock Poultry Health or USDA/VS/SC. Early detection may save animal lives.
Common health problems
Internal parasites Digestive/Nutritional Respiratory complex Reproductive Hoof Skin Chronic weight loss
Courtesy of Dr. Kevin Pelzer, Virginia-Maryland Regional College of Veterinary Medicine
Vaccination Recommendations 1. Clostridial perfringens Type C&D “overeating disease”
2. Clostridial tetani toxoid (TETANUS)
= Vaccine CD-T
Initial dose > 1 month of age
Immunize 3-4 weeks after initial dose Yearly booster: Give to pregnant does/ewes 30 days
prior to kidding/lambing
Bucks/rams/wethers
Other Vaccines * Rabies Caseous lymphadenitis
– Case-Bac (Colorado Serum) – Caseous D-T (Colorado Serum)- CAUTION in late
term pregnancy Campylobacter (vibrio) or Chlamydia- in infected herds Soremouth (live)- ONLY in infected herds
– Ovine Ecthyma Vaccine (Colorado Serum) * not labeled for goats
Other Vaccines Pneumonia
– Mannheimia Haemolytica-Pasteurella Multocida Bacterin (Colorado Serum)*
– GoatVac H.M.® (Durvet)
Autogenous vaccine made from bacteria isolated on a specific farm.
* not labeled for goats
Show or purebred
Recommended injection site
Site of administration
Subcutaneous Injections
• Meat goats – Prefer injections in neck
• Breeders – Prefer the axilla area – Nodular mass not as
visible – Not readily mistaken for
caseous lymphadenitis
Common diseases of goats 1. Parasites 2. Pneumonia
www.clemson.edu/LPH
Nutritional disorders Enterotoxemia
Caused by bacteria Cl. perfringens
Caused by sudden change in diet
Acidosis High levels of lactic acid in
rumen Sudden excess consumption
of concentrates (grain) White muscle disease
Vitamin E and/or Selenium deficiency
Urinary calculi (stones) Imbalance of Ca:P
Bloat Frothy - pasture-related Free gas - feed lot related
Polio= Thiamine deficiency Usually grain-related
Floppy kid syndrome Affects kids 3-10 days of age Metabolic acidosis
http://www.sheep101.info/201/diseasesa-z.html
www.clemson.edu/LPH
Good nutrition and feeding management Feed balanced rations Feed according to production
cycle and growth stage Separate animals according to
their nutritional needs Supplement pasture and forage,
when necessary and economical Make feed changes gradual Adequate feeder space Good feeder design
Provide free choice goat minerals.
www.clemson.edu/LPH
Selenium, Copper, Zinc Disease resistance- immune response
Reproductive function
