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4 70-20,431 AL-AGIDI, Waleed Khalld Hassan, 1937- A CHRONOLITHOSEQUENCE OF SOILS ON PLEISTOCENE TERRACES ALONG MAPLE RIVER IN NORTHEASTERN CLINTON COUNTY, MICHIGAN, U .S .A . (THEIR MORPHOLOGIC, GENETIC AND GEOMORPHIC INTER RELATIONSHIP). Michigan State University, Ph.D., 1970 Agriculture, soil science University Microfilms, A XEROXCompany, Ann Arbor, Michigan
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Page 1: d.lib.msu.edu › etd › 5672 › datastream › OBJ › download › A_c… · ABSTRACT A CHRONOLITHOSEQUENCE OF SOILS ON PLEISTOCENE TERRACES ALONG MAPLE RIVER IN NORTHEASTERN

4

7 0 -2 0 ,4 3 1

AL-AGIDI, W aleed K h a lld H assan , 1937-A CHRONOLITHOSEQUENCE OF SOILS ON PLEISTOCENE TERRACES ALONG MAPLE RIVER IN NORTHEASTERN CLINTON COUNTY, MICHIGAN, U .S .A . (THEIR MORPHOLOGIC, GENETIC AND GEOMORPHIC INTER­RELATIONSHIP).

M ichigan S t a te U n iv e r s i ty , P h .D ., 1970 A g r ic u l tu r e , s o i l s c ie n c e

University Microfilms, A XEROX Com pany, A nn Arbor, Michigan

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A CHRONOLITHOSEQUENCE OF SOILS ON PLEISTOCENE TERRACES ALONG MAPLE RIVER IN NORTHEASTERN CLINTON COUNTY, MICHIGAN, U.S.A.

(THEIR MORPHOLOGIC, GENETIC AND GEOMORPHIC INTERRELATIONSHIP)

By

Wa l e e d K h a l i d H a s s a n A l - a g i d i

A THESIS

S u b m i t t e d t o M i c h i g a n S t a t e U n i v e r s i t y

i n p a r t i a l f u l f i l l m e n t o f t h e r e q u i r e m e n t s f o r t h e d e g r e e o f

DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY

D e p a r t m e n t o f Crop a n d S o i l S c i e n c e s

1970

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PLEASE NOTE:

Some p ag es have sm a ll and i n d i s t i n c t ty p e .F ilm ed a s rece iv ed *

U n iv e rs i ty M ic ro film s

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ABSTRACT

A CHRONOLITHOSEQUENCE OF SOILS ON PLEISTOCENE TERRACES ALONG MAPLE RIVER IN NORTHEASTERN CLINTON COUNTY, MICHIGAN, U . S . A .

(THEIR MORPHOLOGIC, GENETIC AND GEOMORPHIC INTERRELATIONSHIP)

By

Wa l e e d K h a l l d H a s s a n A l - a g i d i

Ba s e d on s o i l s u r v e y w o r k in 1967 a n d 1968 a n d t h e a r e a

g e o m o r p h o l o g y s e v e n p e d o n s w e r e s e l e c t e d a n d s a m p l e d as

r e p r e s e n t a t i v e s o f t h e m a j o r s o i l s on t e r r a c e s in n o r t h e a s t

C l i n t o n C o u n t y , M i c h i g a n . T h i s was done t o d e t e r m i n e t h e

i n f l u e n c e o f a g e a n d p a r e n t m a t e r i a l d i f f e r e n c e s upon t h e s e

s o i 1 s .

The number o f t e r r a c e s a l o n g t h e Ma p l e R i v e r s was d e t e r m i n e d

by f i t t i n g a s t r a i g h t l i n e t h a t p a s s e s t h r o u g h t h e e l e v a t i o n s

o f t h e same o r s i m i l a r t e r r a c e s o i l s . The d o w n s t r e a m e x t e n t

o f e a c h o f t h e f o u r t e r r a c e s f o u n d a l o n g t h e Ma p l e R i v e r s was

i n d i c a t e d by t h e l a s t o b s e r v e d p o r t i o n o f t h a t t e r r a c e s o i l

f a l l i n g on t h a t l i n e . P o s i t i o n s a n d i n t e r r e l a t i o n s among t h e s e

s o i l s i n t h e l a n d s c a p e w e r e w o r k e d o u t f r o m t o p o g r a p h i c ,

g e o m o r p h i c , o l d ( 1 9 3 6 ) a n d c u r r e n t s o i l m a p s . As t h e s a m p l e s

w e r e m e c h a n i c a l l y a n a l y z e d a n d t h e i r m a t e r i a l s c l a s s i f i e d i n t o

t e x t u r e c l a s s e s a n d s u b c l a s s e s , t h e p e d o n s 1 s t r a t i g r a p h y w e r e

r e c o n s t r u c t e d a n d l a t e r f u r t h e r m o d i f i e d by t h e f i n e s a n d

1

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Waleed K h a l id Hassan A l - a g i d i

m i n e r a l o g y . G a r n e t , q u a r t z a n d f e l d s p a r s , p y r o x e n e s a n d a m p h l -

b o l e s a n d o t h e r m i n e r a l f r a c t i o n s w e r e ’ e l e c t r o m a g n e t i c a l l y

s e p a r a t e d f o r t h i s p u r p o s e . Bas ed on p a r t i c l e s i z e d i s t r i b u t i o n

a n d m i n e r a l o g y t h e p e d o n s w e r e f i t t e d i n t o a c o m p l e x c h r o n o -

1 i t h o s e q u e n c e o f a b o u t 1 , 2 0 0 y e a r s t i m e d i f f e r e n c e a n d s a n d y t o

f i n e - l o a m y f a m i l y t e x t u r e d i f f e r e n c e s .

The h o r i z o n s in e a c h p e d o n w e r e t h e n c h e m i c a l l y

c h a r a c t e r i z e d by s o i l r e a c t i o n , e x c h a n g e a b l e c a t i o n s ,

e x c h a n g e a b l e h y d r o g e n , CEC, % b a s e s a t u r a t i o n a n d o r g a n i c ,

i n o r g a n i c a n d t o t a l c a r b o n s . The t r e n d o f t h e CEC in t h e

i l l u v i a l h o r i z o n s o f t h e c h r o n o s e q u e n c e o f s o i l s s t u d i e d

i n d i c a t e d an i n c r e a s e w i t h a g e , w h i l e t h e t r e n d o f % b a s e

s a t u r a t i o n i n t h e e l u v i a l h o r i z o n s o f t h e same s o i l s i n d i c a t e d

a d e c r e a s e w i t h a g e . L i t h o l o g i c d i f f e r e n c e s w e r e a l s o

r e f l e c t e d in t h e c h e m i s t r y o f t h e h o r i z o n s f r om d i f f e r e n t

m a t e r i a l s a n d t h e f o l l o w i n g r a t i o s (B22t% c l a y / A 2 % c l a y ) a n d

( B 2 2 t - c l a y % x Bt t h i c k n e s s e s in i n c h e s ) i n c r e a s e d w i t h a g e in

t h e p e d o n s o f d i f f e r e n t a g e s and s i m i l a r m a t e r i a l s . X - r a y

d i f f r a c t i o n p a t t e r n s o f t h e c l a y f r a c t i o n s o f t h e p l o w l a y e r s ,

i n d i c a t e d s i m i l a r c l a y m i n e r a l a s s e m b l a g e s ( i l l i t e , c h l o r i t e ,

v e r m i c u l i t e a n d k a o l i n i t e ) r e g a r d l e s s o f a g e . Bot h c l a y % K+

c o n t e n t and i l l i t e d i f f r a c t i o n i n t e n s i t y 0 0 1 / 0 0 2 r a t i o

w e r e g e n e r a l l y p r o p o r t i o n a l t o t h e i n c r e a s e in a g e in t h e

2

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W aleed K h a l id Hassan A l - a g i d i

c h r o n o s e q u e n c e o f s o i l s . A l t h o u g h t h e p e d o n s u s u a l l y r e m a i n e d

w i t h i n t h e i r o r d e r s on c l a s s i f i c a t i o n in t h e new c l a s s i f i c a t i o n

s y s t e m , n o n e o f t h e s e p e d o n s r e t a i n e d i t s s e r i e s p l a c e m e n t .

S a m p l e d B o y e r - S p i n k s p e d o n s i t was s u g g e s t e d , s h o u l d b e r e n a me d

a s S t r o h a P s a m m e n t i c H a p l u d a l f ; a B o y e r - F o x p e d o n w i t h a

f r a g i p a n was - G l o s s i c (Mol l i e ) F r a g i u d a l f - r e f e r r e d t o a s

' x ' s e r i e s , s i n c e n o s u i t a b l e s e r i e s i s known t o f i t i t ; a n d

t h e s u i t a b l e s e r i e s t o f i t t h e d a r k B o y e r - S p i n k s was t h e

C o n s t a n t i n e s e r i e s ; a n d t h a t o f Boye r w i t h t h e s i l t y c l a y loam

f l o o r ( i n G r a t i o t C o u n t y ) was t h e Menomi nee s e r i e s an A l f i c

H a p l o r t h o d .

From p e d o n s c h a r a c t e r i z a t i o n f e r t i l i t y i n t e r p r e t a t i o n s

i n d i c a t e t h a t some o f t h e s t u d i e d p e d o n s ( s u c h a s AA, N)

r e q u i r e s l i m i n g a n d p o t a s s i u m a p p l i c a t i o n s . D e p e n d i n g on t h e

d i m e n s i o n s o f t h e m a p p i n g u n i t s t h e s e , s o i l s may b e o f v a l u e a s

a s o u r c e o f c o m m e r c i a l g r a v e l a n d s a n d s .

3

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A f f e c t i o n a t e l y d e d i c a t e d t o my d e v o t e d w i f e

Suham M. A. A l - a g i d i

in a p p r e c i a t i o n o f h e r u n d e r s t a n d i n g ,

p a t i e n c e and a s s i s t a n c e .

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ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

The a u t h o r e x p r e s s e s h i s s i n c e r e g r a t i t u d e t o h i s m a j o r

p r o f e s s o r , Dr . E. P. W h i t e s i d e , f o r t h e u n d e r s t a n d i n g a n d

p a t i e n t g u i d a n c e t h r o u g h o u t t h e c o u r s e o f t h e s t u d y . The

t h a n k s i s a l s o e x t e n d e d t o p r o f e s s o r e m e r i t u s R. L. Cook,

e x - c h a i r m a n o f t h e S o i l S c i e n c e D e p a r t m e n t f o r h i s c o n s t a n t

e n c o u r a g e m e n t . A p p r e c i a t i o n i s e x p r e s s e d t o t h e a u t h o r ' s

g u i d a n c e c o m m i t t e e : Dr . M. M. M i l l e r , a n d Dr . R. E h r l i c h

p r o f e s s o r s o f g e o l o g y , Dr . E. A. E r i c k s o n , D r . H . D. F o t h , a n d

Dr . J . C. S h i c k l u n a p r o f e s s o r s o f s o i l s c i e n c e f o r t h e i r

v a l u a b l e c o mmen t s , a n d g u i d a n c e d u r i n g t h e a u t h o r s s t a y on

t h e M i c h i g a n S t a t e U n i v e r s i t y campus*

A s p e c i a l m e n t i o n i s a l s o made o f t h e p e o p l e o f I r a q by

whom t h e a u t h o r was named t o s p e c i a l i z e i n s t u d i e s o f s o i l

g e n e s i s a n d c l a s s i f i c a t i o n .

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

1. I n t r o d u c t i o n ..................................................................................... 1

2 . L i t e r a t u r e Re v i ew ................................................................................ b

A. S o i l s a n d g e o m o r p h o l o g y ................................................... 4

B. S u r f a c e g e o l o g y .................................................................... 13

a . G l a c i a l d e p o s i t s ............................................................. 14

1. S t . J o h n m o r a i n e ........................................................ 17

2 . F l i n t mora i n e ............................................................. 17

3 . Owosso m o r a i n e ............................................................. 20

b . T i l l p l a i n . .................................................................. 20

b . F l ' u v i o g l a c i a l d e p o s i t s .............................................. 21

c . Lake p l a i n s ............................................................................ 21

d . R i v e r s ............................................................ 22

1 . Gr and R i v e r .................................................................. 2b

2 . Map l e R i v e r .................................................................. 2b

3 . Ba ke r a n d S t o n y C r e e k s ......................................... 25

e . R e c e n t a l l u v i a . . ........................................ 25

C. R e l a t e d h i s t o r y o f t h e g l a c i a l l a k e s ....................... 25

D. S t r e a m t e r r a c e s ................................... 30

a . Mode o f t e r r a c e f o r m a t i o n ......................................... 31

b. G e n e s i s o f s t r e a m t e r r a c e s .................................... 32

c . N a t u r e o f t e r r a c e m a t e r i a l .................................... 3b

d . F o r m a t i o n a l d i r e c t i o n o f t e r r a c e ..................... 3b

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4

E. S o i l s g e o m o r p h o l o g y ............................................................. 3h

F. S o i l f o r m i n g f a c t o r s .............................. h i

a . P a r e r t m a t e r i a l s ................................................................... h2

1. Mora in i c m a t e r i a l s ................................................... h3

2 . Out wash p l a i n a n d f l u v i o - g l a c i a lm a t e r i a l s ........................................................................ h3

3 . T i l l p l a i n m a t e r i a l .............................................. hh

h . L a k e b e d s m a t e r i a l s ................................................... hh

5 . A l l u v i a l m a t e r i a l s ................................................... h$

b . C l i m a t e . . . ......................... ^8

c . V e g e t a t i o n ............................................................................. 52

d. T o p o g r a p h y ............................................................................. 53

e . Time ............................................................................. 5h

G. P a r a m e t e r s f o r j u d g i n g t h e c h a r a c t e r o f a s e d i m e n t by i t s size d i s t r i b u t i o n c u r v e . . . . 59

H. C r i t e r i a f o r j u d g i n g d e p o s i t i o n a l u n i f o r m i t yo f s e d i m e n t a r y m a t e r i a l s ................................................... 6 0

I . W e a t h e r i n g i n t e n s i t y o f s e d i m e n t a r y s o i lm a t e r i a l ............................................................................................ 61

J . S o i l t a x o n o m y ............................................................................ 67

K. Land u s e ........................................................................................... 7h

3 . M a t e r i a l s and M e t h o d s ........................................................................ 76

A. F i e l d o b s e r v a t i o n s .................................................................. 76

B. P r e p a r a t i o n o f s o i l s a m p l e s ........................................ 93

C. L a b o r a t o r y m e a s u r e m e n t s ................................................... 9h

a . C h e m i c a l .................................................................................. 9h

v

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1. S o i l r e a c t i o n ............................................................. Sh

2 . T o t a l c a r b o n .................................................................. 9^

3 . I n o r g a n i c c a r b o n .................................................. . 9**

k . O r g a n i c c a r b o n .............................................................. 95

. 5 . E x c h a n g e a b l e b a s e s ................................................... 95

6 . E x c h a n g e a b l e h y d r o g e n ......................................... 96

7 . C a t i o n e x c h a n g e c a p a c i t y .................................... 96

8 . P e r c e n t b a s e s a t u r a t i o n .................................... 96

9 . S p o d o s o l i z a t i o n ......................................................... 97

b . P h y s i c a l .................................................................................. 98

1. M e c h a n i c a l a n a l y s e s .............................................. 98

2 . C l a y f r a c t i o n a t i o n ................................................... 98

c . M i n e r a l o g i c a l ........................................ 99

1. Q u a l i t a t i v e i d e n t i f i c a t i o n o f c l a ym i n e r a l s ............................................................................. 99

2 . T o t a l p o t a s s i u m i n c l a y s .................................... 100

3 . Sand m i n e r a l o g y ......................................................... 101

D. S t a t i s t i c a l e v a l u a t i o n s ................................................... 103

k . R e s u l t s a n d D i s c u s s i o n . .................................................... 105

A. S o i l s and Geomor pho l ogy o f NE C l i n t o nC o u n t y . . . . . . . . . . . ......................................... 105

B. T e x t u r e ................................................. 1**1

C. S t r a t i g r a p h y ................................................................................ 1^9

D. S t r a t a m i n e r a l o g i c c h a r a c t e r i z a t i o n .................... 160

E. C h e m i s t r y ...................................................................................... 178

v i

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a . S o i l r e a c t i o n ...................................................................... 179

b . E x c h a n g e a b l e c a t i o n s .................................................. 186

1. Sodi um a n d p o t a s s i u m .................................... .... . 187

2 . C a l c i u m a n d m a g n e s i u m ......................................... 189

3 . H y d r o g e n . * .................................................................. 1 9 0

c . C a t i o n e x c h a n g e c a p a c i t y ........................................ 191

d . P e r c e n t b a s e s a t u r a t i o n ............................................. 193

e . O r g a n i c a n d i n o r g a n i c c a r b o n .............................. 196

F. M o r p h o l o g y ....................................................................................... 199

a . T h i c k n e s s o f s o l a and a r g i l l i e h o r i z o n s . . 199

b . C l a y c o n t e n t .................................................. 202

c . ( B 2 t / A 2 ) a n d (B2 t h i c k n e s s x B 2 t ) .................... 204

G. C l a y m i n e r a l o g y ...................................................................... 206

a . X - r a y d i f f r a c t i o n p a t t e r n s ................................... 207

b . C l a y t o t a l p o t a s s i u m c o n t e n t .............................. 211

H. Taxa nomy............................................................................................ 214

I . S o i l f e r t i l i t y a n d m a n a g e m e n t .................................... 223

5 . C o n c l u s i o n s ................................................................................................. 2 2 8

L i t e r a t u r e C i t e d ....................................................................................... 233

A p p e n d i c e s ...................................................................................................... 243

v i i

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L IST OF TABLES

T a b l e

1 A s u m m a r i z a t i o n o f t h e t e r m s u s e d in v i e w i n gt h e v a r i o u s p a r t s o f a s l o p e by t h e v a r i o u s i n v e s t i g a t i o n s ................................................... 11

2 B r e t z ' s c o r r e l a t i o n o f e v e n t s in S a g i n a w BayB a s i n ..............................................................................................................2 8

3 G e o l o g i c t i m e s c a l e o f t h e l a k e s t a g e s in Hur on B a s i n w i t h t h e i r e l e v a t i o n s a b o v es e a l e v e l ....................................................................................................2 9

4 C l i m a t e c h a n g e s i n f e r r e d f r o m f o r e s t h i s t o r y d e d u c e d f r o m p o l l e n t p r o f i l e s o f two bogsin SW M i c h i g a n ......................................................................................... 51

5 Mean a n d e x t r e m e s o f t h e w e a t h e r o f t h e s t u d ya r e a a n d i t s s u r r o u n d i n g s a s r e c o r d e d in t h e r e g i o n c l i m a t o l o g i c a l r e c o r d s .......................................... 5 2

6 C o m p u t a t i o n s o f l e a s t s i g n i f i c a n t d i f f e r e n c e . . 104

7 I d e n t i f i c a t i o n l e g e n d o f C l i n t o n C o u n t yu p l a n d m i n e r a l s o i l s .................................... 115

8 Key t o u p l a n d s o i l s o f C l i n t o n C o u n t y ............................118

9 C o r r e l a t i o n o f t h e t e r r a c e s o i l m a p p i n g u n i t s o f t h e 1 9 3 6 s o i l s u r v e y a n d t h e c u r r e n t( 1 9 6 8 ) s o i l s u r v e y .............................................................................127

10 V a r i o u s e l e v a t i o n s a n d d a t e s o f t h e a r e al a n d f o r m s w i t h some c h r o n o l o g i c c o r r e l a t i o n s . 135

11 The i n v e s t i g a t e d t e r r a c e s a n d t h e i r p r o b a b l er e l a t i v e a g e s ....................................................................................... 140

12 M e c h a n i c a l c o m p o s i t i o n , s o l u t i o n l o s s , a ndt e x t u r e s o f p e d o n s s a m p l e s s t u d i e d ....................................143

« « • VIM

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R e l a t i v e f r e q u e n c i e s o f t h e t e x t u r a l c l a s s e sa n d s u b c l a s s e s in t h i s s t u d y ................................... ]k7

G r o u p i n g o f i n i t i a l m a t e r i a l s on t h e b a s i s o f t h e i r m e c h a n i c a l a n a l y s e s ................................... 151

A summary o f h o r i z o n c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s u s e d int h e i d e n t i f i c a t i o n o f t h e d i f f e r e n t s t r a t ao f t h e p e d o n s s t u d i e d .................................................. 1 5 ^

I d e n t i f y o f s o i l s t r a t a r e p r e s e n t e d by t h em o s t u n a l t e r e d s a m p l e o f e a c h s t r a t u m . . . . 1 5 9

P e r c e n t a g e s o f m i n e r a l c o n c e n t r a t i o n s a s s e p a r a t e d by i s o d y n a m i c m a g n e t i c s e p a r a t o r f r o m 0 . 2 5 - 0 . 1 0 mm. f r a c t i o n w i t h t h e c a l c u l a t e d w e a t h e r i n g i n d i c e s ..................................... 162

M i n e r a l o g i c c h a r a c t e r i z a t i o n o f f i n e s a n d in v a r i o u s s t r a t a e x p r e s s e d in p e r c e n t a n d w e a t h e r i n g r a t i o s .................................................................... 168

R e l a t i v e a g e s , s e q u e n c e a n d e l e v a t i o n o f t h e s a m p l e d s i t e s on t h e d i f f e r e n t l a n d f o r m s i n v o l v e d ............................................................................................ 1 7 2

R a t i o s o f w e a t h e r i n g i n d i c e s (G/PA a n d Q/PA) f o r A2 o r A2 a n d B22t h o r i z o n s t o t h e i r m o s t s i m i l a r p a r e n t m a t e r i a l (SPM) ..................................... 175

Ch e mi c a l p r o p e r t i e s o f t h e p e d o n s h o r i z o n s . . 180

S e l e c t e d m o r p h o l o g i c a l m e a s u r e m e n t s p o s s i b l y u s e f u l in t h i s c h r o n o l i t h o s e q u e n c e .................... 2 0 0

Summary o f t h e X - r a y d i f f r a c t i o n d a t a onc l a y m i n e r a l s p r e s e n t in t h e s e l e c t e dh o r i z o n s f r o m t h e s t u d i e d p e d o n s ......................... 2 0 8

A summary o f % t o t a l K+ a n d i l l i t e 0 0 1 / 0 0 2 p e a k i n t e n s i t i e s o f t h e c l a y s a m p l e s o f s u r f a c e h o r i z o n s s a m p l e d f r o m t h e s i t e s .......................... 213

M a j o r c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s u s e d i n t h e c l a s s i f i c a ­t i o n o f t h e s o i l s u n d e r s t u d y a n d o t h e r s i m i l a r w e l l d r a i n e d s o i l s ......................................... 2 1 7

C l a s s i f i c a t i o n o f t h e s a m p l e d p e d o n s in t h eU . S . C p m p r e h e n s i v e . S o i 1 C l a s s i f i p a t i o n , S y s t e m 220

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L IS T OF FIGURES

F i g u r e

1 M o r a i n i c s y s t e m s o f M i c h i g a n s h o w i n g C l i n t o na n d G r a t i o t c o u n t i e s . a n d . t h e . s t u d y , a r e a . . . . 2

2 S c h e m a t i c map s h o w i n g l o c a t i o n o f t h e s t u d ya r e a w i t h i n M i d - M i c h i g a n m o r a i n i c f e a t u r e s . . 16

3 F e a t u r e s n e a r t h e h e a d o f G l a c i a l Gr a n d R i v e r a f t e r L e v e r e t t ' s 1924 map, ( B r e t z 1 9 5 1 ) .B a k e r a n d Le wi s c h a n n e l s a r e shown i n t h e r i g h t s i d e o f t h e f i g u r e w i t h B»Bake r a n d L = L e w i s ........................................................................................ 18

4 Map s h o w i n g r e l a t i o n o f F l i n t a n d Owossom o r a i n e s t o t h e G r a n d R i v e r C h a n n e l . ( A f t e r L e v e r e t t a n d T a y l o r , 1 9 1 5 ) .......................................... 19

5- S c h e m a t i c d i a g r a m o f 1949 c l a s s i f i c a t i o n o fg r e a t s o i l g r o u p s r e p r e s e n t e d in M i c h i g a n . . 70

6 A s e l e c t i o n o f p e d o n s a n d l a n d s c a p e s f r o mt h e s t u d i e d p e d o n s a n d t h e i r s i t e s ..................... 7 9

7 S o i l map o f s e c t i o n s 15, 16, 2 1 , a n d 2 2 , Ov i dt o w n s h i p , C l i n t o n Co u n t y M i c h i g a n ( a e r i a lp h o t o I E E - 3 9 ) ......................................................................... 107

8 S o i l map o f s e c t i o n s 3 , 4 , 9 , a n d 10, Ov i d t o w n s h i p , C l i n t o n C o u n t y M i c h i g a n ( a e r i a lp h o t o I EE- 3 7 ) .............................................................................. 1 0 8

9 S o i l map o f s e c t i o n s 2 9 , 3 0 , 31 a n d 3 2 ,D u p l a i n t o w n s h i p , C l i n t o n C o u n t y M i c h i g a n( a e r i a l p h o t o I E E - 7 7 ) ......................................................... 109

10 S o i l map o f s e c t i o n s 2 7 , 2 8 , 3 3 , a n d 34D u p l a i n t o w n s h i p , C l i n t o n Co u n t y M i c h i g a n( a e r i a l p h o t o I E E - 3 5 ) ......................................................... 110

11 S o i l map o f s e c t i o n s . 15, 16, 2 1 , a n d 22D u p l a i n t o w n s h i p , C l i n t o n C o u n t y M i c h i g a n( a e r i a l p h o t o I EE- 3 3 ) ......................................................... I l l

x

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12 S o i l map o f s e c t i o n s 13, 14, 2 3 , a n d 24 ,D u p l a i n t o w n s h i p , C l i n t o n C o u n t y M i c h i g a n( a e r i a l p h o t o I EE- 2 3 ) ......................................................... 1 1 2

13 S o i l map o f s e c t i o n s 3 , 4 , 9 a n d 10,D u p l a i n t o w n s h i p , C l i n t o n C o u n t y M i c h i g a n( a e r i a l p h o t o I EE - 3 1 ) ......................................................... 113

14 S o i l map o f s e c t i o n s 1, 2 , 11 , a n d 12D u p l a i n t o w n s h i p , C l i n t o n C o u n t y M i c h i g a n( a e r i a l p h o t o I EE- 2 5 ) ......................................................... 114

15 P o r t i o n o f L a i n g s b u r g q u a d r a n g l e s h o w i n gf i e l d s h e e t s , t r a n s e c t s , a n d s a m p l i n g s i t e s i n s o u t h e r n p a r t o f t h e s t u d y a r e a ( s c a l ei s 1 / 6 2 , 0 0 0 , c o n t o u r i n t e r v a l 1 0 ' ) ........................... 124

16 P o r t i o n o f E l s i e q u a d r a n g l e s h o w i n g f i e l d s h e e t s , t r a n s e c t s , a n d s a m p l i n g s i t e s in n o r t h e r n p a r t o f s t u d y a r e a ( s c a l e i s1 / 6 2 , 0 0 0 c o n t o u r i n t e r v a l 5 ' ) . . . . . . . 1 2 5

17 G r a p h i c p r e s e n t a t i o n o f t h e t e r r a c e s a l o n gt h e L i t t l e Ma p l e R i v e r a s o r i e n t e d a c c o r d i n g t o d i s t a n c e , e l e v a t i o n a n d s e q u e n c e o f s i t e s s o u t h o f t h e j u n c t i o n w i t h t h e M a p l e R i v e r . . 130

18 G r a p h i c p r e s e n t a t i o n o f t h e t e r r a c e s a l o n g M a p l e R i v e r a s o r i e n t e d a c c o r d i n g t o d i s t a n c e , e l e v a t i o n a n d s e q u e n c e o f s i t e sn o r t h o f L i t t l e Ma p l e R i v e r j u n c t i o n ..... 131

19 The t e x t u r a l t r i a n g l e s h o w i n g t h e common s o i l t e x t u r e c l a s s e s in t h i s s t u d y a s d e t e r m i n e d in t h e f i e l d a n d t h el a b o r a t o r y .......................................................................... 145

20 S t r a t i g r a p h y o f t h e t e r r a c e s a s c o n s t r u c t e d f r o m t n e c h a r a c t e r i z a t i o n o f i n i t i a lm a t e r i a l s .................................................... .................................... 1 55

21 A s u g g e s t e d c h r o n o l i t h o s e q u e n c e r e l a t i o n s h i p among s t u d i e d p e d o n s w i t h t h e i r r e l a t i v ea g e s .......................................................................................... 171

x i

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22 D i f f e r e n c e s in t h e s o i l r e a c t i o n w i t h d e p t hin t h e s t u d i e d p e d o n s ........................................................ 1 8 5

23 V a r i a t i o n in % b a s e s a t u r a t i o n a n d CECin t h e A2 h o r i z o n s a n d t h e maximum c a t i o ne x c h a n g e c a p a c i t y a s e x p r e s s e d in e i t h e rB21 o r B22 w i t h a d v a n c e m e n t in a g e .......................... 192

2k G r a p h i c r e p r e s e n t a t i o n o f s o l u m t h i c k n e s s( o r d e p t h t o Cl h o r i z o n ) in t h e s t u d i e d p e d o n s ................................................................................................. 2 0 1

25 C l a y c o n t e n t r a t i o b e t we e n B22t c l a y %/A2c l a y % in s e l e c t e d h o r i z o n s a n d (B2 t h i c k n e s s ) ( %c l a y ) p r o d u c t s f o r t h e same h o r i z o n s . . . . 205

x i i

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1. INTRODUCTION

The 1967, 1968 S o i l S u r v e y in n o r t h e a s t C l i n t o n C o u n t y

i n d i c a t e d t h e p r e s e n c e o f t h e S p i n k s , B o y e r , a n d Fox, s e r i e s

a n d t h e i r c o m b i n a t i o n s a s t h e m a j o r s o i l m a p p i n g u n i t s on t h e

P l e i s t o c e n e t e r r a c e s o f t h e Ma p l e R i v e r V a l l e y , F i g u r e 1.

The m a p p i n g u n i t s i n c l u d e a w i d e r a n g e o f c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s

t h a t make t h e c o m b i n a t i o n s s omewhat d i f f i c u l t t o r e c o g n i z e o r

t o map a n d t h e n t o ma nage p r o p e r l y .

Ma p l e R i v e r t e r r a c e s a r e l a n d f o r m s t h a t r e s u l t e d f r o m t h e

l o w e r i n g o f t h e t e m p o r a r y g l a c i a l l a k e s o f m i d - M i c h i g a n . The

t e r r a c e s a t d i f f e r e n t e l e v a t i o n s a r e r e l a t e d t o t h i s g e o m o r p h i c

c h r o n o l o g y a n d c o n s e q u e n t l y a p e d o l o g i c c h r o n o s e q u e n c e i s e x p e c t e d

t o d e v e l o p on t hem b e c a u s e t h e c o n s t i t u e n t p e d o n s sum up t h e

i n f l u e n c e o f a l l s o i l f o r m a t i o n f a c t o r s a n d r e c o r d t h i s f r a m e w o r k

o f i n t e r r e l a t i o n s h i p s .

Fox , Boye r a n d B o y e r - S p i n k s a r e t h e key ma p p i n g u n i t s f o r

t h e s o i l o f t h e t e r r a c e s i n t h i s a r e a , a n d i n v e s t i g a t i n g t h e

p h y s i c s a n d t h e c h e m i s t r y o f t h e key p e d o n s may l e a d t o t h e

u n d e r s t a n d i n g , e v a l u a t i o n a n d p r o p e r i n t e r p r e t a t i o n o f t h e s o i l ,

g e o m o r p h i c , m o r p h o l o g i c a n d g e n e t i c i n t e r r e l a t i o n s h i p s . T h i s

c h a r a c t e r i z a t i o n w i l l p r o v i d e mor e i n f o r m a t i o n f o r t h e d e f i n i t i o n

a n d d e l i n e a t i o n o f i mp r o v e d ma p p i n g u n i t s , a n d t h u s s e r v e t h e

demand f o r a c c u r a t e maps n e e d e d in t h e a g r i c u l t u r a l a n d n o n -

a g r i c u l t u r a l ma n a g e me n t o f s o i l r e s o u r c e s .

1

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2

- I . . . O H .WINN.'

IM 7

• fa t* a t tttahffaii Oaaartaw at a t canaaryatM N OaalaaMal • a rm WvWw

MORAINIC SY ST EM S OF MICHIGAN

I 4 # M N U .M

mm

V v

O H IO .

F i g u r e 1. Mor a i n i c sys t em o f Michigan showing C l i n t o n and G r a t i o t c o u n t i e s ( g r e e n ) and t h e s t u d y a r e a ( r e d )

Page 20: d.lib.msu.edu › etd › 5672 › datastream › OBJ › download › A_c… · ABSTRACT A CHRONOLITHOSEQUENCE OF SOILS ON PLEISTOCENE TERRACES ALONG MAPLE RIVER IN NORTHEASTERN

3

E v a l u a t i o n o f t h e a c c u m u l a t e d i n f o r m a t i o n a b o u t t h e s e

s o i l s w i l l s u r e l y h e l p i n : t e s t i n g t h e i r p r o p e r p l a c e m e n t in

t h e A m e r i c a n C o m p r e h e n s i v e S o i l C l a s s i f i c a t i o n s y s t e m , d e v e l o p ­

ing a n d r e v i s i n g t h e s e r i e s c o n c e p t s , a n d nami ng t h e i r ma p p i n g

un i t s .

The r e s u l t o f t h i s s t u d y s h o u l d a l s o p r o v i d e mor e i n f o r ­

m a t i o n on m i d - M i c h i g a n g e o m o r p h o l o g y , e s p e c i a l l y in t h e

d e s c r i p t i o n o f t e r r a c e s , l a k e b e a c h e s , a n d o l d g l a c i a l c h a n n e l s

a n d h e l p t o a s c e r t a i n t h e Cary c h r o n o l o g y in t h i s a r e a .

I t i s e x p e c t e d t h a t t h e w h o l e s t u d y w i l l be b e n e f i c i a l t o

s o i l s c i e n t i s t s o p e r a t i n g in s o i l s u r v e y by i m p r o v i n g b o t h

d e c i s i o n ma k i n g a n d o v e r a l l e f f i c i e n c y . F i n a l l y , j o i n t a c t i v e

p a r t i c i p a t i o n o f b o t h s o i l s c i e n t i s t s a n d g e o m o r p h o l o g i s t s in

u n r a v e l l i n g p r o b l e m s a s in t h i s s t u d y w i l l a c c u m u l a t e a w e a l t h

o f t e c h n i q u e s f o r t a c k l i n g s i m i l a r p r o b l e m s e l s e w h e r e .

Page 21: d.lib.msu.edu › etd › 5672 › datastream › OBJ › download › A_c… · ABSTRACT A CHRONOLITHOSEQUENCE OF SOILS ON PLEISTOCENE TERRACES ALONG MAPLE RIVER IN NORTHEASTERN

2 . LITERATURE REVIEW

A . S o i l s a n d G e o m o r p o l o q y :

S o i l s a r e n a t u r a l , d y n a m i c b i o - p h y s i c o - c h e m i c a l , o p e n

s y s t e m s , c h a r a c t e r i z e d by f u n c t i o n a l l y i n t e r r e l a t e d p r o p e r t i e s

S | , S 2 , S 3 , S ^ Sn . T h e s e p r o p e r t i e s c a n be e v a l u a t e d

e i t h e r q u a l i t a t i v e l y o r q u a n t i t a t i v e l y o r b o t h . To a c c u r a t e l y

d e s c r i b e ’ s o i l s a s n a t u r a l b o d i e s i t i s n e c e s s a r y t o d e f i n e t h e

r a n g e o f t h e i r p r o p e r t i e s . S o i l c l i m a t e , o r g a n i s m s , a n d t o p o ­

g r a p h y a r e p r o p e r t i e s o f t h e s o i l s y s t e m b u t a r e n o t u n i v e r s a l l y

known a s s o i l p r o p e r t i e s . The i n i t i a l s t a t e o f a d y n a m i c s o i l

s y s t e m i.s d e s i g n a t e d a s p a r e n t m a t e r i a l a n d t i m e i s a n o t h e r* >

v a r i a b l e . J e n n y ( 1 9 4 1 ) h a s r e c o g n i z e d ^ t h e s e f i v e m a j o r i n d e ­

p e n d e n t v a r i a b l e s o r g r o u p s o f v a r i a b l e s in a n y a c t i v e o p e n s o i l

s y s t e m a n d c a l l e d them t h e f a c t o r s o f s o i l f o r m a t i o n .

s - f ( c l , o , r , p , t , )

w h e r e :

c l = c l i m a t e p = p a r e n t m a t e r i a l

o s o r g a n i s m s t = t i m e

r = t o p o g r a p h y

U n f o r t u n a t e l y a t t h e p r e s e n t s t a g e o f s o i l s c i e n c e n o t e v e r y

v a r i a b l e i n v o l v e d in t h e d e f i n i t i o n o f s o i l s y s t e m s i s known.

A c c o r d i n g l y r e l a t i o n s h i p b e t w e e n i n d i v i d u a l s o i l p r o p e r t i e s a n d

t h e f a c t o r s o f s o i l f o r m a t i o n c a n be summed up a s f o l l o w s :

4

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5

s = f ( c l , o , r , p , t , . . . . )

To s t u d y t h e r o l e p l a y e d by a n y o n e s o i l f o r m i n g f a c t o r i t i s

n e c e s s a r y t h a t t h e r e m a i n i n g f a c t o r s r e m a i n c o n s t a n t . In a s o i l

c h r o n o s e q u e n c e t i m e i s t h e o n l y v a r i a b l e f a c t o r among t h e i n d e ­

p e n d e n t s o i l f o r m a t i o n f a c t o r s a n d t h e r e l a t i o n o f t i m e t o a

s o i 1 p r o p e r t y i s :

s = f ( ^ c l , o , r , ...........

The same c a n be s a i d a b o u t p a r e n t m a t e r i a l a s a s o i l f o r m i n g

f a c t o r in a 1 i t h o s e q u e n c e a n d i t s r e l a t i o n t o a s o i l p r o p e r t y :

s = f ^ P ^ c l , o , r , t , ................

P e d o l o g y a n d g e o m o r p h o l o g y a r e s i m i l a r a n d i n t e r r e l a t e d

d i s c i p l i n e s . T h e i r s i m i l a r i t y r i s e f r o m t h e i r s i m i l a r f u n c t i o n s

o f i n v e s t i g a t i n g t h e p a s t , t h e p r e s e n t , a n d t h e f u t u r e o f

e n v i r o n m e n t s . They a r e a l s o s i m i l a r in some p r i n c i p l e s u s e d in

u n d e r s t a n d i n g t h e v a r i o u s n a t u r a l p h en o men a a n d m e t h o d s e m p l o y e d

in c o n d u c t i n g t h e i n v e s t i g a t i o n s . L a n d f o r m s c a n be v i e w e d a s

p e d o - g e o l o g i c o b s e r v a t i o n s t h a t r e s u l t e d f r o m a s e t o f e n v i r o n ­

m e n t a l f a c t o r s . T h i s c o n c e p t i s c l e a r l y shown in D a v i s ' d i c t u m

( 1 9 5 4 )

L a n d f o r m = s t r u c t u r e + p r o c e s s + s t a g e

D a v i s i a n t h e o r y e x p l a i n e d s t r u c t u r e a s t h e c o n s o l i d a t e d a n d

u n c o n s o l i d a t e d g e o l o g i c m a t e r i a l s , p r o c e s s e s a s a l l t h e p h y s i c a l

a n d c h e m i c a l e v e n t s a f f e c t i n g t h e s t r u c t u r e s d i r e c t l y o r

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6

i n d i r e c t l y , a n d s t a g e a s t i m e i n v o l v e d r e f l e c t e d in t h e i n t e n s i t y

o f t h e c o n t i n u o u s o r i n t e r r u p t e d p r o c e s s e s . E x c e p t f o r t o p o ­

g r a p h y , a n d v e g e t a t i o n b o t h D a v i s ' a nd J e n n y ' s e q u a t i o n s a r e o f

g r e a t s i m i l a r i t y w i t h J e n n y e q u a t i o n s a s a d e t a i l e d a n d Improved

v e r s i o n . D a v i s c o n s i d e r e d " L a n d f o r m" , an e x p r e s s i o n o f t o p o g r a p h y

a s t h e d e p e n d e n t v a r i a b l e w h i l e J e n n y c o n s i d e r e d " s o i l " t h e

d e p e n d e n t v a r i a b l e a n d i n c l u d e d t o p o g r a p h y a s one o f t h e i n d e ­

p e n d e n t v a r i a b l e s . A l a n d f o r m may h a v e mor e t h a n o n e k i n d o f

s o i l a n d a s o i l s y s t e m i s p e d o l o g i c a l 1 y mor e i n t r i c a t e t h a n

t h e g e o m o r p h o l o g i c a l l y c o n s i d e r e d l a n d f o r m . I t s eems t h a t t h e

D a v i s p r o c e s s e s v a r i a b l e i n c l u d e t h e s o i l b i o t i c f a c t o r e f f e c t s .

Penck ( 1 9 5 3 ) t h e f a t h e r o f q u a n t i t a t i v e g e o m o r p h o l o g y ,

R e c o g n i z e d D a v i s ’ l a n d f o r m s e q u a t i o n and e x p a n d e d i t t o i n c l u d e

b o t h t h e b i o t i c a n d t o p o g r a p h i c c o m p o n e n t s a n d t e r m e d them

t h e e x o g e n e t i c f o r c e s . He a l s o e m p h a s i z e d t h a t w e a t h e r i n g i s

i m p o r t a n t in s o i l f o r m a t i o n , d e v e l o p m e n t a n d d e n u d a t i o n . Under

s i m i l a r c o n d i t i o n s o f d e n u d a t i o n by e x o g e n e t i c f o r c e s t h e a l t e r a ­

t i o n in t h e l a n d f o r m t o d i f f e r e n t r o c k m a t e r i a l s i s a f u n c t i o n

o f t i m e . D e c r e a s i n g r o c k e x p o s u r e by v e g e t a t i o n d e n s i t y a n d

s o i l r u b b l e r e t a r d r o c k r e d u c t i o n by t h e d i f f e r e n t i a l w e a t h e r i n g

a n d t h i s i s f o l l o w e d by a d e c r e a s e in t h e i n t e n s i t y o f d e n u d a t i o n

u n t i l t h e r e i s an e q u i l i b r i u m b e t we e n t h e a c c u m u l a t i o n o f t h e

w e a t h e r e d m a t e r i a l s a n d t h e i r a c t u a l t r a n s p o r t . T h i s d i s t r i ­

b u t i o n o f t h e w e a t h e r e d m a t e r i a l s and t h e i r t y p e s d e p e n d on

t h e i n c l i n a t i o n o f t h e s l o p e a nd t h e m o b i l i t y o f t h e m a t e r i a l s .

And, a s t h e s l o p e s becomes s t e e p e r , t h e n o n l y t h e l o w e r h o r i z o n

o f t h e normal s o i l a r e d e v e l o p e d a t t h e s u r f a c e .

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Bot h p e d o l o g y a n d g e o m o r p h o l o g y a r e r e q u i r e d t o u n d e r s t a n d

t h e o c c u r r e n c e d i s t r i b u t i o n a n d r e c o g n i t i o n o f b o t h t a x o n s

a n d m a p p i n g u n i t s .

G e o m o r p h o l o g i s t s r e g a r d s o i l p r o p e r t i e s a s a v a l u a b l e a i d

f o r t h e r e c o n s t r u c t i o n o f p a s t c l i m a t i c a n d t o p o g r a p h i c c o n d i ­

t i o n s . W o o l d r i d g e (19**9) s t r e s s e d t h e p o i n t t h a t t o p o g r a p h y

c o n t a i n s many f a c e t s o f v a r y i n g a g e s t h a t h a v e be e n e x p o s e d t o

s o i l f o r m i n g p r o c e s s e s f o r d i f f e r e n t l e n g t h s o f t i m e a n d / o r

d i f f e r e n t c l i m a t e , a n d t h a t t h e h i s t o r y i s r e f l e c t e d in t h e s o i l

p r o f i l e p r o p e r t i e s .

Hunt a n d S o k o l o f f (19**9) h a v e d e s c r i b e d a p a l e o s o l t h a t i s

w i d e s p r e a d in t h e Rocky M o u n t a i n r e g i o n . I t s r e l a t i o n s h i p s

a r e s u c h a s t o i n d i c a t e t h a t i t i s o l d e r in a g e t h a n L a k e Bo n n e ­

v i l l e a n d t h e y o u n g e s t m o r a i n e s in t h e W a s a t c h Range b u t

y o u n g e r t h a n t h e o l d e s t m o r a i n e s . W h e r e v e r i t i s f o u n d t h i s

p a l e o s o l i s a s s o c i a t e d w i t h a d i s t i n c t t o p o g r a p h i c e x p r e s s i o n .

The t o p o g r a p h y upon w h i c h i t f o r m e d s eems t o h a v e h a d a s g r e a t

r e l i e f a s t h e p r e s e n t t o p o g r a p h y b u t s l o p e s w e r e much s m o o t h e r

t h a n a t p r e s e n t . C l i m a t i c c o n d i t i o n s d i f f e r e n t f r o m t h o s e o f

L a t e W i s c o n s i n a n d p o s t g l a c i a l t i m e s a r e i n d i c a t e d by t h e f a c t

t h e s o i l f o r m i n g p r o c e s s e s k e p t a h e a d o f e r o s i o n .

T h o r n b u r y (195*0 s t a t e s t h a t c o m p a r a t i v e d e p t h s o f w e a t h e r i n g

a n d l e a c h i n g c a n n o t be u s e d e f f e c t i v e l y i n a r r i v i n g a t s t a g e s in

many a r e a s o f c o n t i n e n t a l g l a c i a t i o n . S o i l p r o f i l e s on g l a c i a l

d e p o s i t s i n m o u n t a i n r e g i o n s a r e commonly i mma t u r e a n d t h e

d r i f t s n o n - c a l c a r e o u s .

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Ri chmond ( 1950) h a s p o i n t e d o u t t h e p o s s i b i l i t y o f d i s t i n ­

g u i s h i n g d e p o s i t s o f t h e W i s c o n s i n s u b s t a g e by c o m p a r i s o n o f

t h e t h i c k n e s s o f t h e o x i d i z e d a n d c o l o r e d h o r i z o n in p r o f i l e s

d e v e l o p e d in m a t e r i a l s o f d i f f e r e n t a g e s .

A l t h o u g h a s o i l map g i v e s l e s s q u a n t i t a t i v e i n f o r m a t i o n a b o u t

t o p o g r a p h y t h a n a c o n t o u r map d o e s , by means o f s l o p e p h a s e s and

t h e c h a r a c t e r i s t i c e x t e r n a l f o r ms o f s o i l b o d i e s , i t d o e s g i v e

a g e n e r a l p i c t u r e o f t h e v a r y i n g t y p e s o f t e r r a i n p r e s e n t in

t h e mapped a r e a s . A l t h o u g h s o i l maps do n o t show d i r e c t l y a l l

t o p o g r a p h i c f o r m s , t h e y a l m o s t a l w a y s r e f l e c t t hem, a n d t h e i r

t o p o g r a p h i c i m p l i c a t i o n s a r e r e a d i l y g r a s p e d . S o i l maps can

be c o n v e r t e d i n t o g e o m o r p h i c maps v e r y e a s i l y when p r o p e r

i n t e r p r e t a t i o n i s u s e d . T h o r n b u r y (195*0 p o i n t s o u t t h a t s o i l

maps a r e p a r t i c u l a r l y v a l u a b l e in a r e a s o f c o n t i n e n t a l

g l a c i a t i o n a n d may be in b e d r o c k g e o l o g y . Many o f t h e

g l a c i a l l a n d fo rms a r e r e a d i l y d i s t i n g u i s h a b l e by t h e d i f f e r e n t

s o i l s d e v e l o p e d upon t hem, a n d t h e g e o l o g i c a g e o f t h e

g l a c i a l m a t e r i a l i s u s u a l l y i n d i c a t e d by t h e p a r t i c u l a r s o i l

s e r i e s p r e s e n t .

M i l n e ( I 9 6 0 ) by u s e o f t h e c a t e n a i l l u s t r a t e d t h e

g e n e r a l i z e d r e l a t i o n s h i p o f s o i l s t o l a n d s c a p e s , in h i s c o n c e p t

o f :

\

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“ . . . . t h e s e q u e n c e o f s o i l s e n c o u n t e r e d b e t w e e n t h e c r e s t o f a low h i l l a n d t h e f l o o r o f t h e a d j a c e n t swamp, t h e p r o f i l e c h a n g i n g f r o m p o i n t t o p o i n t o f t h i s t r a v e r s e in a c c o r d a n c e w i t h c o n d i t i o n s o f d r a i n a g e a n d p a s th i s t o r y o f t h e l a n d s u r f a c e ................ Two v a r i a n t s o f t h ec a t e n a c a n be d i s t i n g u i s h e d i n t h e f i e l d .................. In o n et h e t o p o g r a p h y was m o d e l e d by d e n u d a t i o n o r o t h e r p r o c e s s e s f r o m f o r m a t i o n s o r i g i n a l l y s i m i l a r in l i t h o l o g i c a lc h a r a c t e r ................... S o i l d i f f e r e n c e s w e r e t h e n b r o u g h tby d r a i n a g e c o n d i t i o n s d i f f e r e n t i a l t r a n s p o r t o f e r o d e d m a t e r i a l a n d l e a c h i n g , t r a n s l o c a t i o n a n d r e d e p o s i t i o no f m o b i l e c o n s t i t u e n t s ................ In o t h e r v a r i a n t s , t h et o p o g r a p h y was c a r v e d o u t o f two o r mor e s u p e r p o s e d f o r m a t i o n s w h i c h d i f f e r 1 i t h o l o g i c a 1 1 y ................."

King ( 1 9 5 3 ) d e v e l o p e d a l a n d s c a p e e v o l u t i o n t h e o r y t h a t

i s b a s e d on f i v e p o i n t s :

1. F l u v i a l e r o s i o n s u r f a c e s d e v e l o p f r o m d i r e c t r i x - - a c o n t r o l l i n g s t r e a m - - a n d e n c r o a c h on a n d up t h e f l a n k s o f t h e a d j a c e n t i n t e r f l u v e s t o w a r d s t h e d i v i d e s .

2 . The p r o f i l e o f t h e e n c r o a c h i n g e r o s i o n s u r f a c e i s c u r v a t e , c o n c a v e u p w a r d , t o w a r d t h e p e r i p h e r y o f t h e w a t e r s h e d in w h i c h i t d e v e l o p s .

3 . The e n c r o a c h i n g e r o s i o n s t r i p s t h e p r o d u c t s o f w e a t h e r i n g o f o l d e r s u r f a c e s , a y o u n g e r , f r e s h s u r f a c e i s f o r m e d ; a n d a new c y c l e o f s o i l f o r m a t i o n b e g i n s .

4 . The d i v i d e s r e m a i n a s s t a b l e l a n d s c a p e s s u b j e c t e d t o i n t e n s i v e w e a t h e r i n g u n t i l t h e y a r e l e v e l e d by t h e e n c r o a c h i n g e r o s i o n s u r f a c e .

5 . The d i v i d e s a r e n o t worn down b u t u l t i m a t e l y may be d e s t r o y e d by t h e e n c r o a c h m e n t o f e r o s i o n l e v e l s f r o m o p p o s i t e d i r e c t i o n s .

P a l l i s t e r ( 1 9 5 6 ) s p e c i f i c a l l y r e l a t e d s o i l s o f M i l n e ' s

c a t e n a t o l a n d s c a p e e l e m e n t s . The r e l a t i o n s h i p s a r e : w a x i n g

s l o p e H i l l Brow s e r i e s , f r e e f a c e a n d d e b r i s Red E a r t h *

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p e d i m e n t Red E a r t h , a n d p e d i m e n t t o e s l o p e by swamp r i n g e s e r i e s

a n d swam s o i l s , T a b l e 1.

Ruhe ( I 9 6 0 ) f i n d s t h e i r i d e a s s o u n d b u t s a y s t h a t t h e y

a s w e l l a s m o s t g e o m o r p h o l o g i s t s i g n o r e t h e c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s

a n d g e o m o r p h i c d i s t r i b u t i o n o f s o i l s in s t u d i e s o f l a n d s c a p e .

I t i s g e n e r a l l y a c c e p t e d t h a t w e a t h e r i n g , e r o s i o n , a n d s e d i m e n ­

t a t i o n a r e p h a s e s o f t h e m o d i f i c a t i o n o f a l a n d s c a p e by f l u v i a l

p r o c e s s e s . Most g e o m o r p h i c s t u d i e s h a v e a t t e m p t e d t o e v a l u a t e

t h e s t a g e a n d p r o c e s s o f e v o l u t i o n o f l a n d s c a p e by s t u d y i n g

e r o s i o n a n d s e d i m e n t a t i o n , b u t ha ve n e g l e c t e d t h e w e a t h e r i n g

e x c e p t in a s u p e r f i c i a l way . W e a t h e r i n g r e s u l t s in t h e f o r m a t i o n

o f s o i l s t h a t h a v e v a l u a b l e d i a g n o s t i c c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s a n d

u n i q u e g e o g r a p h i c d i s t r i b u t i o n .

Ruhe r e v i s e d Wood, Ki ng , a n d F r y e ' s e l e m e n t s o f l a n d s c a p e

a n d p r o p o s e d new names f o r t hem: u p l a n d , p e d i m e n t b a c k s l o p e ,

f o o t s l o p e a n d t o e s l o p e . He i n d i c a t e d t h a t g e o g r a p h y , g e n e s i s ,

a n d c l a s s i f i c a t i o n o f s o i l s in t h e c a t e n a r y a s s o c i a t i o n a r e

i n t i m a t e l y r e l a t e d t o t h e g e n e s i s a n d e l e m e n t s o f l a n d s c a p e .

A p a l e o s o l i c c h r o n o - c a t e n a r y s e q u e n c e in Iowa showed t h e

r e l a t i o n s h i p o f t h e s o i l s t o t h e e l e m e n t s o f t h e l a n d s c a p e . A

w e l l d e v e l o p e d s o i l o c c u r s on t h e s t a b l e u p l a n d . On a l o w e r ,

y o u n g e r p e d i m e n t s u r f a c e s o i l s showed a p r o g r e s s i v e i n c r e a s e

in t h e i r s t a g e o f d e v e l o p m e n t f r om t h e b a c k s l o p e a c r o s s t h e

f o o t s l o p e t o t h e t o e s l o p e . Th e s e d i f f e r e n c e s w e r e b r o u g h t

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T a b l e 1. A s u m m a r i z a t i o n o f t h e t e r m s u s e d in v i e w i n g t h e v a r i o u s p a r t s o f a s l o p e by t h e v a r i o u s i n v e s t i g a t o r s

M i l n e , 1936 , £ a 11 i s t e r Ruhe Wood 19^2s o i l e a t e n B. 1956 I 9 6 0 Ki ng 1953

i e sH i l l C r e s t ( Waxi ng s l o p e - - U p l a n d --------Waxi ng s l o p e

H i l l - B r o w S e rf r e e f a c e P e d i m e n t / F r e e f a c e

b a c k s l o p e/ F r e e

\ j ) e b r i

C D e b r i s s l o p e \ P e d i m e n tRed E a r t h --------< L f o o t s l o p e

P e d i m e n t )

s s l o p e

P e d i m e n t

F r i n g e s e r i e s

Swamp s o i I s

Swamp f l o o r

A 1 l u v i a l t o e s l o p e

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a b o u t by t h e v a r i a t i o n s in a g e o f s u r f a c e s a n d d i f f e r e n t i a l

t r a n s p o r t o f e r o d e d m a t e r i a l , d r a i n a g e c o n d i t i o n s , l e a c h i n g ,

t r a n s l o c a t i o n a n d r e d e p o s i t i o n o f m o b i l e c o n s t i t u e n t s .

B u t l e r ( 1 9 5 9 ) d e v e l o p e d a f r a me wo r k f o r s o i l s t u d i e s on

t h e b a s i s o f p e r i o d i c i t y o r t h e r e c o g n i t i o n o f r e c u r r e n t e r o s i o n

c y c l e s and e a c h c y c l e c o v e r i n g a d e v e l o p m e n t o f a s o i l l a y e r

a n d e a c h c y c l e in i t s e s s e n t i a l f e a t u r e s r e c u r r i n g in t i m e .

I t may t a k e o n e o r more c y c l e s o r t i m e u n i t s t o c o m p l e t e t h e

c h a n g e o v e r f rom one s u r f a c e o f w e a t h e r i n g in a l a n d s c a p e t o

a n o t h e r . Common 1y , r e m n a n t s o f s e v e r a l c y c l e s a r e e v i d e n t in

o l d l a n d s c a p e s .

The o c c u r e n c e o f b u r i e d s o i l s p r o v e t h e a l t e r n a t i o n o f

p r o g r e s s i v e s o i l d e v e l o p m e n t w i t h mi n i mal s u r f a c e a c c e s s i o n

p h a s e a nd p r o g r e s s i v e s u r f a c e a c c e s s i o n w i t h mi n i ma l s o i l

d e v e l o p m e n t p h a s e . T h e s e two p h a s e s c o n s t i t u t e t h e e v i d e n c e o f

p e r i o d i c i t y in t h e l a n d s c a p e e v e n t s . As a t i m e u n i t B u t l e r

c a l l e d t h e s o i l c y c l e a "K" c y c l e . The two a s p e c t s o f t h e "K

c y c l e " a r e t h e u n s t a b l e and t h e s t a b l e p h a s e s . The u n s t a b l e

p h a s e i s t h e i n i t i a t i o n o f a new "K c y c l e " w h i l e t h e s t a b l e p h a s e

i s t h e p e r i o d o f s o i l d e v e l o p m e n t . The f o r m a t i o n o f "K c y c l e s "

e n a b l e s a c h r o n o l o g y o f a l o c a l i t y t o be o u t l i n e d on t h e b a s i s

o f t h e s o i l , e r o s i o n a l a n d d e p o s i t i o n a l e v i d e n c e p e r s i s t i n g in

i t .

Ruhe (1967* b) o f f e r e d t h e f o l l o w i n g f o u r c o r o l l a r i e s o f

s o i l l a n d s c a p e e v o l u t i o n :

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1. On s t a b l e u p l a n d s s o i l w i l l c o n t i n u e t o d e v e l o p p r a c t i c a l l y u n m o d i f i e d by e r o s i o n .

2 . S o i l l a n d s c a p e s on s l o p e s o r on f l a n k s o f u p l a n d s may become t r u n c a t e d p r o g r e s s i v e l y ups l o p e o ru p 1 a n d .

3 . A new c y c l e s o i l l a n d s c a p e w i l l d e v e l o p c o n t e m ­p o r a n e o u s l y w i t h t h e u p f l a n k t r u n c a t i o n .

4 . The o l d s o i l l a n d s c a p e w i l l b e b e v e l l e d u l t i m a t e l y w i t h an i m p r e s s i o n o f a new c y c l e o f s o i l g e n e s i s .

I f t h e King a n d Ruhe c o r o l l a r i e s h o l d t h e n w e l l d e v e l o p e d

s o i l s s h o u l d o c c u r on o l d l a n d s c a p e s u r f a c e s o f h i g h e r , mo r e

s t a b l e , p o s i t i o n t h a n t h e y o u n g e r b e v e l l e d s u r f a c e .

B.. S u r f a c e G e o l o g y ;

S e v e r a l W i s c o n s i n g l a c i e r s a d v a n c e d o v e r t h e s t a t e o f

M i c h i g a n . T h e s e g l a c i e r s moved o v e r t h e s t a t e i n f o u r m a i n

l o b e s . T h r e e l o b e s f o l l o w e d a l o n g t h e t r o u g h s o f L a k e M i c h i g a n ,

L a k e Hur on a n d L a k e E r i e . A n o t h e r t h i n t o n g u e o f i c e moved

o f f f r om t h e Hur on l o b e in t h e r e g i o n o f S a g i n a w Bay a n d

t r a v e l l e d s o u t h w e s t e r l y a c r o s s t h e s t a t e u n t i l i t me t t h e o t h e r

t h r e e l o b e s . G e o l o g i s t ' s p o i n t o u t t h a t t h e r e c e s s i o n o f t h i s

W i s c o n s i n g l a c i e r b e g a n t o u n c o v e r M i c h i g a n 1 4 , 0 0 0 y e a r s a g o

a n d t h e c o n t i n u i n g n o r t h e r l y r e t r e a t o f t h e i c e r e s u l t e d in

n e a r l y a l l o f M i c h i g a n u l t i m a t e l y b e i n g e x p o s e d a b o u t 8 , 0 0 0

y e a r s a g o . As i c e s h e e t s a d v a n c e d a c r o s s t h e s t a t e , a l a r g e

a mo u n t o f b e d r o c k was p u l v e r i z e d a n d i n c o r p o r a t e d i n t o t h e i c e

s h e e t s t o b e l a t e r d e p o s i t e d a s a g l a c i a l d r i f t . The t h i c k n e s s

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o f t h i s d r i f t v a r i e s f r o m o n l y a f ew i n c h e s in t h e A l p e n a a r e a

t o 1 , 2 0 0 f e e t in t h e v i c i n i t y o f C a d i l l a c . T h i s d r i f t i s s p r e a d

o v e r s e d i m e n t a r y r o c k o f t h e M i c h i g a n b a s i n in t h e Lower

P e n i n s u l a and t h e e a s t e r n p a r t o f t h e Upper Pens i n u l a a n d o v e r

i g n e o u s a n d m e t a m o r p h i c r o c k s i n t h e w e s t e r n p a r t o f t h e Upper

P e n i n s u l a ( L e v e r e t t 1915, Hough 1 9 5 8 ) .

a . Gl a c i a l d e p o s i t s

M o r a i n e s a r e d e p o s i t s o f g l a c i a l d r i f t g e n e r a l l y in r i d g e s

o r h i l l s wh i c h w e r e f o r me d a t t h e m a r g i n o f a f o r w a r d mo v i n g i c e

s h e e t . They a l s o w e r e f o r me d when t h e b a c k w a r d m e l t i n g o f t h e

i c e e q u a l l e d t h e f o r w a r d a d v a n c e o f t h e i c e s h e e t . M o r a i n e s

mark t h e o u t e r b o r d e r s o f t h e i c e l o b e and a r e c h a r a c t e r i z e d by

r u g g e d t o p o g r a p h y a n d c o n t r a s t i n g r e l i e f .

In M i c h i g a n m o r a i n e s a r e commonly c o m p r i s e d o f g l a c i a l t i l l

o r i c e - c o n t a c t s t r a t i f i e d d r i f t . Such m o r a i n e s a r e m o s t common

a t t h e j u n c t i o n o f t h e d i f f e r e n t g l a c i a l l o b e s in M i c h i g a n .

Many m o r a i n e s a r e c o m p r i s e d o f t h i n l a y e r s o f g l a c i a l t i l l o v e r

s t r a t i f i e d o u t w a s h d e p o s i t s .

The m o r a i n i c a r e a s i n v o l v e d in t h i s s t u d y , r a n g e in w i d t h

f rom l / 8 t o l - l / 2 m i l e s , a v e r a g i n g a b o u t one m i l e a n d r a r e l y

e x c e e d 1 - 1 / 2 m i l e s . T h e i r r e l i e f a b o v e t h e a d j a c e n t f l a t t e r

t i l l p l a i n s o r ground m o r a i n e s i s g e n e r a l l y low a n d t h e i r

s u r f a c e s a r e c o m p a r a t i v e l y s m o o t h . The h i g h e s t k n o l l i n a n y

o n e o f them d o e s n o t e x c e e d 60 f e e t a b o v e t h e p l a i n o f t h e i r

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b a s e s . In some a r e a s t h e y a r e f l a t t e n e d o u t t o b r o a d s w e l l s

s c a r c e l y p e r c e p t i b l e t o t h e e y e a n d in o t h e r p l a c e s t o s c a t t e r e d

low k n o l l s f i v e f e e t in h e i g h t . The g e n e r a l f l a t n e s s o f t h e

p l a i n s o f w h i c h t h e y a r e a p a r t i s p r o b a b l y t h e p r i n c i p a l c a u s e

o f t h e i r c o m p a r a t i v e l y e v e n t r e n d a n d b r o a d c u r v a t u r e ,

F i g . 1, and 2. They show c o m p a r a t i v e l y l i t t l e e v i d e n c e o f

d r a i n a g e i s s u i n g f rom t h e i c e w h i l e t h e y a r e f o r m i n g a n d

p e r h a p s on t h i s a c c o u n t t h e i r c r e s t s a r e l e s s b r o k e n and i r ­

r e g u l a r .

Where t h e s e m o r a i n e s a r e o p e n l y d e p l o y e d , t h e y a r e g e n e r a l l y

s m o o t h e r t h a n t h e b u l k i e r m o r a i n e s a n d show few knobs a n d

b a s i n s and o t h e r i r r e g u l a r s u r f a c e f e a t u r e s . Where t h e m o r a i n e s

o v e r l a p , o r t h e l a t e r o v e r r i d e t h e e a r l i e r a s in t h e c a s e o f t h e

F l i n t a n d Owosso m o r a i n e s n e a r Mapl e R a p i d s , t h e y become b r o k e n

a n d i r r e g u l a r o r m a s s i v e , w i d e r , a n d h i g h e r in p l a c e s , more

s t e e p s i d e d and more r u g g e d . Fo r e x a m p l e , w h e r e m o r a i n e s a r e

d i s t i n c t a n d n o t o v e r l a p p i n g no p o i n t was f o u n d w i t h h e i g h t

more t h a n 6 0 f e e t a b o v e t h e p l a i n a nd few a b o v e kS t o 50 f e e t .

In t h e r e g i o n o f o v e r r i d i n g , a few a r e 80 t o 90 f e e t a n d in

some i t r e a c h e d 100 f e e t r e l i e f . R e l i e f in t h e w a t e r l a i d p o r t i o n

o f m o r a i n e s i s commonly a b s e n t ( L e v e r e t t 1 9 1 5 ) .

The m o s t p r o m i n e n t o f t h e m o r a i n e s in t h e s t u d y a r e a a r e

b r i e f l y a s d e s c r i b e d by L e v e r e t t a n d T a y l o r ( 1 9 1 5 ) , F i g u r e 2 .

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S c h e m a t i c map s h o w i n g l o c a t i o n o f t h e s t u d y a r e a w i t h i n M i d - M i c h i g a n m o r a i n i c f e a t u r e s

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1 . S t . J o h n M o r a i n e ;

I t s i d e n t i t y n o r t h o f t h e Gr a n d R i v e r c h a n n e l i s u n c e r t a i n .I t s c o u r s e i n d i c a t e s t h a t i t r e a c h e s Gr a n d R i v e r c h a n n e l 2 t o 3

m i l e s b e l o w Ma p l e R a p i d s , a s shown in F i g u r e 3 . At S t . J o h n s , i t i s a s h a r p n a r r o w r i d g e 30 t o kO f e e t a b o v e t h e p l a i n t o t h e n o r t h a n d 20 f e e t a b o v e t h e p l a i n t o t h e s o u t h . From S t . J o h n s w e s t , i t c u r v e s g r a d u a l l y n o r t h w e s t , d i m i n i s h i n g in s t r e n g t h in f i v e m i l e s u n t i l i t c e a s e s t o be a r i d g e a n d t u r n s I n t o s c a t t e r e d k n o l l s , a n d f a d e s away . E a s t w a r d t o S t . J o h n s a n d w i t h i n a m i l e f r o m S h e p a r d s v i 11e , t h e m o r a i n e i s r a t h e r f a i n t a n d b r o k e n , w i t h low p a r a l l e l r i d g e s n o r t h o f a r a t h e r we a k ma i n r i d g e . ( F u r t h e r e a s t i t i s much s t r o n g e r w i t h an a v e r a g e w i d t h o f a m i l e a n d r u n s a l i t t l e s o u t h e a s t a c r o s s S h i a w a s s e e C o u n t y , t h e n t u r n s s h a r p l y n o r t h e a s t 3 m i l e s s o u t h e a s t o f G a i n e s , p a s s i n g a m i l e s o u t h o f Rankan t o T h r e a d R i v e r s o u t h o f F l i n t , u n t i l i t becomes w e a k a t R i c h f i e l d , t o low s c a t t e r e d n a r r o w k n o l l s when c r o s s i n g F l i n t t h e n becomes s t r o n g e r a n d p a s s e s i n t o L a p e e r C o u n t y ) .

2 . Fi i n t M o r a i n e :

I t b e g i n s a b r u p t l y on t h e s o u t h s i d e o f Ma p l e R i v e r ( F i g u r e *0 a s a h i g h a n d s t e e p b l u f f r i s i n g c l o s e a b o v e t h e s t r e a m . F o r a b o u t 2 t o 3 m i l e s t o t h e s o u t h , i t r u n s a s a d o u b l e r i d g e w i t h a s m a l l n a r r o w c l a y f l a t i n b e t w e e n , t h e e a s t e r n r i d g e b e i n g t h e s m a l l e r o f t h e t wo . From t h i s f l a t on 9 t o 10 m i l e s e a s t t o D u p l a i n , i t i s r e p r e s e n t e d by s c a t t e r e d k n o l l s i n a f l a t c l a y p l a i n , w h i c h i s s o m e t i m e s swampy. Beyond D u p l a i n i t r e a p p e a r s a s a s t r o n g r i d g e a n d two m i l e s e a s t o f t h e v i l l a g e f o r m s a s h a r p l o o p t o t h e n o r t h a r o u n d a f l a t h o l l o w a b o u t two m i l e s in d i a m e t e r . T h i s h o l l o w i s a l m o s t s u r r o u n d e d by t h e m o r a i n e r e m a i n i n g o p e n t o t h e s o u t h w e s t . Some o f t h e i r r e g u l a r i t i e s in t h i s m o r a i n e f r o m Ma p l e R a p i d s t o O v i d may b e d u e t o r e a d v a n c e s by t h e i c e b u t o t h e r s a r e d i r e c t l y o r i n d i r e c t l y r e l a t e d t o t h e p r e s e n c e a n d t h e i n f l u e n c e o f t h e g r e a t I m l a y c n a n n e l , w h i c h f l o w e d c l o s e t o t h e f r o n t o f t h e i c e a t t h a t t i m e . T h i s m o r a i n e I s u s u a l l y w i d e w e s t o f Owosso a n d i s c u t by a t r o u g h o u t s i d e t h e s t u d y a r e a . On t h e a c c o u n t o f t h e s e i r r e g u l a r i t i e s , t h e m o r a i n e h a s u n u s u a l b r e a d t h n o r t h o f O v i d . E a s t o f Ov i d ( F i g u r e 3) i t i s c u t by a n e s k e r w h i c h e n t e r s f r o m t h e n o r t h e a s t , t h e n t u r n s w e s t a n d r u n s p a r a l l e l w i t h t h e m o r a i n e . From Ov i d e a s t , t o a p o i n t n o r t h o f D u r a n d , o u t s i d e t h e s t u d y a r e a i t r u n s a l i t t l e s o u t h e a s t a n d b e t w e e n Ve r non a n d D u f f i e l d i t c u r v e s a r o u n d t o t h e N o r t h e a s t t o F l i n t . ( L i k e o l d e r m o r a i n e s o f t h e d e p l o y e d g r o u p i t comes t o Gr a n d R i v e r c h a n n e l on t h e s o u t h s i d e w i t h o u t a n y e v i d e n c e t h a t a n y d e p r e s s i o n c h a n n e l was p r e s e n t t o i n f l u e n c e t h e i c e movement a n d s e ems t o p a s s on t o t h e n o r t h w i t h t h e same t r e n d ) . The F l i n t m o r a i n e h a s o u t w a s h a t s e v e r a l p o i n t s on i t s e a s t s i d e . I t i s a l s o s h a r p l y s e p a r a t e d f r o m t h e n e x t m o r a i n e by a s t r o n g b o r d e r o f a n i c e b o r d e r d r a i n a g e w h i c h f o l l o w s B u t t e r n u t C r e e k t o w a r d s t h e s o u t h w e s t .

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Fi g u r e 3. F e a t u r e s n e a r t he head o f G l a c i a l Grand R i v e r . A f t e r L e v e r e t t * s 1924 map, ( B r e t z 1951) . Baker and Lewis cha nne l s a r e shown in t h e r i g h t s i d e o f t h e f i g u r e w i t h B=Bakerand L=Lew i s

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F i g u r e k . Map s h o w i n g r e l a t i o n o f F l i n t a n d Owosso m o r a i n e s t o t h e Gr a n d R i v e r C h a n n e l . ( A f t e r L e v e r e t t a n d T a y l o r 1915)

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3 . Owosso M o r a i n e :

I t p a s s e s t h r u I t h a c a a n d r u n s s o u t h a f e w m i l e s , t h e n s o u t h w e s t t o t h e b a n k o f Gr a n d R i v e r c h a n n e l a t Ma p l e R a p i d s a s a s t r o n g a n d c o n t i n u o u s r i d g e . E a s t o f M a p l e R a p i d s i t f o r m s a d o u b l e r i d g e a n d a p p e a r s t o b e p a r t o f F l i n t m o r a i n e .The s e c o n d r i d g e ( i n s e c . 2 T8N R3W E s s e x T o w n s h i p ) a p p e a r s e x t r e m e l y b r o k e n a n d b e a r i n q a numbe r o f kames a n d o t h e r i r r e g u l a r i t i e s , a n d r un e a s t p a s s i n g E u r e k a . T h e . n o r t h f a c e o f t h i s m o r a i n e i s a h i g h s t e e p b l u f t e v i d e n t l y c u t away s i n c e t h e m o r a i n e was ma de . S o u t h t h e l a k e b e a c h e s a l o n g i t s b a s e may a c c o u n t f o r p a r t o f t h e c u t t i n g b u t n o t f o r m o s t o f i t . O u t s i d e t h e s t u d y a r e a , a n d n o r t h o f Owosso t h e m o r a i n e r u n s s o u t h w e s t i n t o t h e h e a d o f t h e c h a n n e l a n d n e a r Ma p l e R i v e r v i r t u a l l y f o r m s i t s n o r t h b a n k . On t h e s o u t h s i d e t h e t r e n d o f t h e m o r a i n e i s a l s o w e s t w a r d t o t h e h e a d o f t h e c h a n n e l . Take n t o g e t h e r t h e two m o r a i n e s , F l i n t a n d Owosso , s eem t o m a r k t h e s i d e s o f a s h a r p i c e t o n g u e w h i c h i s p r o j e c t e d w e s t w a r d t o t h e h e a d o f t h e c h a n n e l a n d down t h r o u g h i t a n d b e y o n d F l i n t m o r a i n e . From two m i l e s s o u t h e a s t o f E u r e k a e a s t w a r d t o two m i l e s e a s t o f E l s i e was e i t h e r no m o r a i n i c d e p o s i t i o n o r t h e m o r a i n e was a f t e r w a r d w a s h e d a wa y . Beyond t h i s gap t h e m o r a i n e r u n s s o u t h ­e a s t a s a mo r e c o n t i n u o u s a n d e v e n r i d g e p a s s i n g j u s t n o r t h o f t h e c i t i e s o f Owosso a n d C o r u n n a .

k . T i l l p l a i n s :

T h e s e a r e l a n d s u r f a c e s b u i l t by d i r e c t d e p o s i t i o n o f m a t e r i a l s f r o m w h i c h t h e i c e m e l t e d w i t h o u t much m o d i f i c a t i o n . They a r e f l a t t o g e n t l y r o l l i n g a n d c o n t a i n t h e same g e n e r a l m a t e r i a l a s t h e m o r a i n e s . T i l l p l a i n s o c c u p y c e r t a i n w i d e a r e a s b e t w e e n m o r a i n e s o v e r w h i c h t h e i c e f r o n t a p p e a r s t o make a r a p i d r e c e s s i o n . The t i l l p l a i n m a t e r i a l i s d i v e r s e in t e x t u r e a n d c o n s t i t u t i o n . I t i s w e l l s u i t e d t o a g r i c u l t u r e , in g e n e r a l . As a r u l e t i l l p l a i n s h a v e s u f f i c i e n t s l o p e t o p e r m i t e a s y d r a i n a g e . T i l l p l a i n s a r e o f o n e t o s i x m i l e s in w i d t h a n d o f n a r r o w s t r i p s o f i r r e g u l a r w i d t h . They a r e p l a i n s o f c l a y , mor e o r l e s s p e b b l y a n d s t o n y , a n d h a v e

?e n $ r a 1 1 y a s m o o t h s u r f a c e w h i c h , a l t h o u g h f l a t a n d a p p a r e n t l y eve l . in n e a r l y e v e r y w h e r e s l i g h t l y i n c l i n e s i n o n e d i r e c t i o n o r

a n o t h e r , a c c o r d i n g t o t h e g e n e r a l s l o p e o f t h e r e g i o n . T i l l p l a i n s a r e n o r m a l l y h i g h e s t a t t h e i n n e r e d g e o f t h e m o r a i n e w i t h w h i c h t h e y a r e a s s o c i a t e d and l o w e s t i m m e d i a t e l y in f r o n t o f t h e n e x t s u c c e e d i n g m o r a i n e .

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b. F I u v i o q l a c i a 1 D e p o s i t s

T i l l p l a i n s may c o n t a i n e s k e r s , kames , o r d r u m l i n s . G r e a t

R i v e r s c a r r i e d r o c k m a t e r i a l f r om t h e i c e , s o r t e d t hem o u t , a n d

t h e f i n e m a t e r i a l s w e r e c a r r i e d away. I t r o l l e d t h e g r a v e l and

t h e s a n d down t h e s t r e a m t o be l e f t a s g l a c i a l o u t w a s h d e p o s i t .

T h e s e g l a c i a l o u t w a s h d e p o s i t s a r e f o u n d in a l l v a l l e y s and

a l o n g a l l t h e r i v e r s . Out wash p l a i n s may e x h i b i t s h a l l o w

d e p r e s s i o n s p r o d u c e d by s m a l l i c e b l o c k s i n c o r p o r a t e d in t h e

o u t w a s h p l a i n t h a t m e l t e d a f t e r d e p o s i t i o n o f t h e d e p o s i t e d

m a t e r i a l s . The a s s e m b l a g e o f t o p o g r a p h i c f o r ms t h a t make up

t i l l p l a i n s c o n s i s t o f g l a c i a l d e p o s i t s a n d a s s o c i a t e d w a t e r -

l a i d m a t e r i a l s w h i c h c a n b e e i t h e r e a s i l y d i s t i n g u i s h e d o r

d i f f i c u l t t o d i s t i n g u i s h on t h e map ( L e v e r e t t 1915, 1 9 1 7 ) .

C o m p l e x i t i e s in t h e d e p o s i t i o n o f g l a c i o f l u v i a l d e p o s i t s

i s a l s o r e p o r t e d i n o l d e r d e p o s i t s a s r e p o r t e d by S mi t h ( 1 9 6 5 ) .

In s t u d y i n g t h e B r a i d - c o r e H i l l s a l o n g t h e Wabash R i v e r , he

i n d i c a t e d t h a t t h e h i l l s a r e p e b b l y g l a c i a t e d l a n d f o r m s , a n d t h a t

s e v e r a l t e r r a c e s - d i s s e c t e d a n d s o r t e d - l i e in c o n f u s i o n a t t h e

b a s e o f h i l l s . A l l g l a c i a l m a t e r i a l s a b o v e t h e t e r r a c e l i n e

a r e a t t r i b u t e d t o t h e l l l i n o i a n g l a c i a t i o n . O l d e r B r a i d e d -

c o r e a r e now r e d u c e d t o t h e v a l l e y f l o o r l e v e l a l o n g t h e r i v e r

v a l l e y a n d e v e n a t h i n c o v e r o f a l l u v i u m w o u l d c o n c e a l t hem.

c . Lake P l a i n s

Many a r e a s in M i c h i g a n w e r e f o r m e r l y l a k e b e d s . T h e s e

l a k e b e d s a n d t h e a s s o c i a t e d s h o r e l i n e s w e r e t h e r e s u l t o f a

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s u c c e s s i o n o f l a k e s o f d i f f e r e n t e l e v a t i o n s w h i c h w e r e f o r m e d

d u r i n g t h e a d v a n c e a n d r e t r e a t o f t h e i c e . They a r e l e v e l a n d

compos ed m a i n l y o f h e a v y m a t e r i a l s s u c h a s s i l t - l o a m , s i l t y c l a y

l oa m, s i l t y c l a y o r c l a y . T h e r e a r e some l e v e l a r e a s o f s a n d

a n d a l s o f r e q u e n t s t r e t c h e s o f s a n d r i d g e r e p r e s e n t i n g b a r s a n d

b e a c h e s p r o d u c e d when t h e l a k e d i m i n i s h e d in s i z e by s t a g e s a s

t h e o u t l e t s l o w e r e d o wi n g t o m e l t i n g o f i c e b a r r i e r s a n d t h e

c u t t i n g o f d e e p e r c h a n n e l s . The l a k e b e a c h e s o f t h e g l a c i a l

l a k e s a r e u s u a l l y r e c o g n i z e d b e c a u s e o f t h e i r e l e v a t e d r e l i e f

a b o v e t h e g e n e r a l l e v e l o f t h e l a k e b e d ( F i g . 4 ) . T h e s e b e a c h

r i d g e s a r e commonly c o a r s e t e x t u r e d . The l a k e b e d m a t e r i a l s a r e

commonly s t r a t i f i e d a n d t e x t u r e s v a r y g r e a t l y f r o m p l a c e t o

p l a c e . D i v i d e s may a c t a s dams t o f l o w i n g w a t e r s a n d f o r m a

l a k e . Wh e n e v e r f a s t f l o w i n g r i v e r s e n t e r e d t h e s e l a k e s , t h e y

d r o p p e d t h e s e d i m e n t a r y m a t e r i a l s t h e y c a r r i e d . The s a n d s

w e r e d r o p p e d n e a r t h e m a r g i n s o f t h e l a k e a s d e l t a s a n d t h e

s i l t and c l a y w e r e c a r r i e d i n t o t h e l a k e s a n d e v e n t u a l l y f o r m e d

l a k e l a i d o r l a c a u s t r i n e s i l t a n d c l a y d e p o s i t s ( L e v e r e t t 1 9 1 7 ) .

d . R i v e r s

S t r e a m s t r a v e r s e t h e s t u d y a r e a f r o m e a s t t o w e s t in o l d

g l a c i a l d r a i n a g e v a l l e y s ( F i g . 3 ) . R i v e r s a r e t h e ma i n d r a i n a g e

o u t l e t s f o r t h e i r w a t e r s h e d s . D r a i n a g e in a s s o c i a t i o n w i t h t h e i c e

b o r d e r s p r e s e n t e d c o n s i d e r a b l e v a r i e t y . D r a i n a g e o f t h e s o u t h e r n

Penn i n s u l a o f M i c h i g a n i s a l m o s t e q u a l l y d i v i d e d b e t w e e n w e s t

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f l o w i n g s t r e a m s t h a t e n t e r Lake M i c h i g a n and e a s t f l o w i n g s t r e a m s

t h a t e n t e r t h e Huron a n d E r i e b a s i n s . The n a t u r a l d r a i n a g e i s

p o o r l y d e v e l o p e d in p l a c e s a n d e x t e n s i v e p o o r l y d r a i n e d p l a i n s

a n d swampy l o w l a n d s o c c u r . As t h e S a g i n a w i c e l o b e s h r a n k away

f r om t h e g r e a t m o r a i n i c b e l t a n d f o r me d t h e s l e n d e r m o r a i n e s

t h a t l a y b e t w e e n i t a n d S a g i n a w Bay, t h e g l a c i a l d r a i n a g e k e p t

c l o s e t o t h e i c e b o r d e r and d i s c h a r g e d s o u t h w a r d t o Grand

R i v e r in l i n e s t h a t w e r e s h i f t e d a s t h e i c e s h r a n k e a s t w a r d a n d

l o w e r p a s s a g e s w e r e o p e n e d . E v e n t u a l l y t h e i c e b o r d e r s h r a n k

t o a p o s i t i o n s o f a r n o r t h a n d e a s t , w a t e r a c c u m u l a t e d in f r o n t

o f i t t o f o r m Lake S a g i n a w , whos e d i s c h a r g e was w e s t w a r d t h r o u g h

t h e Grand R i v e r o u t l e t . At t h e same t i m e t h e Lake M i c h i g a n l o b e

had r e c e d e d t o t h e n o r t h s o t h a t Lake C h i c a g o o c c u p i e d much o f

Lake M i c h i g a n b a s i n and r e c e i v e d d i r e c t d r a i n a g e f r om t h e m a j o r

p a r t o f t h e b o r d e r o f t h a t l a k e ( L e v e r e t t 1915, 1917 and

B r e t z 1 9 5 1 ) .

R i v e r s w h i c h f l o w e d a l o n g t h e f r o n t o f t h e i c e a r e o f two

t y p e s , a n d t h e i r l o c a t i o n s a r e shown in F i g u r e s 3 and k:

1. T h o s e t h a t w e r e t h e o u t l e t o f o n e o r more o f t h e g r e a t e r g l a c i a l l a k e s . They a r e l a r g e , d e e p , e n t r e n c h e d , s h o w i n g l a r g e vo l ume a n d in some p a r t s s u g g e s t i n g l o n g e r d u r a t i o n . Such r i v e r s a r e m a i n l y Gr and R i v e r a n d Iml ay o u t l e t ( F i g . 3) .

2 . T h o s e t h a t g a t h e r e d t h e i r w a t e r s f r o m t h e i c e a n d l a n d o f t h e i m m e d i a t e v i c i n i t y o r f r om a r e a s n o t f a r away. They h a v e r e l a t i v e l y s m a l l a n d s h a l l o w c h a n n e l s , i n d i c a t i n g r e l a t i v e l y s m a l l v o l ume and s h o r t d u r a t i o n . Such r i v e r s a r e Map l e R i v e r , L o o k i n g G l a s s R i v e r .

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1. Grand R i v e r ;

Gr a n d R i v e r was e x t e n d i n g f r o m A r k o n a b e a c h n e a r Ma p l e R a p i d s ( F i g . 3) w i t h an a l t i t u d e o f 710 f e e t ( a n e r o i d ) t o t h e u p p e r b e a c h o f Lake C h i c a g o w e s t o f Gr a n d R a p i d s w i t h an a l t i t u d e o f 640 f e e t . The f l o o r on t h e d i v i d e n o r t h o f B a n n i s t e r i s 72 f e e t a b o v e S a g i n a w Bay ( 652 f e e t a b o v e s e a l e v e l ) . The s e c o n d b e a c h o f Lake C h i c a g o i s 6 2 0 f e e t . I f t h e l a k e f e l l t o i t s t h i r d l e v e l o r b e a c h w h i l e t h e o u t l e t was f l o w i n g , t h e d e c e n t w o u l d b e 75 f e e t i n 100 m i l e s f o r a s t h e l a k e l e v e l f e l l in Lake C h i c a g o t h e s h o r e moved f u r t h e r w e s t f r o m Gr a n d R a p i d s .As a c o n c l u s i o n , t h e g r a d i e n t o f t h e s e g l a c i a l r i v e r s was g e n e r a l l y l e s s t h a n o n e f o o t p e r m i l e , a n d t h e h i g h e s t b e i n g l e s s t h a n 1 - 1 / 2 f o o t p e r m i l e a n d a t t h e l e a s t a T i t t l e mo r e t h a n 1 / 2 f o o t p e r m i l e . Gr a n d R i v e r was t h e o u t l e t o f La ke S a g i n a w t h r o u g h o u t m o s t o f t h e l a k e b h i s t o r y , e v e n t h r o u g h p a r t o f t h e t i m e when i t was m e r g e d w i t h l a r g e r g l a c i a l l a k e s o f t h e Huron a n d E r i e b a s i n s . I t was in u s e a much l o n g e r t i m e t h a n a n y o t h e r g l a c i a l c h a n n e l in M i c h i g a n . I t b e g a n t o c a r r y l a k e w a t e r s when t h e o u t l e t o f La ke Maumee f i r s t o p e n e d n e a r I m l a y , b e f o r e t h e b e g i n n i n g o f Lake S a g i n a w . N e x t i t r e c e i v e d t h e o v e r f l o w o f t h e m e r g e d Lake Ar k o n a a n d S a g i n a w . L a t e r when t h e i c e r e a d v a n c e d , Lake S a g i n a w was r e s t o r e d t o i n d e p e n d e n t e x i s t e n c e .I t r e c e i v e d t h e w a t e r s o f Lake W h i t t l e s e y a n d S a g i n a w . I t was a b a n d o n e d o n l y when i c e r e t r e a t e d f r o m P o r t Huron m o r a i n i c s y s t e m a n d La ke S a g i n a w m e r g e d e a s t w a r d a n d became p a r t o f L a k e Wayne . The w a t e r s o f t h e m e r g e d l a k e s t h e n d r a i n e d e a s t w a r d t o t h e v i c i n i t y o f S y r a c u s e , New Y o r k . Th r u a l l t h e p r e v i o u s c h a n g e s , a p p a r e n t l y w i t h o u t b r e a k o r i n t e r m i s s i o n f r o m t h e f i r s t o p e n i n g o f I ml ay o u t l e t , i t h a d c a r r i e d t h e o v e r f l o w w e s t w a r d . L a t e r t h e i c e r e a d v a n c e d c l o s i n g t h e e a s t e r n o u t l e t p a s t S y r a c u s e a n d i n a u g u r a t i n g Lake W a r r e n w h i c h a l s o d i s c h a r g e d w e s t t h r u t h e Gr a nd R i v e r . W a r r e n b e a c h e s l i e 20 t o 30 f e e t a b o v e t h e b r o a d , swampy, d u n e - c o v e r e d d i v i d e a t t h e h e a d o f t h e Gr a n d R i v e r c h a n n e l n o r t h o f B a n n i s t e r .

2 . Map l e R i v e r :

Ma p l e R i v e r v a l l e y i s a b o u t a m i l e w i d e . I t o c c u p i e s t h e o l d Gr a nd R i v e r c h a n n e l i n s o u t h e a s t G r a t i o t C o u n t y . ( F i g . 4 ) . . Map l e R i v e r f l o w s w e s t w a r d a n d s o u t h w e s t w a r d a s a s l u g g i s h s t r e a m w a n d e r i n a on a swampy f l o o r . I t e n t e r s Gr a n d R i v e r f r o m t h e n o r t h a t Lyons ( F i g . 3 ) abou t 4 o m i l e s e a s t o f G r a n d R a p i d s . Ma p l e R i v e r i s 75 m i l e s l o n g . The d i v i d e b e t w e e n Map l e R i v e r w h i c h f l o w s w e s t t h r u t h e Gr a n d R i v e r a n d a b r a n c h o f Bad R i v e r w h i c h f l o w s n o r t h e a s t t o S a g i n a w Bay i s a b o u t 1 - 1 / 2 m i l e s n o r t h e a s t o f B a n n i s t e r a n d T4 m i l e s e a s t o f Ma p l e R a p i d s .

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West o f t h e d i v i d e much o f t h e l a k e f l o o r a p p r o a c h i n g t h e h e a d o f Grand R i v e r i s t h i c k l y s t r e w n w i t h b o u l d e r s . In a few p l a c e s f a i r l y d i s t i n c t m o r a i n i c b e l t s o c c u r , o n e o f w h i c h r u n s s o u t h e a s t on t h e d i v i d e e a s t o f B a n n i s t e r a n d i s c o n t i n u e d in a d i s t i n c t m o r a i n i c r i d g e known a s H e n d e r s o n m o r a i n e , w h i c h b e g i n s a b o u t o n e m i l e s o u t h o f C h a p i n and r uns s o u t h e a s t p a s s i n g a b o u t a m i l e s o u t h o f H e n d e r s o n . Map l e R i v e r d r a i n s a r e a s o f F l i n t a n d Owosso m o r a i n e s . I t o c c u p i e s some o f Iml ay c h a n n e l a t a b o u t S h e p a r d s v i 1 l e t h e n l e a v e s i t when i t s t a r t s n o r t h e a s t t o w a r d s E l s i e .

3 . Baker a n d S t o n y C r e e k s :

The Ba k e r c h a n n e l , a s p o i n t e d o u t by B r e t z ( 19511 c r o s s e s an Owosso m o r a i n e u n i t n e a r E l s i e ( f i g u r e 3 ) . a l o n g w h a t o r i g i n a l l y m u s t h a v e b e e n a n o t h e r s u b g l a c i a l d r a i n a g e r o u t e . I t a p p e a r s t o h a v e been s u p p l i e d l a t e r f r om t h e H e n d e r s o n m o r a i n e m e l t w a t e r a n d t o h a v e f o u n d Lake S a g i n a w s t i l l a t 725 t o 730 f e e t .

S t o n y C r e e k c h a n n e l r e c o r d s a d e e p e n i n g in t h e t r u n k d r a i n a g e o f Gr a nd R i v e r o f a t l e a s t 20 f e e t f r o m t h e t i m e o f t h e P o r t l a n d t o t h e F o w l e r m o r a i n e s .

e . R e c e n t A11u v i a

S i n c e t h e g l a c i a l t i m e , t h e s t r e a m s o f t o d a y h a v e o v e r ­

f l o w e d t h e i r b a n k s a n d l e f t s a n d , s i l t , a n d c l a y on t h e a r e a s

t h e y c o v e r e d . T h i s r e c e n t a l l u v i u m o c c u r s on n a r r o w , f i r s t

b o t t o m l a n d s a l o n g s t r e a m s a n d i t i s f l a t l a n d s u b j e c t t o

s e a s o n a l f l o o d i n g ( L e v e r e t t 1915, 1917 a n d S o i l S u r v e y S t a f f

1 9 4 2 ) .

C. R e l a t e d H i s t o r y o f t h e G l a c i a l L a k e s ;

The g e o l o g i c h i s t o r y o f t h e G r e a t La k e s h a s bee n s t u d i e d

by d o z e n s o f g e o l o g i s t s o v e r a p e r i o d o f n e a r l y one h u n d r e d y e a r s .

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The f i r s t c o m p r e h e n s i v e t r e a t i s e on t h e s u b j e c t was t h e U . S .

G e o l o g i c a l S u r v e y Monogr aph 53 by L e v e r e t t a n d T a y l o r in 1915 .

T h i s w o r k was s o i m p r e s s i v e a n d a u t h o r i t a t i v e t h a t i t a p p a r e n t l y

d i s c o u r a g e d f u r t h e r w o r k f o r n e a r l y 20 y e a r s . A d d i t i o n a l

i n v e s t i g a t i o n s b e t w e e n 1936- 1951 d e a l t w i t h v e r y l o c a l d e t a i l s

o r e v e n t s a n d in g e n e r a l a c c e p t e d w i t h o u t q u e s t i o n t h e o v e r a l l

p i c t u r e o f Monogr aph 53 ( F i g u r e >*f). The f i r s t r e - e v a l u a t i o n

o f t h e r e g i o n w i d e c o n c e p t s o f t h e G r e a t L a k e s h i s t o r y was made

by J . L. Hough ( 1 9 5 8 ) when h e u s e d t h e r a d i o c a r b o n t e c h n i q u e

f o r a mor e q u a n t i t a t i v e m e a s u r e m e n t . The e v i d e n c e f o r t h e known

l a k e s i n c l u d e s h o r e l i n e d e p o s i t s a n d e r o s i o n a l f e a t u r e s w h i c h

r e p r e s e n t g e n e r a l l y e a s i l y r e c o g n i z e d b e a c h e s a n d s h o r e t e r r a c e s .

B r e t z ( 1 9 5 1 ) c r i t i c i z i n g H o u g h ' s t h e s i s w h i c h a t t e m p t s t o

e x p l a i n some o f t h e l a k e l e v e l s p o i n t s o u t t h a t o s c i l l a t i o n s

o f t h e f r o n t o f t h e S a g i n a w , H u r o n , a n d E r i e l o b e s ( F i g . 2 - 3 ) c a u s e d

o s c i l l a t i o n s b e t w e e n t i m e s o f a c t i v e d e e p e n i n g a n d o f p a u s e s

in s u c h d e e p e n i n g o f t h e G r a n d R i v e r o u t l e t c h a n n e l o f t h e

g l a c i a l l a k e s f o r m e d i n f r o n t o f t he m, a n d t h a t l a k e l e v e l s

r e m a i n e d s u f f i c i e n t l y u n c h a n g e d d u r i n g g l a c i a l a d v a n c e s t o p e r m i t

t h e s h o r e l i n e r e c o r d s . B e g i n n i n g a t t h e maximum o f an a d v a n c e

a n d t h e d e p o s i t i o n o f a m o r a i n e a n d c o n t i n u i n g d u r i n g a r e t r e a t ,

t h e o u t l e t r i v e r d e e p e n e d i t s c h a n n e l a n d l a k e l e v e l s s t e a d i l y

f e l l u n t i l r e t r e a t c e a s e d a n d a n o t h e r a d v a n c e b e g a n . The c a u s e

o f t h i s a l t e r n a t i n g b e h a v i o r o f t h e o u t l e t r i v e r was a l t e r n a t i n g

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t

— 2 7

maxi ma a n d mi n i ma vo l ume o f d i s c h a r g e f r o m t h e g l a c i e r m e l t i n g

i c e t h a t a c t u a t e d t h e me c h a n i s m o f s h a p i n g t h e v a l l e y s . The

r i v e r vo l ume d u r i n g a r e t r e a t was i n c r e a s e d by t h e t o t a l

a d d i t i o n a l m e l t i n g t h a t p r o d u c e d t h e r e c e s s i o n . When t h e i c e

f r o n t r e a d v a n c e d i n t o t h e t e r r i t o r y p r e v i o u s l y a b a n d o n e d , a s

much w a t e r was d e n i e d t h e o u t l e t r i v e r , p e r m i l e o f a d v a n c e ,

a s had been s u p p l i e d in e x c e s s d u r i n g t h e p r e c e d i n g r e t r e a t

( F i g u r e 4 ) . The a s s u m p t i o n o f a p p r o x i m a t e l y p r o b a b l e

e q u i v a l e n t f o r w a r d a n d b a c k wa r d s h i f t i n g o f t h e g l a c i a l f r o n t

i s c o n s i d e r e d in s t a b i l i z i n g t h e p o s i t i o n o f t h e g l a c i a l

m o r a i n e s . D u r i n g a r e t r e a t , t h e maximum vo l ume t h a t c a u s e d

t h e c h a n n e l e r o s i o n r e a d i l y c a r r i e d away t h e f i n e c o n s t i t u e n t s

o f t h e d r i f t b e i n g e r o d e d l e a v i n g f l o o r o f c o b b l e s a n d b o u l d e r s

t h a t g r a d u a l l y a c c u m u l a t e d a nd r e t a r d e d t h e d e e p e n i n g . When

maximum vo l ume c e a s e d t o a r r i v e t h e v e l o c i t y o f t h e s h r u n k e n

d i s c h a r g e was s o d e c r e a s e d t h a t l a g m a t e r i a l d r o p p e d e n t i r e l y

o u t o f t r a n s i t .

B r e t z ( 1 964) c h a l l e n g e d H o u g h ' s i n t e r p r e t a t i o n s o f t h e

G r e a t Lake h i s t o r y a n d i n d i c a t e d t h a t mor e a d e q u a t e p r e s e n t a t i o n

i s n e c e s s a r y a n d o f f e r e d a c o n v i n c i n g c o r r e l a t i o n b e t w e e n t h e

Lake s t a g e s o f S a g i n a w Bay a n d t i m e s o f r e a d v a n c e o f t h e m a r g i n

o f S a g i n a w l o b e i c e o f l a t e Ca ry a n d P o r t Huron t i m e . B r e t z ,

f o l l o w i n g L e v e r e t t a n d T a y l o r ( 1 9 1 7 ) , p l a c e d t h e Wayne Lake

s t a g e c o r r e l a t a b l e w i t h an i c e r e t r e a t r a t h e r t h a n a n a d v a n c e ,

b e t w e e n l a t e Lake Arkona a n d e a r l y Lake W a r r e n , B r e t z c o r r e l a ­

t i o n o f t h e e v e n t s in S a g i n a w Bay b a s i n a r e g i v e n i n T a b l e 2 .

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T a b l e 2 . B r e t z ' s c o r r e l a t i o n o f e v e n t s in S a g i n a w Bay B a s i n

G l a c i a l i c e a d v a n c e t o l o c a l m o r a i n e L a k e s t a g e

Wes t Haven E a r l y S a g i n a wC h e s a n i n g Lake S a g i n a w - - e a r l y Ar k o n aM o r a i n e n o r t h o f C h e s a n i n g M i d d l e Ar k o n aP o r t Huron ( o u t e r ) L a t e A r k o n a - - W h i t t l e s e yBay C i t y ( 2 n d P o r t Hu r o n ) WayneTawas ( 3 r d P o r t Hu r o n ) E a r l y Wa r r e n

T h e o r e t i c a l M i d d l e Wa r r e nL a t e Wa r r e n

Hough (1983) in h i s r e s p o n s e t o B r e t z ' c h a l l e n g e , d i s c u s s e d

t h e e v i d e n c e c o n c e r n e d in B r e t z s u g g e s t e d c o r r e l a t i o n s b e t w e e n

t i m e s o f down c u t t i n g a n d p a r t i c u l a r e v e n t s o c c u r r i n g f a r t h e r

e a s t . M e a n w h i l e , Hough p r e s e n t e d a new a l t e r n a t i v e h y p o t h e s i s

w h i c h was t o some e x t e n t a c o m p r o m i s e o f t h e o p p o s i n g p o i n t s

o f v i e w . H o u g h ' s h y p o t h e s i s was c h r o n o l o g i c a l l y d e t a i l e d , in

1966 in T a b l e 3 a n d F i g u r e 2.

B e c a u s e t h e Wayne b e a c h shows e v i d e n c e o f s u b m e r g e n c e by

a l a t e r l a k e s t a g e , L e v e r e t t a n d T a y l o r d a t e d I t a s f o r m i n g

b e f o r e a n y o f t h e Wa r r e n s t a g e s . Hough a l s o s t a t e d t h a t an

i m m e d i a t e p r e - l a t e Wa r r e n d a t e w o u l d s a t i s f y t h e r e q u i r e m e n t

f o r s u b m e r g e n c e o f t h e Wayne a n d s u c h an a s s i g n m e n t w o u l d n o t

n e g a t e t h e p r i n c i p l e on w h i c h B r e t z b a s e d h i s c o r r e l a t i o n s on

i c e a d v a n c e s w i t h t h e o t h e r l a k e s t a g e o f t h e S a g i n a w b a s i n .

O c c u r r e n c e o f t h e Wayne b e t w e e n t h e m i d d l e W a r r e n , c o r r e l a t e d

w i t h t h e l a s t m o r a i n e o f P o r t Huron s y s t e m a n d t h e l a t e Wa r r e n

c o r r e l a t e d w i t h B r e t z ' s t h e o r e t i c a l m o r a i n e i s a mo r e r e a s o n a b l e

c o n s i d e r a t i o n a n d i t was a s s i g n e d t h a t p o s i t i o n by Hough i n 1958 .

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GLACIAL EVENT OUTLET ELEVATION ABOVE SEA LEVEL - FEET

F o r t Wavne

o

Def i ance Bi rmingham For t Wayne Maumee 1 800

&73 ( R e t r e a t ) Grand Val i ev Imtav i c e - b o r d e r d i s c a h r q e Maumee 11 766-< F o r t Wayne Maumee 111 790

Grand Va l l eyArkona 1 710 Arkona 11 700 Arkona 111 695

CAPtY-P.H. TfclTER. South - Eas t Y p s i l a n t i

- oaP o r t Huron 1 Ubley i c e - b o r d e r d i s c . Saginaw 6 9 f >

( Wh i t t l e s e y 738)73 feav Ci t v Grand Va l l ey Warren 1 690

Tawas Warren 11 682XC" ( f t e t r e a t ) ? Wayne 66073n Advance ? Grand Va l l ev Warren 111 675Z ( b e t r e a t ) Grassmere 64o

Lundy 620Ea r l v Alqonquin 605

TWf CREEKS INTER. K i r k f i e l d K i r k f i e l d 560e r c j m >7 3 V tn i

P o r t huron and

Chicaqo Alqonquin 605

Table 3. A g e o l o g i c t ime s c a l e of t h e l ake s t a g e s in (1966) t h e Huron ba s i n w i t h t h e i r e l e v a t i o n above s e a l eve l

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D. S t r e a m T e r r a c e s ?

A s t r e a m t e r r a c e i s a b e n c h - l i k e l a n d f o r m c o n s i s t i n g o f a

n e a r l y f l a t s u r f a c e o f v a r i a b l e d i m e n s i o n s c a l l e d t h e t e r r a c e

t r e a d a n d r e l a t i v e l y s t e e p s l o p e s on o n e o r mor e s i d e s down t o

t h e n e x t t e r r a c e t r e a d o r t h e p r e s e n t v a l l e y b o t t o m . T e r r a c e

t r e a d s r e p r e s e n t t h e r e m a i n i n g p a r t s o f d i s s e c t e d f l o o d p l a i n s

w h i c h f l o w e d a t l e v e l s a b o v e t h a t o f t h e p r e s e n t f l o o d p l a i n .

C o t t o n ( 1 9 ^ 5 ) p o i n t e d o u t t h a t f o r m a t i o n o f s t r e a m

t e r r a c e s i n v o l v e s t h e d e v e l o p m e n t o f a f l o o d p l a i n f o l l o w e d by

d o w n c u t t i n g o f t h e s t r e a m c h a n n e l l e a v i n g f l o o d p l a i n r e m n a n t s

a s t e r r a c e s a b o v e t h e new s t r e a m l e v e l . T e r r a c e l e v e l i s t h e

l e v e l o f t h e f l o o d p l a i n s u r f a c e r e c o n s t r u c t e d by t h e c o r r e l a ­

t i o n o f p a i r e d t e r r a c e s d e t e r m i n e d t o be r e m n a n t s o f t h e same

f o r m e r f l o o d p l a i n .

F l o o d p l a i n s d e v e l o p when a s t r e a m a p p r o a c h e s t h e g r a d e d

c o n d i t i o n when n e i t h e r c u t t i n g n o r b u i l d i n g i s t a k i n g p l a c e .

The g r a d e d c o n d i t i o n i s o n e in w h i c h o v e r a p e r i o d o f y e a r s

t h e r e i s a n e a r b a l a n c e b e t w e e n t h e f a c t o r s o f s t r e a m g r a d i e n t ,

w a t e r v o l u m e , v e l o c i t y a n d l o a d u n d e r t h e p r e v a i l i n g c h a n n e l

c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s . The s t r e a m ' s e n e r g y i s e x p e n d e d in t r a n s ­

p o r t i n g t h e l o a d s u p p l i e d f r o m u p p e r d r a i n a g e l i n e s a n d in

r e w o r k i n g a n d s p r e a d i n g o u t i t s f l o o d p l a i n m a t e r i a l by t h e

b a c k a n d f o r t h s w i n g a n d down s t r e a m s wee p a s i t m e a n d e r s .

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T e r r a c e s may e x i s t a l o n g f o r m e r m e l t w a t e r s t r e a m s , a n d

t h e i r f o r m a t i o n i s b e l i e v e d t o h a v e been t h e r e s u l t o f c h a n g i n g

c o n d i t i o n s a s s o c i a t e d w i t h a d v a n c e s a n d r e t r e a t o f i c e .

The number o f t e r r a c e s e x i s t i n g a t a n y one p l a c e a l o n g a

v a l l e y i s e a s i l y r e c o g n i z e d , b u t t h e e x a c t number o f t e r r a c e

l e v e l s e x i s t i n g in a v a l l e y , t h e i r a r e a l e x t e n t , t h e i r mode o f

f o r m a t i o n a n d t h e i r r e l a t i o n s h i p , t o m o r a i n e s a n d t i l l

s h e e t s c a n o n l y be d e t e r m i n e d by c a r e f u l s t u d y a n d c o r r e l a t i o n

o f t h e t e r r a c e s .

D i f f e r e n t t e r r a c e c l a s s i f i c a t i o n s a r e p r o p o s e d a n d t h e

n a t u r e o f o n e o f t h e s e c l a s s i f i c a t i o n d e p e n d s on t h e k i n d s o f

t e r r a c e s a n d t h e p u r p o s e o f t h e c l a s s i f i c a t i o n . The f o l l o w i n g

a r e t h e v a r i o u s w i d e l y known c l a s s i f i c a t i o n s in l i t e r a t u r e :

a . Mode o f t e r r a c e f o r m a t i o n ( Good i ng 1957)

1. D e p o s i t i o n a l t e r r a c e s :

( a ) M a r i n e t e r r a c e s : ( r a i s e d b e a c h e s ) a r e s a n d y

a n d g r a v e l l y , o r c o b b l y s h o r e s w a s h e d by wa v e s

o c c u r i n g a l o n g o l d o r p r e s e n t l a c u s t r i n e , s e a o r

o c e a n i c c o a s t .

( b ) F l u v i a l t e r r a c e s :

Cyci i c : p a i r e d , r e j u v e n a t i o n t e r r a c e s , i n c i s e d

d e p o s i t i o n a l t e r r a c e s . . U s u a l l y o c c u r a t t h e

same e l e v a t i o n , when s t r e a m s c u t new v a l l e y be l ow

t h e l e v e l o f e r o s i o n p l a i n due t o t h e s t o p p a g e o f

t h e v a l l e y d e e p e n i n g p r o c e s s , l e a v i n g r e m n a n t s o f

t h e f o r m e r f l o o d p l a i n a b o v e t h e new s t r e a m l e v e l .

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N o n c y c l i c : u n p a i r e d , ( c o n t i n u e d down c u t t i n g

a c c o m p a n i e d w i t h l a t e r a l e r o s i o n ) .

R i v e r r e a c h i n g a g r a d e s t a r t s t o f o r m a f l o o d

p l a i n w h i l e i t i s s t i l l t r a n s p o r t i n g m a t e r i a l

o v e r a c o m p a r a t i v e l y s t e e p g r a d i e n t t h a t d e c r e a s e s

in t i m e . T h e s e e v e n t s when c o u p l e d w i t h l a t e r a l

s h i f t i n g p r o d u c e s u n p a i r e d t e r r a c e s . U n p a i r e d

t e r r a c e s a r e v e r y l i k e l y t o h a p p e n when s t r e a m s

p r o c e e d t o e x c a v a t e m a s s e s o f g l a c i a l m a t e r i a l .

The r e s u l t i n g t e r r a c e s w i l l d i f f e r f r o m r e j u ­

v e n a t i o n t e r r a c e s by b e i n g c u t s o l e l y i n t o

d r i f t a n d n o t i n t o a s o l i d r o c k .

2 . Cut t e r r a c e s :

( a ) D i s s e c t e d t e r r a c e s u r f a c e s : R e j u v e n a t i n g young

s t r e a m s , c u t t i n g i n t o t h e b o t t o m o f t h e i r v a l l e y ,

t h e y e n t r e n c h t h e m s e l v e s b e l o w t h e p l a i n .

( b ) A 1 t i p l a n a t i o n t e r r a c e s : T e r r a c e s f o r m e d by

f l a t t e n i n g o f summi t o f h i g h a l t i t u d e by

e q u i p l a n a t i o n p r o c e s s e s s u c h a s c r y o p l a n a t i o n ,

c o n g e 1 i t u r b a t i o n , o r c o n g e l i f r a c t i o n .

G e n e s i s o f s t r e a m t e r r a c e s ( G o o d i n g 1957)

G e n e t i c a l l y s t r e a m t e r r a c e s a r e c l a s s i f i e d i n t o :

1. G r a d e d s t r e a m t e r r a c e s : T h o s e t e r r a c e s w h o s e t r e a d s

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a r e f l o o d p l a i n s u r f a c e s o f a f o r m e r s t r e a m w h i c h

m a i n t a i n e d t h e g r a d e d c o n d i t i o n s f o r a c o n s i d e r a b l e

p e r i o d o f t i m e , c o n s i s t o f a s h e e t o f a l l u v i a l

m a t e r i a l s o f v a r i a b l e t h i c k n e s s o v e r an o l d e r

s u r f a c e . Gr a d e d c o n d i t i o n i s o n e in w h i c h o v e r a

p e r i o d o f y e a r s t h e r e i s a n e a r b a l a n c e among t h e

f a c t o r s o f s t r e a m g r a d i e n t , w a t e r v o l u m e , v e l o c i t y

a n d l o a d u n d e r t h e p r e v a i l i n g c h a n n e l c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s .

2 . D e g r a d e d s t r e a m t e r r a c e s : t h e s e t e r r a c e s a r e t h e

r e m n a n t s o f f l o o d p l a i n s f o r m e d by a d e g r a d e d s t r e a m

- s h i f t i n g e q u i l i b r i u m . In s l o w d e g r a d a t i o n p r o c e s s

u n p a i r e d t e r r a c e s m i g h t d e v e l o p . D e g r a d a t i o n i s a

c o n d i t i o n when t h e r e i s a c h a n g e i n one o f t h e

h y d r a u l i c f a c t o r s o f a s t r e a m and a new e q u i l i b r i u m

h a s t o be e s t a b l i s h e d by e i t h e r i n c r e a s i n g p a r t s o f

i t s l o a d o r l o we r i t s g r a d i e n t s . U n t i l t h e new

e q u i l i b r i u m i s r e a c h e d t h e s t r e a m s c o n t i n u e s t o be

e r o s i v e .

3 . A g g r a d e d s t r e a m t e r r a c e s : T h o s e t e r r a c e s t h a t a r e

f o r m i n g u n d e r a g g r a d i o n c o n d i t i o n s ( a n d o f t e n b r a i d e d

s t r e a m s y s t e m s u c h a s in t h e f o r m o f a v a l l e y t r a i n ) .

A g g r a d a t i o n c o n d i t i o n s i s t h a t when s t r e a m s h i f t

i n t o g e n t l e r g r a d i e n t by b u i l d i n g up t h i c k , b r o a d ,

v a l l e y f i l l s o f c h a n n e l . Some l a c u s t r i n e s u r f a c e s

may be a s s o c i a t e d w i t h a g g r a d a t i o n a l f l o o d p l a i n

s u r f a c e s . I t a g g r a d a t i o n a l o n g t r i b u t a r y v a l l e y s

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3**

o c c a s i o n a l l y f a l l s b e h i n d a g g r a d a t i o n in t h e ma i n

v a l l e y , a s h a s b e e n t h e c a s e a l o n g some s t r e a m

w h i c h c a r r i e d g l a c i a l m e l t w a t e r , t h e p e r i o d i c

damming e f f e c t may r e s u l t in t h e a l t e r n a t i o n o f

f i n e g r a i n e d , s t r a t i f i e d , l a c u s t r i n e m a t e r i a l s

w i t h l a y e r s o f c o a r s e r m a t e r i a l .

c . N a t u r e o f t e r r a c e m a t e r i a l ; ( T h o r n b u r y 195*0

1. B e d r o c k t e r r a c e s : w h e r e t h e r e i s l i t t l e o r no

a l l u v i u m , o r f o r m e r l o c a l b a s e l e v e l .

2 . A l l u v i a l t e r r a c e s : made o f g r a v e l , s a n d a n d

f i n e r a l 1uv i um.

d . F o r m a t i o n a l d i r e c t i o n o f t e r r a c e : ( T h o r n b u r y 195*0

1. C o n v e r g i n g t e r r a c e s : t e r r a c e s s u r f a c e s come n e a r e r

t o g e t h e r down t h e s t r e a m .

2 . D i v e r g i n g t e r r a c e s : t e r r a c e s s u r f a c e s come f u r t h e r

a p a r t in t h e d o w n s t r e a m d i r e c t i o n

3 . Warped t e r r a c e s : t h e t e r r a c e s h a v e a b n o r m a l l y

s t e e p s l o p e s o r e v e n r e v e r s a l o f s l o p e ( f a u l t i n g )

E . S o i l Geomor pho l ogy

Or b e l 1 (196**) s t u d i e d a s e r i e s o f f a n s a n d t e r r a c e s f o u n d

a s s o c i a t e d w i t h e a c h s t r e a m in t h e M a n u h e r i k i a V a l l e y , New

Z e a l a n d ( humi d m e s o t h e r m i c c l i m a t e w h i l e M i c h i g a n i s humid

m i c r o t h e r m a l ) . Each f a n o r t e r r a c e s c o n s t i t u t e s o n e g r o u n d

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s u r f a c e . R e l a t i o n s h i p s a r o u n d t h e s e s u r f a c e s i s c a r e f u l l y

e x a m i n e d f o r e s t a b l i s h i n g r e l a t i o n s h i p o f one f a n w i t h o n e

p a r t i c u l a r t e r r a c e .

Through u s i n g p h y s i c a l f e a t u r e s and r e l a t i v e h e i g h t r a t i o s

s e v e n g r o u n d s u r f a c e s h a v e been d i s t i n g u i s h e d on t h e l o w l a n d a n d

t h e i r s t r a t i g r a p h i c r e l a t i o n s h i p d e t e r m i n e d .

An e x a m i n a t i o n o f t h e s o i l d e v e l o p e d on e a c h g r o u n d s u r f a c e

showed:

1. T h e r e was c o r r e l a t i o n b e t we e n p r o f i 1e c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s a n d t h e a g e o f t h e g r o u n d s u r f a c e . T h e g r e a t e s t d i f f e r e n c e o c c u r r e d b e t we e n s o i l s o f y o u n g e r g r o u n d s u r f a c e s . The d i f f e r e n c e s become l e s s ma r ke d b e t we e n s o i l s o f t h e o l d e r g r o u n d s u r f a c e s .

2 . The p a r e n t m a t e r i a l s r a n g e d f rom g r a v e l t o c l a y s a n d ~c h a n g e s in t e x t u r e w i t h i n t h e p r o f i l e w e r e a t t r i b u t e d , e s p e c i a l l y in s o i l s on t h e 2 y o u n g e s t g r o u n d s u r f a c e s , t o t h e l a y e r e d n a t u r e o f t h e p a r e n t m a t e r i a l . In s o i l s d e v e l o p e d on t h e o l d e r g r o u n d s u r f a c e s , h o w e v e r , z o n a l p r o c e s s e s a r e a p p a r e n t a n d some o f t h e t e x t u r a l c h a n g e s w i t h i n t h e s e p r o f i l e s w e r e a t t r i b u t e d t o s o i l f o r m i n g p r o c e s s e s .

3 . T h e s e s o i l s c o u l d be p l a c e d in a r e l a t i v e c h r o n o l o g i c a l o r d e r a n d c o m p a r i s o n s o f t h e i r p r o f i l e s made when numbe r e d 0 t o .6.

A-. As t o be e x p e c t e d , t h e d e g r e e o f d i f f e r e n t i a t i o n i n t od i s c r e t e p e d o l o g i c h o r i z o n s i n c r e a s e d w i t h i n c r e a s i n g a g e . The s o i l s on g r o u n d s u r f a c e 0 d i f f e r e d l i t t l e f r om p a r e n t m a t e r i a l e x c e p t p e r h a p s f o r a s l i g h t d a r k e n i n g o f t h e u p p e r few i n c h e s by o r g a n i c m a t t e r . T h e s e s o i l s a r e f r e q u e n t l y r e j u v e n a t e d .

D a l r y m p l e ( 1 9 6 8 ) i n t r o d u c e d a h y p o t h e t i c a l n i n e u n i t l a n d

s u r f a c e mode ( fo r t h e humid t e m p e r a t e a r e a s ) f o r t h e d e s c r i p t i o n

o f t h e a c t u a l p r o f i l e o f a n y l a n d f o r m a n d a me t h o d t o e x a m i n e

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g e o m o r p h i c a n d p e d o g e n i c p r o c e s s e s a t a n y l e v e l o f g e n e r a l i z a t i o n .

The n i n e u n i t s a n d some o f t h e i r s l o p e r a n g e s a r e : i n t e r f l u v e ,

s l o p e ( 2 ° t o 4 ° ) , c o n v e x ( 0 t o 1 ° ) , c r e e p s l o p e ( 4 5 ° ) ,

f a l l f a c e ( 4 5 ° t o 6 5 ° ) , t r a n s p o r t a t i o n a 1 m i d s l o p e ( 2 6 ° t o 3 5 ° ) ,

c o l l u v i a l f o o t s l o p e ( 1 0 ° ) , a l l u v i a l t o e s l o p e ( 0 t o 4 ° ) , c h a n n e l

w a l l a n d c h a n n e l b e d . The a l l u v i a l t o e s l o p e i s d e f i n e d a s t h e

f a c e t t h a t i s f r e q u e n t l y i r r e g u l a r a n d i t s d o m i n a n t p r o c e s s

o c c u r r i n g i s t h e r e d e p o s i t i o n o f a l l u v i a l m a t e r i a l c a r r i e d down

v a l l e y by t h e m a j o r s t r e a m o r r i v e r f l o w i n g a t r i g h t a n g l e t o

t h e d i r e c t i o n o f t h e s l o p e p r o f i l e . R e d e p o s i t i o n n e e d n o t o c c u r

f r e q u e n t l y a n d t h e u n i t h a s t o be b u i l t up t o a d i s c e r n i b l e d e p t h

b e n e a t h t h e s u r f a c e by m a t e r i a l c a r r i e d by t h e m a j o r s t r e a m o r

r i v e r a n d c o v e r e d by f l o o d w a t e r s . Where down c u t t i n g by t h e

r i v e r h a s o c c u r r e d a n d t h e u n i t i s no l o n g e r o c c a s i o n a l l y

c o v e r e d by f l o o d w a t e r s s u c h t h a t i t h a s become a t e r r a c e o r

a g g r a d a t i o n s u r f a c e , t h e n t h e d o m i n a n t c o n t e m p o r a r y p r o c e s s i s

c l e a r l y no l o n g e r r e - d e p o s i t i o n o f a l l u v i a l m a t e r i a l . The

d o m i n a n t p r o c e s s e s a r e t h e n e i t h e r d e p o s i t i o n f r o m t h e commandi ng

s l o p e in w h i c h t h e u n i t becomes a c o l l u v i u m u n i t o r p r o c e s s

a s s o c i a t e d w i t h l a t e r a l s u b s u r f a c e w a t e r movement a n d t h u s t h e

u n i t bec ome s o f s e e p a g e s l o p e s .

E a r l i e r in 196 7* D a l r y m p l e r e p o r t e d t h a t t h e m i c r o a n d m a c r o

m o r p h o l o g i c a l d i f f e r e n c e s o b s e r v e d in s o i l p r o f i l e s a r e :

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1. Dep t h a n d n a t u r e o f d e c a l c i f i c a t i o n2 . O x i d a t i v e w e a t h e r i n g3 . T h i c k n e s s a n d c h a r a c t e r o f t h e B t - h o r i z o nk . N a t u r e a n d i n t e n s i t y a n d p h a s e s o f c l a y

t r a n s l o c a t i o n5 . The p r e s e n c e a nd a b s e n c e o f c l a y f o r m a t i o n , and6 . The n a t u r e and t h e i n t e n s i t y o f m o t t l i n g .

From t h e s e s t u d i e s i t h a s be e n shown t h a t s p e c i f i c s o i l

p r o f i l e s a r e a s s o c i a t e d w i t h s p e c i f i c g e o m o r p h i c s u r f a c e s a nd

w i t h s p e c i f i c s o i l p r o p e r t i e s .

D a l r y m p l e a l s o c o n c l u d e d t h a t v a r i a t i o n in t h e m a c r o and

m i c r o m o r p h o l o g i c a l p r o p e r t i e s o f t h e s t a n d a r d i n t e r m e d i a t e and

de e p p h a s e in t h e s e Gray Brown P o d z o l i c s o i l s r e s u l t s mor e f rom

d i f f e r e n c e s in t h e a m o u n t s o f t i m e a v a i l a b l e f o r w e a t h e r i n g a n d

s o i l f o r m a t i o n t h a n f r o m a n y c h a n g e s in t h e c l i m a t e s .

Among t h e r e l i a b l e m e a s u r e m e n t s , made by Ruhe ( 1 9 6 7 a ) in

h i s s t u d y t o d e l i n e a t e e x a mi n e a n d c o mp a r e t h e k i n d s o f l a n d -

f o rms in a d e s e r t i c a r e a in s o u t h e r n New Me x i c o , t o d e t e r m i n e

t h e n a t u r e a n d o r i g i n o f s o i l s w i t h i n t h e a r e a was t h e e s t i m a t i o n

o f t h e r a t e o f c h a n g e in e l e v a t i o n p e r u n i t d i s t a n c e . T h i s was

o b t a i n e d f r om t h e s l o p e o f t h e e q u a t i o n e x p r e s s i n g t h e s t r a i g h t

l i n e t h a t r e p r e s e n t s t h e g r a d i e n t on t h e g e o m o r p h i c s u r f a c e s .

Ruhe a n d a s s o c i a t e s ( 1 9 6 8 ) r e l i e d h e a v i l y on s t r a t i g r a p h y

a n d s t r a t a p a r t i c l e s i z e d i s t r i b u t i o n , among o t h e r c h e m i c a l

a n d m o r p h o l o g i c a l m e t h o d s o f p e d o g e n e s i s , in e v a l u a t i n g t h e

Iowan d r i f t en i gma in n o r t h e a s t e r n Iowa. R e p r e s e n t a t i v e

s a m p l e s f rom a l l t y p i c a l Iowan l a n d s c a p e a n d v a r i a t i o n s w e r e

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s e l e c t e d f o r t h e s t r a t i g r a p h y . T h e i r c o n c l u s i o n was t h a t t h e y

s u p p o r t e d L e v e r e t t a n d d e c l a r e d t h a t t h e Iowan t i l l d o e s n o t

e x i s t in n o r t h e a s t e r n Iowa. They a l s o i n d i c a t e d t h a t t h e l o e s s

i s W i s c o n s i n in a g e a n d t h e t i l l b e n e a t h t h e l o e s s o r loam

s e d i m e n t i s e i t h e r Kansan o r N e b r a s k a n . Ba s ed on t h e same l o g i c

t h e y q u e s t i o n e d t h e v a l i d i t y o f t h e Iowan d r i f t o f n o r t h w e s t e r n

I owa.

Ruhe ( 1 9 5 9 ) p r o p o s e d t h e t e r m " s t o n e l i n e " f o r t h e l a y e r s

o f c o n c e n t r a t i o n s o f g r a v e l r e c o g n i z e d in s o i l s . ' S t o n e l i n e '

o r ' c a r p e d o l i t h 1 in s o i l i s i n r e a l i t y a t h r e e d i m e n s i o n a l

f e a t u r e t h a t may be o n e s t o n e t h i c k o r m o r e . I t g e n e r a l l y

o v e r l i e s m a t e r i a l w e a t h e r e d in p l a c e f r o m b e d r o c k a n d i s

o v e r l a i n by v a r i a b l e t h i c k n e s s e s o f f i n e r t e x t u r e d s e d i m e n t s .

I t i s n o t p r e c l u d e d t h a t a s t o n e l i n e may o c c u r a t t h e s o i l

s u r f a c e . A s t o n e l i n e s u r f a c e h a s a s p e c i f i c g e o m o r p h i c e x p r e s s i o n

a n d i n d i c a t e s t h a t t h e s o i l may h a v e be e n d e v e l o p e d f r o m mor e

t h a n o n e k i n d o f p a r e n t m a t e r i a l . Ruhe d e t e r m i n e d t h e o r i g i n

o f s t o n e l i n e s u r f a c e s a n d i n d i c a t e d t h a t m u l t i d i r e c t i o n a l

e r o s i o n on t h e v a l l e y s l o p e s c a u s e t h e u p l a n d s h o u l d e r t o r e c e d e

t o w a r d s t h e a x i s o f t h e i n t e r f l u v e e v o l v e d in t h e p r e s e r v a t i o n

o f t h e u p l a n d d i v i d e a n d t h e f o r m a t i o n o f t h e l a n d s c a p e p e d i m e n t ^

P e d i m e n t : an e r o s i o n s u r f a c e t h a t l i e s a t t h e f o o t o f t h er e c e d e d s l o p e , u n d e r l a i n by r o c k o f t h e u p l a n d , i s b a r r e n o r m a n t l e d by a l a y e r o f a l l u v i u m a n d d i s p l a y s a l o n g i t u d i n a l p r o f i l e n o r m a l l y c o n c a v e u p w a r d .

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as a new l a n d s c a p e s u r f a c e i s a v a i l a b l e f o r a new c y c l e o f

p e d o g e n e s i s . W a t e r e r o s i o n o f t h e p e d i m e n t r e s u l t s in t h e

c o n c e n t r a t i o n by l a g o r by t r a n s p o r t o f a s h e e t o f g r a v e l

( s t o n e l i n e ) on t h e s u r f a c e . L a t e r t h e s t o n e l i n e s u r f a c e i s

h i g h l y l i k e l y t o be c o v e r e d by t h e y o u n g e r d e p o s i t s .

Good i ng ( 1 9 5 7 ) in t h e i n t e r p r e t a t i o n a n d c o r r e l a t i o n o f

t h e p l e i s t o c e n e t e r r a c e s in t h e u p p e r W h i t e w a t e r d r a i n a g e b a s i n

o f s o u t h e r n I n d i a n a u s e d l i t h o l o g y , s o i l s , t h i c k n e s s o f t h e

g e o l o g i c d e p o s i t s , a n d d e p t h o f l e a c h i n g . L e a c h i n g d e p t h

i n c r e a s e d w i t h t h e t h i c k n e s s o f t h e e f f e c t e d g e o l o g i c d e p o s i t

s u c h a s l o e s s . S o i l l e a c h i n g d e p t h was t h e ma i n c r i t e r i a f o r

e s t i m a t i n g t h e t i m e f a c t o r a l t h o u g h he a l s o i n d i c a t e d t h a t

a b s e n c e o f a s o i l i n t h e W i s c o n s o n i a n s e q u e n c e i n d i c a t e d t h a t

t h e t i m e i n t e r v a l b e t w e e n t h e s u c c e s s i v e f l u c t u a t i o n s o f t h e

W i s c o n s o n i a n i c e o f t h i s d r a i n a g e b a s i n w e r e s h o r t a n d c o l d .

By e s t i m a t i o n o f t h e r a t e o f g e o l o g i c p r o c e s s e s a n d t h e i r

c h r o n o l o g y i t h a s n o t y e t be e n p o s s i b l e t o d a t e any e v e n t w i t h

c o m p l e t e a c c u r a c y . As a p p l i e d t o t h e p l e i s t o c e n e t h e d e t e r m i n a ­

t i o n o f t h e d a t e o f an e v e n t was a r r i v e d a t by t h e r a t e o f

a c t i v i t y o f some p r o c e s s e s in t e r m s o f u n i t s p e r y e a r a n d t h e

number o f s u c h u n i t s . Some o f t h e s e a c t i v i t i e s a r e d e l t a

b u i l d i n g , wave c u t r e t r e a t , s t r e a m d i s s e c t i o n , f a l l s r e t r e a t ,

a n d w e a t h e r i n g a n d s o i l d e v e l o p m e n t ( F l i n t , 1957, Hough 1958,

a n d Dunbar I 9 6 0 ) .

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As B u t l e r ( 1959 ) i n d i c a t e d t h a t K c y c l e s e n a b l e s a c h r o n o ­

l o g y o f a l o c a l i t y t o be o u t l i n e d on t h e b a s i s o f s o i l e r o s i o n a l

and d e p o s i t i o n a l e v i d e n c e s , t h e t e r m o f " g r o u n d s u r f a c e " was

d e v e l o p e d . I t mean t a l l t h o s e e r o s i o n a l a n d d e p o s i t i o n a l

s u r f a c e s a n d l a y e r s w h i c h d e v e l o p e d i n a l a n d s c a p e d u r i n g o n e

i n t e r v a l o f t i m e a n d upon w h i c h a u n i t m a n t l e o f s o i l s h a s

d e v e l o p e d a n d t h a t t h e s t u d y o f s o i l s e n t a i l s a s p e c i a l g r o u p i n g

o f t h e m a t e r i a l s i n t o c o m p o n e n t s in a l a n d s c a p e on t h e b a s i s

o f p a t t e r n i n g in s e d i m e n t a r y a n d p e t r o g r a p h i c c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s

s u c h a s e x a c t c o n c o r d a n c e o r u n c o n f o r m i t y . Componen t s o f a

g r o u n d s u r f a c e a r e d i s t i n g u i s h e d on t h e b a s i s o f t h e s e d i m e n t a r y

e n v i r o n m e n t s u c h a s p a r t i c l e s i z e d i s t r i b u t i o n , b e d d i n g , f a b r i c ,

p e t r o l o g y , t h e s h a p e o f t h e s e d i m e n t a r y b o d i e s a n d t h e p a t t e r n

o f v a r i a t i o n in t hem. R e l a t i o n s h i p among g r o u n d s u r f a c e s a r e

g a i n e d f r om t h e i r s t r a t i g r a p h y o r t h e i r r e l a t i v e p o s i t i o n in

s p a c e a n d t h e n a t u r e o f t h e i r c o n t a c t s o n e w i t h a n o t h e r . B u t l e r

s u g g e s t e d t h a t l a y e r s in t h e l a n d s c a p e h a v i n g a s o i l m a n t l e a s

a c h a r a c t e r i s t i c f e a t u r e a r e t o be c o n s i d e r e d in t h e f o l l o w i n g

t e r m s :

1. S e p a r a t e n e s s o f a s o i l l a y e r : a s p r o v e d by t r a c i n g

i t s c o n t i n u i t y on d i v e r s i t y o f s u b s t r a t e s a n d how

n o n e o f t h e s u b s t r a t e s c a n b e p a r t o f i t .

2 . V e r t i c a l e x t e n t a n d l i m i t s o f v a r i a t i o n : a s e x p r e s s e d

by v e r t i c a l a s s o c i a t i o n o f c o m f o r m a b l e a n d u n c o n f o r m a b l e

c o n t a c t s .

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4l

3 . H o r t i z o n t a l e x t e n t a n d l i m i t s o f v a r i a t i o n s : a s s e t

by t h e i n t e r s e c t i o n o f t h a t l a y e r w i t h o t h e r l a y e r s .

4 . R e l a t i v e p l a c e m e n t o f t h e l a y e r s : a s a p r o o f o f t h e i r

p r i o r i t y in t i m e .

L e v e r e t t ( 1 9 1 5 ) f i r s t s u g g e s t e d t h a t t h e d e p t h o f l e a c h i n g

in t h e g l a c i a l t i l l o f t h e c e n t r a l a n d e a s t e r n U n i t e d S t a t e s

c o u l d be u s e d a s t i m e i n d i c a t o r o f w e a t h e r i n g .

C a r t e r a n d P e n d e l t o n ( 1 9 5 6 ) s t a t e d t h a t P o d z o l s a r e f o u n d

w i t h i n t h e Ma n k a t o b o r d e r , Gr a y Brown P o d z o l i c s p r i m a r i l y in

a r e a s g l a c i a t e d d u r i n g K a n s a n , l l l i n o i a n a n d e a r l y a n d m i d d l e

W i s c o n s i n , P l a n i s o l s w i t h mo r e t h a n o n e p h a s e o f c l a y

a c c u m u l a t i o n in a r e a s a s s o c i a t e d w i t h p o s t N e b r a s k a n w e a t h e r i n g

a n d Red Y e l l o w P o d z o l i c s in a r e a s n e v e r g l a c i a t e d s u c h t h a t

t h e i r p o t e n t i a l w e a t h e r i n g i s l i m i t e d o n l y by s u r v i v a l o f

g e o m o r p h i c s u r f a c e s .

T h o r n b u r y ( 1 9 5 4 ) u s e d t h e d i f f e r e n c e in t h e d e p t h o f

l e a c h i n g o f CaC03 in t h e l l l i n o i a n d r i f t f r o m some l e a c h e d

300 f e e t in s o u t h e r n I n d i a n a t o 3 - 4 f e e t in W i s c o n s i n . He q u o t e d

an a v e r a g e d e p t h o f 6 f e e t l e a c h i n g d u r i n g t h e Sangaman

I n t e r g l a c i a l C o n t r a s t in t h e d e p t h o f l e a c h i n g on e i t h e r s i d e

o f a m o r a i n e in M i c h i g a n was i n v e s t i g a t e d by A l l e n a n d W h i t e ­

s i d e ( 1 9 5 4 ) .

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F. S o i l F o r mi ng F a c t o r s

D i f f e r e n c e s among s o i l s a r e a s s o c i a t e d w i t h i n e q u a l i t i e s

among t h e f o l l o w i n g i n d e p e n d e n t v a r i a b l e s :

s o i l = _ f p . m . , c l i m a t e , v e g e t a t i o n , t o p o g r a p h y , t i m e , . . . .

I t i s t h e r e f o r e u s e f u l t o r e p o r t t h e g a t h e r e d i n f o r m a t i o n a b o u t

t h e s t u d y a r e a in t e r m s o f t h e s o i l f o r m i n g f a c t o r s :

a . P a r e n t m a t e r i a l : P a r e n t m a t e r i a l s o f s o i l s o f t h e

a r e a a r e o f g l a c i a l , f l u v i o - g l a c i a l a n d f l u v i a l o r i g i n s . The

a r e a i n v o l v e s m a t e r i a l s o f m o r a i n e s ( F l i n t , Owosso, a n d S t . John

m o r a i n e s ) , g l a c i a l t i l l p l a i n s ( F l i n t m o r a i n e t i l l p l a i n s ,

Owosso m o r a i n e t i l l p l a i n s a n d S t . John t i l l p l a i n s ) , o u t w a s h

p l a i n s , t e r r a c e s a n d a n c i e n t r i v e r b e d s ( I m l a y R i v e r o u t l e t ) ,

l a k e b e d s o r b e a c h r i d g e s ( Ar kona Lake bed a n d Wa r r en Lake b e d ) ,

an d r e c e n t a l l u v i a l m a t e r i a l s ( o f Ma p l e R i v e r , L i t t l e Mapl e

R i v e r , B a k e r s C r e e k , Wi s e C r e e k , A l d e r C r e e k , S t e v e n s d r a i n ,

D u p l a i n d r a i n a n d Ovid d r a i n ) in a n d in t h e i m m e d i a t e v i c i n i t y

o f t h e s t u d y a r e a .

The g l a c i e r s t r a n s p o r t e d u n s o r t e d m a t e r i a l s f o r m i n g a

s t a g e in t h e l o c a l g l a c i e r ' s h i s t o r y . M e l t i n g g l a c i a l i c e

r e s u l t e d in a b u n d a n t w a t e r in t h e a r e a , s h r a n k t h e g l a c i e r s

in v o l u me a n d s o t h e y r e c e d e d n o r t h w a r d . T h u s , m o r a i n e s w e r e

d e p o s i t e d . F l i n t m o r a i n e was d e p o s i t e d a f t e r S t . J ohn m o r a i n e

and b e f o r e Owosso m o r a i n e , a n d s o we h a v e m o r a i n i c m a t e r i a l s

and m o r a i n i c l a n d f o r ms o f d i f f e r e n t a g e s ( L e v e r e t t 1915, 1917,

Hough 1958, a n d V e a t c h 1 9 5 3 ) .

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1. M o r a i n i c m a t e r i a l s :

The m o r a i n e s a r e co mp o s e d o f w h a t e v e r k i n d o f m a t e r i a l

t h e i c e was c a r r y i n g a t t h e p a r t i c u l a r p l a c e . I t may v a r y v e r y

much. Some p l a c e s t h i s m a t e r i a l was a l m o s t e n t i r e l y s a n d , a t

o t h e r p o i n t s i t was l a r g e l y s i l t o r c l a y m a t e r i a l . At o t h e r

p l a c e s i t was o f s u c h a m i x t u r e a s t o make loamy s a n d , s a n d y

loam, l oam, o r s i l t o r c l a y l oam. The p r o p o r t i o n o f b o u l d e r s

v a r i e d g r e a t l y a l s o . I t was g e n e r a l l y y e l l o w i s h g r a y o r b r o w n i s h

g r a y on w e a t h e r e d s u r f a c e s . The t h i c k n e s s o f t h e d r i f t i s a b o u t

100 t o 150 f e e t in d e p t h in I o n i a , C l i n t o n , S h i a w a s e e a n d

G e n e s e e c o u n t i e s . For a d e p t h o f hO t o hS f e e t d r i f t i s p r e ­

d o m i n a t e l y c l a y e y w i t h y e l l o w i s h o r b u f f c o l o r a n d in some

p l a c e s w i t h a t i n g e o f b r o wn . D e p l o y e d m o r a i n e s a r e compos ed

m a i n l y o f c l a y . The p e r c e n t o f c r y s t a l l i n e m a t e r i a l f r o m

C a n a d i a n s o u r c e s i s r e l a t i v e l y s m a l l in t h e s u r f a c e p a r t s o f

t h e d r i f t . P r o b a b l y 90 p e r c e n t o f t h e g e n e r a l d r i f t mass was

d e r i v e d f r om t h e p a l e o z o i c r o c k s m o s t l y f r o m n e a r t h e s u r f a c e .

This W i s c o n s i n g l a c i a l d r i f t i s c a l c a r e o u s . The d r i f t c o v e r i n g

i s s u f f i c i e n t l y t h i c k t o ma s k c o m p l e t e l y a n y d i r e c t i n f l u e n c e

o f t h e u n d e r l y i n g b e d r o c k on t h e s o i l s , a n d t h i s i s t r u e f o r

t i l l p l a i n s , l a k e b e d s a n d a l l u v i a l p l a i n s .

2 . Out wash p l a i n a n d f l u v i o - g l a c i a l m a t e r i a l s :

As t h e g r e a t v o l u m e s o f w a t e r f l o w e d f r o m t h e m e l t i n g

i c e , i t c a r r i e d g r o u n d r o c k s o f d i f f e r e n t f i n e n e s s , s a n d , s i l t

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a n d c l a y . In some c a s e s g r a v e l was c a r r i e d o r r o l l e d a l o n g .

As t h e w a t e r s p r e a d o u t o v e r t h e l a n d s u r f a c e s a l o n g t h e

d r a i n a g e w a y s , t h e c u r r e n t d e c r e a s e d a n d t h e c o a r s e r g r a v e l a n d

s a n d w e r e d e p o s i t e d . Wi t h f u r t h e r d e c r e a s e in c u r r e n t , f i n e r

s a n d was d r o p p e d , b u t s i l t a n d c l a y w e r e t r a n s p o r t e d i n t o

l o c a l l a k e s o r d e p r e s s i o n s w h e r e w a t e r was c o m p a r a t i v e l y

q u i e t , o r e l s e w e r e c a r r i e d away t h r o u g h s t r e a m s i n t o t h e

G r e a t L a k e s .

3 . T i l l p l a i n m a t e r i a l :

G e n e r a l l y t h e y a r e p l a i n s o f l oams o r c l a y l oams mo r e

o r l e s s p e b b l y a n d s t o n e y a n d h a v e g e n e r a l l y a s m o o t h s u r f a c e .

The o u t w a s h a n d l a c u s t r i n e d e p o s i t s o f m e l t w a t e r s h a v e t e n d e d

t o e l i m i n a t e i r r e g u l a r i t i e s o f t h e l a n d s u r f a c e . Below t h e

A r k o n a b e a c h e s t h e s l e n d e r m o r a i n e s w e r e w a t e r l a i d a n d on t h a t

a c c o u n t p r e s e n t l i t t l e o r no c o n t r a s t w i t h t h e t i l l p l a i n s .

F u r t h e r n o r t h t h e y a r e n e a r l y l e v e l e d by t h e s e v e r e w a t e r

e r o s i o n o f t h e wa v e s in t h e g l a c i a l l a k e s . The w h o l e r e g i o n

b e l o w Ar k o n a b e a c h e s i s a p l a i n w i t h o u t d o m i n a n t f e a t u r e s .

The h i g h e s t p a r t s c a r r y s c a t t e r e d p a t c h e s o f b o u l d e r s , m a r k i n g

t h e r e m a i n s o f t h e m o r a i n e s .

4 . Lake b e d s m a t e r i a l s :

The r e t r e a t o f t h e g l a c i e r s l e f t t h e o u t l e t s o f t h e

g l a c i a l l a k e s c l o g g e d w i t h d e p o s i t s o f g l a c i a l r o c k m a t e r i a l s

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and in some c a s e s bed r o c k l e d g e s f o r me d n a t u r a l dams. Th e s e

s i t u a t i o n s r e s u l t e d in t r a n s i e t l a k e s a n d h e n c e o v e r c o n s i d e r a b l e

a r e a s , t h e m a t e r i a l s b r o u g h t down by t h e i c e was c o v e r e d by

w a t e r f o r a l o n g p e r i o d o f t i m e a n d in p l a c e s in t h e s e l a k e s

f i n e s e d i m e n t s , s u c h a s v e r y f i n e s a n d s i l t a n d c l a y , w e r e

d e p o s i t e d in d e e p e r w a t e r a s waves a r o u n d t h e i r e d g e s l e f t

b e h i n d t h e c o a r s e r f r a g m e n t s o f s a n d a n d g r a v e l .*

5. A l l u v i a l m a t e r i a l s :

A f t e r t h e w e s t e r n p a r t o f t h e Gr and R i v e r c h a n n e l

was a b a n d o n e d by t h e t ml a y o u t l e t r i v e r , t h e n e v e r y s t r e a m

t h a t came i n t o i t bega n t o b u i l d a l l u v i a l f a n s .(Fi g . k ) . Above Lyons

a l l t h e f a n s a r e s m a l l a n d c h a n n e l f l o o r s a r e b o u l d e r y a n d

swampy. At Lyon Grand R i v e r , e n t e r i n g t h e c h a n n e l f r om t h e

s o u t h , h a s b u i l t a l a r g e r a l l u v i a l f a n w h i c h e x t e n d s up a s

w e l l a s down t h e c h a n n e l f o r a d i s t a n c e . S t o n y C r e e k d e p o s i t e d

an a l l u v i a l f a n a f t e r Grand R i v e r h a d d e p o s i t e d a l a r g e

a l l u v i a l f a n t h a t c r o wd e d S t o n y , two m i l e s a b o v e Mui r ( F i g . 3 ) . The

same t h i n g h a p p e n e d w i t h Ma p l e R i v e r g e n e r a l l y s o u t h o f t h e

p r e s e n t Gr a nd R i v e r p o s i t i o n . Below Lyon, t h e l o we r p a r t s o f

Grand R i v e r c h a n n e l h a v e be e n s i l t e d up by t h e r i v e r , l e a v i n g

o n l y t h e t o p s o f g r a v e l b a r s a n d few b o u l d e r y p a t c h e s o f t h e

e a r l i e r c h a n n e l d e p o s i t s p r o j e c t i n g . Abou t two m i l e s a b o v e

Lyon o n e o f t h e f i n e s t t e r r a c e f r a g m e n t s in t h e v a l l e y r u n s

a l o n g t h e n o r t h s i d e o f t h e c h a n n e l f o r a b o u t t h r e e m i l e s and

i s a b o u t 30 t o 3 5 f e e t a b o v e t h e swampy v a l l e y f l o o r .

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Bet wee n M a t h e r t o n a n d Ma p l e R a p i d s t h e r e a r e two i s l a n d s

in t h e o l d o u t l e t ' s c h a n n e l o r r a t h e r o n e l o n g , n a r r o w i s l a n d

b r o k e n by a c u t t h a t d o e s n o t r e a c h t o t h e b o t t o m o f t h e

p r e s e n t c h a n n e l . The i s l a n d i s l i t t l e o v e r 1 / 2 m i l e i n w i d t h

a t i t s e a s t end b u t in a m i l e , i t n a r r o w s t o a 1 / 4 m i l e in

w i d t h a n d t o t h e e x t r e m e w e s t becomes 2 5 0 t o 3 0 0 f e e t w i d e .

The i s l a n d i s a r e m n a n t o f t h e o r i g i n a l t i l l p l a i n a n d i s

f l a t t o p p e d w i t h a n a l t i t u d e o f 50 t o 6 0 f e e t a b o v e t h e

c h a n n e l f l o o r . J u s t w e s t o f t h e Map l e R a p i d s t h e c h a n n e l

d i v i d e s in e q u a l p a r t s a r o u n d t h i s i s l a n d . Ma p l e R i v e r , now,

i s p a s s i n g on t h e n o r t h s i d e . H a y w o r t h C r e e k e n t e r s t h e s o u t h

c h a n n e l s o u t h o f t h e e a s t e nd o f t h e i s l a n d a n d r u n s n o r t h e a s t

on t h e swampy f l o o r t o Ma p l e R i v e r j u s t b e l o w Ma p l e R a p i d s .

I s l a n d s o f t h i s k i n d a r e common a t t h e h e a d o f m o s t g l a c i a l

d r a i n a g e o u t l e t s . A t t h i s p a r t i c u l a r p l a c e , i n t h e e a r l y f l o w

o f t h e I ml a y o u t l e t f i v e r i t a p p e a r s t o h a v e s t a r t e d t h e

c h a n n e l on t h e s o u t h a n d a s m a l l e r s t r e a m on t h e n o r t h , a n d

b o t h l e v e l s a r e a t t h e c o n s i d e r a b l y h i g h e r e l e v a t i o n t h a n t h e

p r e s e n t c h a n n e l f l o o r . S u b s e q u e n t l y t h e o u t l e t r i v e r o c c u p i e d

a n d d e e p e n e d b o t h .

A r e l a t i v e l y s u d d e n l o w e r i n g in L a k e C h i c a g o w o u l d i n t r o d u c e

a p r o c e s s o f s t e e p e n i n g i n t h e Gr a nd R i v e r c h a n n e l . T h i s

p o s s i b l y a c c o u n t s f o r t h e l o w e r t e r r a c e s in t h e v a l l e y ,

e s p e c i a l l y f o r o n e s t h a t s eem r a t h e r p e r s i s t e n t a t a h e i g h t

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o f 35 t o 40 f e e t a b o v e t h e g e n e r a l c h a n n e l f l o o r . T h e s e

r e f l e c t s t a b l e c o n d i t i o n s o f t h e r i v e r f o r l o n g d u r a t i o n s .

The t e r r a c e a t 35 t o 40 f e e t a b o v e t h e g e n e r a l c h a n n e l

f l o o r a p p e a r s t o be p r o m i n e n t and c l o s e l y r e l a t e d t o t he^ .

Arkona b e a c h e s . T h e s e t e r r a c e s in t h e S a g i n a w b a s i n a r e t h e

o l d e s t t e r r a c e s a n d t h e o l d e s t b e a c h r e p r e s e n t s in t i m e t h e

o l d e s t t e r r a c e . T h e s e b e a c h e s o f Ar k o n a a nd S a g i n a w

r e p r e s e n t in t i m e a n d d u r a t i o n t h e w h o l e l i f e o f Lake A r k o n a .

S t o n y C r e e k comes i n t o t h e Grand R i v e r more e v e n l y a t a

g r a d e o f t h e t e r r a c e s l e v e l t h a n t h e y do a t p r e s e n t l e v e l ,

n o r t h e a s t o f Lyon , a t t i m e s when Map l e r i v e r u s e d t o f l o w

w e s t in i t s c h a n n e l . Gr a n d R i v e r h a s done v i r t u a l l y no

d e e p e n i n g in t h e c h a n n e l e x c e p t in i t s own a c t u a l b e d . Lake

C h i c a g o was t h e b a s e l e v e l f o r e r o s i o n done by Gr a nd R i v e r t o

f o r m t h e known Grand R i v e r t e r r a c e s .

The d i v i d e b e t w e e n Lake Arkona a n d Lake S a g i n a w i s s o

s l i g h t t h a t i t i s s c a r c e l y p e r c e p t i b l e a n d i s a b o u t 8 5 f e e t

be l ow t h e l e v e l o f u p p e r Lake Ar kona b e a c h e s two m i l e s n o r t h ­

e a s t o f E l s i e . ( F i g . 3 ) .

Wa r r e n b e a c h e s l i e 20 t o 25 f e e t a b o v e t h e b r o a d swampy

d u n e - c o v e r e d d i v i d e a t t h e he a d o f t h e c h a n n e l o f Gr a nd R i v e r

n o r t h o f B a n n i s t e r ( F i g . 3 ) .

The A l l u v i a l s o i l s t h a t h a v e d e v e l o p e d on r e c e n t a l l u v i a l . ,

m a t e r i a l s show l i t t l e d e v e l o p m e n t b e s i d e s b e i n g g e n e r a l l y

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f l a t ( l e v e l ) , p o o r l y d r a i n e d , n a r r o w a n d p a r a l l e l t h e s t r e a m s .

T h e i r t o t a l a c r e a g e i s s m a l l a n d t h e y a r e t h e r e f o r e n o t

e c o n o m i c a l l y v e r y i m p o r t a n t . Farm m a c h i n e r y e n c o u n t e r s g r e a t

d i f f i c u l t y in o p e r a t i n g on t h e s e a l l u v i a l s o i l s . The a l l u v i a l

s o i l a r e a s g e n e r a l l y i n c r e a s e in w i d t h down s t r e a m . . A l l u v i a l

s o i l s a r e young g e n e r a l l y a n d h e r e t h e y may be c o n s i d e r e d

t o r e p r e s e n t t h e y o u n g e s t t e r r a c e in t h e f l u v i a l - g l a c i a l

v a l l e y . They a r e s t r a t i f i e d c a l c a r e o u s s o i l m a t e r i a l a n d may

c o n t a i n b u r i e d s o i l s u r f a c e s a s in some a l l u v i a l s o i l may h a v e

c a p p i n g o f v e r y r e c e n t e r o s i o n a l d e p o s i t comi ng f r om h i g h e r

t e r r a c e s . A l l u v i a l s o i l c a t e n a s e n c o u n t e r e d h e r e a r e G e n e s e e ,

A b s c o t a and L a n d e s ,

b . C l i m a t e

C l i n t o n Coun t y c l i m a t e i s somewhat i n s u l a r in

c h a r a c t e r b e c a u s e o f t h e p r o x i m i t y o f t h e G r e a t L a k e s . The

sa l i e n t f e a t u r e s o f t h e c l i m a t e a r e m o d e r a t e l y c o l d w i n t e r s ,

and m i l d summers , w i t h m o d e r a t e p r e c i p i t a t i o n a n d low wi nd

move men t s . P e r i o d s o f e x t r e m e v a r i a t i o n s a r e u s u a l l y o f s h o r t

d u r a t i o n . P r e c i p i t a t i o n i s a l m o s t u n i f o r m l y d i s t r i b u t e d

t h r o u g h t o u t t h e y e a r w i t h t h e amount d u r i n g w i n t e r s l i g h t l y

b e l o w t h a t o f t h e o t h e r s e a s o n s . The summer r a i n s a r e u s u a l l y

n o t o f a b e a t i n g n a t u r e a n d in t h e f a l l a n d s p r i n g t h e p r e c i p i ­

t a t i o n o f t e n t a k e s t h e f o r m o f s l o w , m i s t y , d r i z z l y r a i n s .

T o r r e n t i a l r a i n a n d d e s t r u c t i v e h a i l s t o r m s a r e r a r e . ( S o i l

S u r v e y S t a f f 1942 and M i c h i g a n W e a t h e r S e r v i c e 1 9 6 6 ) .

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4

49

D i f f e r e n c e s in e l e v a t i o n l o c a l l y a r e i n s u f f i c i e n t t o c a u s e

m a r k e d c l i m a t i c v a r i a t i o n s t h r o u g h o u t t h e c o u n t y , b u t l o c a l

v a r i a t i o n s in f r o s t d a t e s a r e o f c o n s i d e r a b l e i m p o r t a n c e a s

r e g a r d s t h e p r o d u c t i o n o f s p e c i a l c r o p s . The g r o u n d i s

f r o z e n d u r i n g m o s t o f t h e w i n t e r . The a n n u a l t e m p e r a t u r e

a v e r a g e s b e t w e e n 50 and 5 5 ° F . The a v e r a g e l e n g t h o f f r o s t

f r e e p e r i o d i s b e t w e e n 140 a n d 160 d a y s . Wi de d i f f e r e n c e s

b e t we e n w i n t e r a n d summer t e m p e r a t u r e s a f f e c t s s o i l t e m p e r a t u r e

t o a c o n s i d e r a b l e d e g r e e a s i n d i c a t e d by t h e a v e r a g e d e p t h o f

f r o s t p e n e t r a t i o n s w h i c h i s 30 i n c h e s . The a v e r a g e a n n u a l

p r e c i p i t a t i o n i s a b o u t 30 t o 3 5 i n c h e s a n d i s d i s t r i b u t e d

r a t h e r u n i f o r m l y t h r o u g h o u t t h e y e a r . The p r e c i p i t a t i o n d u r i n g

t h e g r o w i n g s e a s o n i s s u f f i c i e n t t o i n s u r e s a t i s f a c t o r y g r o w t h

o f m o s t c r o p s , a l t h o u g h c r o p s on t h e s a n d i e r s o i l s o f t e n

s u f f e r t o a c e r t a i n e x t e n t f r o m s h o r t a g e o f m o i s t u r e d u r i n g

t h e h o t t e s t p a r t o f t h e summer . Some i n j u r y due t o f r e e z i n g

a n d t h a w i n g w h i c h c a u s e s h e a v i n g o f f a l l sown c r o p s a n d p e r e n n i a l s

i s n o t i c e a b l e , p a r t i c u l a r l y on t h e p o o r l y d r a i n e d s o i l s , b u t

t h e c o v e r i n g o f snow i s g e n e r a l l y s u f f i c i e n t l y t h i c k a n d

e a r l y t o p r e v e n t s e v e r e w i n t e r i n j u r i e s . L o s s o f m o i s t u r e i n t o

t h e a t m o s p h e r e s t r o n g l y i n f l u e n c e s t h e e f f e c t i v e n e s s o f p r e c i p i ­

t a t i o n i n s o i l f o r m a t i o n d i r e c t l y a n d i n d i r e c t l y . The d i r e c t

e f f e c t d e c r e a s e s t h e q u a n t i t y o f m o i s t u r e a v a i l a b l e i n a n d p e r ­

c o l a t i n g t h r o u g h t h e s o i l w h i l e i n d i r e c t l y i t d e t e r m i n e s t h e

k i n d a n d q u a n t i t y o f v e g e t a t i o n t h a t d e v e l o p s .

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The humid c l i m a t e o f M i c h i g a n h a s r e s u l t e d in t h e r emova l

o f t h e e a s i l y s o l u b l e c o n s t i t u e n t s f r o m t h e u p p e r l a y e r s o f

mos t o f t h e s o i l s . Some o f t h e s e c o n s t i t u e n t s h a v e been wa s h e d

o u t o f t h e s u r f a c e h o r i z o n a n d d e p o s i t e d in t h e s u b s o i l . The

Gray Brown P o d z o l i c s o i l a r e a s ( A l f i s o l s ) o f s o u t h e r n M i c h i g a n

h a v e s u b s o i l s t h a t a r e e n r i c h e d by c l a y wa s h e d f r o m t h e o v e r ­

l a y i n g h o r i z o n s . T h e s e Bt s u b s o i l h o r i z o n s a r e f i n e r t e x t u r e d

t h a n e i t h e r t h e o v e r l a y i n g o r u n d e r l y i n g h o r i z o n s .

P o l l e n a n a l y s i s h a s been u s e d t o d e t e r m i n e t h e v e g e t a t i o n a l

h i s t o r y o f an a r e a a n d f r om t h i s , c l i m a t i c c h a n g e s a r e a l s o

i n f e r r e d . Zumberge a n d P o t z g e r ( 1 9 5 6 ) w e r e a b l e t o r e l a t e

h o r i z o n s in two bogs in s o u t h w e s t e r n M i c h i g a n t o r e c e n t p l e i ­

s t o c e n e h i s t o r y by s t r a t i g r a p h y and t o d a t e t h e s e h o r i z o n s

by r a d i o c a r b o n t e c h n i q u e s . From t h i s i n f o r m a t i o n t h e y c o u l d

r e l a t e t h e v e g e t a t i o n a l h i s t o r y a n d i n f e r r e d c l i m a t i c c h a n g e s

t o g e o l o g i c s t a g e s , a s shown in T a b l e 4 .

A l t h o u g h t h e bogs s t u d i e d w e r e a b o u t 230 m i l e s s o u t h w e s t

f rom t h e s t u d y a r e a , t h e c l i m a t e may n o t h a v e b e e n g r e a t l y

d i f f e r e n t e s p e c i a l l y d u r i n g i m m e d i a t e p o s t g l a c i a l t i m e .

More r e c e n t l y t h a n 3 , 5 0 0 t o 4 , 0 0 0 y e a r s b e f o r e p r e s e n t ,

t h e c l i m a t e op t i mum ( f o r p l a n t g r o w t h ) c o n t i n u e d t o d e v e l o p a s

shown by an i n c r e a s e o f o a k , h i c k o r y a n d p i n e . In m o s t r e c e n t

t i m e s , c l i m a t i c c o o l i n g o c c u r r e d d u r i n g w h i c h p i n e h a s i n c r e a s e d

in a b u n d a n c e a c c o r d i n g t o Zumberge a n d P o t z g e r ( 1 9 5 5 ) .

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T a b l e 4 . C l i m a t i c c h a n g e s i n f e r r e d f r o m f o r e s t h i s t o r y d e d u c e d f r o m p o l l e n p r o f i l e s o f 2 bogs i n SW M i c h i g a n ( Zu m b e r g e a n d P o t z g e r , 1956)

Y e a r s b e f o r e p r e s e n t

F o r e s t c o v e r C l i m a t e

1 1 , 0 0 0 S p r u c e , f i r Cool t o c o l d , m o i s t

8 , 0 0 0 D e c l i n e o f s p r u c e a n d f i r , i n c r e a s e o f p i n e

M o d e r a t i n g c l i m a t e

6 , 0 0 0 P i n e maximum, n e a r e l i m i n a t i o n o f s p r u c e a n d f u r

Warming c l i m a t e

5 , 0 0 0 D e c l i n e o f p i n e p e r i o d a n d a s c e n d e n c y o f o a k a n d c h e s t n u t

C o n t i n u e d w a r mi n g

2 , 5 0 0 - 4 , 0 0 0 E x p a n d i n g o a k - h e m l o c k b r o a d l e a v e d f o r e s t

War mes t a n d d r i e s t s i n c e r e t r e a t o f i c e

The c l i m a t i c s t a t i s t i c s o f t h e s t u d y a r e a a n d i t s s u r r o u n d i n g s

a s r e v e a l e d by t h e n e a r e s t w e a t h e r s t a t i o n s a r e s u m m a r i z e d

in T a b l e No. 5 . T h e s e c l i m a t i c s t a t i s t i c s a r e o b t a i n e d f r o m

b o t h t h e t a b l e s a n d t h e n a r r a t i v e s u m m a r i e s o f M i c h i g a n

We a t he r S e r v i c e .

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T a b l e 5 . Means a n d e x t r e m e s o f t h e w e a t h e r o f t h e s t u d y a r e a a n d i t s s u r r o u n d i n g a s r e c o r d e d in t h e r e g i o n c l i m a t o l o g i c a l r e c o r d s ( M i c h i g a n W e a t h e r S e r v i c e 1 9 6 6 )

S t a t i onMean a n n u a l t emp. F°

H i g h e s t t emp, r e c o r d e d F°

Lowes t r e c o r d e d t e m p . F°

Mean a n n u a l p r e c i p i t a - t i o n in i n c h e s

Mean a n n u a I snow i n i n c h e s

Owosso 4 8 . 4 105 - 2 0 2 9 . 4 2 3 7 . 2

S t . John 4 7 . 7 1 0 2 - 2 2 3 0 . 2 2 3 6 . 7

1 on i a 4 8 . 1 103 -25 3 0 . 8 6 3 6 . 9

FI i n t 4 6 . 8 1 0 8 - 2 2 3 0 . 14 3 8 . 7

E . L a n s i n g 4 7 . 3 1 0 2 - 2 5 31 . 08 4 6 . 9

J a c k s o n 4 8 . 9 105 - 2 1 31 . 03 3 6 . 7

c . V e q e t a t ion

When s e t t l e d by E u r o p e a n s a l m o s t t h e e n t i r e c o u n t y

was c o v e r e d by a d e n s e f o r e s t g r o w t h c o n s i s t i n g l a r g e l y o f

d e c i d u o u s t r e e s . T h a t n a t i v e f o r e s t c o n s i s t e d o f s p e c i e s t h a t

p r e f e r s o i l s t h a t a r e h i g h in b a s e s , a n d h i g h t o medium in s o i l s

m o i s t u r e - h o l d i n g c a p a c i t y . T h e s e t r e e s w e r e m a i n l y h a r d m a p l e ,

b e e c h , a n d o a k s on t h e w e l l d r a i n e d s o i l s . Elm, s o f t m a p l e ,

swamp w h i t e o a k , b l a c k a s h a n d b a s s wo o d w e r e mo s t common s p e c i e s

on t h e somewhat p o o r l y d r a i n e d s o i l s . The f o r e s t f l o o r was

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s p a r s e l y c o v e r e d w i t h an u n d e r s t o r y o f s h r u b s , h e r b a c e o u s

p l a n t s , s e d g e s a n d g r a s s e s . T a ma r a c k , w h i t e c e d a r , p o p l a r a n d

s h r u b s w e r e common in t h e swamps. Some ma r s h a r e a s h a d a

c o v e r c o n s i s t i n g l a r g e l y o f g r a s s e s a n d s e d g e s . S c a t t e r e d

bogs w e r e c o v e r e d w i t h l e a t h e r l e a f , h i g h b u s h b l u e b e r r y a n d

o t h e r s h r u b s . ( S o i l S u r v e y S t a f f 1 9 ^ 2 ) .

The t r e e s on f i n e r t e x t u r e s o i l s f e d h e a v i l y on b a s e s ,

d e p o s i t i n g a l e a f l i t t e r w h i c h was c o n v e r t e d i n t o m i l d mu l l

t y p e humus by s o i l m i c r o o r g a n i s m s , w h i l e t h e d r y s a n d y s o i l s

h a v e a more a c i d t y p e o f s o i l humus. In g e n e r a l , t h e s o i l s

a r e n o t e x t r e m e l y a c i d in s p i t e o f t h e a c t i o n o f a p o d z o l i c

t y p e o f s o i l f o r m a t i o n . The s o u t h e r n l i m i t o f n a t i v e w h i t e

p i n e c o i n c i d e s c l o s e l y w i t h t h e b o u n d a r y b e t w e e n t h e Gray

Brown P o d z o l i c a n d t h e Podzol r e g i o n in M i c h i g a n a s p o i n t e d o u t

by W h i t e s i d e and G a r d e n e r ( 1 9 5 2 ) .

d. Topography

T o p o g r a p h y i s p r o b a b l y t h e mo s t o b v i o u s a n d d i s t i n c t

s o i l f o r m i n g f a c t o r . T o p o g r a p h y t o a g r e a t e x t e n t d e t e r m i n e s

t h e d r a i n a g e c o n d i t i o n s o f t h e s o i l w h i c h a r e d e c i s i v e in t h e

c o u r s e o f s o i l f o r m a t i o n n o t o n l y a s t o w h e t h e r a p e a t i s

f o r me d o r n o t b u t a l s o in d e t e r m i n i n g t h e n a t u r e o f many

m i n e r a l s o i l s .

S o i l s on t e r r a c e s a r e o l d e r , b e t t e r d r a i n e d a n d show

more z o n a l t e n d e n c i e s t h a n t h o s e on f l o o d p l a i n s . O u t e r

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t e r r a c e e d g e s , n e a r e s t t h e s t r e a m s , h a v e t h e d e e p e s t s o i l s .

The p o r t i o n s mor e d i s t a n t f r o m t h e s t r e a m s a r e l e s s w e l l d r a i n e d ,

A l l u v i a l o r t e r r a c e m a t e r i a l e x i s t i n g in o n e z o n e may h a v e b e e n

t r a n s p o r t e d f r o m a n o t h e r w e a t h e r i n g z o n e ( V e a t c h 1 9 5 3 ) .

T o p o g r a p h y a n d d r a h a g e o f M j c h i g a n w e r e g r e a t l y m o d i f i e d

by g l a c i a l a c t i o n a n d t h e s e c o n t r i b u t e g r e a t l y t o l o c a l s o i l

v a r i a b i l i t y . N a t u r a l l y b o t h p o o r l y d r a i n e d a n d w e l l d r a i n e d

s o i l s , a s w e l l a s i n t e r m e d i a t e s o i l s , o c c u r w i t h i n t h e Gr a y

Brown P o d z o l i c r e g i o n ( W h i t e s i d e e t a l . 1 9 6 3 ) .

The t o p o g r a p h y f a c t o r , in t h i s s t u d y , was h e l d u n i f o r m by

s e l e c t i n g o n l y w e l l d r a i n e d s i t e s f o r s a m p l i n g , a t t h e t o p s o f

b e a c h r i d g e s o r on r i v e r t e r r a c e s . The s l o p e s in t h e g e n e r a l

a r e a s o f t h e s i t e s s a m p l e d w e r e n e a r l y l e v e l ( 0 - 1% s l o p e s ) .

e . T ime

The t i m e f a c t o r i n d i c a t e s t h e p r o b a b l e o r r e l a t i v e

d u r a t i o n o f p r o c e s s e s t h a t h a v e b e e n a c t i v e in t h e d e v e l o p m e n t

o f s o i l s . I t s e f f e c t c a n be e v a l u a t e d by t h e d e g r e e o f d e v e l o p ­

me n t o f s p e c i f i c s o i l c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s . S o i l a g e c a n n o t be

g r e a t e r t h a n t h e l a n d s u r f a c e o r t h e r o c k m a t e r i a l s e x p o s e d

t o w e a t h e r i n g . S o i l s o f t h e s t u d y a r e a a r e n o t o l d e r t h a n t h e

l a t e W i s c o n s o n i a n a g e o f t h e p l e i s t o c e n e . D e t a i l e d d a t e s o f

c o n c e r n t o t h i s s t u d y a r e on p a g e 2 9 .

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W i l d e ( 1 9 5 8 ) d e v e l o p e d Dokuchaives c o n c e p t a n d e x p r e s s e d

t h e r e l a t i o n s h i p b e t we e n s o i l and p e d o g e n i c f a c t o r s a s an

i n t e g r a l :

s = f g , e , b , t .

w h e r e : g = g e o l o g i c a l s u b s t r a t u m ,

e = e n v i r o n m e n t a l i n f l u e n c e s ,

b = b i o l o g i c a l a c t i v i t y a n d

t = t i me

S t e p h e n ( 1 9 ^ 7 ) d e v e l o p e d a s p e c i f i c a p p r o a c h t o s o i l

r e l a t i o n s h i p s a n d p o i n t e d o u t t h a t in n a t u r e t h e v a r i a b l e s ,

e x c e p t t i m e , in J e n n y ' s e q u a t i o n s a r e n o t c o m p l e t e l y i n d e p e n d e n t .

He g a v e a c o m p l e t e l i s t o f a l l p o s s i b l e r e l a t i o n s h i p s in t h e

fo rm o f p a r t i a l d i f f e r e n t i a l s . H i s c o n s i d e r a t i o n o f t h e

r e l a t i o n s h i p b e t we e n a s o i l a n d i t s f a c t o r s a r e b e s t e x p r e s s e d

a s :

S = f ( c , o , r , w, p) d t

w h e r e : c « c l i m a t e

o = o r g a n i s m r m t o p o g r a p h y

w = h y d r o l o g y

p = p a r e n t m a t e r i a l a n d

t = t i m e

M a r s h a l l ( 1 9 ^ 3 ) p r o p o s e d a me t h o d f o r m e a s u r i n g n e t g a i n s

o r l o s s e s w h i c h o c c u r r e d in i n d i v i d u a l s o i l s d u r i n g t h e i r

f o r m a t i o n and in t h e i r s o i l h o r i z o n s d u r i n g p r o f i l e d e v e l o p m e n t .

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The m e t h o d i s b a s e d on t h e c o n t e n t in e a c h h o r i z o n o f a n i n d e x

m i n e r a l t h a t i s r e s i s t a n t t o w e a t h e r i n g , n o t f o r m e d in p e d o ­

g e n e s i s and i s i m m o b i l e , M a r s h a l l r ecommended u s i n g z i r c o n ,

t o u r m a l i n e , g a r n e t , r u t i 1e o r a n a t a s e a s i n d e x m i n e r a l s . In

o r d e r t o a p p l y M a r s h a l l ' s m e t h o d i t i s f i r s t a s c e r t a i n e d t h a t

t h e s o i l in q u e s t i o n h a s d e v e l o p e d f r o m m a t e r i a l l i k e t h a t

wh i c h i s now a s s u m e d t o be i t s p a r e n t m a t e r i a l .

S t e v e n s ( 196*0 f o u n d t h a t i t i s p o s s i b l e t o c o m p a r e

a n d c o n t r a s t t h e a m o u n t s a n d r a t e s o f c h a n g e in m e c h a n i c a l

c o m p o s i t i o n , c a r b o n , n i t r o g e n , t o t a l p h o s p h o r u s a n d o r g a n i c

p h o s p h o r u s i n two c h r o n o s e q u e n c e s a f t e r s a m p l i n g u n d e r t h e same

r e l i e f , s l o p e , o r g a n i s m s , c l i m a t e , p a r e n t m a t e r i a l , a n d h a v i n g

t i m e a s a v a r i a b l e in t h e c o m p a r i s o n .

Ruhe ( 1 9 5 6 ) o b t a i n e d e x c e l l e n t r e s u l t s in c o m p a r i n g a n d

r e l a t i n g t h e i n t e n s i t y o f t h e p e d o g e n e s i s w h i c h h a d t a k e n p l a c e

in t h e p a l e o s o l s on t h e Y a r m o u t h , Sa nga mon , L a t e Sangamon a n d

L a t e W i s c o n s i n l a n d s u r f a c e s . To q u a n t i f y t h e i r a g e d i f f e r e n c e s ,

r e v e a l e d by r a d i o c a r b o n m e a s u r e m e n t s , h e u s e d t h e f o l l o w i n g

c r i t e r i a : c o m p a r i n g two m i n e r a l o g i c a l r a t i o s in t h e v e r y f i n e

s a n d f r a c t i o n s o f key h o r i z o n s ; t h e t h i c k n e s s o f t h e s o l a ;

t h i c k n e s s o f t h e B - h o r i z o n , a n d t h e % 2 m i c r o n c l a y c o n t e n t s .

T h e s e c r i t e r i a i n d i c a t e d t h a t s t a n d a r d s o i l c h e m i s t r y m e t h o d s

f o r e x c h a n g e a b l e b a s e s c a n n o t b e u s e d b e c a u s e o f t h e s e c o n d a r y

e n r i c h m e n t o f p a l e s o l s f r o m s u p e r i m p o s e d s t r a t a . The m i n e r a l

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r a t i o s h e u s e d w e r e t h e h e a v y m i n e r a l w e a t h e r i n g r a t i o a n d

t h e l i g h t m i n e r a l w e a t h e r i n g r a t i o d e f i n e d a s f o l l o w s :

y _ z i r c o n + t o u r m a l i n e( a m p h i b o l e s + p y r o x e n e s )

Wrl - « f arR e s i s t a n c e o f a m i n e r a l t o w e a t h e r i n g i s a r e l a t i v e

m a t t e r ; g i v e n s u f f i c i e n t l y l o n g t i m e u n d e r w e a t h e r i n g c o n d i ­

t i o n s , ev e n t h e m o s t r e s i s t a n t m i n e r a l s w i l l u n d e r g o some

w e a t h e r i n g .

R a e s i d e ( 1 9 5 9 ) p o i n t e d o u t t h a t q u a r t z , g a r n e t a n d z i r c o n

a r e s u b j e c t t o p h y s i c a l b r e a k d o w n t h r o u g h t h e s t r a i n c a u s e d

by c r y s t a l d i s o r i e n t a t i o n o r c r y s t a l l i n e i n c l u s i o n s . T h e s e

m i n e r a l s , e s p e c i a l l y i r o n r i c h g a r n e t , may a l s o be s u s c e p t i b l e

t o d i s s o l u t i o n . He l i s t e d f i v e c o n d i t i o n s u n d e r w h i c h q u a r t z ,

z i r c o n , o r g a r n e t s h o u l d n o t b e u s e d a s i n d e x m a t e r i a l s :

1 . in s o i l s on o l d l a n d s u r f a c e s ,

2 . in s o i l s t h a t h a v e e x i s t e d f o r l o n g p e r i o d s o f t i m e u n d e r h i g h r a i n f a l l c o n d i t i o n s ,

3 . w h e r e t h e m i n e r a l s c o n t a i n l a r g e o r a b u n d a n t i n c l u s i o n s ,

4 . w h e r e t h e m i n e r a l s show e x t e n s i v e s t r a i n o r i n c i p i e n t f i s s u r i n g ,

5 . a n d w h e r e g a r n e t s a r e h i g h in i r o n .

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P e t t i j o h n ( 1 9 ^ 1 ) r e v i e w e d t h e f r e q u e n c y o f a p p e a r a n c e

o f h e a v y m i n e r a l s in a r e n a c e o u s d e p o s i t s o f t h e d i f f e r e n t

g e o l o g i c a g e s a n d f o u n d t h a t t h e m i n e r a l s u i t e s became l e s s

co mpl ex w i t h i n c r e a s i n g a g e o f t h e d e p o s i t s . T h a t i s , e a s i l y

w e a t h e r a b l e m i n e r a l s d i s a p p e a r , l e a v i n g o n l y t h e more r e s i s ­

t a n t s p e c i e s . He p r o p o s e d an " o r d e r o f p e r s i s t e n c e " o f 25

hea vy m i n e r a l s f r om t h e s e o b s e r v a t i o n s . In g e n e r a l t h i s

s e q u e n c e was in harmony w i t h t h o s e p r o p o s e d by T h o u l e t ,

G o l d i c h a n d S m i t h s o n a l t h o u g h e a c h o n e was b a s e d on somewhat

d i f f e r e n t d a t a . P e t i i j o h n ' s r e l a t i v e o r d e r f r o m m o s t t o l e a s t

p e r s i s t e n t i s : a n a t a s e , m u s c o v i t e , r u t i l e , z i r c o n , m o n a z i t e ,

g a r n e t , b i o t i t e , a p a t i t e , i l l m e n i t e , m a g n e t i t e , s t a u r o l i t e ,

k y a n i t e , e p i d o t e , h o r n b l e n d e , a n d a l u s i t e , t o p a z , s p h e n e ,

z o i s i t e , a u g i t e , s i l l i m a n i t e , h y p e r s t h e n e , d i o p s i d e , a c t i n o l i t e

and o l i v i n e . He c o n s i d e r e d q u a r t z t o be more r e s i s t a n t t h a n

g a r n e t . The r e l a t i v e s t a b i l i t y o f m i n e r a l s was o b s e r v e d t o

f o l l o w a p p r o x i m a t e l y t h e r e v e r s e o r d e r o f t h e Bowen r e a c t i o n

s e r i e s , t h a t i s t h e f i r s t m i n e r a l s t o c r y s t a l l i z e f r om a magma

a r e t h e f i r s t m i n e r a l s t o w e a t h e r .

Cann a n d W h i t e s i d e ( 1 9 5 5 ) f o u n d t h a t o r t h o c l a s e f e l d s p a r s

we r e more r e s i s t a n t t h a n p l a g i o c l a s e f e l d s p a r s in t h e M a r l e t t e

s o i l .

Brown a n d J a c k s o n ( 1 9 5 8 ) a t t r i b u t e d t h e h i g h e r 9a r n e -p y r o x e n ean d g a r n e t r a t i o s i n A 2 - h o r i z o n s r e l a t i v e t o t h e r e s t o fh o r n b l e n d e

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t h e p r o f i l e s o f two H i a w a t h a s o i l s t o t h e c h e m i c a l w e a t h e r i n g

o f p y r o x e n e a n d h o r n b l e n d e . G a r n e t was c o n s i d e r e d t o be a

r e s i s t a n t s p e c i e s s i n c e t h e g a ^ e t r a t i o was a p p r o x i m a t e l y

t h e same t h r o u g h o u t t h e p r o f i l e .

In r e c e n t s t u d i e s o f M i c h i g a n s o i l s , Y a s s o g l o u a n d W h i t e s i d e

( I 9 6 0 ) showed a s l i g h t d e c r e a s e in f e l d s p a r s in t h e A 2 - h o r i z o n

o f b i s e q u a l s o i l s . H o r n b l e n d e , o l i v i n e a n d e p i d o t e w e a t h e r i n g

t o o k p l a c e in a l l h o r i z o n s a b o v e t h e B t , w i t h t h e i n t e n s i t y o f

w e a t h e r i n g i n c r e a s i n g w i t h p r o x i m i t y t o t h e s o i l s u r f a c e .

M a g n e t i t e , z i r c o n , g a r n e t a n d t o u r m a l i n e w e r e c o n s i d e r e d t o

be r e s i s t a n t . T h e s e c o n c l u s i o n s w e r e b a s e d on s t u d i e s o f f i n e

s a n d f r a c t i o n s o f t h e s o i l s .

G. P a r a m e t e r s f o r j u d g i n g t h e c h a r a c t e r o f a s e d i m e n t by i t s s i z e d i s t r i b u t i o n c u r v e

The s o r t i n g o f a m a t e r i a l , i s m e a s u r e d by t h e c o ­

e f f i c i e n t o f s o r t i n g w h i c h i s t h e s q u a r e r o o t o f t h e r a t i o o f

t h e t h i r d a n d f i r s t q u a r t i l e s , , Q^., w h i c h a r e o b t a i n e d f rom

t h e c u m u l a t i v e p a r t i c l e s i z e d i s t r i b u t i o n c u r v e . The q u a r t i l e s

a r e t h e p a r t i a l s i z e v a l u e s ( u s u a l l y in d i a m e t e r in mm)

a s s o c i a t e d w i t h t h e i n t e r s e c t i o n o f t h e 25 a n d 75 p e r c e n t v a l u e s

w i t h t h e c u m u l a t i v e c u r v e . A p e r f e c t l y s o r t e d s e d i m e n t h a s a

c o e f f i c i e n t o f 1 . 0 . The s k e w n e s s , o r s y mmet r y o f a s i z e

d i s t r i b u t i o n i s m e a s u r e d by Q1Q3 o r t h e p r o d u c t o f t h e f i r s tTMd72

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and t h i r d q u a r t i l e s d i v i d e d by t h e s q u a r e o f t h e m e d i a n o r

50 p e r c e n t i l e . U s i n g t h e l o g 10 p e r f e c t symmet r y h a s

a v a l u e o f z e r o a n d a l l o t h e r v a l u e s a r e e i t h e r p o s i t i v e o r

n e g a t i v e d e p e n d i n g on t h e d i r e c t i o n i n w h i c h t h e c u r v e i s

s k e we d . Wi t h p o s i t i v e s k e w n e s s , c o a r s e r a d m i x t u r e s e x c e e d

t h e f i n e , w h i l e w i t h n e g a t i v e s k e w n e s s , t h e c o n v e r s e i s t r u e .

K u r t o s i s i s m e a s u r e d by ^3 ~Q1 whe r e Pgo a n ^ P j o a r e2 ( p9 0 ” P 10>

p e r c e n t i l e s o r t h e s i z e s a s s o c i a t e d w i t h t h e s e p e r c e n t a g e

v a l u e s , r e s p e c t i v e l y . Wi t h K u r t o s i s t h e q u a n t i t y in t h e

maximum p l u s o r p e a k e d n e s s i s m e a s u r e d . ( Kr umbe i n a n d P e t t i j o h n

1938 a n d P e t t i j o h n 1957)

H. C r i t e r i a f o r j u d g i n g d e p o s l t i o n a l u n i f o r m i t y o f s e d i m e n t a r y m a t e r i a l s

M a r s h a l l ( 1 9 ^ 3 ) p r o p o s e d two c r i t e r i a f o r j u d g i n g d e -

p o s i t i o n a l u n i f o r m i t y o f s e d i m e n t a r y m a t e r i a l s :

( a ) T h r o u g h o u t t h e p r o f i l e t h e r e l a t i v e p r o p o r t i o n s

o f two o r more o f t h e h i g h l y r e s i s t a n t m i n e r a l s

s h o u l d be t h e s ame . M i n e r a l s c i t e d f o r u s e w e r e

z i r c o n , t o u r m a l i n e , g a r n e t , r u t i l e a n d a n a t a s e .

(b ) T h r o u g h o u t t h e p r o f i l e t h e p a r t i c l e s i z e d i s t r i ­

b u t i o n o f a g i v e n r e s i s t a n t m i n e r a l s h o u l d r e m a i n

t h e s ame .

B a r s h a d ( 1 9 5 5 ) a d d e d t o t h e l i s t o f r e s i s t a n t m i n e r a l s

q u a r t z , a l b i t e , m i c r o c l i n e o r a c o m b i n a t i o n o f s e v e r a l

r e s i s t a n t m i n e r a l s .

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B a r s h a d a l s o s u m m a r i z e d t h e v a r i e t y o f c r i t e r i a f o r

e s t a b l i s h i n g t h e u n i f o r m i t y o f s o i l p a r e n t m a t e r i a l s a n d f o c u s e d

t h e a t t e n t i o n on t h e f o l l o w i n g c r i t e r i a :

( 1 ) T o t a l m i n e r a l o g i c a l a n a l y s e s w i t h e m p h a s i s on t h e

h e a v y m i n e r a l s u i t e .

( 2 ) N a t u r e o f p a r t i c l e s i z e d i s t r i b u t i o n o f t h e

r e s i s t a n t m i n e r a l s , e i t h e r t h e h e a v y o r l i g h t

f r a c t i o n s o f t h e n o n - c l a y f r a c t i o n .

( 3 ) N a t u r e o f t h e r a t i o o f two r e s i s t a n t m i n e r a l s in

a f r a c t i o n o f t h e n o n - c l a y f r a c t i o n , p r e f e r a b l y

t h e f i n e s a n d o r c o a r s e s i l t .

( k ) P a r t i c l e s i z e d i s t r i b u t i o n o f t h e w h o l e n o n - c l a y

f r a c t i o n .

(5 ) N a t u r e o f c l a y d i s t r i b u t i o n w i t h d e p t h .

( 6 ) N a t u r e o f t h e c h a n g e i n c h e m i c a l c o m p o s i t i o n o f

t h e n o n - c l a y f r a c t i o n .

I . W e a t h e r i n g i n t e n s i t y o f s e d i m e n t a r y s o i l m a t e r i a l s

J a c k s o n e t a l . ( 1 9 ^ 8 ) h a v e made s e v e r a l f u n d a m e n t a l

g e n e r a l i z a t i o n s c o n c e r n i n g t h e w e a t h e r i n g o f t h e c l a y s i z e

f r a c t i o n s i n s o i l s a n d s e d i m e n t s . They p o s t u l a t e d a w e a t h e r i n g

s e q u e n c e m i g h t be p r e s e n t . The p o s i t i o n o f a n y m i n e r a l in t h e

s e q u e n c e i s c o n s i d e r e d t o b e d e t e r m i n e d by t h e o r i g i n a l p a r e n t

m a t e r i a l , i n t e n s i t y a n d c a p a c i t y f a c t o r s . They a l s o s e t f o r t h

t h e c o n c e p t t h a t d i f f e r e n t m i n e r a l s may be t h e p a r e n t m a t e r i a l

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in s u c c e s s i v e s t a g e s o f t h e w e a t h e r i n g s e q u e n c e a n d t h a t

w e a t h e r i n g r e a c t i o n s a r e r e v e r s i b l e in n a t u r e .

J a c k s o n e t a l . ( 1 9 5 2 ) a t t r i b u t e s t h e w e a t h e r i n g o f mi c a

and o t h e r s i m i l a r l a y e r s i l i c a t e s t o t h e f o l l o w i n g c h e m i c a l

r e a c t i o n s : d e p o t a s s i c a t i o n , h y d r o x y l a t i o n , d e a 1u m i n a t i o n ,

and d e s i 1 i c a t i o n .

Van Ho u t e n ( 1 9 5 3 ) in s t u d y i n g t h e c l a y f r a c t i o n f r om

s e d i m e n t a r y r o c k s and t h e i r d e r i v e d s o i l s w i t h a r e v i e w o f

p u b l i s h e d s t u d i e s w i t h i n t h e U . S . , c o n c l u d e d t h a t c l a y m i n e r a l s

o f s o i l s f o r me d on s e d i m e n t a r y r o c k s a r e commonly i n h e r i t e d

f rom t h e i r p a r e n t m a t e r i a l s . The i 1 1 i t e c l a y m i n e r a l g r o u p

i s a b u n d a n t in many k i n d s o f s e d i m e n t a r y b e d r o c k s , a n d t h a t

a l l u v i u m c a r r i e d t o d e p o s i t i o n a l b a s i n s c o n t a i n s c o n s i d e r a b l e

i l l i t e . The c o m p o s i t i o n o f t h e r e c e n t i 1 1 i t e r i c h a l l u v i u m

d e p o s i t e d in t h e s e a h a s n o t be e n s i g n i f i c a n t l y a l t e r e d by t h e

m a r i n e e n v i r o n m e n t . The k i n d o f i l l i t e common in s o i l s a n d

a l l u v i u m g e n e r a l l y h a s a l o we r 1 ^ 0 c o n t e n t a n d S j 0 2 r a t i oA 1 2 ^ 3

t h a n t h e i l l i t e i n many s e d i m e n t a r y r o c k s i n d i c a t i n g t h a t

i n h e r i t e d i l l i t e g e n e r a l l y h a s be e n a l t e r e d somewhat by s o i l

f o r m i n g p r o c e s s e s .

Brown ( 1 9 5 5 ) h a s shown t h a t t h e o r e t i c a l e f f e c t o f r e p l a c i n g

i n t e r l a y e r p o t a s s i u m w i t h h y d r o x o n i u m ion (H3 0 + ) in m i c a s i s

t o i n c r e a s e t h e a b s o l u t e i n t e n s i t y o f t h e 001 r e f l e c t i o n . The

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002 r e f l e c t i o n i s i n c r e a s e d t o a l e s s e r e x t e n t . T h u s , r emova l

o r r e p l a c e m e n t , o r b o t h , o f i n t e r l a y e r p o t a s s i u m by a n i on

h a v i n g a s m a l l e r s c a t t e r i n g f a c t o r w i l l i n c r e a s e t h e i n t e n s i t y

r a t i o o f gg^. .

J o h n s o n a n d J e f f e r i e s ( 1 9 5 7 ) f o u n d t h e e x t e n t o f w e a k e n i n g

o f i l l i t e t o b e mo r e p r o n o u n c e d in t h e w e l l d r a i n e d members o f

t h e w e l l d e v e l o p e d s o i l s f r o m d e e p g l a c i a l t i l l . They c o n c l u d e d

t h a t p o o r d r a i n a g e i n h i b i t e d t h e f o r m a t i o n o f v e r m i c u l i t e in

t h e l o w e r h o r i z o n s .

W h i t e e t a l . ( I 9 6 0 ) showed t h a t t h e d o m i n a n t c l a y m i n e r a l

componen t o f p a r e n t m a t e r i a l s i n t h e g l a c i a l t i l l s a n d f i n e

t e x t u r e d s e d i m e n t a r y r o c k s o f t h e Mi d w e s t i s i l l i t e . Thus

w e a t h e r i n g r e a c t i o n s a r e r e s t r i c t e d p r i m a r i l y t o a l t e r a t i o n

o f t h e m i c a c e o u s m i n e r a l s t o p r o d u c e p a r t i a l l y o r c o m p l e t e l y

e x p a n d i n g p r o d u c t s wh o s e c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s r e s e m b l e t h o s e o f

v e r m i c u l i t e a n d m o n t m o r i 1 I o n i t e . The i n f l u e n c e o f t o p o g r a p h y

and d r a i n a g e i s r e f l e c t e d in t h e p r o p o r t i o n a n d d i s t r i b u t i o n

o f t h e v e r m i c u l i t e a n d m o n t m o r i 1 I o n i t e r e s u l t i n g f r o m t h e

w e a t h e r i n g o f t h e m i c a c e o u s m i n e r a l s . S o i l s o f good i n t e r n a l

d r a i n a g e h a v e h i g h e r p r o p o r t i o n o f v e r m i c u l i t e t o m o n t m o r i 1 I o ­

n i t e i n t h e u p p e r h o r i z o n s t h a n s o i l s o f p o o r i n t e r n a l

d r a i n a g e .

F r a n z m e i e r ( 1 9 6 3 ) f o u n d c o u n t s o f t h e l i g h t m i n e r a l

f r a c t i o n i n d i c a t e d no k - f e l d s p a r s w e a t h e r i n g . P l a g i o c l a s e

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f e l d s p a r e e x h i b i t e d s m a l l p r o p o r t i o n s in a l l o t h e r h o r i z o n s

b u t a b s e n c e in t h e A2 . C h l o r i t e s a n d t h e l i g h t a l t e r e d g r a i n s

showed t h e mo s t e v i d e n c e o f w e a t h e r i n g and t h e y w e r e p r o b a b l y

a l t e r e d i n p r e v i o u s w e a t h e r i n g c y c l e s and p e d o g e n e s i s a c t e d

o n l y in r e mo v i n g t h e h i g h l y a l t e r e d m a t e r i a l s . In t h e h e a v y

m i n e r a l f r a c t i o n n o t i c e a b l e w e a t h e r i n g was o b s e r v e d in t h e

a u g i t e , h o r n b l e n d e , a n d h y p e r s t h e n e o f t h e A 2 - h o r i z o n s o f a l l

t h e c h r o n o s e q u e n c e s o i l s . The p a t t e r n o f t h e c l a y m i n e r a l

d i s t r i b u t i o n in t h e p r o f i l e s s u p p o r t e d t h e e a r l y e s t a b l i s h e d

w e a t h e r i n g s e q u e n c e f r om i l l i t e a n d c h l o r i t e , p o s s i b l y t h r o u g h

i n t e r g r a d i e n t v e r m i c u l i t e t o m o n t m o r i 11 o n i t e .

The r e c e n t r a p i d r e t r e a t o f t h e F r a n z J o s e f G l a c i e r in

S o u t h W e s t l a n d , New Z e a l a n d , has p r o d u c e d e x t e n s i v e t r a c t s o f

m o r a i n i c d e b r i s , s u b s e q u e n t l y f a s h i o n e d i n t o a s e r i e s o f

t e r r a c e s o f v a r y i n g a g e s by t h e m e a n d e r i n g Waiho R i v e r (Sye r s

1967. ) A s e r i e s o f v e r y youthful s o i l s ha s d e v e l o p e d on t h e

p a r e n t m a t e r i a l s c o n c o m i t a n t l y w i t h t h e s u c c e s s i v e c o l o n i z a t i o n

s t a g e s o f p l a n t s . The m a j o r f e a t u r e o f s o i l d e v e l o p m e n t i s t h e

p r o g r e s s i v e a c c u m u l a t i o n o f o r g a n i c m a t t e r in t h e u p p e r few

c e n t i m e t e r s o f m i n e r a l m a t t e r a n d on t h e s u r f a c e a s a de e p

f i b r o u s , g r e a s y brown mor i n t e r l a c e d w i t h a c t i v e l y r a m i f y i n g

r o o t s .

In t h i s j u v e n i l e s t a g e o f s o i l d e v e l o p m e n t t h e g r a d u a l

a c c u m u l a t i o n o f o r g a n i c m a t t e r g o v e r n s c h a n g e s in many s o i l

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p r o p e r t i e s . T h e r e f o r e , t h e t o t a l o r g a n i c m a t t e r a n d t h e

p r o p e r t i e s o f i t s c o n s t i t u e n t s a r e o f p a r a m o u n t i m p o r t a n c e , b u t

t h e a c c u m u l a t i o n , l o s s e s a n d r e d i s t r i b u t i o n o f C, N, P ( t o t a l ,

i n o r g a n i c , o r g a n i c ) , a n d c h a n g e s in r e a c t i o n in t h e s e q u e n c e

o f e c o s y s t e m s h a v e be e n s t u d i e d . S o i l d i f f e r e n c e s a r e t h u s

due t o t h e l a p s e o f d i f f e r e n t i n c r e m e n t s o f t i m e s i n c e t e r r a c e s

w e r e f o r m e d a n d p l a n t s u c c e s s i o n i n i t i a t e d .

S y e r s a l s o i n d i c a t e d t h a t d i s t r i b u t i o n o f i n o r g a n i c P

b e t we e n d i f f e r e n t f r a c t i o n s c o u l d be u s e d a s an i n d e x o f

w e a t h e r i n g . In t h e e a r l y s t a g e s o f d e v e l o p m e n t i t a p p e a r e d

l i k e l y t h a t t h e r a t e o f d i s s o l u t i o n o f C a - P , i . e . a p a t i t e ,

e x c e e d s t h e r a t e a t w h i c h t h e s u r f a c e i n o r g a n i c - P i s c o n v e r t e d

i n t o o c c l u d e d P w i t h t h e r e s u l t t h a t t h e s u r f a c e i n o r g a n i c - P

f r a c t i o n i n c r e a s e s i n m a g n i t u d e . Wi t h i n c r e a s i n g d e g r e e o f

s o i l d e v e l o p m e n t , s u r f a c e o r g a n i c - P i s c o n v e r t e d i n t o o c c l u d e d - P

p o s s i b l y by i n c o r p o r a t i o n o f P i n t o t h e m a t r i c e s o f d e v e l o p i n g

g r a i n c o a t i n g s a n d c o n c r e t i o n s .

R e s u l t s o f t h i s s t u d y a l s o i n d i c a t e t h a t g l e y i n g m i g h t

mo d i f y t h i s p a t t e r n . Thus t h e a mo u n t a n d n a t u r e o f s o i l ,

c o mp o n e n t s c a p a b l e o f s o r b i n g a n d o c c l u d i n g "P" a r e o f c o n s i d e r ­

a b l e i m p o r t a n c e in d e t e r m i n i n g t h e d i s t r i b u t i o n o f t h e f o r m s

o f i n o r g a n i c - P i n s o i l s .

F r a n z m e i e r a n d W h i t e s i d e ( 1 9 6 3 ) in s t u d y i n g a S p o d o s o l

c h r o n o s e q u e n c e in n o r t h e r n M i c h i g a n r e p o r t e d t h e i n t e n s i t y o f

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p e d o g e n e s i s in t h e b e a c h s a n d s o f t h e f o u r s u r f a c e s f o r me d by

t h e r e t r e a t o f t h e l a s t g l a c i e r ( V a l d e r s ) and t h e f l u c t u a t i o n

o f t h e g l a c i a l G r e a t Lakes d u r i n g t h e c r u s t a l u p l i f t in

n o r t h e r n M i c h i g a n a s i n f l u e n c e d by t i m e f a c t o r s r a n g i n g f rom

2 , 2 5 0 y e a r s o f Algoma a g e t o 1 0 , 0 0 0 y e a r s o f t h e V a l d e r s m o r a i n e .

The f o u r s u r f a c e s a s r e c o g n i z e d by t h e g e o l o g i s t s a r e Algoma,

N i p i s s i n g , A l g o n q u i n , and V a l d e r s .

T h e i r p o s t u l a t i o n f o r t h e c h r o n o l o g y o f t h e m o r p h o l o g i c

v a r i a t i o n in t h e s o i l s o f t h e d i f f e r e n t s u r f a c e s w e n t a s

f o l l o w s : A f t e r o r g a n i c m a t t e r be ga n t o a c c u m u l a t e on t h e

s u r f a c e , c a r b o n a t e s w e r e l e a c h e d f r om t h e e n t i r e s o l u m . As

h y d r o g e n i o n s d i f f e r e n t i a l l y r e p l a c e d c a l c i u m i o n s in t h e A

a n d B h o r i z o n , t h e c r e a t e d pH g r a d i e n t c o n d i t i o n p e r m i t t e d

t h e p h o s p h a t e t r a n s l o c a t i o n f r o m t h e A-2 t o t h e B-h w h e r e i t

was i m m o b i l i z e d f i r s t a s a l u mi n u m p h o s p h a t e . Humus s e g r e g a t i o n

in t h e s u b s o i l h o r i z o n s was c o u p l e d w i t h t h e b e g i n n i n g o f

s i g n i f i c a n t c l a y a c c u m u l a t i o n . C a p i l l a r y p o r o s i t y a n d r e a d i l y

a v a i l a b l e w a t e r h o l d i n g c a p a c i t y i n c r e a s e d w i t h r e l a t i v e a g e

due t o t h e i n c r e a s e o f c o l l o i d a l m a t e r i a l f r om p e d o g e n e s i s .

D e t a i l e d m i n e r a l o g l c a l a n d c h e m i c a l s t u d i e s made by

Hens e l and W h i t e ( 1 9 6 1 ) on t h e 2 - - 0 . 2 f r a c t i o n s o f 0 - - 6 i n c h e s

and 3 0 - 3 6 i n c h e s l a y e r s i n d i c a t e d t h a t t h e maximum t i m e o f

w e a t h e r i n g f o r s o i l s o f t h e T a z e w e l l s u b s t a n g e in I n d i a n a may

be a b o u t 6 ^ 0 0 y e a r s l o n g e r t h a n t h a t a v a i l a b l e f o r w e a t h e r i n g

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o f s o i l o f t h e Ca r y s u b s t a g e . The e n d a n d t e r m i n a l m o r a i n e s

o f t h e T a z w e l 1 s u b s t a g e w e r e f o u n d t o h a v e a h i g h e r i l l i t e

c o n t e n t t h a n t h e g r o u n d m o r a i n e s d u e t o t h e s u p e r g l a c i a l

movement a n d e n r i c h m e n t by f o r e i g n m a t e r i a l s , i . e . m i c a s c h i s t s

f rom t h e C a n a d i a n s h i e l d , on e n d a n d t e r m i n a l m o r a i n e s . They

a l s o i n d i c a t e d t h a t t h e r a t e o f w e a t h e r i n g o f K2 O f r o m t h e

2 - - 0 . 2 f r a c t i o n o f t h e 0 - - 6 i n c h s a m p l e s l o c a t e d on g r o u n d

m o r a i n e s was e s t i m a t e d t o be a b o u t 0 . 1 p e r c e n t p e r 1 0 0 0 y e a r s .

T h i s K2 O c o n t e n t d e c r e a s e d f r o m 2 . 9 t o 2 . 2 p e r c e n t in g o i n g

f rom Ca r y t o t h e s o u t h e r n b o r d e r o f t h e T a z w e l 1 s u b s t a g e o f

ground m o r a i n e s a n d s howed l e s s f l u c t u a t i o n t h a n t h a t o f t h e

3 0 - - 3 6 i n c h s a m p l e s .

J . S o i l t a xonomy

M i c h i g a n a s a l o c a l i t y i s s i t u a t e d i n n o r t h c e n t r a l U n i t e d

S t a t e s a m i d s t t h e w e l l known Uppe r G r e a t L a k e s . T h i s r e g i o n

i s a l s o i n c l u d e d in t h e humi d t e m p e r a t e c l i m a t i c r e g i o n t h a t

i s d i v i d e d among d e c i d u o u s , e v e r g r e e n , a n d m i x e d v e g e t a t i o n

z o n e s . T h i s c l i m a t e a n d t h e s e v e g e t a t i o n s a r e a s s o c i a t e d w i t h

v a r i o u s p a r e n t m a t e r i a l s , d i f f e r e n t t o p o g r a p h i e s a n d u n e q u a l

i n t e n s i t i e s o f s o i l d e v e l o p m e n t p r o c e s s e s . T h e s e g a v e r i s e t o

w e l l d e f i n e d e c o s y s t e m s t h a t c o n t a i n e d e i t h e r o n e o r a r a n g e

o f a s s o c i a t e d s o i l s (Murphy 1968 a n d W h i t e s i d e e t a l . 1 9 5 3 ) .

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Wi t h c o n t i n u e d r emova l o f b a s e s , t h e f i n e r i l l u v i a l

B - h o r i z o n moves p r o g r e s s i v e l y d e e p e r , b i o l o g i c a l a c t i v i t y

d e c r e a s e s a n d a f a i n t " B l e i c h e r d e " l a y e r f o r ms b e l o w t h e l e a f

ma t in w h a t f o r m e r l y was t h e A - h o r i z o n . I m m e d i a t e l y b e n e a t h

t h i s a n d a l s o in t h e f o r m e r A - h o r i z o n , a z o n e o f s e s q u i o x i d e

a c c u m u l a t i o n d e v e l o p s c o m p a r a b l e t o t h a t in w e l l d e v e l o p e d

p o d z o l s . T h i s i s c o n s i d e r e d a s Brown P o d z o l i c ( V e a t c h 1953,

V e a t c h e t a l . 1934, T a v e r n i e r , 1 9 5 4 ) .

S o i l c l a s s i f i c a t i o n a s an a r t , s c i e n c e a n d a p r o f e s s i o n

i s a man-made i m p e r f e c t s y s t e m o f g r o u p i n g s o i l s i n t o t a x o n o m i c

c a t e g o r i e s o f g e n e t i c a n d / o r management s i g n i f i c a n c e t h a t

v a r i e s w i t h t h e p u r p o s e o f t h e c l a s s i f i c a t i o n . The p e d o n s u n d e r

s t u d y w e r e p l a c e d in two s o i l c l a s s i f i c a t i o n s y s t e m s . They

a r e t h e m o r p h o g e n e t i c 1949 o r c l a s s i c a l s y s t e m a n d t h e 1 9 6 5

Amer i c an C o m p r e h e n s i v e S y s t e m t h a t i s b a s e d on m o r p h o l o g y ,

g e n e s i s a n d a c t u a l b e h a v i o r a n d ma nagement o f s o i l s . In t h e

1938 c l a s s i f i c a t i o n t h e s e p e d o n s a r e c l a s s i f i e d a s Gra y Brown

P o d z o l i c s o i l s a n d P o d z o l s , w h i l e in t h e 1965 c l a s s i f i c a t i o n

t h e y a r e c o n s i d e r e d a s A l f i s o l s and S p o d o s o l s , r e s p e c t i v e l y

a t t h e g r e a t g r o u p t a x o n o m i c l e v e l . ( S o i l S u r v e y S t a f f 1938, 1 9 6 5 ) .

The 7 t h A p p r o x i m a t i o n , C o m p r e h e n s i v e C l a s s i f i c a t i o n S y s t e m

was c r e a t e d a f t e r a l m o s t t h i r t y y e a r s o f u s i n g t h e 1 9 3 8

c l a s s i f i c a t i o n s y s t e m a n d i t s m o d i f i c a t i o n in 1 9 4 9 .

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When i t r e p l a c e d t h e 1938 s y s t e m i t r e t a i n e d m o s t o f t h e t h e n

r e c o g n i z e d s o i l s e r i e s b u t r e p l a c e d t h e h i g h e r c a t e g o r i e s a n d

d e l e t e d t h e l o w e r c a t e g o r i e s f r o m t h e s y s t e m . In o t h e r w o r d s ,

t h e 7 t h a p p r o x i m a t i o n i s f o l l o w i n g a r e f o r m i n g a p p r o a c h r a t h e r

t h a n t o t a l r e v o l u t i o n s i n c e i t r e t a i n e d t h e s e r i e s ( a n d t h e

t y p e ) l e v e l . A c t u a l l y , t h e t y p e a n d p h a s e o f t y p e l e v e l s

r e ma i n in u s e a s a c o m b i n e d l o w e r c a t e g o r y t h a t i d e n t i f i e s

t h e p r e d o m i n a n t s o i l s in t h e common m a p p i n g u n i t s i n medium

and h i g h i n t e n s i t y s o i l s u r v e y s in t h e U n i t e d S t a t e s ( S o i l

S u r v e y S t a f f I 9 6 0 ) .

The r e c o g n i z e d s o i l s g e n e r a l l y do n o t o c c u r u n i f o r m l y in

l a r g e b o d i e s b u t r a t h e r a s s m a l l b o d i e s a n d a s s o c i a t i o n s made

up o f a number o f s o i l s e r i e s , s o i l t y p e s a n d p h a s e s o f s o i l

t y p e s w h i c h d i f f e r c h e m i c a l l y a n d p h y s i c a l l y in v a r y i n g d e g r e e s .

T h e s e g l a c i a l s o i l m a p p i n g u n i t s a r e g e n e r a l l y c u r v i l i n e a r

i n s u r f a c e c o n f i g u r a t i o n r a t h e r t h a n s t r a i g h t - 1 i n e d o r a n g u l a r ,

a nd t h e i r m u l t i t u d e o f v a r i a n t s h a v e n e v e r be e n c l e a r l y d e f i n e d

by g e o m o t p h o l o g i s t s o r s o i l s c i e n t i s t s .

A l l M i c h i g a n s o i l s a r e g e o l o g i c a l l y r e l a t i v e l y y o u n g ,

a l t h o u g h some o f t h e g l a c i a l m a t e r i a l i n s o u t h e r n M i c h i g a n may

h a v e b e e n d e p o s i t e d o v e r 3 0 , 0 0 0 y e a r s a g o . M a j o r l o c a l s o i l

d i f f e r e n c e s in M i c h i g a n s o i l s a r e a s s o c i a t e d w i t h v a r i a t i o n s in

t h e t e x t u r e o f t h e i r p a r e n t m a t e r i a l s a n d t h e n a t u r a l d r a i n a g e .

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O r g a n i c s o i l s h a v e d e v e l o p e d in t h e swamps o r m a r s h e s . T h e i r

p r o p e r t i e s a r e l a r g e l y d e p e n d e n t on t h e k i n d s o f p l a n t s f r om

whi ch t h e y a r e f o r me d and t h e d e g r e e o f t h e i r d e c o m p o s i t i o n .

They u s u a l l y o c c u p y t h e l o w e s t l e v e l s in t h e l a n d s c a p e ,

a l t h o u g h s m a l l a r e a s o c c u r on w e s t s e e p a g e s l o p e s .

W h i t e s i d e , S c h n e i d e r a n d E n g b e r g ( 1959) c l a s s i f i e d M i c h i g a n s o i l s

i n t o t e n g r e a t g r o u p s o f m i n e r a l s o i l s . T h e s e g r e a t s o i l

g r o u p s a r e shown in t h e f i g u r e b e l o w .

S o i 1 O r d e r

I n t r a z o n a lZonalA z o n a 1

Humi c Gl e y a n d Low

F o r e s t W a t e r Humic Po d z o l Gl ey

Podzo l Gra\Brown izem

P o d z o l i c t r a n ­s i t i on

y Br un - B r u n i - Brown Ground i i zem zemA1 l u v i a l Li t h o s o l s

R e g o s o l s

F i g u r e 5 . S c h e m a t i c d i a g r a m o f 19^9 c l a s s i f i c a t i o n g r e a t s o i l g roups r e p r e s e n t e d in M i c h i g a n .

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The i n t e r a c t i o n among t h e v a r i o u s s o i l f o r m i n g f a c t o r s in

n o r t h e a s t C l i n t o n C o u n t y r e s u l t e d in t h e A l f i s o l s , M o l l i s o l s

a nd S p o d s o l s . o f t h e A m e r i c a n C o m p r e h e n s i v e S y s t e m ( 1 9 6 5 ) .

V e a t c h ( 1 9 5 3 ) c o n s i d e r e d a l l C l i n t o n C o u n t y w i t h i n t h e

Gray Brown P o d z o l i c r e g i o n . Bo t h T h o r p a n d S m i t h ( 1 9 ^ 9 ) » a n d

T a v e r n i e r a n d S m i t h ( 1 9 5 7 ) i n d i c a t e d t h a t t h e Gr a y Brown

P o d z o l i c s o i l s a r e f o u n d in somewha t wa r me r c l i m a t e s t h a n t h e

P o d z o l s o r a r e r e s t r i c t e d t o y o u n g e r c a l c a r e o u s p a r e n t m a t e r i a l s .

The i l l u v i a l h o r i z o n c h a r a c t e r i s t i c o f t h e s e s o i l s shows an

a c c u m u l a t i o n o f s i l i c a t e c l a y s . T h i s c o n c e n t r a t i o n o f c l a y s

i s p r o b a b l y due t o t h e i r f l o c c u l a t i o n by t h e b i v a l e n t c a t i o n s

in t h e p a r e n t m a t e r i a l s . Wi t h t h e c o n t i n u e d l e a c h i n g i t i s

f o u n d t h a t t h e B - h o r i z o n i s d e s t r o y e d a n d a Brown P o d z o l i c

o r Po d zo l t e n d s t o d e v e l o p in t h e A2 o f t h e Gr a y Brown P o d z o l i c

s o i 1 .

B u t , m o s t o f t h e m i n e r a l s o i l s in t h e s t u d y a r e a f a l l

w i t h i n t h e A l f i s o l s when w e l l t o s omewha t p o o r l y d r a i n e d a n d

M o l l i s o l s when p o o r l y t o v e r y p o o r l y d r a i n e d . i n t h i s a r e a

A l f i s o l i s t h e e q u i v a l e n t f o r G r a y Brown P o d z o l i c w h i l e

M o l l i s o l s a r e t h e e q u i v a l e n t f o r Humic G l e y s , S p o d o s o l s a r e

t h e e q u i v a l e n t s f o r P o d s o l s .

The name Gr a y Brown P o d z o l i c was p r o p o s e d f o r a g r o u p o f

z o n a l s o i l s i n a humi d c o o l t e m p e r a t e c l i m a t e h a v i n g a b l o c k y

i l l u v i a l B - h o r i z o n o f c l a y a c c u m u l a t i o n . T h i s d e f i n i t i o n was

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a d e q u a t e t o d i s t i n g u i s h t h e s e s o i l s f r om t h o s e g r o u p s l a t e r

c a l l e d Gra y Wooded a n d Sol Brun A c i d e . D i s t i n c t i o n b e t w e e n

t h e Gray Brown P o d z o l i c a n d t h e N o n c a l c i c Brown s o i l s had

n o t been c l e a r e x c e p t in t e r m s o f c l i m a t e ( C l i n e , 19*+9).

C l i n e a l s o p o i n t e d o u t t h a t Brown F o r e s t s o i l s o f New

York i n d i c a t e d t h a t when t h e r emova l o f b a s e s c o n t i n u e s beyond

t h e Brown F o r e s t b a s e l e v e l a n d t h e b i o l o g i c a l a c t i v i t i e s

d e c r e a s e s ome wha t , t h e s t r u c t u r a l a g g r e g a t e s in t h e B - h o r i z o n

become c o a t e d w i t h t h i c k l a y e r s o f o r i e n t e d c l a y s i n d i c a t i n g

t r a n s l o c a t i o n a n d a c c u m u l a t i o n o f c l a y a n d t h u s become Gray

Brown P o d z o l i c s o i l s t h a t a r e c h a r a c t e r i s t i c o f t h e c o o l humid

t e m p e r a t e c l i m a t e .

A modal a n d a number o f i n t e r g r a d e t y p e s o f Gray Brown

P o d z o l i c s o i l s h a v e be e n r e c o g n i z e d and d e f i n e d on t h e b a s i s

o f t h e pe don c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s . The t y p e s o f Gr a y Brown P o d z o l i c

s o i l s may v a r y g r e a t l y in t h e i r pedon c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s d e p e n d i n g

on t h e p a r e n t m a t e r i a l s a n d n a t u r a l d r a i n a g e c o n d i t i o n s .

V e a t c h ( 1 9 5 3 , 193*0 s e p a r a t e d t h e Podzo l r e g i o n o f n o r t h e r n

Mi c h i g a n f r o m t h e Gray Brown P o d z o l i c r e g i o n o f s o u t h e r n

Mi c h i g a n by a l i n e w h i c h f o l l o w s a p p r o x i m a t e l y t h e s o u t h e r n

l i m i t o f t h e n a t i v e w h i t e p i n e in t h e n a t i v e ha r dwood ( s u g a r

map l e and b e e c h ) p i n e v e g e t a t i o n .

The Fox, Bo ye r , and S p i n k s s o i l s in t h i s s t u d y a r e

r e c o g n i z e d a s r e p r e s e n t a t i v e s o f Gray Brown P o d z o l i c g r e a t

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s o i l g r o u p s . The members o f t h e Gr a y Brown P o d z o l i c g r o u p

a r e c h a r a c t e r i z e d b y : ( C l i n e 19^9 , T a v e r n i e r a n d S m i t h , 1957)

( 1 ) A m u l l - l i k e A1 h o r i z o n

( 2) An A2 h o r i z o n t h a t may v a r y c o n s i d e r a b l y i n d e g r e e

o f d e v e l o p m e n t . I t may b e y e l l o w i s h brown t o

brown g r a y o r g r a y . I t d i f f e r s f r o m A2 o f p o d z o l s

in t h a t i t s b o u n d a r i e s a r e l e s s a b r u p t a n d i t i s

commonly l e s s b l e a c h e d .

( 3 ) A d e f i n i t e brown o r b r o w n i s h B2 h o r i z o n w h i c h i s

a p p r e c i a b l y f i n e r in t e x t u r e t h a n a n y o f t h e o t h e r

h o r i z o n s in t h e p e d o n .

( k ) A B1 h o r i z o n w h i c h i s o f t e n d i s c o n t i n u o u s , t h a t i s

t h e t r a n s i t i o n f r o m A2 t o B2 h o r i z o n s . The

t r a n s i t i o n f r o m B2 t o t h e c a l c a r e o u s p a r e n t m a t e r i a l s

i s g e n e r a l l y d i s t i n c t a n d q u i t e s h a r p .

A1 h o r i z o n s a r e m o d e r a t e l y s a t u r a t e d w i t h b a s e s (35% t o

85%) w h i l e t h e l o w e r B2 h o r i z o n i s a l m o s t c o m p l e t e l y s a t u r a t e d .

T h e r e i s a v e r y m a r k e d a c c u m u l a t i o n o f s e s q u i o x i d e s in

t h e B - h o r i z o n b u t o n l y a v e r y s l i g h t o r no a c c u m u l a t i o n o f

o r g a n i c m a t t e r .

G a r d e n e r a n d W h i t e s i d e ( 1 9 5 2 ) s t u d i e d a 1 i t h o s e q u e n c e f r o m

an a r e a in c e n t r a l M i c h i g a n l y i n g a l o n g t h e P o d z o l Gr a y Brown

P o d z o l i c t r a n s i t i o n r e g i o n . R e g a r d l e s s o f t h e l i t h o l o g y ,

t h e s e s o i l s h a v e a common s e q u e n c e o f h o r i z o n s . W h i l e s u r f a c e

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h o r i z o n s a r e c l e a r l y t h o s e o f a P o d z o l ; t h e y a r e u n d e r l a i n by

A2 a n d B2 h o r i z o n s c h a r a c t e r i s t i c o f G ra y Brown P o d z o l i c

s o i l s . In s a n d i e r t y p e s t h e u p p e r h o r i z o n s o f t h e P o d z o l

a r e much m o re s t r o n g l y d e v e l o p e d t h a n a r e t h e G ra y Brown

P o d z o l i c s s e q u u m , w h i l e in t h e f i n e r t e x t u r e s t h e r e v e r s e

i s t r u e . T h e s e t r a n s i t i o n a l s o i l s a r e n e i t h e r t r u e P o d z o l s

n o r t r u e G ra y Brown P o d z o l i c s b u t a l l e x h i b i t t h e c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s

o f b o t h g r o u p s . The a f f i n i t y for o n e o r t h e o t h e r i s r e l a t e d t o

t h e t e x t u r e o f t h e p a r e n t m a t e r i a l s .

Cann a n d W h i t e s i d e ( 1 9 5 5 ) a p p l i e d a m o d i f i e d M a r s h a l l a n d

Haseman t e c h n i q u e t o s t u d y a P o d z o l - G r a y Brown P o d z o l i c I n t e r ­

g r a d e s o i l in M i c h i g a n , in a n a t t e m p t t o d e t e r m i n e i t s g e n e s i s

and mode o f o r i g i n . They u s e d q u a r t z o f t h e r e s i s t a n t c o a r s e r

s o i l f r a c t i o n i n s t e a d o f z i r c o n . They f o u n d t h a t t h e tw o s e t s

o f i l l u v i a l p r o c e s s e s a r e o c c u r r i n g in t h e p r o f i l e s : o r g a n i c

m a t t e r movement i n t o t h e B - h i r a n d c l a y i n t o t h e Bt h o r i z o n s .

T h e s e f i n d i n g s s u p p o r t t h e s u g g e s t i o n o f G a r d e n e r a n d W h i t e s i d e

( 1 9 5 2 ) t h a t s i m u l t a n e o u s l y p r o c e s s e s i n v o l v i n g t h e movement

o f d i f f e r e n t c o n s t i t u e n t s a n d t h e i r d e p o s i t i o n in d i f f e r e n t

p a r t s o f t h e s o l u m o c c u r in t h i s I n t e r g r a d e .

K. Land u s e

Most o f t h e l a n d in t h e a r e a o f s t u d y i s in u s e f o r

p r o d u c t i o n o f e i t h e r c u l t i v a t e d c r o p s o r f o r a g e s u s e d in

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75

d a i r y i n g . The m i n o r l i v e s t o c k e n t e r p r i s e s a r e h o g s , p o u l t r y

an d s h e e p . Wheat i s a m a j o r c a s h c r o p w i t h w h i t e f i e l d b e a n s

and s u g a r b e e t s on f a r m s w h e r e c o n d i t i o n s a r e f a v o r a b l e . Farms

a r e g e n e r a l l y o f good q u a l i t y . T h i s i s r e f l e c t e d in t h e q u a l i t y

o f t h e f a r m b u i l d i n g s ( V e a t c h , 1 9 5 3 ) .

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3 . MATERIALS AND METHODS

N o r t h e a s t C l i n t o n C o u n t y was e n t i r e l y c o v e r e d by a

medium i n t e n s i t y s o i l s u r v e y d u r i n g t h e s u r v e y s e a s o n o f

1967 a n d 1968 . Ma pping was a c c o m p l i s h e d by d i f f e r e n t s o i l

s u r v e y o r s e q u i p p e d w i t h a s t a n d a r d i z e d m a p p i n g l e g e n d , a e r i a l

p h o t o b a s e m a p s , a n d s o i l d e s c r i p t i o n s p r e p a r e d in t h e a r e a .

The d e s c r i p t i o n s o f m a p p i n g u n i t s w e r e r e v i s e d a n d u p d a t e d a s

f r e q u e n t l y a s i m p o r t a n t new o b s e r v a t i o n s f r o m t h e f i e l d o r t h e

l a b o r a t o r y w e r e r e p o r t e d . B e f o r e i n i t i a t i o n o f t h e s o i l s u r v e y ,

l i t e r a t u r e on s u r f a c e g e o l o g y o f t h e a r e a was a l s o r e v i e w e d .

An e a r l i e r C l i n t o n C o u n t y s o i l s u r v e y was p r e p a r e d on

t o p o g r a p h y b a s e maps in 1 9 3 6 . I t was r e v i e w e d d u r i n g t h i s

s t u d y an d t h e s o i l s an d t h e i r d i s t r i b u t i o n in n o r t h e a s t C l i n t o n

C o u n t y w e r e r e l a t e d t o t h e i r e q u i v a l e n t m a p p i n g u n i t s in t h e

c u r r e n t s o i l s u r v e y . L a n d s c a p e i n t e r p r e t a t i o n s w e r e a i d e d by

t h e 19^2 C l i n t o n C o u n t y s o i l s u r v e y r e p o r t a n d r e p o r t s o f

M i d - M i c h i g a n s u r f a c e g e o l o g y t h a t w e r e o b t a i n e d f r o m l i t e r a t u r e

r e v i e w e d a b o v e .

A. F i e l d o b s e r v a t i o n s

The s o i l s u r v e y c o n s i s t e d o f e x a m i n a t i o n , c l a s s i f i c a t i o n

an d m a p p i n g o f t h e s o i l s in t h e f i e l d a s r e c o g n i z e d m a p p i n g

u n i t s . Ma ppi ng u n i t s w e r e g e n e r a l l y named a s p h a s e s o f t y p e s

76

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77

o f s o i l s e r i e s . The s o i l s w e r e c l a s s i f i e d a c c o r d i n g t o t h e i r

i n t e r n a l c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s a n d a n y a d d i t i o n a l a s s o c i a t e d f e a t u r e s

i n f l u e n c i n g t h e i r s u i t a b i l i t y f o r v a r i o u s p o s s i b l e l a n d u s e s .

E x a m i n a t i o n o f t h e s o i l p e d o n s t o d e p t h s o f kO t o 6 6

i n c h e s i s c o n s i d e r e d a d e q u a t e f o r s o i l c l a s s i f i c a t i o n p u r p o s e s

a nd s o i l m a nag em ent i n v e s t i g a t i o n s in t h i s humid c o o l t e m p e r a t e

a r e a . Mapping d e l i n e a t i o n s w e r e made on a e r i a l p h o t o g r a p h s

a s b a s e m a p s . The d e l i n e a t i o n s a r e b a s e d on s i g n i f i c a n t

d i f f e r e n c e s in t h e l a n d s c a p e p l u s t h e pedon c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s .

T e s t h o l e s w e r e b o r e d a b o u t e v e r y f i v e a c r e s t o d e f i n e t h e

b o u n d a r i e s a n d f i x t h e i r p o s i t i o n s on b o t h t h e l a n d s c a p e a n d

t h e ma ps . P e r i o d i c ped on d e s c r i p t i o n s w e r e p r e p a r e d a n d m a p p in g

u n i t i n c l u s i o n s w e r e e s t i m a t e d w i t h t h e a u g e r b o r i n g s . Four

t e r r a c e s a l o n g t h e M ap le R i v e r w e r e r e c o g n i z e d a n d e v a l u a t e d

f rom c h a n g e s in c o n t o u r l i n e s , o l d s o i l s u r v e y r e p o r t m a p p in g

u n i t s , t h e c u r r e n t s u r v e y m a p p in g u n i t s , a n d s t e r e o s c o p i c

a e r i a l p h o t o i n t e r p r e t a t i o n . A f t e r i n t e g r a t i o n o f i n f o r m a t i o n

f rom a l l t h e s e d i f f e r e n t a p p r o a c h e s t o t h e i n t e r c o n n e c t e d

e c o s y s t e m s , a g e o m o r p h i c s o i l h y p o t h e s i s was made a n d p u t t o

t e s t d u r i n g t h e s o i l s u r v e y s e a s o n .

F i e l d e x a m i n a t i o n o f nume rous s i t e s p r o v i d e d a b a s i s f o r

s e l e c t i n g r e p r e s e n t a t i v e s a m p l i n g s i t e s a t t h e end o f t h e f i e l d

s e a s o n on l a n d fo r m s o f c o m p a r a b l e t o p o g r a p h y a n d v e g e t a t i o n .

D e s c r i p t i o n s o f t h e p e d o n s w e r e made on SCS-232 f o rm s a n d

s a m p l i n g o f t h e h o r i z o n s w e r e done a c c o r d i n g l y .

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The a c t u a l ped on m o r p h o l o g y o f e a c h s e l e c t e d s i t e i s

r e p o r t e d in t h e n e x t few p a g e s . They s e r v e d v a r i o u s f u n c t i o n s

s u c h a s t o n o t e f e a t u r e s a n d p r o p e r t i e s o f p e d o n s a t t h e t i m e o f

s a m p l i n g , a n d t o r e p r e s e n t t h e s o i l in s i t u wi t h i n i t s a s s o c i a t e d

e c o s y s t e m t o h e l p in r e c o g n i z i n g t h e number o f s t r a t a w i t h i n

e a c h pedon a n d t o make t h e n e c e s s a r y c o m p a r i s o n s among t h e

d i f f e r e n t s i g n i f i c a n t p r o p e r t i e s o f t h e d e s c r i b e d p e d o n s .

In F i g u r e 6 p h o t o g r a p h s o f some o f t h e s e l e c t e d s i t e l a n d ­

s c a p e s an d p e d o n s a r e p r e s e n t e d .

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79

F i g u r e 6 . A s e l e c t i o n o f p e d o n s a n d l a n d s c a p e sf ro m t h e s t u d i e d p e d o n s a n d t h e i r s i t e s

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80

S i t e : AAP r o f i l e N o . : Cn 6805 ( B r o n s o n loam on 1936 map) Mapping U n i t : 2183 B1 Osh temo s a n d y loamL o c a t i o n : SW 1 / 4 SE 1 / 4 SE 1 / 4 S e c . 21 Ovid T o w n s h i p ,

C l i n t o n C o u n t y , M i c h i g a n E l e v a t i o n : 755 f e e t a b o v e s e a l e v e lP h y s i o g r a p h y : F l u v i a l t e r r a c eV e g e t a t i o n : A l f a l f a f i e l dP a r e n t m a t e r i a l : S andy f l u v i a l m a t e r i a l

T y p i f y i n g Pedon

d e p t h h o r i zon d e s c r i p t i o n

0 t o 10M Ap Very d a r k g r a y i s h brown (10YR 3 / 2 )m o i s t ; s a n d y loam; wea k medium s u b - a n g u l a r b l o c k y b r e a k i n g i n t o m o d e r a t e medium g r a n u l a r s t r u c t u r e ; f r i a b l e ; s l i g h t l y a c i d ; a b r u p t s m o o t h b o u n d a r y .

10" t o 16" A2 D a rk y e l l o w i s h brown (10YR 4 / 4 ) m o i s t ;s a n d y loam; m o d e r a t e medium a n g u l a r b l o c k y s t r u c t u r e ; f r i a b l e ; n e u t r a l ; c l e a r s m o o t h b o u n d a r y .

16" t o 23" B1 Y e l l o w i s h brown (10YR 4 . 5 / 4 ) w i t hfew o f d a r k y e l l o w i s h brown (10YR 3 / 4 ) a n d y e l l o w i s h brown (10YR 5 / 8 ) , m o i s t ; loamy s a n d ; m o d e r a t e f i n e s u b a n g u l a r b l o c k y s t r u c t u r e ; f r i a b l e ; n e u t r a l ; g r a d u a l s m o o t h b o u n d a r y .

23" t o 3.1" M B 2 1 t D a rk y e l l o w i s h brown (10YR 4 / 4 ) ^m o i s t ; s a n d y loam; m o d e r a t e medium s u b a n g u l a r b l o c k y s t r u c t u r e ; f r i a b l e ; n e u t r a l ; c l e a r s m o o t h b o u n d a r y .

31" t o 35" I I B 2 2 t D a r k r e d d i s h brown (5YR 3 / 4 ) , m o i s t ;s a n d y c l a y loam; m o d e r a t e medium a n g u l a r b l o c k y s t r u c t u r e ; f i r m ; n e u t r a l ; c l e a r i r r e g u l a r b o u n d a r y .

35" t o 40" I IB3 Y e l l o w i s h brown (10YR 5 / 4 ) a n d fewd a r k y e l l o w i s h brown (10YR 4 / 4 ) s p l o t c h e s , m o i s t ; loamy s a n d ; m o d e r a t e medium a n g u l a r b l o c k y s t r u c t u r e ; f r i a b l e ; n e u t r a l ; a b r u p t s m o o t h b o u n d a r y .

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d e p t h

40" t o 44 "

44" t o 5 2 "

h o r I z o n

I I IC1

I I IC2

d e s c r i p t i on

Y e l l o w i s h brown (10YR 5 / 6 ) m o i s t ; s a n d ; weak c o a r s e s u b a n g u l a r b l o c k y b r e a k i n g i n t o s i n g l e g r a i n s t r u c ­t u r e l e s s ; l o o s e ; c a l c a r e o u s ; c l e a r smo ot h b o u n d a r y .

Y e l l o w i s h brown (10YR 5 / 4 ) m o i s t ; s a n d ; s i n g l e g r a i n s t r u c t u r e l e s s ; l o o s e ; c a l c a r e o u s .

T h i s t e r r a c e i s o f t h e L i t t l e Maple R i v e r . Be tween I I IC1

and I I I C 2 t h e r e i s a t h i n c o n t i n u o u s d a r k b a n d t o o s m a l l f o r

s a m p l i n g . T h i s ban d may be an o l d s u r f a c e t h a t r e p r e s e n t s

a t i m e l a g b e t w e e n two t i m e s o f d e p o s i t .

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S i t e : DP r o f i l e N o . : Cn 6806Mapping u n i t : 2553 B1 B o y e r - F o x s a n d y loam (Fo x loam on 1936 map)L o c a t i o n : SE 1 / 4 SW 1 / 4 NE 1 / 4 S e c . 10 O v id T o w n s h i p , C l i n t o n

C o u n t y , M i c h i g a n E l e v a t i o n : 735 f e e t a b o v e s e a l e v e lP h y s i o g r a p h y : D e l t a i c f l u v i a l t e r r a c eV e g e t a t i o n : P a s t u r eP a r e n t m a t e r i a l : C o b b l y f i n e loamy o v e r s a n d y f l u v i a l m a t e r i a l

T y p i f y i n g Pedon

d e p t h h o r i zon

0 t o 9" Ap

9" t o 14" A2

14" t o 1 9 . 5 " Blx

1 9 . 5 " t o 25" I IB 211

25" t o 3 4 "

34" to 41"

I I IB2 2 1

I I IC1

d e s c r i p t ion

V e r y d a r k g r a y i s h brown (10YR 3 / 2 ) , m o i s t ; f i n e s a n d y loam; w e a k medium s u b a n g u l a r b l o c k y b r e a k i n g i n t o m o d e r a t e c o a r s e g r a n u l a r s t r u c t u r e ; f r i a b l e ; s l i g h t l y a c i d ; a b r u p t s m o o t h b o u n d a r y .

D a r k brown (10YR 4 / 3 ) , m o i s t ; f i n e s a n d y loam; m a s s i v e s t r u c t u r e l e s s v e s i c u l a r t o w e a k medium p l a t y s t r u c t u r e ; f r i a b l e ; s l i g h t l y a c i d ; c l e a r s m o o t h b o u n d a r y .

D a r k y e l l o w i s h brown (10YR 4 / 4 ) ; m o i s t ; s a n d y loam; w e a k t o m o d e r a t e a n g u l a r b l o c k y s t r u c t u r e ; f r a g i l e ; s l i g h t l y a c i d ; c l e a r s m o o t h b o u n d a r y .

D a r k brown (7 .5YR 3 / 3 ) m o i s t ; c l a y loam; m o d e r a t e medium s u b a n g u l a r b l o c k y s t r u c t u r e ; f r i a b l e ; n e u t r a l ; c l e a r s m o o t h b o u n d a r y .

D a r k brown (7 .5YR 3 / 3 ) m o i s t ; c l a y loam; w e a k medium s u b a n g u l a r b l o c k y s t r u c t u r e ; f r i a b l e ; n e u t r a l ; a b r u p t wavy b o u n d a r y .

Y e l l o w i s h b rown (10YR 5 / 4 ) m o i s t ; s a n d ; s i n g l e g r a i n s t r u c t u r e l e s s ; l o o s e ; m o d e r a t e l y a l k a l i n e ; c l e a r s m o o t h b o u n d a r y .

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d e p t h h o r I z o n d e s c r i p t i on

Ifl" t o 50" I I I C 2 Brown (10YR 5 / 3 ) m o i s t ; c o a r s es a n d a n d g r a v e l ; s i n g l e g r a i n s t r u c t u r e l e s s ; l o o s e ; m o d e r a t e l y a l k a l i n e .

The s i t e i s s l i g h t l y c o n v e x . B - h o r i z o n e x h i b i t e d t o n g u i n g

i n t o t h e C - h o r i z o n a n d Bl x i s a f r a g i p a n . 3 .1% o f t h e pedon

i s w e l l r o u n d e d s t o n e s t h a t a r e m o s t l y l i g h t a n d d a r k g r a n i t e

an d some w e l l w e a t h e r e d s a n d s t o n e . The s t o n e s r a n g e d b e t w e e n

5 a n d 8 i n c h e s in d i a m t e r . A s m a l l a b a n d o n e d g r a v e l p i t was

o b s e r v e d t o t h e e a s t o f t h i s p a s t u r e .

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4

8k

S i t e : FDP r o f i l e N o . :Mapping u n i t

L o c a t i o n :

Cn 68 072552 B1 B o y e r - S p i n k s loamy s a n d s ( Bel 1e f o n t a i n e loamy s a n d on 1 9 3 6 map)

NE \ / k NW \ / k NW \ / k S e c . 32 D u p l a i n T o w n s h i p , C l i n t o n C o u n t y , M i c h i g a n

E l e v a t i o n : 735 f e e t a b o v e s e a l e v e lP h y s i o g r a p h y : F l u v i a l t e r r a c eV e g e t a t i o n : A l f a l f aP a r e n t m a t e r i a l : C o a r s e loamy f l u v i a l m a t e r i a l

T y p i f y i n g Pedon

d e p t h h o r i zon

0 t o 8 . 5 " Ap

8 . 5 " t o 1 3 . 5 ‘ A2

1 3 . 5 " t o 18" A2B1

18" t o 2 2 " B211

2 2 " t o 2 5 . 5 " B2 2 t

2 5 . 5 " t o 3 2 . 5 " B3

d e s c r i p t i on

D a r k brown (10YR 3 / 3 ) m o i s t ; c o a r s e s a n d y loam; w e a k medium s u b a n g u l a r b l o c k y b r e a k i n g t o w e a k medium g r a n u l a r s t r u c t u r e ; f r i a b l e ; s l i g h t l y a c i d ; a b r u p t sm o o t h b o u n d a r y .

R e d d i s h b rown ( 5 YR k / 3 ) a n d few d a r k r e d d i s h brown (5YR 3 / k ) s p l o t c h e s , m o i s t ; s a n d y loam; m o d e r a t e medium s u b a n g u l a r b l o c k y s t r u c t u r e ; f r i a b l e ; n e u t r a l ; c l e a r s m o o t h b o u n d a r y .

D a r k brown (7 .5YR k / k ) m o i s t ; s a n d y c l a y loam; w e a k f i n e s u b a n g u l a r b l o c k y s t r u c t u r e ; f r i a b l e ; medium a c i d ; c l e a r s m o o t h b o u n d a r y .

D a r k b rown ( 7 . 5 YR k / k ) m o i s t ; c o a r s e s a n d y c l a y loam; m o d e r a t e f i n e s u b a n g u l a r b l o c k y s t r u c t u r e ; f r i a b l e t o f i r m ; medium a c i d ; g r a d u a l i r r e g u l a r b o u n d a r y .

D a r k brown (7 .5YR k / k ) m o i s t ; c o a r s e s a n d y c l a y loam; m o d e r a t e l y f i n e s u b a n g u l a r b l o c k y s t r u c t u r e ; f i r m ; n e u t r a l ; g r a d u a l wavy b o u n d a r y .

S t r o n g brown (7 .5YR 5 / k ) m o i s t ; s a n d y loam; w e a k f i n e s u b a n g u l a r b l o c k y b r e a k i n g i n t o s i n g l e g r a i n s t r u c t u r e ­l e s s ; f r i a b l e ; c a l c a r e o u s ; a b r u p t s m o o t h b o u n d a r y .

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8 5

d e p t h h o r i zon

3 2 . 5 " t o 4 2 . 5 " IIC1

4 2 . 5 " t o 57' I IC2

d e s c r i p t i on

Brown (10YR 5 / 3 ) m o i s t ; c o a r s e s a n d a n d g r a v e l ; s i n g l e g r a i n s t r u c t u r e ­l e s s ; l o o s e ; c a l c a r e o u s ; a b r u p t s m oo t h b o u n d a r y .

Y e l l o w i s h brown (10YR 5 . 5 / 4 ) m o i s t ; s a n d ; s i n g l e g r a i n s t r u c t u r e l e s s ; l o o s e ; c a l c a r e o u s .

The pedon in g e n e r a l i s g r a v e l l y a l t h o u g h no l a r g e s t o n e s

a r e f o u n d on t h e s u r f a c e , due t o p r o b a b l e s t o n e c l e a r i n g by

t h e f a r m e r . An e l o n g a t e d l e n s e 70 i n c h e s l o n g o f medium s a n d

i s e n c o u n t e r e d in t h e B 3 - h o r i z o n .

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86

S i t e : FP r o f i l e No. Cn 6808Mapping u n i t : 2552 A1 B o y e r - S p i n k s loamy s a n d s ( B e r r i e n s a n d y

loam on 1 9 3 6 map)L o c a t i o n : SW 1 / 4 NE 1 / 4 SW 1 / 4 S e c . 30 D u p l a i n T o w n s h i p , C l i n t o n

C o u n t y , M i c h i g a n E l e v a t i o n : 705 f e e t a b o v e s e a l e v e lP h y s i o g r a p h y : F l u v i a l t e r r a c eV e g e t a t i o n : A l f a l f aP a r e n t m a t e r i a l : S a n d y f l u v i a l m a t e r i a l o v e r c a l c a r e o u s s a n d

T y p i f y i n g Pedon

d e p t h h o r i zon

0 t o 8 . 5 " Ap

8 . 5 " t o 12 11

1 2 " t o 18 11

18" t o 2 2 "

A2

A2Bt

B211

22" t o 2 4 . 5 " B22t

2 4 . 5 " t o 27" B23t

d e s c r i p t i on

Very d a r k g r a y brown (10YR 3 / 2 ) m o i s t ; loamy s a n d ; wea k f i n e g r a n u l a r s t r u c t u r e ; f r i a b l e ; s l i g h t l y a c i d ; a b r u p t s m o o t h b o u n d a r y .

Dar k brown (7 .5YR 4 / 4 ) m o i s t ; loamy s a n d ; w e a k v e r y f i n e g r a n u l a r s t r u c t u r e ; v e r y f r i a b l e ; s l i g h t l y a c i d ; c l e a r wavy b o u n d a r y .

D ar k brown (7 .5YR 4 / 4 ) m o i s t ; loamy s a n d ; w e a k f i n e s u b a n g u l a r b l o c k y s t r u c t u r e ; v e r y f r i a b l e ; s l i g h t l y a c i d ; c l e a r s m o o t h b o u n d a r y .

D ar k y e l l o w i s h brown (10YR 4 / 4 ) m o i s t ; loamy s a n d ; m o d e r a t e medium a n g u l a r b l o c k y s t r u c t u r e ; f r i a b l e ; n e u t r a l ; c l e a r wavy b o u n d a r y .

D a r k brown (7 .5YR 3 / 2 ) m o i s t ; s a n d y loam; s i n g l e g r a i n s t r u c t u r e l e s s ; f r i a b l e ; n e u t r a l ; g r a d u a l wavy b o u n d a r y .

Y e l l o w i s h brown (10YR 5 / 4 ) moist ; loamy s a n d ; m a s s i v e b r e a k i n g i n t o s i n g l e g r a i n s t r u c t u r e l e s s ; v e r y f i r m t o l o o s e ; n e u t r a l ; a b r u p t wavy b o u n d a r y .

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4

87

d e p t h

27" t o 37"

h o r i zon d e s c r i p t i on

I 1C D i s c o n t i n u o u s l e n s c o n t a i n i n g p l a t e y b r i t t l e b l a c k s h a l e f r a g m e n t s . Not a n a l y z e d .

37" t o 50" I I I Cl Brown (10YR 5 / 3 ) m o i s t ; c o a r s e s a n d ; s i n g l e g r a i n s t r u c t u r e l e s s ; l o o s e ; m o d e r a t e l y a l k a l i n e .

A p - h o r i z o n h a s 5 t o 10% r o u n d g r a v e l a n d t h e B - h o r i z o n s a r e

g r a v e l l y . About 5% f i n e t o medium g r a v e l i s d i s t r i b u t e d t h r o u g h ­

o u t t h e s o l u m . At 27" d e p t h , a n d w i t h i n t h e I MCI h o r i z o n a

1 0 " t h i c k d i s c o n t i n u o u s w e a t h e r i n g p l a t y s h a l e i s e n c o u n t e r e d in

t h e C - h o r i z o n .

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88

S i t e : LFP r o f i 1 e N o . :Mapping u n i t :

Loca t i on :

Cn 6 8 0 92552 B1 B o y e r - S p i n k s loamy s a n d s ( O s h t e m o loamy s a n d on 1 9 3 6 map)

NE 1 / 4 NE 1 / 4 NE \ / h S e c . 2 D u p l a i n T o w n s h i p , C l i n t o n C o u n t y , M i c h i g a n

E l e v a t i o n : 710 f e e t a b o v e s e a l e v e lP h y s i o g r a p h y : Beach r i d g eV e g e t a t i o n : CornP a r e n t m a t e r i a l : S a n d y , g l a c i a l l a k e b e a c h m a t e r i a l

T y p i f y i n g Pedo n

d e p t h h o r i zon

0 t o 9" Ap

9" t o 15"

15" t o 23"

23" t o 3 0 "

30" t o 3 2 "

32" to 37"

A2

B1

B211

B221

B3

d e s c r i p t i o n

D a r k y e l l o w i s h brown (10YR 3 / 4 ) m o i s t ; s a n d y lo am ; m o d e r a t e medium s u b - b l o c k y s t r u c t u r e ; v e r y f r i a b l e ; medium a c i d ; a b r u p t s m o o t h b o u n d a r y .

Y e l l o w i s h r e d (5YR 5 / 6 ) m o i s t ; loamy s a n d ; w e a k c o a r s e s u b a n g u l a r b l o c k y s t r u c t u r e ; v e r y f r i a b l e ; s l i g h t l y a c i d ; g r a d u a l s m o o t h b o u n d a r y .

Y e l l o w i s h r e d (5YR 4 / 6 ) m o i s t ; s a n d y lo am ; w e a k medium a n g u l a r b l o c k y b r e a k i n g i n t o w e a k medium g r a n u l a r s t r u c t u r e ; f r i a b l e ; n e u t r a l ; g r a d u a l s m o o t h b o u n d a r y .

R e d d i s h b rown (5YR 4 / 4 ) m o i s t ; s a n d y lo a m ; w e a k f i n e s u b a n g u l a r b l o c k y s t r u c t u r e ; f r i a b l e ; n e u t r a l ; c l e a r wavy b o u n d a r y .

D a r k brown (7 .5YR 4 / 4 ) m o i s t ; loamy s a n d ; w e a k f i n e s u b a n g u l a r b l o c k y s t r u c t u r e : f r i a b l e ; m i l d l y a l k a l i n e c l e a r wavy b o u n d a r y .

L i g h t y e l l o w i s h brown (10YR 6 / 4 ) m o i s t ; s a n d a n d g r a v e l ; s i n g l e g r a i n s t r u c t u r e l e s s ; l o o s e ; c a l c a r e o u s ; c l e a r i r r e g u l a r b o u n d a r y .

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89

d e p t h h o r i zon

37" t o 44" I I Cl

44" t o 54" IIC2

d e s c r i p t ion

Y e l l o w i s h brown (10YR 5 / 4 ) m o i s t ; s a n d a n d g r a v e l ; s i n g l e g r a i n s t r u c t u r e l e s s ; l o o s e ; c a l c a r e o u s ; c l e a r wavy b o u n d a r y .

G r a y i s h brown (10YR 5 / 2 ) m o i s t ; c o a r s e s a n d a n d g r a v e l ; s i n g l e g r a i n s t r u c t u r e l e s s ; l o o s e ; c a 1c a r e o u s .

T o n g u i n g i s o b s e r v e d m a i n l y in 821 a n d t o a l e s s e r e x t e n t

in B 2 2 - h o r i z o n s . Round l a r g e g r a v e l a r e a l s o o b s e r v e d in

B 2 2 - h o r i z o n .

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90

S i t e : LP ro f i 1e N o . :Mapping u n i t

L o c a t i o n : SW

Cn 6 8 1 0 2552 A1 B o y e r - S p i n k s loam on 1 9 3 6 map)

1 / 4 NW 1 / 4 SW 1 / 4 S e c . C l i n t o n C o u n t y , M i c h i g a n

E l e v a t i o n : 690 f e e t a b o v e s e a l e v e lP h y s i o g r a p h y : F l u v i a l t e r r a c eV e g e t a t i o n : A l f a l f a a n d c l o v e rP a r e n t m a t e r i a l : S a n d y f l u v i a l

loamy s a n d s ( B e r r i e n s a n d y

3 D u p l a i n T o w n s h i p ,

ma t e r i a 1

T y p i f y i n g Pedon

d e p t h h o r i zon

0 t o 10" Ap

1 0 " t o 1 9 H

19" t o 25'

25" t o 32"

32" t o 38"

38" to 44"

A2

A2 B i t

B211

B2 2 t

I IB3

d e s c r ?p t i on

D a r k brown (10YR 3 / 3 ) m o i s t ; loamy s a n d ; wea k f i n e g r a n u l a r s t r u c t u r e ; v e r y f r i a b l e ; medium a c i d ; a b r u p t sm o o t h b o u n d a r y .

R e d d i s h y e l l o w (7 .5YR 6 / 6 ) m o i s t ; loamy s a n d ; v e r y w ea k f i n e s u b a n g u l a r b l o c k y s t r u c t u r e ; v e r y f r i a b l e ; s l i g h t l y a c i d ; g r a d u a l wavy b o u n d a r y .

Y e l l o w i s h b rown (10YR 5 / 6 ) m o i s t ; loamy s a n d ; w e a k f i n e s u b a n g u l a r b l c o k y s t r u c t u r e ; v e r y f r i a b l e ; n e u t r a l ; g r a d u a l wavy b o u n d a r y .

D a r k y e l l o w i s h brown (10YR 4 / 4 ) w i t h a few b r o w n i s h y e l l o w (10YR 6 / 6 ) s p l o t c h e s ; loamy s a n d ; we a k medium s u b a n g u l a r b l o c k y s t r u c t u r e ; v e r y f r i a b l e ; n e u t r a l ; c l e a r wavy b o u n d a r y .

D a rk y e l l o w i s h b rown (10YR 4 / 4 ) a n d a few b r o w n i s h y e l l o w (10YR 6 / 6 ) s p l o t c h e s , m o i s t ; loamy s a n d ; w e a k medium s u b a n g u l a r b l o c k y s t r u c t u r e ; n e u t r a l ; c l e a r wavy b o u n d a r y .

Y e l l o w (10YR 7 / 6 ) a n d a few y e l l o w (10YR 6 / 6 ) s p l o t c h e s , m o i s t ; s a n d ; s i n g l e g r a i n s t r u c t u r e l e s s ; l o o s e ; n e u t r a l ; a b r u p t s m o o t h b o u n d a r y .

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91

d e p t h

44" t o 51

5 1 " t o 6 2 "

62 " +

h o r i zon

I IC1

I IC 2

I I IC3

d e s c r i p t ion

D a r k y e l l o w i s h b rown (10YR 4 / 4 ) m o i s t ; loamy s a n d ; v e r y w e a k f i n e a n g u l a r b l o c k y s t r u c t u r e ; f r i a b l e ; c a l c a r e o u s ; c l e a r s m o o t h b o u n d a r y .

L i g h t - g r a y (10YR 7 / 2 ) m o i s t ; loamy s a n d ; s i n g l e g r a i n s t r u c t u r e l e s s ; l o o s e ; c a l c a r e o u s ; a b r u p t c l e a r b o u n d a r y .

Brown (10YR 5 / 3 ) a n d g r a y (10YR 6 / 1 ) m o i s t ; s i l t y c l a y lo a m ; m a s s i v e s t r u c t u r e l e s s ; f i r m ; c a l c a r e o u s ;( n o t s a m p l e d ) .

The ped on i s u n d e r l a i n by l a c u s t r i n e s i l t y c l a y loam.

T o n g u i n g i s o b s e r v e d in B 2 t - h o r i z o n s . S p o d i c h o r i z o n f o r m a t i o n

i s s t a r t i n g t o a p p e a r in t h e s o l u m .

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5 I t*G * N

P r o f i l e : Gx 6806Mapping u n i t : 13 B1 Boyer loamy s a n dL o c a t i o n : SE 1 / 4 NW 1/ 4 SW 1 / 4 S e c . 33 E l b a T o w n s h ip ,

G r a t i o t C o u n t y , M i c h i g a n E l e v a t i o n : 680 f e e t a b o v e s e a l e v e lP h y s i o g r a p h y : Beach r i d g e o v e r l a k e bedV e g e t a t i o n : S o y b e a n sP a r e n t m a t e r i a l : Sandy g l a c i a l b e a c h r i d g e m a t e r i a l

T y p i f y i n g Pedon

d e p t h h o r i z on d e s c r i p t ion

0 t o 10" Ap Very d a r k g r a y i s h brown (10YR 3 / 2 )m o i s t ; loamy s a n d ; weak medium g r a n u l a r s t r u c t u r e ; v e r y f r i a b l e ; v e r y s t r o n g l y a c i d ; a b r u p t smoo th b o u n d a r y .

10" t o 1 4 . 5 " B h i r l Dark y e l l o w i s h brown t o y e l l o w i s hbrown (10YR 4 / 4 a n d 5 / 6 ) m o i s t ; loamy s a n d ; we a k v e r y f i n e t o f i n e s u b a n g u l a r b l o c k y s t r u c t u r e ; v e r y f r i a b l e t o l o o s e ; v e r y s t r o n g l y a c i d ; c l e a r s m o o t h b o u n d a r y .

1 4 .5 " t o 20" B h i r 2 S t r o n g brown t o y e l l o w i s h brown(7.5YR 5 / 6 - 10 YR 5 / 8 ) m o i s t ; s a n d ; wea k v e r y f i n e t o f i n e s u b a n g u l a r b l o c k y s t r u c t u r e ; v e r y f r i a b l e ; s t r o n g l y a c i d ; c l e a r s m oot h b o u n d a r y .

20" t o 23" A2Bt Y e l l o w i s h brown (10YR 5 / 8 ) m o i s t ;loamy s a n d ; w e a k v e r y f i n e s u b a n g u l a r b l o c k y s t r u c t u r e ; v e r y f r i a b l e ; s l i g h t l y a c i d ; c l e a r s m oo t h b o u n d a r y .

23" t o 28" I I B2 t S t r o n g brown (7 .5YR 5 / 6 ) w i t h somel i g h t y e l l o w i s h brown (10YR 6 / 4 ) a n d v e r y d a r k g r a y i s h brown (10YR 3 / 2 ) m o i s t ; loamy s a n d ; w ea k f i n e s u b a n g u l a r b l o c k y s t r u c t u r e ; f r i a b l e t o v e r y f r i a b l e ; s l i g h t l y a c i d ; c l e a r smo ot h b o u n d a r y .

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d e p t h

28" t o 33"

h o r i zon d e s c r i p t i o n

I I B3 D a r k brown (7 .5YR k / k ) m o i s t ; loamy s a n d ; w e a k t o m o d e r a t e s u b a n g u l a r b l o c k y s t r u c t u r e ; f r i a b l e ; m o d e r a t e l y a l k a l i n e ; a b r u p t s m o o t h b o u n d a r y .

33" t o 3 8 . 5 " 1 IC1 P a l e brown (10YR 6 / 3 ) m o i s t ; s a n d a n d g r a v e l ; s i n g l e g r a i n s t r u c t u r e l e s s ; l o o s e ; c a l c a r e o u s ; a b r u p t s m o o t h b o u n d a r y .

3 8 . 5 " + I I I C2 Brown (10YR S / k ) m o i s t ; s i l t y c l a y loam; m a s s i v e s t r u c t u r e l e s s ; f i r m ; c a l c a r e o u s .

The p e d o n i s u n d e r l a i n by s i l t y c l a y loam l a c u s t r i n e

m a t e r i a l . A s p o d i c h o r i z o n t e s t p e r f o r m e d on B h i r h o r i z o n

i n d i c a t e d p o s i t i v e r e s u l t s . The t e s t r e s u l t s a r e : u p o n i g n i t i o n ,

h o r i z o n m a t e r i a l c h a n g e d c o l o r f r o m 10YR 5 . 5 / 8 ( d r y ) t o 2.5YR

6 / 8 , a n d upon u s i n g N a - P y r o p h o s p h a t e t e s t , a c o l o r o f 10YR

6 . S / k was o b s e r v e d .

B. P r e p a r a t i o n o f s o i l s a m p l e

C o l l e c t e d s o i l s a m p l e s w e r e s u b j e c t e d t o c o m p l e t e a i r

d r y i n g . Then a i r d r y s a m p l e s w e r e l i g h t l y c r u s h e d w i t h

a wooden r o l l i n g p i n a n d s i e v e d t h r o u g h a 2mm. s i e v e . F r a c t i o n s

o f , 2 mm. d i a m e t e r w e r e s e p a r a t e d , w a t e r w a s h e d , a i r d r i e d a n d

t h e i r w e i g h t was e x p r e s s e d in p e r c e n t o f t h e t o t a l a i r d r y

s a m p l e . F r a c t i o n s o f 2mm. d i a m e t e r w e r e s a v e d f o r t h e m e c h a n i c a l ,

c h e m i c a l , a n d m i n e r a l o g i c a l m e a s u r e m e n t s .

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C. L a b o r a t o r y m e a s u r e m e n t s

a . C h e m i c a l :

1. S o i 1 r e a c t i o n :

S o i l pH was m e a s u r e d on w e i g h t r a t i o s 2 :1 w a t e r -

s o i 1 a n d 2 :1 O . I N K C l - s o i l s u s p e n s i o n s w i t h Beckman

Z e r o m a t i c g l a s s e l e c t r o d e pH m e t e r ( P e e c h 1 9 6 5 ) .

The 0 .1N K C L - s o i l s u s p e n s i o n was t r i e d in o r d e r t o

r e d u c e v a r i a t i o n s co m in g f ro m s o u r c e s o t h e r t h a n t h e

s o i l s y s t e m , a n d t o p r o v i d e a so m e w ha t c o n s i s t e n t

b a s i s f o r c o m p a r i s o n o f pH d a t a ( C o l l i n s , 1 9 6 7 ) .

2 . T o t a l c a r b o n :

The t o t a l c a r b o n c o n t e n t s w e r e d e t e r m i n e d by t h e

d r y c o m b u s t i o n m e t h o d u s i n g f i n e l y g r o u n d 0 . 2 gm

s a m p l e s in p o r c e l a i n c r u c i b l e s . ( A l l i s o n e t a l , 1 9 6 5 ) .

3 . I n o r g a n i c c a r b o n :

S a m p l e s o f known w e i g h t a n d w a t e r c o n t e n t w e r e

a d d e d t o s t o p p e r e d w e i g h e d b o t t l e s c o n t a i n i n g 1 0 m l .

o f 3N HC1, a s m a l l a m o u n t a t a t i m e . A f t e r

e f f e r v e s c e n c e s u b s i d e d , s t o p p e r s w e r e r e p l a c e d l o o s e l y

a n d s e t a s i d e w i t h o c c a s i o n a l s w i r l i n g . At i n t e r v a l s

o f 3 0 m i n u t e s , f o r s i x t i m e s , s t o p p e r s w e r e remo ve d

a n d t h e b o t t l e s w e r e s w i r l e d f o r 15 s e c o n d s , t h e n

a g a i n a f t e r 24 h o u r s t o d i s p l a c e a n y CO2 a c c u m u l a t e d

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w i t h t h e a i r . S t o p p e r s w e r e t h e n r e p l a c e d a n d t h e

f l a s k an d i t s c o n t e n t s w e r e w e i g h e d ( A l l i s o n e t a l .

1 9 6 5 b ) . The c a r b o n a t e s a r e d ec o m p o se d w i t h t h e

a c i d an d CO2 i s r e l e a s e d t o t h e a t m o s p h e r e . The

d e c r e a s e in w e i g h t r e s u l t i n g f rom CO2 l o s s i s a

m e a s u r e o f t h e c a r b o n a t e c o n t e n t o f t h e s o i l :

% c a r b o n a t e c a r b o n - Grams C02 l o s t ________ ( 0 . 2 7 2 7 )Grams w a t e r f r e e s o i l

k . O r g a n i c c a r b o n :

O r g a n i c c a r b o n p e r c e n t a g e s w e r e o b t a i n e d f rom t h e

e q u a t i o n : ( A l l i s o n e t a l . 1965c)

% o r g a n i c c a r b o n « % t o t a l c a r b o n - % CO3 c a r b o n

T h i s i s b a s e d on t h e a s s u m p t i o n t h a t c a r b o n c o n t e n t

in t h e s o i l i s o f e i t h e r o r g a n i c o r i n o r g a n i c n a t u r e

a n d t h a t m o s t o f t h e i n o r g a n i c c a r b o n a t e i s f o u n d a s

c a r b o n a t e s .

5 . E x c h a n g e a b l e b a s e s :

E x c h a n g e a b l e c a t i o n s w e r e e x t r a c t e d a t pH 7 . 0 by

l . N NHz^Ac f ro m 5 g rams o f 2mm s o i l s a m p l e s (Chapman

1 9 6 5 ) . The a d s o r b e d b a s e s w e r e r e m o v e d , c o l l e c t e d

a n d a f l a m e p h o t o m e t e r was u s e d t o d e t e r m i n e p o t a s s i u m

a n d s o d i u m , w h i l e t h e s p e c t r o p h o t o m e t e r was u s e d f o r

c a l c i u m a n d m ag nes ium d e t e r m i n a t i o n .

( 1 0 0 )

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6 . E x c h a n g e a b l e h y d r o g e n :

E x c h a n g e a b l e h y d r o g e n was d e t e r m i n e d by e q u i l i ­

b r a t i n g 2 . 5 g rams o f 2 mm. a i r d r y s o i l in 25 ml .

o f IN NH^OAc. The s u s p e n s i o n was s h a k e n i n t e r ­

m i t t e n t l y f o r o n e h o u r , t h e n t h e pH v a l u e s o f t h e

s u s p e n s i o n and t h e o r i g i n a l s o l u t i o n w e r e c a r e f u l l y

d e t e r m i n e d t o 0 . 0 2 pH u n i t by u s i n g a G-model

Beckman pH m e t e r . The mi 1 1 ( e q u i v a l e n t s o f e x c h a n g e a b l e

h y d r o g e n p e r 1 0 0 grams o f s o i l w e r e c a l c u l a t e d f ro m

t h e f o l l o w i n g e q u a t i o n : ( J a c k s o n , 1958, P e e c h 1 9 6 5 ) .

m . e q . e x c h a n g e a b l e H+ / 1 0 0 grams s o i l -

( 7 . 0 0 - pH o b s e r v e d ) X 2 2

7 . C a t i o n e x c h a n g e c a p a c i t y :

C a t i o n e x c h a n g e c a p a c i t y was e s t i m a t e d by summing

t h e mi 1 I i e q u i v a l e n t s o f e x c h a n g e a b l e i o n s o f h y d r o g e n ,

s o d i u m , p o t a s s i u m , m a g n e s iu m , a n d c a l c i u m e x p r e s s e d

a s mi 1 1 i e q u i v a l e n t p e r 100 g rams o f s o i l (Chapman

1 9 6 5 b ) .

8 . P e r c e n t b a s e s a t u r a t i o n :

Ba se s a t u r a t i o n p e r c e n t a g e s w e r e c a l c u l a t e d by

d i v i d i n g t h e sum o f t h e mi 1 1 i e q u i v a l e n t o f c a t i o n s ,

o t h e r t h a n h y d r o g e n , p r e s e n t by t h e c a t i o n e x c h a n g e

c a p a c i t y a n d m u l t i p l y i n g t h e p r o d u c t by 1 0 0 .

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9 . S p o d o z o 1 i za 1 1 o n :

D e t e c t i o n o f t h e s p o d i c h o r i z o n was made by

s a t u r a t i n g t h e s o i l s a m p l e t h a t f i l l s 3 / k o f t h e

c a v i t y o f t h e s t a n d a r d H e l 1 i g e - T r u o g s p o t p l a t e

w i t h s a t u r a t e d s o d i u m p y r o p h o s p h a t e ( f i l l i n g t h e

c a v i t y ) . The s a t u r a t e d s a m p l e s w e r e s t i r r e d t o

m i x w e l l , l e t s t a n d f o r f i v e m i n u t e s , s t i r r e d a g a i n ,

l e t s t a n d a n o t h e r f i v e m i n u t e s a n d s t i r r e d a t h i r d

t i m e b e f o r e i n s e r t i n g a s t r i p o f f i l t e r p a p e r . A f t e r

t h e s o l u t i o n ha d w e t t h e p a p e r t o a b o u t 1 / 4 i n c h a b o v e

t h e s u s p e n s i o n t h e p a p e r was l e t t o d r y u n t i l t h e

w a t e r s h e e n was g o n e a n d t h e c o l o r o f t h e p a r t o f t h e

s t r i p b e t w e e n t h e s u s p e n s i o n c o n t a c t z o n e a n d 17 4 -

i n c h a b o v e i t was r e a d ( L i e t z k e 1 9 6 8 ) .

C o l o r v a l u e s o f s i x o r l e s s a n d ch ro m a o f t h r e e

o r g r e a t e r a l l q u a l i f y a n y p a r t i c u l a r B - h o r i z o n a s

h a v i n g s u f f i c i e n t i r o n , c a r b o n , a n d a l u m i n u m t o m e e t

t h e T y p i c H a p l o r t h o d o r T y p i c Haplo humo d r e q u i r e m e n t .

V a l u e a n d ch ro m a o f 8 / 1 o r l i g h t e r e l i m i n a t e t h e

h o r i z o n s a s s p o d i c h o r i z o n s . V a l u e s a n d c h r o m a s o f

7 /1 a n d 7 / 2 may b e u p p e r s u b s o i l s o f e i t h e r E n t i c

H a p l o r t h o d s , E n t i c Hap lo hum ods o r S p o d i c U d i p s a m m e n t .

O t h e r s p o d i c h o r i z o n r e q u i r e m e n t s m u s t a l s o be me t

f o r S p o d s o l s .

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b. P h y s i c a l

1. M e c h a n i c a l a n a l y s e s : ( K i l m e r e t a l . 1949)

The s a m p l e s o f s 2 mm. m a t e r i a l s w e r e s u b j e c t e d t o

m e c h a n i c a l a n a l y s e s by t h e p i p e t t e m e th o d a f t e r t h e

remova l o f o r g a n i c m a t t e r by H2 O2 a n d s e v e r a l d r o p s

o f g l a c i a l a c e t i c a c i d . C a r b o n a t e s w e r e removed by

IN. HC1. E x c e s s a c i d was w a s h e d o u t w i t h d i s t i l l e d

w a t e r a n d t i t r a t i o n w i t h 0 .1 N NaOH t o pH 8 . 4 was

u s e d t o s a t u r a t e t h e s a m p l e w i t h s o d i u m . The s a m p l e s

w e r e t h e n s h a k e n f o r 24 h o u r s , s i e v e d t h r o u g h a 300

mesh s i e v e , t r a n s f e r r e d t o t h e s e d i m e n t a t i o n c y l i n d e r s

an d made up t o a vo lu m e o f 1000 m . 1 . Pi p e t t i n g s t o

t h e p r o p e r d e p t h s w e r e made a c c o r d i n g t o t h e t i m e

c a l c u l a t e d f r o m S t o k e s Law f o r t o t a l c l a y ( 2 " ) ,

f i n e s i l t ( 20 ) , a n d t o t a l s i l t p l u s c l a y . The

s a n d s w e r e s u b d i v i d e d w i t h a n e s t o f s t a n d a r d s i e v e s

a n d a m e c h a n i c a l s h a k e r . The f r a c t i o n s s e p a r a t e d

w e r e : 2 - 1 , 1 - 0 . 5 , 0 . 5 - 0 . 2 5 , 0 . 2 5 - 0 . 1 0 , 0 . 1 0 - 0 . 0 5 3 mm.

Then t h e amount o f e a c h s i z e f r a c t i o n a n d t h e s o l u t i o n

l o s s e s w e r e c a l c u l a t e d on a p e r c e n t o ven d r y , a c i d

i n s o l u b l e b a s i s .

2 . C l a y f r a c t i o n a t i o n :

A f t e r t h e c o m p l e t i o n o f t h e m e c h a n i c a l a n a l y s i s ,

t h e s a m p l e s in s u s p e n s i o n w e r e s i p h o n e d t e n t o t w e l v e

t i m e s a f t e r s e d i m e n t i n g f o r t h e t i m e n e c e s s a r y f o r

s e p a r a t i o n o f t h e c l a y f ro m t h e s i l t .

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c . M i n e r a l o g i c a l

1. Q u a l i t a t i v e i d e n t i f i c a t i o n o f c l a y m i n e r a l s :

O r i e n t e d - a g g r e g a t e s o f s o i l c l a y s ( ' 2/< ) f o r x - r a y

d i f f r a c t i o n a n a l y s i s w e r e p r e p a r e d a c c o r d i n g t o t h e

K i n t e r an d Diamond m e t h o d recommended by J a c k s o n ( 1 9 5 6 ) .

The t e c h n i q u e o r i e n t s t h e p l a t e s h a p e d c l a y p a r t i c l e s

s o t h a t t h e 0 0 1 p l a n e s o f m os t o f t h e c l a y m i n e r a l s

a r e in a c o n d i t i o n t o d i f f r a c t x - r a y s more i n t e n s e l y

t h a n in an o r d i n a r y powder p a t t e r n .

The N a - c l a y in i t s d i s p e r s e d c o n d i t i o n was d e ­

p o s i t e d on a p o r o u s c e r a m i c p l a t e , by d r a w i n g t h e w a t e r

f r o m t h e c l a y s u s p e n s i o n t h r o u g h t h e p l a t e u s i n g a

vacuum pump. T h i s l e a v e s a f i l m o f c l a y on t h e s u r f a c e

o f t h e p l a t e .

In o r d e r t o v a r y t h e e x c h a n g e a b l e c a t i o n , t h e

d e p o s i t e d f i l m was l e a c h e d w i t h t h r e e i n c r e m e n t s o f

0 .1N Mg Cl 2 i n 10% g l y c e r o l by v o l u m e . The e x c e s s

s a l t was w a s h e d o u t w i t h 1 0 % g l y c e r o l s o l u t i o n , t h e

p l a t e was t h e n a i r d r i e d an d t h e n d r y i n g was c o m p l e t e d

in a d e s s i c a t o r o v e r Ca Cl£ a n d t h e x - r a y d i f f r a c t i o n

p a t t e r n s w e r e r e c o r d e d . A f t e r t h i s x - r a y i n g t h e

f i l m s w e r e s a t u r a t e d w i t h t h r e e i n c r e m e n t s o f

0 .1N KC1 a n d t h e e x c e s s KC1 was w a s h e d o u t w i t h

d i s t i l l e d w a t e r an d t h e s a m p l e s w e r e a i r d r i e d

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a t room t e m p e r a t u r e a n d x - r a y e d . The p l a t e s w e r e

t h e n h e a t e d a t 300°C f o r two h o u r s a n d x - r a y e d a g a i n .

F i n a l l y , t h e p l a t e s w e r e h e a t e d a t 550°C f o r m or e

t h a n f o u r h o u r s , c o o l e d , a n d x - r a y e d .

The i n s t r u m e n t a l x - r a y i n g c o n d i t i o n s u s e d w e r e :

CuKc, r a d i a t i o n , 35 KV; 20 MA; 1° d i v e r g e n c e a n d

s c a t t e r s l i t s ; 0 . 0 0 6 " r e c i e v i n g s l i t , Ni f i l t e r ; t i m e

c o n s t a n t b s e c o n d s ; s c a n n i n g r a t e 1° 2 p e r m i n u t e ;

s c a l e f a c t o r b .

The a r e a u n d e r t h e i l l i t e , f i r s t a n d s e c o n d

o r d e r p e a k s w e r e c a r e f u l l y e s t i m a t e d a s f o l l o w s :

A f t e r c o n n e c t i n g t h e i n i t i a l a n d f i n a l p o i n t s o f e a c h

p e a k r e c o r d e d d e l i n e a t i o n , t h o s e a r e a s w e r e e s t i m a t e d

by w e i g h i n g t h e p a p e r in e a c h p e a k a n d t h e r a t i o o f

0 0 1 / 0 0 2 w a s o b t a i n e d .

2 . T o t a l p o t a s s i u m in c l a y s :

A f t e r b e i n g d r i e d in t h e o v e n a t 110 °C , 0 . 1

g r am s a m p l e s o f N a - c l a y w e r e u s e d f o r t o t a l K£0

a n a l y s e s . The h y d r o f l u o r i c a c i d m e t h o d was u s e d

t o d e c o m p o s e t h e c l a y f r a c t i o n o f t h e s o i l . T o t a l

p o t a s s i u m was t h e n d e t e r m i n e d by t h e f l a m e p h o t o m e t e r

u s i n g c o n v e n t i o n a l s t a n d a r d s ( J a c k s o n 195 6 , 1 9 5 8 ) .

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3 . S an d m i n e r a l o g y :

The f i n e s a n d f r a c t i o n ( 0 . 2 5 - 0 . 10mm.) t h a t was

s a v e d f r o m t h e m e c h a n i c a l a n a l y s i s o f t h e s o i l was

u s e d f o r m a g n e t i c s e p a r a t i o n s by t h e I s o d y n a m i c M a g n e t i c

S e p a r a t o r . The m e t h o d i s b a s e d on s e p a r a t i n g m i n e r a l

g r a i n s a c c o r d i n g t o t h e i r m a g n e t i c a n d e l e c t r i c a l

p r o p e r t i e s (FI i n t e r 1 9 5 9 ) .

The I s o d y n a m i c M a g n e t i c S e p a r a t o r i s a v e r s a t i l e

i n s t r u m e n t . I t c o n s i s t s e s s e n t i a l l y o f a n a u t o m a t i c

f e e d o f t h e s a n d f r a c t i o n t o a v i b r a t i n g t a b l e w h i c h

l i e s b e t w e e n two e l o n g a t e d p o l e s o f a p o w e r f u l

e l e c t r o m a g n e t . A w i d e r a n g e o f m i n e r a l s p e c i e s c a n

be s e p a r a t e d a c c o r d i n g t o t h e i r e l e c t r o m a g n e t i c

p r o p e r t i e s by a d j u s t i n g t h e s l o p e o f t h e v i b r a t i n g

t a b l e ( o n t h e l o n g a x i s o f t h e i n s t r u m e n t ) , a n d t h e

s t r e n g t h o f t h e m a g n e t i c f i e l d ( b y a d j u s t i n g t h e

c u r r e n t in t h e c o i l s ) .

The m a g n e t i c s t r e n g t h was f i x e d by p a s s i n g 1 . 4

a m p s , t h r o u g h t h e c o i l s a n d a t i l t o f 1 5 ° was c h o s e n .

( F a i r b a i r n , 1943)

S t r o n g l y m a g n e t i c m i n e r a l s s u c h a s m a g n e t i t e w e r e

s e p a r a t e d f i r s t u s i n g a p e r m a n e n t m a g n e t . Then t h e

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r e m a i n d e r o f t h e s a n d was p a s s e d t h r o u g h t h e I s o ­

d y n am ic S e p a r a t o r . T h i s g a v e mode r a t e l y - m a g n e t i c ,

s 1 i g h t 1 y - m a g n e t i c , a n d n o n - m a g n e t i c f r a c t i o n s , a s

f o l l o w s :

The n o n - m a g n e t i c m i n e r a l s a r e t h o s e t h a t a r e n o t

d e f l e c t e d a t a v a l u e o f 1 . 1+ am ps . - t h e maximum f i e l d

s t r e n g t h o f t h e s e p a r a t o r . The s 1 i g h t 1y - m a g n e t i c

m i n e r a l s w e r e d e f l e c t e d by t h e s e p a r a t o r . The

m o d e r a t e l y - m a g n e t i c g r o u p o f p a r t i c l e s w e r e h e l d by

t h e s e p a r a t o r a t a v a l u e o f 1 . 4 amps .

A f t e r t h e c o m p l e t i o n o f a l l s e p a r a t i o n s t h e f r a c t i o n s

w e r e p e t r o g r a p h i c a l 1 y e x a m i n e d , a f t e r f i x i n g t h e

g r a i n s on g l a s s s l i d e s w i t h g e l a t i n i z e d s u r f a c e s . The

m i n e r a l g r a i n s w e r e q u a l i t a t i v e l y i d e n t i f i e d by t h e

s t a n d a r d m i n e r a l o g i c a l p r o c e d u r e s .

Based on t h e m i n e r a l o g i c a l c o m p o s i t i o n s two r a t i o s

f o r m e a s u r i n g t h e i n t e n s i t y o f w e a t h e r i n g w e r e c a l ­

c u l a t e d a s f o l l o w s :

Wr i . _________g a r n e t ___________p y r o x e n e + a m p h i b o l e s

w » _ q u a r t z + f e l d s p a r sp y r o x e n e s + a m p h i b o l e s

G a r n e t was s e p a r a t e d a t 0 . 4 a m p e r e , p e r o x e n e s and a m p h i -

b o l e s w e r e s e p a r a t e d a t 0 . 8 - 1 . 2 a m p e r e w h i l e q u a r t z a n d

t h e f e l d s p a r s w e r e t h e m i n e r a l s t h a t a r e n o n - m a g n e t i c .

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D. S t a t i s t i c a l e v a l u a t i o n s :

S o i l s in t h e i r e c o s y s t e m s a r e o b s e r v e d a t d i f f e r e n t l e v e l s

o f o r g a n i z a t i o n a n d g e n e r a l i z a t i o n . S e l e c t i o n o f t h e s t a t i s t i c a l

p r o c e d u r e s d e p e n d m a i n l y on t h e o b j e c t i v e s o f t h e r e s e a r c h a n d

t h e o b s e r v a t i o n s a v a i l a b l e .

D i f f i c u l t i e s o f c o n t r o l l i n g t h e v e r t i c a l a n d h o r i z o n t a l

h e t e r o g e n e i t y o f s o i l m a t e r i a l o f m a p p i n g u n i t s , l i m i t e d

l a b o r a t o r y c a p a c i t y , a n d l i m i t e d t i m e made t h e s e l e c t i o n o f t h e

r e p r e s e n t a t i v e p e d o n s f o r a n a l y s e s v e r y n e c e s s a r y i n s t e a d o f

random s a m p l i n g .

T h i s s e l e c t i o n i s b a s e d on f i e l d m a p p i n g a n d n u m e r o u s

f i e l d e x a m i n a t i o n s o f s i t e s t o p r o v i d e c o m p a r a b l e e c o s y s t e m s

t h a t f a c i l i t a t e t h e p e d o l o g i c a l c o m p a r i s o n s .

S t a t i s t i c a l e v a l u a t i o n o f t h e v a r i a b i l i t y o f e a c h l a b o r a ­

t o r y d e t e r m i n a t i o n i s r e q u i r e d p r i o r t o s u b j e c t i n g t h e d a t a on

a s a m p l e t o c o m p a r i s o n s w i t h t h o s e f r o m o t h e r s a m p l e s in o r d e r

t o know i f t h e d i f f e r e n c e s h a v e s i g n i f i c a n c e o r a r e g r e a t e r

t h a n e r r o r s o f t h e d t e r m i n a t i o n s . D u p l i c a t i n g some o f e a c h

o f t h e m e a s u r e m e n t s was a way t o e s t i m a t e t h e e r r o r a s s o c i a t e d

w i t h t h e r e a l v a l u e t h r o u g h t h e l a b o r a t o r y p e r f o r m a n c e . In t h i s

s t u d y o n e - t h i r d t o o n e - f i f t h o f t h e t o t a l o b s e r v a t i o n s in e a c h

k i n d o f d e t e r m i n a t i o n c o m p a r e d t o t h e mean i n d i c a t e d a no rm al

e r r o r d i s t r i b u t i o n f u n c t i o n .

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The L e a s t S i g n i f i c a n t D i f f e r e n c e (LSD) i s t h e w i d e l y

a c c e p t e d s t a t i s t i c a l m e t h o d f o r i n d i c a t i n g s i g n i f i c a n t

d i f f e r e n c e s i n d a t a . LSD i s b a s i c a l l y a s t u d e n t t e s t u s i n g

a p o o l e d e r r o r v a r i a n c e a s shown in T a b l e 6 . F o r t h e d i f f e r e n c e

b e t w e e n two means t o b e s i g n i f i c a n t a t t h e 5% l e v e l , t h e o b s e r v e d

d i f f e r e n c e m u s t e x c e e d t h e c o r r e s p o n d i n g LSD v a l u e : ( S t e e l e

and T o r i e 1960)1

T a b l e 6 . C o m p u t a t i o n s o f l e a s t s i g n i f i c a n t d i f f e r e n c e

S o u r c e o f V a r i a t i o n d f SS MS

s o i 1 s a m p l e t - 1 E X 2 . . . - ( C) - B t

B

e r r o r t ( r - l ) A-B - d d3 F

T o t a l ( r t - 1 ) EX2 . j - ( c ) - A

c = c o r r e c t i o n f a c t o r = ( EX) ? j . . .

F t

t - number o f s o i l s a m p l e s in a column

r » number o f d u p l i c a t e s

d - v a r i a n c e - ( s t a n d a r d d e v i a t i o n ) 2 ■ S j 2 cTF

LSD - ( t . 0 5 ) ( 2 ( S - d ) 2 )r

^ P e r s o n a l c o m m u n i c a t i o n w i t h Dr. C. C r e s s , P r o f e s s o r o f S t a t i s t i c s in t h e D e p a r t m e n t o f Crop a n d S o i l S c i e n c e s .

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k . RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

A. S o i l s a n d G e o m o r p h o l o q y o f NE C l i n t o n C o u n t y :

U n d e r s t a n d i n g s o i l p a t t e r n s i s n e c e s s a r y in t h e e x p l a n a t i o n

o f s o i l s d i s t r i b u t i o n , e . g . s o i 1s - t e r r a c e r e l a t i o n s h i p s , a n d

t h e r e a s o n s b e h i n d s e l e c t i n g t h e s a m p l i n g s i t e s in t h i s s t u d y .

The s o i l p a t t e r n i s i n t i m a t e l y c o n n e c t e d t o a r e a ' s g e o m o r p h o l o g y

by w h i c h s p e c i f i c s o i l s a r e e x p e c t e d t o o c c u r on s p e c i f i c l a n d -

fo rm s o f s p e c i f i c k i n d s o f m a t e r i a l . K i n d s o f s o i l s mapped

w e r e a l s o i m p o r t a n t in t h e i n d u c t i v e p r o c e s s t o d e t e r m i n e t h e

k i n d a n d number o f t e r r a c e s p r e s e n t .

D u r i n g t h e m a p p i n g o f s e c t i o n s 15, 16, 2 1 , a n d 22 ( S h e e t

IEE 3 9 ) F i g u r e 7, a n d s e c t i o n s 3 , **, 9 , a n d 10 ( s h e e t IEE 3 7 ) ,

F i g u r e 8 , i n D u p l a i n T o w n s h i p a f i r s t a p p r o x i m a t i o n a b o u t t h e

d i s t r i b u t i o n o f two s t o r y s o i l s ( F o x a n d B oye r m a i n l y ) was made .

T h u s , t h e y o c c u r o n l y on t h e v a l l e y t e r r a c e s a b o v e t h e f l o o d

p l a i n . The Owosso c a t e n a i s e n c o u n t e r e d o n l y w h e r e t e r r a c e s

a p p r o a c h t h e h i g h e r u p l a n d t i l l .

From t h e s e o b s e r v a t i o n s , p l a n s w e r e made t o s u r v e y s p e c i f i c

s e c t i o n s a l o n g t h e M a p le R i v e r V a l l e y t o t e s t t h e s o i l p a t t e r n

d e d u c e d . Thus s e c t i o n s 2 9 , 3 0 , 3 1 , 32 ( s h e e t IEE 7 7 ) , F i g u r e 9

and 27 , 2 8 , 3 3 , 3** ( s h e e t IEE 35) o f F i g u r e 10, a l s o in D u p l a i n 0

t o w n s h i p o f C l i n t o n C o u n t y , p l u s s e c t i o n s 15, 16, 2 1 , 22

105

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106

( s h e e t IEE 33) o f F i g u r e 11; 13, 14, 23 , 24 ( s h e e t IEE 23) o f

F i g u r e 12; 3 , 4 , 9 , 10 ( s h e e t IEE 3 1 ) o f F i g u r e 13 a n d 1, 2 ,

11, 12 ( s h e e t IEE 25) o f F i g u r e 14, a l l in Ov id t o w n s h i p o f

C l i n t o n C o u n t y , w e r e a l s o s t u d i e d .

S e c t i o n s 2 7 , 2 8 , 3 3 , 34 ( s h e e t 2DD 77) i s in E l b a t o w n s h i p

o f G r a t i o t C o u n t y . The a r e a c o v e r e d by e a c h o f t h e a b o v e F i g u r e s

i s shown on t h e c o n t o u r maps g i v e n in F i g u r e s 15 a n d 16. The

i d e n t i f i c a t i o n o f t h e p r e d o m i n a n t s o i l s in e a c h m a p p i n g u n i t s

on t h e s e s h e e t s i s g i v e n in t h e f o l l o w i n g a b s t r a c t o f t h e l e g e n d

and key f o r u p l a n d m i n e r a l s o i l s in C l i n t o n C o u n t y . O t h e r

s o i l s c i e n t i s t s i n v o l v e d in t h e m a p p in g o f t h e s e s e c t i o n s a r e :

John H. Long , F i g u r e s 9 a n d 14, a n d Pau l G. C o r d e r , F i g u r e 11,

b o t h o f t h e S o i l C o n s e r v a t i o n S e r v i c e , U . S . D . A . , a n d Dave D r o s c h a ,

F i g u r e 10, o f M i c h i g a n A g r i c u l t u r a l E x p e r i m e n t S t a t i o n .

T i l l d e r i v e d s o i l s a r e shown in t h e s o i l s key m a i n l y a s

one s t o r y s o i l s t h a t r a n g e in t e x t u r e o f p a r e n t m a t e r i a l s f ro m

c l a y loam a s in M o r l e y c a t e n a , t o s a n d a s in O a k v i l l e a n d

P l a i n f i e l d c a t e n a s , a s i l l u s t r a t e d by C l i n t o n C o u n t y s o i l s key

T a b l e 8 . The two s t o r y s o i l s a r e t h e s o i l s t h a t a r e d e v e l o p e d

in f l u v i a l m a t e r i a l . K inds an d t h i c k n e s s o f t h e m a t e r i a l a n d

t h e c a t e n a r y p o s i t i o n a r e t h e m a j o r d i f f e r e n c e s among t h e s e

s o i l s a s t h e y a p p e a r in t h e s o i l s k e y . Numbers a p p e a r i n g w i t h

t h e s o i l s e r i e s in t h e s o i l s i d e n t i f i c a t i o n l e g e n d T a b l e 7 , a r e

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F ig u r e 7 . S o i l map o f s e c t io n s 15, 16, 2 1 , and 2 2 ,Ovid to w n s h ip , C l i n t o n County M ic h ig a n( a e r i a l photo IE E -3 9 )

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F ig u r e 8 . S o i l map o f s e c t io n s 3 , k , 9 , and 10Ovid to w n sh ip , Cl in to n County M ich ig an( a e r i a l photo IE E -3 7 )

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109

F ig u r e % S o i l map o f s e c t io n s 2 9 , 3 0 , 3 1 , and 32D u p la in to w nsh ip , C l i n t o n County M ic h ig a n( a e r i a l photo IE E -7 7 )

StfLv,

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F ig u r e l & . S o i l map o f s e c t io n s 2 7 , 2 8 , 3 3 , and 3*fD u p la in to w n s h ip , C l i n t o n County M ic h ig a n( a e r i a l photo IE E -3 5 )

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I l l

F ig u r e 11 . S o i l map o f s e c t io n s 15, 16, 2 1 , and 22D u p la in to w n sh ip , C l i n t o n County M ic h ig a n( a e r i a l photo IE E -3 3 )

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112

F ig u r e 12 . S o i l map o f s e c t io n s 13, \ k , 2 3 , and 2kD u p la in to w n sh ip , C l i n t o n County M ich ig an( a e r i a l photo IE E -2 3 )

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113

F ig u r e 13 . S o i l map o f s e c t io n s 3 , *♦» 9 , and 10D u p la in to w n s h ip , C l i n t o n County M ic h ig a n( a e r i a l pho to IE E - 3 1 )

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F ig u r e 14 . S o i l map o f s e c t i o n s 1, 2 , 11, and 12.D u p la ln to w n s h ip , C l i n t o n County M ic h ig a n( a e r i a l photo 1EE-25)

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T a b l e 7 . I d e n t i f i c a t i o n l e g e n d o f C l i n t o n C o u n t y u p l a n d m i n e r a l s o i l s ( 1 9 6 8 r e v i s i o n )

S o i l symbol S o i l s e r i e s i n map un i t s

S o i 1 f a m i 1y

1392 B1

2183 B1

2342 A1, B1 , Cl

2402 B l , Cl

2411

0 a kv i 11 e

Osh temo

Sp i nks

Oakv i 11e

2553 A l , B l , Cl

Boyer

2552 A l , B l , C l , D l , D3, E l , Ee

Boyer - S p i n k s

2592 B l , Cl Me t e a

2443 A l , B l , C l , C3

F o x -Boyer

3445 A l , Bl Fox

3445 C l , C2 D2 , D3, E2

Fox-Miami

3493 A l , B l , Cl

Owosso-

Miami

T y p i c U d i p s a m m e n t , s a n d y , m i x e d , non a c i d , m e s i c .

T y p i c H a p l u d a l f , c o a r s e loamy, m i x e d , mes i c .

P s a m m e n t i c H a p l u d a l f , s a n d y , m i x e d , non a c i d , m e s i c .

T y p i c U di p sa m m en t , s a n d y , m i x e d , m e s i c .

E x c a v a t e d s a n d s .

T y p i c H a p l u d a l f , c o a r s e loamy, m i x e d , m e s i c .

S e e a b o v e S e e a b o v e

A r e n i c H a p l u d a l f , s a n d y o v e r f i n e loamy, m i x e d , m e s i c .

S e e b e l o w S e e b e l o w

T y p i c H a p l u d a l f , f i n e loamy o v e r . sandy . o r s a n d y s k e l e t a l ,ffl I X G Q | tTIGs I C *

S e e a b o v e S e e b e l o w

T y p i c H a p l u d a l f , f i n e loamy, m i x e d , mes i c S e e b e l o w

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T a b l e 7 , c o n t .

S o i l symbol S o i 1 s e r i e s in map u n i t s

So i 1 f a m i 1y

3603 Bl , Cl H i l l s d a 1e

3623 Bl E l m d a l e

4363 B l , C2 D2

S i s s o n

4505 B l , C l , C2, C3, D l , D2, D3, E2

M i am i

4525 -

5355 A l , Bl C e l i na

5365 A l , Bl T u s c o l a

6305 Al K i b b i e

6405 A l , Bl 81o u n t

6455 A l , Bl C o n o v e r

6463 Al T e a s d a 1e

6893 AliWasepi

6945 Al M a t h e r t o n

7352 Al S p i n k s , s .

7512 Al O t t a w a , s ,

w . p . d

T y p i c H a p l u d a l f , c o a r s e lo a m y , m i x e d , m e s i cii ii i i

T y p i c H a p l u d a l f , f i n e loamy m i x e d , m e s i c .

T y p i c H a p l u d a l f , f i n e loa my , m ix e d , mes i c .

E x c a v a t e d loam

A q u i c H a p l u d a l f , f i n e lo a m y, m i x e d , m e s i c .

T y p i c H a p l u d a l f , f i n e lo a m y , m i x e d , m e s i c .

A q u o l l i c H a p l u d a l f , f i n e lo a m y , m i x e d , m e s i c .

A q u i c H a p l u d a l f , f i n e , i l l i t i c , mes i c .

A q u o l l i c H a p l u d a l f , f i n e lo a m y , m i x e d , m e s i c .

A q u o l l i c H a p l u d a l f , c o a r s e l oa m y , m i x e d , m e s i c .

A q u o l l i c H a p l u d a l f , c o a r s e loamy m i x e d , m e s i c .

Mol l i e O c h r a q u a l f , f i n e loamyo y e r . s a n d y . o r s a n d y s k e l e t a l , m i x e d , m e s i c .

w . p . d . T y p i c U d i p s a m m e n t , s a n d y , m i x e d , mes i c .

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T a b l e 7 , c o n t .

117

S o i l symbol S o i l s e r i e s in map u n i t s

So i 1 f a m i 1y

7592 A l , Bl S e l f r i d g e A q u i c A r e n i c H a p l u d a l f , s a n d y o v e r loamy, m i x e d , m e s i c .

7613 A l , Bl Metamora A q u o l l i c H a p l u d a l f , f i n e loamy, m i x e d , m e s i c .

8182 Al Gra nby T y p i c H a p l a q u o l l s , s a n d y , mi xe d m e s i c , non -<ca l e a r e o u s .

8243 Al G i 1 f o r d T y p i c H a p l a q u o l l , c o a r s e loamy m i x e d , non c a l c a r e o u s , m e s i c .

8553 Al B a r r y T y p i c A r g i a q u o l l s , c o a r s e loamy, m i x e d , n o n c a .1 c a r e o u s , m e s i c .

8613 Al Co runna * T y p i c H a p l a q u o l l s , f i n e loamy, m i x e d , m e s i c , n o n - c a l c a r e o u s .

8745 Al Sebewa T y p i c A r g i a q u o l l s , f i n e loamy o v e r s a n d y o r s a n d y s k e l e t a l , mixed , nonca. l c a r e o u s , m e s i c .

8805 Al Broo ks to n T y p i c A r g i a q u o l l s , f i n e , i l l i t i c , mixed. , non c a l c a r e o u s ,

8815 Al Pewamo T y p i c A r g i a q u o l l s , f i n e loamy m i x e d m e s i c , n o n - c a 1c a r e o u s .

8848 Al Lenawee Mol l i e H a p a q t i e p t s . f i n e , m i x e d , n o n - a c i d , m e s i c .

8905 Al Colwood T y p i c H a p l a q u o l l s , f i n e loamym i x e d , n o n c a l e a r e o u s , m e s i c .

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Table 8 . Key to upland m ine ra l s o i l s o f C l in to n County

ONE - STOriT d parent material

T ex tu re L i th o lo q y ColorWell

DrainedMod. Well

DrainedI m p e r fe c t ly

D ra inedBrunizem

T r a n s i t i o nHumic-

GlevClay loam to s i l t y c l a y loam

S h a le and l im e­s to n eN o n s t r a t i f i e d

Yellowish HBL'OUNT- “ ' PEWAmO"

S t r a t i f i e dlEnawee

Sands tone and G ray ish "R'lEMI i iT m ~ COnOVeR BROOkstoNLoam 1imestone to

v e l lo w is h

Very f i n e sand , s i l t

Sands tone and 1 imestone

G ray ishtov e l lo w is h

SlSSON TUSCOLA K’IBBTE COLWOoD

Sandy loam

Sands tone and l im e s to n e . Limy18-A2"

Yellowish

Sands tone and l im e s to n e over 42“ t o 1 ime

YellowishHlLLsDAIE eLMOAlE TEASDALE BARRY

Loamy sand and sand

Sand­s t o n e ,

Solum pH > 5 . 8 Y el low ish

SPINKS SPICKS 1 s . w . p . d .

t e x t u r a l B. Lime­s to n e

Solum< 5 . 8

V el low ish

Moderate 1 ime- OAkVlLLE gRaHBy

Sand (No t e x t u r a l B)

s t o n e . pH solum > 5 . 8 L i t t l e o r no l im e s to n e . pH solum < 5 . 8

Y el low ish

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Table 8, cont.

TWO -"STORIED. PARENT MATERIAL"

T e x tu re , Upper S to ry T e x tu re , Lower S to rv

Wei 1 Drained

Mod. We11 Drained

Im p e r fe c t ly Dra ined

BrunizemT r a n s i t i o n

Humic-Gley

Sand to loamy sand , 18-42" t h i c k

Loam to s i 1ty c l a y METEA METEA SELFRIDGE

Sand t o loamy sand , 42-66" t h i c k

Loam to c l a y OAKVILLE2 OTTAWA s . w . p . d .

GRANBY

Loamy f i n e sand to f i n e sandy loam, 18-42" t h i c k

Loam to s i l t y c l a y loam

0W0SS0 METAMORA CORUNNA

Loam to s i 11 1oam, 24-42" ( g r a v e l l y c l a y loam B over 10" t h i c k )

Gravel and sand l e s s than 42" t o 1 ime

FOX MATHERTON SEBEWA

Loamy sand t o sandy loam 24-42" (sandy c l a y loam p a r t o f B l e s s than 10" t h i c k )

Sand and g r a v e l . Less than 42" t o 1 ime

BOYER WASEPI GILFORD

Same as above Sand and g r a v e l . More than 42" t o 1 ime.

0SHTEM0 GILFORD

1. Im p e r fe c t ly d r a in e d and somewhat p o o r ly d r a in e d ( s . w . p . d . ) a r e synonymous terms in M ichigan.

2 . O a k v i l l e h e r e a d i f f e r e n t phase o f Oakville in one s t o r y p a r e n t m a t e r i a l .

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t h e m a p p i n g u n i t s y m b o l s , e . g . M e t e a 2 5 9 2 . R e l a t i o n s h i p s among

t h e u p l a n d m i n e r a l s o i l s in C l i n t o n c o u n t y a r e shown i n T a b l e 8 ,

w h e r e s o i l s e r i e s a r e p r e s e n t e d in a c a t e n a r y s y s t e m .

The f l u v i a l l y d e p o s i t e d m a t e r i a l s a r e s t r a t i f i e d d e p o s i t s ,

a n d a s f l u v i a l p r o c e s s e s w e r e c o n t i n u e d a n d i t s a c t i o n s r e p e a t e d

in t h e same l o c a l i t y i n c i s i n g in t h e c h a n n e l r e s u l t e d in e n ­

l a r g i n g t h e t o t a l v a l l e y a n d l o w e r i n g t h e s t r e a m l e v e l . W i t h

t i m e t h e m a t u r i n g s t r e a m f o u n d i t s e l f in a m o r e roomy v a l l e y

a s was t h e c a s e o f t h e I m la y o u t l e t r i v e r n o r t h o f t h e S t . J o h n

m o r a i n e , F i g u r e 3 . L a t e r M a p le R i v e r o c c u p i e d p a r t s o f t h e

same v a l l e y . T h i s s u g g e s t s t h a t t h e o l d e s t t e r r a c e s ( a b o u t - 1 **000

y e a r s o f a g e ) w e r e d e p o s i t e d d u r i n g t h e p e r i o d when I m l a y o u t l e t

was a c t i v e o r d i s a p p e a r i n g a n d t h e s e w e r e l a t e r d i s s e c t e d by

t h e f l o w o f b o t h M a p l e R i v e r s .

As t h e g l a c i e r r e c e d e d f ro m t h e I m la y c h a n n e l s i t e t o t h e

n o r t h w a r d , i t i m m e d i a t e l y d e p o s i t e d F l i n t m o r a i n e a n d f u r t h e r

r e c e d i n g t o t h e n o r t h f o r m e d t h e Owosso m o r a i n e a n d s o u t h o f

i t a g l a c i a l o u t w a s h p l a i n a s t h e Miami ( t i l l ) a n d t h e Boyer

( o u t w a s h ) s o u t h o f E l s i e , F i g u r e 12. O n l y p o r t i o n s o f t h e s e

m o r a i n e s a r e w i t h i n t h e s t u d y a r e a , w h e r e t h e y a r e o c c u p i e d by

t h e t i l l d e r i v e d s o i l s , a l r e a d y m e n t i o n e d . T h e s e i n c l u d e

members o f M o r l e y , M ia m i , H i l l s d a l e , S p i n k s a n d O a k v i l l e c a t e n a s .

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When t h e i c e f r o n t b eg an t o r e t r e a t f rom t h e Owosso m o r a i n e

t o t h e S a g i n a w Bay A re a ( F i g . 1) a n d d u r i n g t h e e x i s t e n c e o f

Lake Maumee, w a t e r was p o n d e d b e t w e e n t h e i c e f r o n t t o t h e

n o r t h e a s t a n d t h e d i v i d e a r o u n d t h e s o u t h w e s t e r n e d g e o f t h e

S a g i n a w Bay. At t h e b e g i n n i n g t h e body o f w a t e r was E a r l y Lake

S a g in a w a n d i t d i s c h a r g e d w e s t w a r d down t h e G ra n d R i v e r v a l l e y .

L a t e r d o w n - c u t t i n g o f t h e Grand R i v e r o u t l e t c h a n n e l l o w e r e d

t h e l a k e in t h e S a g i n a w Bay a r e a f ro m 735 f e e t t o 710 f e e t ,

T a b l e 3 . In t h e n e x t s t a g e , two l a k e s t a g e s L a t e Lake S a g i n a w

an d E a r l y Lake A rk o n a w e r e j o i n e d t o f o r m a s i n g l e l a k e .

F u r t h e r r e d u c t i o n in t h e w a t e r body p r o d u c e d t h e r e s t o f Lak e

Ark ona a n d a l l Lake W a r r e n l e v e l s . A rk o n a e x i s t e d f ro m 1 3 , 4 0 0

t o 1 3 , 8 0 0 y e a r s a n d W a r r e n e x i s t e d f ro m 1 2 , 3 0 0 t o 1 2 , 8 0 0 y e a r s ^

a g o . S o i l s f o u n d on t h e s e l a k e b e d s a r e t h o s e o f t h e f i n e

t e x t u r e d l a c u s t r i n e m a t e r i a l a n d t h e two s t o r e y s o i l s o f s a n d

o r s a n d y loam d e p o s i t s o v e r t h e l a c u s t r i n e o r t i l l m a t e r i a l s ,

o r w i t h a l t e r n a t e l a y e r s o f c o a r s e a n d f i n e m a t e r i a l . In among

t h e s e a r e somewhat p o o r l y d r a i n e d s o i l s d e v e l o p e d in e r o d e d

g r o u n d m o r a i n e s o r g l a c i a l o u t w a s h e s . T h e s e w e r e m a i n l y C o n o v e r ,

T e a s d a l e , a n d some B l o u n t . As M ap le R i v e r r e p l a c e d Imlay o u t l e t

i t f l o w e d n o r t h w a r d t h r u t h e F l i n t a n d Owosso m o r a i n i c a r e a s ,

^ C om m un ic a t io n f r o m J . Hough, March 14, 1969.

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t h e i r o u t w a s h p l a i n s , a n d t h e g l a c i a l l a k e p l a i n s o f S a g i n a w ,

A r k o n a , a n d W a r r e n a g e s , a n d t h e n w e s t w a r d t o j o i n G r a n d R i v e r ,

F i g . 3 . As t h e f l o w o f t h e s t r e a m c o n t i n u e d w i t h t i m e a n d

d o w n - c u t t i n g a n d t h e w a t e r f l o w e d in t h e p l a n e s o f l o w e r e l e v a ­

t i o n s on t h e l a n d s c a p e , i t s p r e v i o u s e l e v a t i o n s r e m a i n e d a b o v e

t h e p r e s e n t i n c i s e d r i v e r c h a n n e l a s t e r r a c e s . The d o w n - c u t t i n g

o r d e e p e n i n g came a s a r e s u l t o f t h e l o w e r i n g s in L a k e M i c h i g a n ,

G ra nd R i v e r , L a k e W a r r e n , L a k e A r k o n a , a n d L ak e S a g i n a w . The

o l d r i v e r c h a n n e l t h a t s l o p e d w e s t w a r d i n t h e p a s t ( a l o n g S t o n y

C r e e k a n d H a y w o r t h C r e e k , F i g . 3 ) was a b a n d o n e d a f t e r t h e r i v e r

ha d e s t a b l i s h e d i t s n o r t h e r n c o u r s e t h a t p r o v i d e d a b e t t e r f l o w

g r a d i e n t .

The I m l a y o u t l e t a n d M a p l e R i v e r t e r r a c e s a r e o c c u p i e d

m a i n l y by Bo ye r s o i l s c a t e n a members a n d t o l e s s e r e x t e n t by

Fox , Osh te m o a n d S p i n k s s o i l c a t e n a m e m b e r s . The so me what

p o o r l y d r a i n e d members a r e e n c o u n t e r e d m o r e on t h e s e t e r r a c e s

t h a n t h e w e l l d r a i n e d members d u e t o t h e s m a l l i n e q u a l i t i e s in

e l e v a t i o n . Somewhat p o o r l y d r a i n e d t i l l s o i l s , u s u a l l y C o n o v e r ,

a r e a l s o e n c o u n t e r e d on t h e t e r r a c e s o r l a k e p l a i n s d u e t o t h e i r

p r e v i o u s h i g h e r l a n d s c a p e s t h a t w e r e e i t h e r c u t t o t h e t e r r a c e

o r l a k e p l a i n l e v e l s o r i t s l o w e r s u r r o u n d i n g a r e a s w e r e f i l l e d

w i t h t h e a c c u m u l a t i n g f l u v i a l d e p o s i t s t h a t r e a c h e d t h e h e i g h t

o f t h e h i g h e r p a r t s o f t i l l . The Owosso a n d M e t e a s o i l c a t e n a

members a r e f o u n d o n l y on t h e t r a n s i t i o n b e t w e e n t h e t e r r a c e s

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a n d t h e m o r a i n i c v a l l e y w a l l s . Most o f t h e s o i l s s a m p l e d in

t h i s s t u d y f a l l in t h e r a n g e o f c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s o f Boye r a n d

B o y e r - S p i n k s e x c e p t p e d o n 0 w h i c h i s s i m i l a r t o Fox a n d ped on

AA w h i c h i s O sh te m o . T h e i r s a m p l i n g s i t e s a n d t h e l o c a t i o n

o f t h e t r a n s e c t s o f t h e v a l l e y s s t u d i e d a r e shown by a c i r c l e d

b l a c k d o t a n d l i n e s , r e s p e c t i v e l y , i d e n t i f i e d by a l e t t e r o r two

in F i g u r e s 7-1** a n d 1 6 - 1 7 .

The p r e s e n t f l o o d p l a i n s a r e c o m p o s e d o f l e v e l , n a r r o w

A l l u v i a l s o i l s . T h e s e A l l u v i a l s o i l s a r e m a i n l y t h e G e n e s e e ,

L a n d e s , a n d A b s c o t a s o i l c a t e n a s . The p o o r l y d r a i n e d m e m b e r s ,

c h i e f l y G l e n d o r a , a r e mor e f r e q u e n t l y e n c o u n t e r e d t h a n o t h e r

c a t e n a m e m b e r s . G e o l o g i c a l l y t h e s e s o i l s a r e v e r y r e c e n t b e c a u s e

t h e s o i l s m a t e r i a l h e r e a r e p r a c t i c a l l y u n c h a n g e d g e o l o g i c a l

d e p o s i t s e x c e p t f o r some o r g a n i c a d d i t i o n s a n d l e a c h i n g w h i c h

may b e e n c o u n t e r e d w i t h i n t h e p e d o n s . The o r g a n i c e n r i c h e d

l a y e r s b e n e a t t i t h e s u r f a c e a r e m a r t e o f a n o l d e r s u r f a c e a n d a

somewhat l o n g e r l a p s e o f t i m e b e t w e e n t h e two a d j a c e n t s t r a t a

o f s e d i m e n t .

A fe w s m a l l a r e a s o f o r g a n i c s o i l s a r e a l s o mapped in

n o r t h e a s t e r n C l i n t o n C o u n t y on A l l u v i a l a r e a s , t e r r a c e s , a n d

m o r a i n i c s u r f a c e s . The m o s t common m a p p i n g u n i t s o f o r g a n i c

s o i l s a r e C a r l i s l e muck.

In summary , e x a m i n i n g t h e p e d o l o g i c a l a n d t o p o g r a p h i c a l maps in

f i g u r e s 7 - 1** a n d 1 5 - 1 6 , t h e s o i l key a n d l e g e n d in t a b l e s 7 - 8 , i t

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i g u r e 15. P o r t i o n o f L a i n g s b u r g q u a d r a n g l e s h o w i n g f i e l d s h e e t s , t r a n s e c t s , a n d s a m p l i n g s i t e s in s o u t h e r n p a r t o f t h e s t u d y a r e a ( s c a l e i s 1/ 6 2 , 5 0 0 , c o n t o u r i n t e r v a l 1 0 ' )

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co

siw"

33

: „ X(JHSicfcv ‘

’̂ riNu1

f e a s a i i j

zggj r;,..^rf«F i g u r e 16 . P o r t i o n o f E l s i e q u a d r a n g l e s h o w i n g f i e l d s h e e t s ,

t r a n s e c t s a n d s a m p l i n g s i t e s in n o r t h e r n p a r t o f t h e s t u d e n t a r e a ( s c a l e 1 / 6 2 , 5 0 0 , c o n t o u r i n t e r v a l 5 ' )

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i s t h u s p o s s i b l e t o r e a l i z e t h a t some s o i l s a r e f o rm e d on t h e

s u r f a c e s o f c e r t a i n a g e s o r o r i g i n s . For e x a m p l e , we h a v e

u p l a n d t i l l d e r i v e d s o i l s , t h e t e r r a c e o r o u t w a s h d e r i v e d s o i l s

a n d t h e f l o o d p l a i n A l l u v i a l o r O r g a n i c s o i l s a s m e n t i o n e d

a b o v e .

To i d e n t i f y a n d r e l a t e f l u v i a l g e o m o r p h i c s u r f a c e s a l o n g

t h e M ap le R i v e r t o t h e s o i l s a n d t h e i r a g e s i t was n e c e s s a r y

t o a d o p t a s y s t e m a t i c i n d u c t i v e - d e d u c t i v e a p p r o a c h w h i c h made

u s e o f b o t h t h e p u b l i s h e d t o p o g r a p h i c a l maps t h a t a r e a v a i l a b l e

a s shown in F i g u r e s 15 a n d 16 a n d c u r r e n t s o i l s u r v e y maps a s

shown in F i g u r e s 7 t h r u 14.

From t o p o g r a p h i c maps , p e d o n s o f v a r i o u s b e n c h s u r f a c e s

a l o n g t r a n s e c t s f r o m t h e M a pl e R i v e r w e r e a c c e p t e d a s r e a s o n a b l e

i n d i c a t i o n s o f b e i n g p o s s i b l e t e r r a c e s . The m a p p i n g u n i t s o f t h e

o l d s o i l s u r v e y o f 1 9 3 6 w i t h t h e c u r r e n t s o i l s u r v e y m a pp in g

u n i t s o f t h e s e n e a r l y l e v e l s u r f a c e s t h a t a r e p r e s e n t a t

d i f f e r e n t e l e v a t i o n s w e r e v e r y h e l p f u l in d i f f e r e n t i a t i n g t h e

s u r f a c e s a s t o s o u r c e o f m a t e r i a l s o f s i m i l a r a g e s p a r t l y on

t h e b a s i s o f h a v i n g t h e same s o i l c a t e n a , o r a v e r y s i m i l a r

c a t e n a , a s shown in T a b l e 9 .

The 1936 m a p p i n g u n i t c o r r e l a t i o n s w i t h t h e c u r r e n t l y

u s e d m a p p in g u n i t s a r e shown in T a b l e 9 .

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T a b l e 9 . C o r r e l a t i o n o f t h e t e r r a c e s o i l m a p p in g u n i t s o f t h e 1936 s o i l s u r v e y a n d t h e c u r r e n t ( 1 9 6 8 ) s o i l s u r v e y

C l i n t o n C o u n t y 1936 m a p p i n g u n i t s

C u r r e n t C l i n t o n C o u n t y m a p p i n g u n i t s - - 1 9 6 9

B rad y Wasep i a n d M a t h e r t o n

Bel 1f o n t a i ne Fox , Boyer

B e r r i e n O a k v i l l e , M e t e a , M e t a m o r a , S p i n k s

Bronso n B o y e r a n d Osh temo

C o nov e r Same a n d T e a s d a l e

G e n e s e e Same a n d K i b b i e

G r i f f i n G l e n d o r a , C o h o c t a h , S 1 o a n , W a sh te na w

G i 1 f o r d Same

Hi 1 I s d a l e Same, Me tamora

Macomb G r a n b y , C o r u n n a

Mi am i Same a n d M e ta m o ra a n d M e te a

Oshtemo Same a n d B o y e r , S p i n k s

Fox B oy e r a n d Fox

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T h e s e c o r r e l a t i o n s a r e d e d u c e d f ro m a c t u a l c o m p a r i s o n s o f t h e

s o i l s mapped on t h e same t r a n s e c t s on b o t h t h e o l d a n d new s o i l

maps . C om par in g t h e e q u i v a l e n t m a pp in g u n i t d e s c r i p t i o n c o n f i r m ­

ed t h e same r e l a t i o n s h i p s r e v e a l e d f ro m t h e s o i l maps .

The m a j o r c r i t e r i a u s e d in t h i s p a r t o f t h e s t u d y i s

p l o t t i n g t h e e l e v a t i o n s o f t h e r e c o g n i z e d s u r f a c e s a g a i n s t

d i s t a n c e t r a v e l e d by t h e r i v e r s w i t h i n t h e a r e a o f s t u d y .

D i s t a n c e s w e r e m e a s u r e d f r o m t h e f i r s t p o i n t o f o b s e r v a t i o n

( s i t e AA) on t h e L i t t l e M a pl e n o r t h w a r d . In p l o t t i n g e l e v a t i o n s

o f t h e s e b e n c h s u r f a c e s t h e a v e r a g e v a l u e s w e r e u s e d f o r t h e

e l e v a t i o n r a n g e s . T h i s was i n d i c a t e d by p l o t t i n g t h e r a n g e

i t s e l f a s a d o t t e d l i n e on b o t h s i d e s o f t h e e l e v a t i o n a v e r a g e

v a l u e s u s e d . A v e r a g e v a l u e s r e p r e s e n t t h e c e n t r a l v a l u e s f o r

e v e r y s u r f a c e a n d t h e y a r e a u s e f u l t o o l in r e d u c i n g t h e v o lu m e

o f t h e d a t a a n d o v e r l o o k i n g t h e m i n o r e l e v a t i o n d i f f e r e n c e s .

C o n n e c t i n g o f t h e a v e r a g e p o i n t s f o r t h e l o w e s t s u r f a c e s

a b ove t h e a l l u v i u m p l o t t e d f o r e v e r y o b s e r v a t i o n a l t r a n s e c t

a l o n g t h e Ma ple R i v e r s , F i g u r e s 17 an d 18, d e l i n e a t e d t h e m os t

p r o b a b l e f i r s t t e r r a c e a b o v e t h e a l l u v i a l f l o o d p l a i n . C o n n e c ­

t i o n o f t h e a v e r a g e s o f e l e v a t i o n f r o m t h e n e x t h i g h e r p l o t t e d

s u r f a c e s d e f i n e t h e s e c o n d t e r r a c e a b o v e t h e a l l u v i a l f l o o d

p l a i n . The same p r o c e d u r e was u s e d t o d e l i n e a t e t h e t h i r d a n d

f o u r t h t e r r a c e s a b o v e t h e f l o o d p l a i n . G r e a t e r g r a d i e n t s a r e

n o t e d in t h e L i t t l e M ap le R i v e r t e r r a c e s c o m p a r e d t o t h e Maple

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R i v e r , F i g u r e s 17 a n d 18, r e s p e c t i v e l y .

Each o f t h e s e s u r f a c e s w e r e v e r i f i e d in t h e f i e l d a n d t h e i r

r e l a t i v e e l e v a t i o n f ro m t h e a l l u v i u m l e v e l h a v e be e n c h e c k e d

w i t h an Abney a t e a c h c o n t r o l t r a n s e c t .

At t h i s s t a g e i t was n e c e s s a r y t o e x a m i n e t h e s o i l m a p p in g

u n i t s on t h e s e t e r r a c e s t o n o t e w h e t h e r t h e y s u p p o r t t h e h y p o ­

t h e s i s o f g r o u p i n g t h e s e s u r f a c e s i n t o f o u r d i f f e r e n t t e r r a c e s .

S e g m e n t s o f e a c h t e r r a c e a r e a s s u m e d t o be o f r e l a t i v e l y t h e

same a g e s i n c e t h e y a l l w e r e d e p o s i t e d d u r i n g o n e p e r i o d o f t i m e .

S p e c i f i c m a p p i n g u n i t s a r e c l o s e l y a s s o c i a t e d w i t h p a r t i ­

c u l a r t e r r a c e s b e c a u s e o f t h e s i m i l a r i t y in t h e s o u r c e o f t h e i r

p a r e n t m a t e r i a l s a n d p r o c e s s e s o f t h e i r d e p o s i t i o n . On t h e

f i r s t t e r r a c e a b o v e t h e a l l u v i a l f l o o d p l a i n t h e B o y e r - S p i n k s

c a t e n a i s w i d e l y d i s t r i b u t e d a n d in some a r e a s K i b b i e i s f o u n d

b e c a u s e o f some l o c a l p o n d i n g a n d in some o t h e r a r e a s some

Owosso o r M etea i s f o u n d . P o o r l y d r a i n e d members a r e n o t i c e d

t o be mor e on t h e f i r s t o r l o w e s t t e r r a c e . Owosso c a t e n a

members a r e f o u n d when a loamy g l a c i a l t i l l p r o t r u d i n g up

i n t o f l u v i a l d e p o s i t s g e t s a s a n d y loam f l u v i a l s m e a r 2 0 t o

AO i n c h e s t h i c k . M etea i s f o u n d in a r e a s when t h i s s m e a r i s

s a f i d i e r . The Oshtemo s o i l s e r i e s i s t h e l e a s t common s o i l

e n c o u n t e r e d on t h o s e t e r r a c e s b e c a u s e o f t h e i r t h i c k e r ,

m o d e r a t e l y c o a r s e t e x t u r e .

On t h e s e c o n d t e r r a c e a b o v e t h e f l o o d p l a i n , s i m i l a r

ma ppi ng u n i t s o f Boyer a n d B o y e r - S p i n k s c a t e n a s a r e f o u n d .

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ELEV

ATIO

N IN

FE

ET

770

760

750

740

730

720

710

700

690

< f v shtemo (Bronson)

<J> Gilford\ ♦ ♦Metamora <j> <f) Metea

Wasepi

( ) 1936 identities Sampled pedons

O Mapping unit

AA*

iB Cj L j

0 1 2 3 4

DISTANCE IN MILES FROM POINT AAF i g u r e 17 . G r a p h i c p r e s e n t a t i o n o f t h e t e r r a c e s a l o n g

t h e L i t t l e M ap le R i v e r a s o r i e n t e d a c c o r d i n g t o d i s t a n c e , e l e v a t i o n , a n d s e q u e n c e o f s i t e s s o u t h o f t h e j u n c t i o n w i t h t h e M ap le R i v e r

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ELEV

ATIO

N IN

FE

ET

750( )1936 id*ntiti*s # Sompftd ptdon* O Mapping unil(s)

740

730

720 tomoto

Ma710 ■Spinks

6Kibbit

700

Miami690 MMamera

680SMfiMgafy (fPHtMU

670

DISTANCE IN MILES FROM POINT AA

F ig u re 18. G raph ic p r e s e n t a t i o n o f t h e t e r r a c e s a lo n g Maple R iv e r as o r i e n t e d a c c o rd in g t o d i s t a n c e , e l e v a t i o n and sequence o f s i t e s n o r t h o f L i t t l e Maple R iv e r j u n c t i o n

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132

The d i f f e r e n c e s b e t w e e n t h e s e m a p p i n g u n i t s a n d t h o s e o f t h e

f i r s t t e r r a c e a r e , t h e g r e a t e r i n t e n s i t y o f t h e i r p e d o g e n e s i s

due t o t h e t i m e d i f f e r e n c e s s i n c e t h e i r p a r e n t m a t e r i a l s

d e p o s i t i o n a n d t h e p r e d o m i n a n c e o f t h e w e l l d r a i n e d a n d t h e

somewhat p o o r l y d r a i n e d members o v e r t h e p o o r l y d r a i n e d c a t e n a

m e m b e r s .

On t h e t h i r d t e r r a c e , s o i l s o f t h e B o y e r , B o y e r - F o x , a n d

some Fox c a t e n a s w e r e n o t i c e d on t h i s o l d e r t e r r a c e . T h i s i s

e x p l a i n e d a s a r e s u l t o f a g r e a t e r i n t e n s i t y o f p e d o g e n e s i s

due t o l o n g e r i n f l u e n c e o f t i m e a n d p e r h a p s a f i n e r u p p e r s t o r y

a s w i l l be shown l a t e r in t h i s s t u d y .

The f o u r t h h i g h e r t e r r a c e h a s Fo x , B o y e r - F o x , S p i n k s ,

Metea a n d Owosso. Fox, B o y e r - F o x , a n d S p i n k s a r e f o r m e d and

d e v e l o p e d t h e same way t h e y a r e d e v e l o p e d on t h e o t h e r t e r r a c e s

e x c e p t f o r t h e g r e a t e r t i m e i n v o l v e d in t h e i r p e d o g e n e s i s . The

p r e s e n c e o f t h e c o b b l e s on t h e t h i r d a n d f o u r t h t e r r a c e s was

a l s o n o t e d .

The r e a s o n a b l e e x p l a n a t i o n s f o r t h e a c t u a l s e q u e n c e s o f

t h e s e F o x - B o y e r - S p i n k s g r a d a t i o n s in m a p p i n g u n i t s i s t h a t

p a r e n t m a t e r i a l s d i f f e r w i t h i n t e r r a c e s b u t m i n o r p e d o g e n e s i s

i n t e n s i t y d i f f e r e n c e s i s a n o t h e r c o n t r i b u t i n g f a c t o r .

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To s a t i s f a c t o r i l y d e s c r i b e a l a n d f o r m t h e c l a s s i c a l D a v i s

d i c t u m becomes a u s e f u l t o o l :

L a n d f o r m - s t r u c t u r e + p r o c e s s e s + s t a g e

G l a c i a l f l u v i a l s t r u c t u r e s a n d t h e d y n a m i c s o f t h e p r o c e s s e s

i n v o l v e d in t h e i r t r a n s p o r t a n d d e p o s i t i o n w e r e p r e s e n t e d e a r l i e r .

L a n d f o r m s a r e e a s y t o b e r e c o g n i z e d a n d u n d e r s t o o d i f t h e y

f o l l o w a p a t t e r n in t h e i r o c c u r r e n c e . H o w e v e r , a s t i m e i s

t h e f o u r t h d i m e n s i o n f o r t h o s e d e p o s i t e d m a t e r i a l s , i t m u s t

be c o n s i d e r e d in t h e e v a l u a t i o n o f t h e s e d e p o s i t s .

R e l a t i v e a n d a b s o l u t e means a r e t h e two p r i n c i p a l ways

t o d a t e g e o m o r p h i c s u r f a c e s . The r e l a t i v e way o f d a t i n g a g e

i s u s u a l l y e x p r e s s e d a s y o u n g e r , o l d e r o r t h e same a g e a s

a n o t h e r g e o m o r p h i c s u r f a c e . I t s m a in i n t e r e s t i s i n d a t i n g

s e d i m e n t s d e p o s i t e d h o r i z o n t a l l y o r w i t h s l i g h t d e v i a t i o n f r o m

t h e h o r i z o n t a l . The p r i n c i p l e s o f d e p o s i t s u p e r p o s i t i o n s i s

e n t i r e l y a p p l i c a b l e in s u c h c a s e s . Y o u n g e r b e d s a r e on t o p«

o f t h e o l d e r b e d s , a l t h o u g h d i s t o r t i o n a n d d e f o r m a t i o n o f t h e

s e d i m e n t may l e a d t o a c o m p l e x a r r a n g e m e n t o f t h e s e b e d s . No

d i f f i c u l t y w i l l d e v e l o p i f t h e l a n d s u r f a c e i s r e c o g n i z e d in

i t s t r u e g e o m e t r i c n a t u r e w h i c h i s e i t h e r a r e c t i l i n e a r o r

c u r v a t e s u r f a c e . Bu t w h e r e s u c h d i s t u r b a n c e s h a v e n o t o c c u r r e d ,

t h e s i m p l e p r i n c i p l e o f s u p e r p o s i t i o n p r o v i d e s a r e l a t i v e d a t i n g

s c h e m e . The a b s o l u t e way o f d a t i n g i s u s u a l l y b a s e d on r a d i o ­

a c t i v e r a t e o f d e c a y o f n a t u r a l l y o c c u r r i n g e l e m e n t s w h i c h

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13**

f o l l o w s t h a t o f t h e f i r s t o r d e r c h e m i c a l r e a c t i o n s u c h a s :

u r a n i u m - 1e a d , t h o r i u r n - l e a d , p o t a s s i u m - a r g o n , s t r o n t i u m - r u b i d i u m ,

r a d i u m - i o n i u m an d o f c o u r s e t h e w e l l known r a d i o c a r b o n m e t h o d .

In t h i s a r e a o f s t u d y t h e d i r e c t i o n o f g l a c i e r r e c e s s i o n

was g e n e r a l l y f ro m s o u t h w e s t t o n o r t h e a s t o f m i d - M i c h i g a n , F i g . 2 .

Thus g e o g r a p h i c a l l y , l a n d f o r m s f u r t h e r t o t h e s o u t h w i l l be

o l d e r t h a n t h o s e t h a t a r e n o r t h o f them. At t h e same t i m e

p h y s i o g r a p h i c a 11y h i g h e r f l u v i a l m a t e r i a l s may be o l d e r t h a n

t h o s e o f l o w e r e l e v a t i o n s d u e t o l a t e r down c u t t i n g o f t h e

s t r e a m s a n d t h i s i s b e s t i l l u s t r a t e d by t e r r a c e s . The l a t t e r

may i n c l u d e some f l u v i a l l a c u s t r i n e m a t e r i a l s .

C o n t i n u o u s a n d w i d e d i s a g r e e m e n t e x i s t s among t h e c o n c e r n e d

g e o m o r p h o l o g i s t s on t h e c h r o n o l o g y a n d e l e v a t i o n s o f t h e so m e­

wha t d i m i n u t i v e g l a c i a l l a k e b e a c h e s in t h e a r e a . T h e i r

f i n d i n g s a g r e e m o s t on t h e t o p o g r a p h i c a l l y p r o m i n e n t l a n d f o r m s

s u c h a s t h e e a r l y a n d l a t e s t a g e s o f t h e a r e a s ' e x t i n c t g l a c i a l

l a k e s . A l m o s t a l l o f t h e c o n t r o v e r s y c e n t e r s a r o u n d t h e v a r i o u s

b e a c h d e p o s i t s t h a t h a v e b ee n d e p o s i t e d d u r i n g p e r i o d s b e t w e e n

r e a d v a n c e m e n t s a n d r e c e s s i o n s o f t h e l o c a l l y a c t i v e a n d o v e r ­

l a p p i n g g l a c i e r s .

The i n v e s t i g a t o r s h a v e d i s p u t e d t h e s i g n i f i c a n c e o f c l o s e l y

r e l a t e d e l e v a t i o n s a n d t h u s t h e i r c h r o n o l o g i c a l i n t e r p r e t a t i o n s

became a c o n t r o v e r s y . P a r t o f t h e e f f o r t o f t h i s s t u d y was

d i r e c t e d t o g a t h e r a l l q u a n t i t a t i v e i n f o r m a t i o n p o s s i b l e f ro m

t h e l i t e r a t u r e a b o u t t h e s e l a n d f o r m s a n d t h i s i s p r e s e n t e d in

T a b l e 10.

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TABLE 10 - Various elevations and dates of the area landforms with some chronologic correlations.

LandformsELEVATIONS

Chronoloav CorrelationsLeverett & Taylor F lint

DetroitFolio Hough .T. Hough,P. Bergqutst Bretz

MIch.Geo. S. but.4 Range

Grand River Channel

14,350 • - 14.400

Lake Maumee 780HW jW •

14.200*St. John

Moraine 14,000*Imlay

Channel 14.000*Flint

MoraineOwosso

MoraineEarly

Saqlnaw 735 730-735 735 730 730-735M ,i6 o *14.000 •

Ice re trea t from Owosso * Moraine

MiddleSaalnaw 695 710 725 715 695-725

~TT?S66W "13.650 s

Down Cutting by Grand River *

LateSaqlnaw 695 715 695-715

EarlyArfcona 706-710 710 710 710 710 725 715 710 708-725

13,660*13,600*13.000*

710 Chesanlng Moraine *700695 Ice re trea t from Chesanlng

MiddleArkona 696-702 700 694 700 700 705 700 698-705

"13,666* 1 13.000*

LataArkona 690-694 695 690 695 695 700 695 690-700

13,400 • 13,600* 13,000*

Before the rise of the * Whlttlessey lake

EarlyWarren 6S0-6B5 682-690 690 690 690 680-685 690 680-690 12,200*

12.800 e

ixjwncuTTing or The wnmessey w ou tle t ft lowering

MiddleWarren 675-680

6*75,682-690 680 682 682 675 682 675-690

12,600 * 10.900*

Retreat of Ice from the * Bay Cltv Moraine

LateWarren 675 675 675 675-660 675 660-675 f : i Hi

Valders glacial substaga

+ Lave r e t t ft Taylor + Bul. 4. MGS.

• F lin t * Hough.1. With reference to Hough J . 19582. With reference to appendix XCL

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4

136

T e r r a c e s a l o n g t h e M a p l e R i v e r a r e o f t h e C a r y S u b s t a g e

in t h e l a t e W i s c o n s i n o f t h e p l e i s t o c e n e . D e p l o y m e n t o f t h e

F l i n t a n d Owosso m o r a i n e s by t h e a d v a n c i n g g l a c i e r a p p e a r s t o

be t h e m a j o r g l a c i a l p r o c e s s t h a t g a v e r i s e t o t h e s i t u a t i o n

o f t h e i n t e r r u p t e d m o r a i n i c s t r u c t u r e s t h a t a r e p r o m i n e n t on

t h e r i g h t s i d e o f t h e M a p l e R i v e r c h a n n e l . C l a y l a k e p l a i n

a n d s a n d y l a k e r i d g e s f o r a c o n s i d e r a b l e a r e a on t h e l e f t

a n d t h e n o r t h o f t h e m o r a i n e s in D u p l a i n t o w n s h i p o f C l i n t o n

c o u n t y . The l a k e p l a i n s a n d r i d g e s c o n t i n u e t o b e o b s e r v e d

in t h e s o u t h o f E l b a t o w n s h i p o f G r a t i o t c o u n t y . Of c o u r s e t h i s

r e d u c t i o n in e l e v a t i o n by t h e v a r i o u s g l a c i a l l a k e s h a p p e n e d

a f t e r t h e d e p l o y m e n t o f t h e m o r a i n e s .

A l s o , a n d f o r some t i m e , ( l i t t l e b e f o r e t h e e a r l y A r k o n a

a g e ) , t h e M a p l e R i v e r was f l o w i n g t o t h e w e s t o f i t s p r e s e n t c o u r s e

t h r o u g h t h e a r e a p r e s e n t l y known a s S t e v e n s d r a i n , e x a c t l y w e s t

o f t h e f l a t low a r e a o f s i t e F. T h i s a r e a i s a d e l t a i c g r a v e l

a n d s o p o o r l y d r a i n e d t h a t i n some a r e a s t o t h e e a s t two s m a l l

m a r s h e s a r e o b s e r v e d . The f l a t t e n i n g se em s t o b e c a u s e d m ore

by t h e e a r l i e r f l o w o f I m l a y R i v e r t o t h e w e s t t h a n t h e w av e

a c t i o n o f t h e g l a c i a l l a k e s l a t e r . O n l y r e c e n t l y , s i t e F

( L a t e W a r r e n ) t e r r a c e , w a s e x p o s e d f r o m u n d e r t h e w a t e r s o f

t h a t l a k e a l o n g t h e M a p le R i v e r . T h i s makes t h i s t e r r a c e t h e

y o u n g e s t among t h e r e s t o f t h e t e r r a c e s s t u d i e d on t h i s l a n d ­

s c a p e . The g r a d i e n t r e c o n s t r u c t i o n i n F i g u r e 18 a l s o c o n f i r m

t h e same f a c t .

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S i t e N, a l t h o u g h on t h e g e n e r a l l y low l a k e p l a i n , i t s

p o s i t i o n on t h e b e a c h r i d g e o f t h e M i d d l e W a r r e n a g e makes

i t l i t t l e o l d e r t h a n s i t e F ( 500 y e a r s d i f f e r e n c e ) .

Both o f s i t e s LF a n d L a r e s i t u a t e d on t h e p r o m i n e n t b e a c h

o f Lower Ark ona ( 1 3 , ^ 0 0 y e a r s ) . S i t e LF i s on t h e b e a c h i t s e l f

w h i l e s i t e L i s on t h e f i r s t c u t t e r r a c e made on t h e same

b ea ch l a t e r by t h e M ap le R i v e r . T h i s makes b o t h s i t e s o f

s i m i l a r a g e s . And, s i n c e t h e b e a c h was f o r m e d b e f o r e t h e r i v e r

ha d c u t i t , s i t e LF w h i c h i s n o r m a l l y n o t a t e r r a c e becomes o f

an o l d e r a g e t h a n s i t e L. The r e c o n s t r u c t i o n o f t h e t e r r a c e

g r a d i e n t p r e s e n t e d e a r l i e r in F i g u r e 18 a l s o c o n f i r m s t h a t p e d o n s

N, L, F a n d p r o b a b l y AA a r e o f same a g e , b e c a u s e t h e y f a l l w i t h i n

e l e v a t i o n s a l l o w e d f o r t h e f i r s t t e r r a c e .

As s i t e FD i s c h r o n o l o g i c a l l y e v a l u a t e d by t h e same g e o -

m o r p h i c m e t h o d o l o g y , i t became e v i d e n t t h a t i t i s s i t u a t e d in

t h e o l d e x t i n c t g r a v e l l y Imlay c h a n n e l w h i c h i s c u t t h r o u g h t h e

d e p l o y e d m o r a i n i c a r e a o f F l i n t a n d Owosso m o r a i n e s . I t i s

s u g g e s t e d h e r e t h a t in t h i s Im la y d e e p v a l l e y , Im la y s f l u v i a l

m a t e r i a l s w e r e d e p o s i t e d on t h e e a s t a n d w e s t f o o t h i l l s a n d t h e

g e n t l e s l o p e s o f t h e s e m o r a i n i c l a n d f o r m s . The h y p o t h e s i s

p r e s e n t e d h e r e i d e n t i f i e s t h e h i g h e s t t e r r a c e s in t h i s v a l l e y

a s o f t h e Im lay R i v e r f l u v i a l d e p o s i t s u c h a s t h a t o f t h e FD

and D s i t e s , w h i l e t h e l o w e r t e r r a c e s a r e i d e n t i f i e d a s t h o s e

o f t h e Maple R i v e r f l u v i a l t e r r a c e s .

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The a l t e r n a t i v e p o s s i b i l i t y t o e x p l a i n t h e s i t u a t i o n a t

t h e s e s i t e s , i s t h a t t h e D s i t e d e l t a i c g r a v e l l y t e r r a c e i s o f

p o s t Im la y a g e , w h i l e FD s i t e c o u l d be a n o u t w a s h d e p o s i t

a s s o c i a t e d w i t h t h e d e p l o y m e n t o f t h e F l i n t a n d Owosso m o r a i n e s .

L e v e r e t t a n d T a y l o r ( 1 9 1 5 ) b e l i e v e d t h a t s i t e D t e r r a c e i s a

r e m n a n t o f o l d f l u v i a l 1 y a f f e c t e d b e a c h e s in t h e a r e a ( p o s s i b l y

e a r l y , m i d d l e o r l a t e S a g i n a w ) . S i n c e FD s i t e i s n o t s e p a r a t e d

f ro m t h e m o r a i n i c s t r u c t u r e s by a n y s t r e a m , a n d b e c a u s e i t s

e l e v a t i o n i s t h e same a s o f t h a t o f s i t e D, i t be c om es v e r y

c l e a r t h a t s i t e FD i s o f a c o m p a r a b l e a g e t o s i t e D.

S i t e AA i s on t h e f i r s t t e r r a c e o f t h e L i t t l e M a p l e R i v e r

t h a t j o i n s t h e M a p l e R i v e r in t h e s o u t h e a s t o f s e c t i o n f o u r

o f O v id t o w n s h i p in C l i n t o n c o u n t y . I t s p e c u l i a r e l e v a t i o n a n d

p h y s i o g r a p h i c p o s i t i o n s u g g e s t t h a t i t s a g e i s o l d e r t h a n t h a t

o f t h e f i r s t t e r r a c e t h a t i s i m m e d i a t e l y a b o v e t h e a l l u v i a l p l a i n .

F i n a l c o r r e l a t i o n o f Houghs ( 1 9 5 8 , 1963) r e v i s i o n o f t h e

e l e v a t i o n a n d t h e c h r o n o l o g y o f t h e e x t i n c t g l a c i a l l a k e s w i t h

t h e s e f i n d i n g s s u g g e s t t h e o r d i n a t i o n o f t h e s e s i t e s in t h e

c h r o n o l o g i c a l o r d e r p r e s e n t e d i n T a b l e 10.

From t h i s i t i s c l e a r t h a t t h e s e t e r r a c e s a r e o f r e l a t i v e l y

d i f f e r e n t a g e s a n d t h e i r a g e s c a n p r o b a b l y b e r e l a t i v e l y

c o r r e l a t e d w i t h t h e d i f f e r e n t g l a c i a l l a k e s t h a t w e r e e x i s t i n g

in t h e a r e a a n d i n d i r e c t l y a f f e c t i n g t h e d e v e l o p m e n t o f t h e s e

t e r r a c e s . S a m p l i n g s i t e s w e r e s e l e c t e d t o r e f l e c t t h e r e l a t i v e

t i m e d i f f e r e n c e s i n v o l v e d in t h e d e p o s i t i o n o f t h e s e t e r r a c e s a n d

b e a c h r i d g e m a t e r i a l s .

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T h e s e t e r r a c e s o c c u r in t h e v a l l e y s t a i r c a s e f r o m t h e

a l l u v i a l f l o o d p l a i n t o t h e b o u n d i n g v a l l e y m o r a i n i c w a l l . Many

c o m p l i c a t i o n s may be i n v o l v e d in t h e i d e n t i f i c a t i o n a n d c o r r e ­

l a t i o n o f t h e s e t e r r a c e s w i t h i n a v a l l e y o r f r o m v a l l e y t o v a l l e y .

T h e s e t e r r a c e s a n d b e a c h r i d g e s c o n s i s t o f s o r t e d f l u v i a l

m a t e r i a l s . T e r r a c e s a n d b e a c h r i d g e s a r e n e a r l y l e v e l t o s l i g h t l y

u n d u l a t i n g l a n d f o r m s a n d t h e h i g h e r t h e t e r r a c e s o r t h e b e a c h

r i d g e s t h e o l d e r i t i s u s u a l l y c o n s i d e r e d in t h e l a n d s c a p e .

G e o m o r p h o l o g i c a l 1y , t h e o l d e r t e r r a c e s o f a m a t u r i n g r i v e r

t h e h i g h e r a n d l e s s c o n t i n u o u s t h e y w i l l b e in t h e l a n d s c a p e

i f s e v e r a l p e r i o d s o f d o w n c u t t i n g a n d d e p o s i t i o n a r e e v i d e n t .

H i g h e r l a n d f o r m s t h a t a r e d e p o s i t e d a l o n g a m a t u r i n g s t r e a m

n o r m a l l y h a v e s u r f a c e s o f e q u a l a g e f o l l o w i n g a f o r m e r s t r e a m

g r a d i e n t . And , h e n c e t h e i r e l e v a t i o n s d e c r e a s e i n t h e d i r e c t i o n

o f t h e s t r e a m f l o w a n d t h e i r e l e v a t i o n s on t h e c o n t o u r map

s i m i l a r i l y d i m i n i s h d o w n s t r e a m .

The p r o c e e d i n g s o i l g e o m o r p h i c r e l a t i o n s h i p s r e s u l t e d

in o f f e r i n g t h e c h r o n o l o g y p r e s e n t e d in T a b l e 11.

A l o n g t h e L i t t l e M a pl e R i v e r o n l y o n e l e v e l was o b s e r v e d .

The h i g h e s t t e r r a c e ( t e r r a c e l e v e l No. 4 ) a l o n g t h e M a p le R i v e r ,

F i g u r e 18 , i s p r e s e n t u n t i l a b o u t t r a n s e c t c o n t r o l p o i n t F.

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T a b l e 11. The i n v e s t i g a t e d t e r r a c e s a n d t h e i r p r o b a b l e r e l a t i v e a g e s

L a n d fo rm in a d e c r e a s i n g a g e o r d e r

T e r r a c e s a n d r e m a r k s

S t . Jo hn m o r a i n e

F l i n t mora i n e

Iml ay c h a n n e l

Owosso m o r a i n e

A rk o n a L a k e s

W a r r e n L a k e s

O r i g i n o f L i t t l e M a p l e R i v e r

F o u r t h t e r r a c e

P o s t W a r r e n

T h i r d t e r r a c e ( S a g i n a w a n d A r k o n a L a k e s )

( S e c o n d t e r r a c e ( M i d d l e a n d e a r l y W a r r e n )

v F i r s t t e r r a c e ( L a k e W a r r e n )

C u r r e n t f l o o d p l a i n

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W h i l e l o w e r t e r r a c e s ( f i r s t a n d s e c o n d t e r r a c e s ) p e r s i s t e d

t h r o u g h o u t C l i n t o n C o u n t y a n d m e rg e d w i t h some b e a c h r i d g e s

o f t h e s u g g e s t e d a g e s i n s o u t h e r n G r a t i o t C o u n t y .

To c h a r a c t e r i z e t h e s e t e r r a c e s an d e s t a b l i s h t h e i r

c h r o n o l o g y t h e g e o g r a p h i c d i s t r i b u t i o n a n d g r a d i e n t s o f t h e s e

t e r r a c e s among t h e a l r e a d y d a t e d g l a c i a l m o r a i n i c , l a c u s t r i n e

a n d f l u v i a l l a n d f o r m s a r e e s s e n t i a l . T h e s e e l e m e n t s a n d t h e

u s e o f t h e r a d i o c a r b o n d a t i n g w e r e t h e b a s i s o f t h e e s t a b l i s h ­

ment o f t h e a r e a s e q u e n c e o f e v e n t s in t h e l i t e r a t u r e r e v i e w e d .

B. T e x t u r e

R e c o g n i t i o n o f m a p p in g u n i t s in f i e l d o p e r a t i o n s d u r i n g t h e

s o i l s u r v e y r e l y h e a v i l y on t h e m o r p h o l o g i c a l p r o p e r t i e s r e v e a l e d

by t h e b o r i n g s a n d t h e d i s t r i b u t i o n o f t h o s e b o r i n g s . S o i l

t e x t u r e e s t i m a t e d by t h e f i e l d m e t h o d s i s a m a j o r m o r p h o l o g i c a l

p r o p e r t y o f t h e i n d i v i d u a l h o r i z o n s a n d t h e o v e r a l l p r o f i l e .

Thus , i t i s v e r y n e c e s s a r y t o h a v e a d e q u a t e e x p e r i e n c e e s t i m a t i n g

f i e l d t e x t u r e .

Adequ acy o f t h e e x p e r i e n c e r e q u i r e d t o d e v e l o p t h e op t imum

l e v e l o f t e x t u r i n g p r o f i c i e n c y r e q u i r e s p r o p e r t r a i n i n g a n d

c o n t i n u e d p r a c t i c e . The s u r v e y o f t h i s a r e a in Cl i n t o n c o u n t y

was a c h i e v e d by w e l l t r a i n e d s c i e n t i s t s f r o m b o t h t h e U . S . S o i l

C o n s e r v a t i o n S e r v i c e a n d t h e M i c h i g a n A g r i c u l t u r a l E x p e r i m e n t

S t a t i o n . Improv ement in t e x t u r i n g s k i l l d u r i n g t h e s u r v e y was

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4

142

made p o s s i b l e by u s i n g a s e t o f t e x t u r a l s t a n d a r d s t h a t a r e

c o m p a r e d o c c a s i o n a l l y t o t h e unknown s a m p l e s . The r e c o g n i t i o n

by t h e s u r v e y o r s o f t h e t e x t u r e s o f s a m p l e s t h a t a r e c l o s e t o

t h e b o r d e r l i n e s o f t h e t e x t u r a l c l a s s e s i s t h u s p o s s i b l e .

J o i n i n g o f t h e a d j o i n i n g map b o r d e r s t h a t a r e s u r v e y e d

by two s u r v e y o r s a l s o i n d i c a t e d a g r e e m e n t s in m o s t o f t h e c a s e s

upon t e x t u r a l m a t t e r s . T h e s e a n d m o s t o f t h e o t h e r d i f f e r e n c e s

w e r e u s u a l l y in t h e d e g r e e o f t h e m a p p i n g d e t a i l . T h i s c a n b e

i n t e r p r e t e d a s a d e q u a t e u n i f i c a t i o n o f b o t h c o n c e p t s a n d

p r a c t i c e s w h i c h w e r e f r e q u e n t l y d i s c u s s e d d u r i n g t h e t w i c e

w e e k l y c o n f e r e n c e s o f t h e s o i l s u r v e y s t a f f in C l i n t o n c o u n t y

u n d e r t h e p a r t y c h i e f .

F i e l d t e x t u r a l d e t e r m i n a t i o n s r e c o r d e d d u r i n g s a m p l i n g

o f t h e p e d o n s s t u d i e d in t h i s t h e s i s may r e p r e s e n t r e a s o n a b l e

s a m p l e s f o r t e s t i n g t h e q u a l i t y o f t h e t e x t u r e d e t e r m i n a t i o n s

o f m a p p i n g u n i t s i n f i e l d i d e n t i f i c a t i o n s . F o r t h i s p u r p o s e

t h e r e c o r d e d f i e l d t e x t u r a l c l a s s e s w e r e s u b j e c t e d t o f u r t h e r

t e s t i n g w i t h t h e m e c h a n i c a l a n a l y s e s , a n d t h e r e s u l t s a r e shown

in T a b l e 12, a n d F i g u r e 19.

F i g u r e 19 shows t e x t u r e s o f a l l s a m p l e s f r o m t h e d a t a in

T a b l e 12. The c o r r e c t t e x t u r e s a r e i n d i c a t e d by b l a c k d o t s .

The b o r d e r l i n e o r n e a r l y c o r r e c t t e x t u r e ( w i t h i n t h e l a b o r a t o r y

e x p e r i m e n t a l e r r o r ) a r e i n d i c a t e d by c i r c l e d d o t s . . The i n c o r r e c t

t e x t u r e s b u t w i t h i n t h e a l l o w e d h a l f t e x t u r a l c l a s s e r r o r a r e

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■-f!

TABLE 12 - Mechanical Composition, Solution Loss, and Textures of Pedon Samples Studied

Hor, Depth Gv, Vcs Cs Ms Fs Vfs Ts Csf Fsl Tsl TcSol.Loss

Lab.Texture

FieldTexture

AA. Oshtemo sandy loam, Cn68050l AP*

sandy family 0-10 14.40 3.00 7.43 26.X 31 .X 5.45 7 5 .0 9.30 I0.X X .I0 4 .X I.X Is si

2 A2* 10-16 12.00 3.00 6.10 23.X 33.K 5.10 71 .X 11.25 12.73 24.04 4.45 1.78 si si3 Bl* 16-23 13.60 5.10 8.90 29.X 33.X 4.09 X .X I .X 14.10 O .X 3.70 0.07 Is Is4 H B2lt 23-31 29.90 6.90 12.40 38.90 X .X I .X 91.10 2 .X 3.X S.X 3.18 0.12 gv,s g v .s .l.5 U B22t 31-35 18.10 7.90 18.10 32.X 5.10 0 .X 64.00 I .X 7 .X 8 .X 7.10 O.X Is gv.scl6 IT 83 35-40 39.70 8.70 21.60 34.X 5 .X 0 .X X .X 2 .X I .X ■ 3.90 5.50 0.42 vgv.s gv.is7 i n Cl* 40-44 3.60 2.20 17.73 62.X II .X 0 .X 9 4 .0 I .X 3 .0 4.45 O.X O.X s se m c2 44-32 2.00 3.40 16.30 41.X 31 .X 2 .X X .X I.X 2 .X 3.K O.X 0.39 s s

D. Boyer-Fox sandy loam C 660601 AP*

, fine-loamy family 0-9 7.10 27.00 9 .X I4.X 27.13 7 .0 37.X 9 .X 25.05 34.M 7.45 2.13 fsl fsl

2 A2* 9-14 3.60 2.10 4.90 18.93 31 .X 8 .X X .X I3.X O .X 2 7 .0 5 .0 1.0 fsl si3 BIx* 14-19.3 20.60 4.20 7.80 I6 .X 24.X 6 .K X .X X .X 5.X 25.05 13.65 0.15 gv,fsl si4 U B2lt* •9.3-23 39.90 11.10 22.89 15.73 9 .X 2 .0 X .X 9 .K 4.M I4.X 23.X 1.91 gv.scl cl5 H I B22t* 23-34 57.30 13.70 32.00 X .X 4.00 I .X 7 I.X 4.10 4 .X 8.30 X .X 1.68 vgv.scl cl6 i n ci mc2

34-41 92.00 16.10 42.00 X .00 3 .X O.X X .I0 1.10 I .X 2 .K 7 .X 3 .X vgv.cs s7 41-30 63.10 13.30 22.X X .X 7 .X O.X X .X 9 .X O.X I0.X 3 .X 3.21 V9v,cs s and gv

FD. Boyer-Spinks coarse loamy family Cn68070l AP* 0-83 20.40 13.10 20.70 X .I0 14.10 2 .X 76.X I .X I2.K O .X 9 .K 2.72 gv,csl si

2 A2 8.3-13.5 23.00 12.69 I3 .X X .X I3 .X 2 .X 0 . 0 3 .0 I5 .X 21.25 9.25 4.11 gv.vsl si3 A2BI 13.3-18 20.10 19.40 22.10 I8 .X 8 .X 2.10 71 .X 4.10 I I .X I5.K O .X O.X 9V,cs 1 set4 82lt* 18-22 32.30 8.00 I7.X X .X I7 .X 3 .X X .X 3.X 6 .X 12.10 17.0 1.18 gv.es1 scl5 B22t* 22-23.3 39.90 13.73 21.X I6.X I5 .X 2 .K X .I5 6 .0 4 .0 10 .0 19 .0 0.14 gv.es1 scl6 83 23.3-32.3 18.30 4.70 3.00 6 .X 43.X I4 .X 74.10 9.X 3 .X 13.10 I2 .X 1.10 fsl si7 S C I 32.3-42.3 38.60 11.60 23.90 31 .X I I .X 5 .X X .X 8 .X 0 .X 9 .X 4 .X 2 .0 gv.es s and gv8 H C 2 42.5-37 30.40 4.00 20.03 94.X II .X I .X 91.X 4 .0 2 .0 7 .0 1.55 1.35 gv.s s

P. Boyer-Spinks loamy sand, coarse-loamy family (borderline to sandy fmally) Cn68080l AP* 0-8.5 34.70 3.80 7.35 33.40 24.73 6.03 7 7 .0 8 .X 8 .X 17,X 5.45 0.56 gv.is Is

2 A2* 8.5-12 29.90 2.73 8.60 27.X X .X 1 0 .0 X .X 9.25 O.X O .X S.X 0.81 gv.is Is3 A2Bt 12-18 22.00 4.80 6 .X 21 .X X .X I4.X 76.X II .X 3.50 15.10 S.X 0.91 gv.si Is4 B2lt* 18-22 17.10 3.33 7.75 19.73 25.95 I7 .X 74.X 13.0 6 .X 19 .0 5.X 0.23 si Is5 B22+ 22-24.3 42.40 5.00 12.20 29.00 20.00 9 .X X .X 8.X 8 .X 17.10 7 .X 1 .0 gv.si si7 B23t 24.5-27 50.90 17.40 31.X 26.00 4.00 I .X X .X 8.X 4.10 14.X 5.10 O.X vgv.lcs Is

■frVa>

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TABLE (2 - (Continued)

_______________Nor. Dapth Ov. Vcs Cs Ms F t Vf«

Cn680808 H I Cl 27-50 34.10 17.50 31.40 26.80 4.00 1.206 IE <0-50 Shalay - discontinuous Ions, not anslyztd

IF. Boyei^Sptnks loeay sand, cosrss loany fanlly (bordsrllns to sandy faatly)AuBnflnfl SHl A as sa van ■■ am _Gn68090l AP* 0-9 38.70 10.05 16.30 38.90 12.40 2.20

2 A2* 9-15 28.20 6.75 17.80 43.80 10.75 1.553 Bl* 15-23 29.80 8.20 20.00 40.05 10.60 1.354 821* 23-30 46.80 8.75 17.25 47.90 12.05 0.905 822 30-32 31.30 14.30 22.10 38.50 8.60 1.006 as 32-37 33.50 12.40 23.20 46.80 7.90 0.607 Cl 37-44 41.30 14.90 27.70 46.60 6.00 0.408 C2 44-54 47.90 17.30 23.90 43.10 8.60 0.50

L. Boyar-Sptnks looey sand, sandy familyCn68IOOI AP* 0-10 10.00 3.40 8.80 37.50 28.30 4.50

2 A2* 10-19 14.80 3.95 9.50 38.60 25.20 5.103 A2Blt 19-25 15.50 3.55 10.20 49.90 24.30 2.954 B2lt 25-32 19.70 5.60 15.00 46.60 23.70 1.205 B22t* 32-38 16.50 8.75 23.15 38.85 14.10 1.05fi H 83* 38-44 5.50 0.90 4.40 29.20 60.70 1.207 H Cl 44-51 20.40 6.70 21.80 43.90 17.70 1.108 H C2 51-62 43.30 17.70 34.60 32.90 3.40 0.50

N. Boyar sandy loan. I I I i «< ? %

6x68060) AP* 0-10 14.40 2.20 11.80 47.40 16.00 2.602 Bhlrl 10-14.5 15.50 4.80 7.20 25.70 32.80 10.803 Bhlr2 14.5-20 10.10 4.70 20.20 52.80 12.40 0.904 A2Bt 20-23 11.10 6.20 18.92 40.40 23.05 2.005 IT B2t . 23-28 26.20 4.10 13.80 57.10 12.50 1.906 ITB3* 28-33 29.80 7.60 16.45 37.20 21.50 1.807 o r Cl* 33-38.5 38.10 4.05 6.45 32.10 53.80 0.85

LSD Pal rad 0.44 1.24 0.88 0.79 0.45Slngla 0.62 1.73 1.22 1.10 0.65

* Valuas of these staples are duplicated.

Ts CSI Fsl

80.80 8.90 4.10

79.85 6.65 8.0080.63 2.95 9.0080.15 4.15 5.8586.90 1.75 1.2584.40 1.50 4.2090.90 4.00 0.2095.60 0.00 0.0093.20 0.80 3.40

82.50 4.90 8.1082.35 5.60 7.4090.90 3.00 3.4092.10 2.10 2.3085.90 4.40 0.9096.40 0.70 0.2091.20 2.70 1.0089.20 5.20 2.10

80.00 5.10 9.3081.30 ,3.50 6.0091.00 2.20 3.4089.57 4.05 1.6589.40 2.70 3.2084.55 1.80 5.8597.25 1.10 0.30

2.71 1.85 1.073.80 2.59 1.50

Sol.T«1 Te I n . .

14.00 5.10 0.00

14.65 5.50 0.3811.90 7.45 0.4310.50 9.35 0.553.00 10.10 1.095.70 9.80 0.854.20 4.90 0.140.00 3.40 2.664.20 2.40 1.74

13.00 4.50 6.7013.00 4.90 8.196.35 2.75 1.574.40 3.40 0.005.30 8.80 8.010.90 2.70 0.003.70 5.10 2.107.20 3.60 2.60

14.40 5.50 0.369.60 9.10 0.635.60 3.40 0.295.70 4.73 0.275.90 4.60 0.117.70 7.75 0.381.40 1.35 0.36

1.28 0.67 4.321.78 0.80 5.86

Lab. FieldTexture Texture

vgv.lcs is

gv.les si9*. la isgv.si sigv.les •!gv.ics sigv.es s & gvgv.es s A gvgv.es s A gv

Is IsIs Iss Iss Isles Iss sgv.es Isgv.es s

Is IsIs Iss ss Isgv.s Isgv.is Isgv.fs s A gv

*1*1

1

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I 0 0 A/ \

/ \9 0 y r - -----*\0

80,f ----- .20

70; ,30

A 6 0 . 4 0 *

CLAY

Legend:

* -Correct infield ® * Border IIm© =lncorrect,< 1/2 elate

difference* * Incorrect, > 1/2 does

difference

t

- ; \ 5 0 ro■rL \ YC / \ V \ \ / \ / \ SILTY \ O

S / * f f \ V V \ / \ e<LAY’« \/ 4%" X X A60 \

/ \ / \ X \C L A Y LOAM / \ / SILTY \ \

p / SANDY CLAY L 0A M \ \ • \ A / V ' \ • \

/ / \ /# A \ / / \ / \ / \ / \ / \ \t * V X ' \ / \ / V V ‘‘ ^120 ̂ ---------%— X <k X----Y — -X — * 8 0 */ \ / \ A \ .LOAM / \ SILT l o a m / \ / \SILT LOAM'

“ X - - V - * 9 0f \

iOO 9 0 8 0 7 0 6 0 5 0 4 0 30 20 10< ----- PER CENT SAND (2.0-0.05 m.m.) < -----

100

F ig u re 19. The t e x t u r a l t r i a n g l e showing t h e common s o i l t e x t u r e c l a s s e s in t h i s s tu d y a s d e te rm in ed in t h e f i e l d and th e l a b o r a t o r y

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i n d i c a t e d by b l a c k c i r c l e d d a s h e s . The i n c o r r e c t t e x t u r e s t h a t

d i f f e r by m or e t h a n o n e - h a l f t e x t u r a l c l a s s a r e i n d i c a t e d by

b l a c k c r o s s e s .

E x a m i n i n g t h e v a r i a t i o n s in t h e s o i l s s a m p l e d in C l i n t o n

c o u n t y shows t h a t :

10% o f t h e v a r i a t e s w e r e n e a r l y c o r r e c t o r b o r d e r l i n e .

B o r d e r l i n e t e x t u r e s w e r e d e f i n e d t o i n c l u d e t h e

a r e a w i t h i n 1% o f a t e x t u r e c l a s s b o r d e r .

60% o f f i e l d t e x t u r e s w e r e c o r r e c t and i f t h e b o r d e r l i n e

c a s e s a r e i n c l u d e d t h e n t h e c o r r e c t f i e l d t e x t u r a l

e s t i m a t e s become 70% o f t h e t o t a l f i e l d t e x t u r a l

e s t i m a t e s made.

24% w e r e i n c o r r e c t l y i d e n t i f i e d a s t o t e x t u r e b u t w i t h i n

1 / 2 t e x t u r a l c l a s s o f f i e l d o b s e r v a t i o n s a n d n o t

b o r d e r 1 i n e .

6% d i f f e r by more t h a n o n e - h a l f t e x t u r a l c l a s s f ro m

t h e t e x t u r e s b a s e d on l a b o r a t o r y a n a l y s i s . Some

o f t h e s e may h a v e b e e n e r r o r s in r e a d i n g f i e l d n o t e s .

The a n a l y t i c a l d a t a a n d t h e i r c o r r e s p o n d i n g t e x t u r a l c l a s s by

f i e l d e s t i m a t e s i n d i c a t e t h a t f i e l d t e x t u r e s a r e u s u a l l y w i t h i n

o n e - h a l f o f a t e x t u r a l c l a s s o f t h o s e on t h e t e x t u r e c h a r t

( F i g u r e 2 0 ) . V a r i a t i o n s in f i e l d t e x t u r e s up t o o n e - h a l f o f a

t e x t u r e c l a s s a r e a l l o w e d in t e x t u r e d e t e r m i n a t i o n s by t h e

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N a t i o n a l C o o p e r a t i v e S o i l S u r v e y (USDA-Soi l S u r v e y S t a f f 1 9 6 7 ) .

The r e l a t i v e f r e q u e n c i e s o f t h e s a m p l e s o f v a r i o u s t e x t u r a l

c l a s s e s a n d t h e r e l a t i v e s a n d s i z e s i n c l u d e d show t h e f o l l o w i n g

p a t t e r n in T a b l e 13.

T a b l e 13. R e l a t i v e f r e q u e n c i e s o f t h e t e x t u r a l c l a s s e s an d s u b - c l a s s e s in t h i s s t u d y

T e x t u r a l c l a s s % o f t o t a l

% o f s a n d s i z e s u b c l a s s e s i n l a b o r a t o r y C o a r s e Medium F i n e

S a n d s 4 0 . 7 42 53 5

Loamy s a n d s 3 9 . 6 21 79

Sandy loams 1 6 . 9 56 44

Sand y c l a y loam 3 . 7 -

T o t a l 1 0 0 . 0 38 56 2

F i e l d t e x t u r a l s u b c l a s s s y m b o l s f o r d i f f e r e n c e s i n s a n d

s i z e s w e r e n o t u s e d s i n c e a l l t h e f i e l d t e x t u r a l e s t i m a t i o n s

w e r e m e a n t t o be t h e medium s u b c l a s s . To f u r t h e r e x a m i n e t h e

m e c h a n i c a l a n a l y s e s t h e s a n d f r a c t i o n s w e r e o b s e r v e d in t h e

l i g h t o f s a n d s i z e c l a s s e s o f t h e ma in t e x t u r a l c l a s s e s . I t

was f o u n d t h a t t h e s a n d in t h e s a n d s a n d s a n d y loams w e r e a b o u t

e v e n l y d i v i d e d b e t w e e n c o a r s e a n d medium s a n d s w h i l e i n t h e

loamy s a n d s t h e medium s a n d p r e d o m i n a t e d . O n ly t h e s a n d

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t e x t u r a l c l a s s h a d a n y f i n e s a n d s u b c l a s s , a n d i t a m o u n t e d t o

o n l y 5% o f t h e m a in t e x t u r a l c l a s s s a m p l e s .

The s a n d s a n d loamy s a n d c l a s s e s a r e t h e m a j o r t e x t u r a l

c l a s s e s e x a m i n e d a n d t o g e t h e r t h e y f o r m a b o u t f o u r - f i f t h s

o f t h e t o t a l t e x t u r a l o b s e r v a t i o n s . The l e a s t r e p r e s e n t e d a n d

f i n e s t t e x t u r a l c l a s s i s t h e s a n d y c l a y loam w h i c h was o b s e r v e d

o n l y in t h e B h o r i z o n o f p r o f i l e D o f F o x - B o y e r s o i l .

S i l t c o n t e n t s , T a b l e 12, v a r i e d b e t w e e n 3 ^ .8 % a t t h e s u r f a c e

o f p r o f i l e D t o l e s s t h a n 0 .1% in t h e C h o r i z o n o f p r o f i l e LF

o f B o y e r - S p I n t e s o i 1s . S i l t c o n t e n t s a r e l e s s t h a n s a n d c o n t e n t s

a n d h i g h e r t h a n c l a y c o n t e n t s in many p a r t s o f t h e s e p r o f i l e s .

In t h e u p p e r p o r t i o n s o f t h e s o l urns s i l t c o n t e n t i s h i g h e r t h a n

c l a y c o n t e n t w h i l e in t h e l o w e r p a r t s o f s u b s o i l s t h i s r e l a t i o n ­

s h i p d o e s n o t a l w a y s h o l d .

The h i g h e s t c l a y c o n t e n t v a l u e , 23 .2 % in T a b l e 12 was

e n c o u n t e r e d in t h e B2t h o r i z o n o f p r o f i l e D a n d t h e s m a l l e s t ,

0 .6%, was o b s e r v e d in t h e C2 h o r i z o n o f p r o f i l e AA. The s m a l l e s t

c l a y c o n t e n t s seem t o b e in e i t h e r t h e C o r t h e B3 h o r i z o n s o f

t h e s e t e r r a c e s o i l s .

G r a v e l h a s no r e g u l a r d i s t r i b u t i o n p a t t e r n w i t h i n o r among

t h e s e p r o f i l e s . I t s I n i t i a l p r o p o r t i o n s m a i n l y r e s u l t e d f r o m

t h e g e o l o g i c a l d e p o s i t i o n a l p r o c e s s e s . G r a v e l c o n t e n t s v a r i e d

f ro m 2 .0% in t h e C2 h o r i z o n o f p r o f i l e AA t o 92% in t h e c o a r s e

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149

s a n d o f h o r i z o n Cl o f p r o f i l e 0 a n d t h e h i g h e s t g r a v e l c o n t e n t

v a l u e s a r e s e e n in t h e s t r a t a o f t h e C o r B3 h o r i z o n s w h e r e

a l t e r a t i o n p r o c e s s e s a r e a t t h e i r l e a s t .

F i e l d t e x t u r e , e s t i m a t i o n s a n d l a b o r a t o r y t e x t u r e m e a s u r e ­

m e n t s ( b y m e c h a n i c a l a n a l y s e s a n d t h e t e x t u r a l t r i a n g l e ) s u p p o r t

a n d c o m p l i m e n t e a c h o t h e r . S t o n i n e s s c o n d i t i o n s a r e u s u a l l y

o b t a i n e d o n l y f r o m f i e l d t e x t u r e s . G r a v e l e s t i m a t e s may be

made f r o m m e c h a n i c a l a n a l y s i s o r f i e l d o b s e r v a t i o n s . The s a n d y

t e x t u r a l s u b - c l a s s e s may b e made f r o m t h e m e c h a n i c a l a n a l y s e s

o r by f i e l d e s t i m a t i o n s w i t h t h e a i d o f s a m p l e s o f v a r i o u s s a n d

s i z e s on a r e f e r e n c e c h a r t a n d a h a n d l e n s e .

T e x t u r a l c l a s s i f i c a t i o n o f t h e s e s o i l m a t e r i a l s , a t t h e

f a m i l y l e v e l o f t h e 7 t h A p p r o x i m a t i o n , g r o u p t h e s o i l m a t e r i a l

o f s i t e AA, F, LF, L, a n d N a s s a n d y w h i l e s i t e FD was c l a s s i f i e d

a s c o a r s e loamy a n d s i t e D a s f i n e loamy o v e r s a n d y . T h i s f a m i l y

l e v e l t e x t u r a l g r o u p i n g s e e m s t o g r o u p t h e s e s i t e s i n t o g r o u p s

s i g n i f i c a n t t o t h e i r m a n a g e m e n t a n d l a n d u s e .

C. S t r a t i g r a p h y

The m o r p h o l o g i c e v i d e n c e in t h e s o i l s e r i e s d e s c r i p t i o n

e m p h a s i z e t h e f a c t t h a t t h e s e s o i l s commonly h a v e m o r e t h a n o n e

s t r a t i u m in t h e i r p e d o n s a s i n d i c a t e d by t h e roman n u m e r a l s in

t h e h o r i z o n d e s i g n a t i o n s . The l i t h o l o g i c d i s c o n t i n u i t i e s a r e

e v i d e n c e s o f s t r a t i f i c a t i o n in t h e i n i t i a l m a t e r i a l s . Sol urns

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a r e d e v e l o p e d in t h e u p p e r m o s t s t r a t a a n d no b u r i e d h o r i z o n

was e n c o u n t e r e d in a n y o f t h e i n v e s t i g a t e d p e d o n s . Pedon

c o m p a r i s o n s c h r o n o l o g i c a l l y o r 1 i t h o l o g i c a l l y r e q u i r e e x a m i n a t i o n

o f t h e i r d e s c r i p t i o n s w h e r e a l l t h e m o r p h o l o g i c a l p r o p e r t i e s

a r e a p p r o p r i a t e l y c o n s i d e r e d .

The e v a l u a t i o n o f t h e d e g r e e o f s i m i l a r i t y o f s t r a t a

w i t h i n a n d among t h e p e d o n s was m a i n l y b a s e d h e r e on g r a v e l

c o n t e n t , t e x t u r a l c l a s s o f t h e f i n e e a r t h , s a n d s i z e d i s t r i b u ­

t i o n and s i l t f r a c t i o n a s shown in T a b l e 14. C l a y c o n t e n t a n d

t o some d e g r e e t h e f i n e s i l t c o n t e n t w e r e e x a m i n e d c r i t i c a l l y

s i n c e t h e y may be g r e a t l y a f f e c t e d by d i s i n t e g r a t i o n an d

t r a n s l o c a t i o n d u r i n g t h e c o u r s e o f s o i l d e v e l o p m e n t . T h i s was

f a c i l i t a t e d by t h e c a l c u l a t i o n s o f t h e s i z e d i s t r i b u t i o n s o f

t h e n o n - c l a y < 2 . 0 mm f r a c t i o n s . The r a n g e s in p r o p e r t i e s o f

e a c h o f t h e s e g r o u p s o f s t r a t a a r e s u m m a r i z e d in T a b l e 15.

N a t u r a l l y t h e s e r a n g e s in p r o p e r t i e s i n c l u d e a l l t h e c o m b i n a t i o n s

o b s e r v e d in t h e i r i d e n t i f i c a t i o n . The c o n s t r u c t e d s t r a t i g r a p h y

o f t h e p e d o n s i s p r e s e n t e d in F i g u r e 2 0 .

D i f f e r e n t i a t i o n among m a j o r s t r a t a a r e shown by s m a l l

l e t t e r s in T a b l e 14 a n d F i g u r e 20 a n d t h e roman n u m e r a l s in t h e

pedon d e s c r i p t i o n s . S u b d i v i d i o n s o f t h e s e a r e shown in a r a b i c

n u m e r a l s . The d i f f e r e n t i a t i o n s a r e b a s e d m a i n l y on t h e s i z e

d i s t r i b u t i o n o f t h e s a n d a n d g r a v e l f r a c t i o n s a n d t h e n t h e r e s t

o f t h e p e r t i n e n t m o r p h o l o g i c c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s .

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TABLE 14 - Groupings of kinds of In ltta l m aterials on the basts of th e ir mechanical analyses.

Kinds ofM aterials & FieldLab Sample HorizonNo’s . Hor. No’s . Gv Vcs Cs Ms Fs Vfs Ts Csl Fsl Tsl Tc Tex"

aCn68060l Ap 01 7.10 2.70 5.30 14.80 27.15 7.65 57.60 9.75 25.05 34,80 7.45 fsl

2 A2 02 3.60 2.10 4.90 18.45 31.80 8.70 66.00 15.00 13.70 27.95 5.65 fsl3 BIx 03 20.00 4.20 7.80 16.85 24.60 6.80 60.25 20.40 5.6 25.85 13.75 fsl

blCn680604 H B 2 l t D4 39.90 11.10 22.80 15.75 9.85 2.65 62.20 9.80 4.80 14.60 23.20 sclCn680703 A2BI FD3 20.10 19.40 22.10 18.70 8.70 2.10 71.00 4.10 11.80 15.80 13.20 csl

4 B2|t FD4 32.30 8.00 17.30 25.00 17.30 3.00 70.60 5.70 6.40 12.10 17.30 csl5 B22t FD5 35.90 13.75 21.60 16.75 15.25 2.80 70.15 6.05 4.50 10.55 19.30 csl

Cn68070l AP FDI 20.40 13.10 20.70 26.10 14.10 2.40 76.50 1.00 12.80 13.70 9.80 Ics2 A2 FD2 23.00 12.65 15.50 25.5 13.20 2.90 69.65 5.95 15.30 21.25 9.25 csl

b2Cn680501 AP AA1 14.40 3.00 7.45 26.40 31.90 5.45 75.95 9.30 10.80 20.10 4.00 Is

2 A2 AA2 12.00 3.00 6.10 23.50 33.80 5.10 71.50 11.25 12.70 24.04 4.45 Is3 Bl AA3 15.60 5.10 8.90 29.05 33.80 4.05 80.90 1.30 14.10 15.40 3.70 Is

b3Cn680801 AP FI 34.70 5.80 7.55 33.40 24.75 6.05 77.55 8.70 8.30 17.00 5.45 Is

2 A2 F2 29.90 2.75 6.60 27.60 29.30 10.55 78.80 9.25 6.20 15.50 5.70 Is3 A2-Bt F3 22.00 4.80 6.80 21.20 29.70 14.20 76.70 11.60 3.50 15.10 8.20 si4 B2!t F4 17.10 3.55 7.75 19.75 25.95 17.80 74.80 13.05 6.60 19.60 5.60 Is5 B22t F5 42.40 5.00 12.20 29.00 20.00 9.00 75.20 8.60 8.50 17.10 7.70 si

Cn680706 B23t FD6 18.50 4.70 5.00 6.20 43.80 14.44 74.10 9.20 3.90 13.10 12.80 fsl

Cn680706 B23t FD6 18.50 4.70 5.00 • 6.20 43.80 14.44 74.10 9.20 3.90 13.10 12.80 fsl

151

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- 2 -

TABLE 14 - Continued

Kinds ofM aterials & FieldLab Sample HorizonMo’s .____________ Hor.______ No’s.______ Gy_____ Vcs______ Cs______ Ms_____ Fs______ Vfs______ Ts Csl_____ Fsl_____ Ts]______ 7c________ Text.

clCn68IOOI AP LI

2 A2 L23 A2Blt L34 B2lt L45 B22t L5

Gx68060l AP Nl2 Bhlrl N23 Bhlr2 M34 A28t N4

c2Cn680504 31 B2lt AA4

5 11 B22t AA5Cn68090l AP LFI

2 A2 LF23 Bl LF34 B2lt LF45 B22+ LF5

c3Cn680506 H B3 AA6Cn680605 m B22t- D5

6 n r Cl D67 H I C2 D7

Cn680807 B23t F7

dlCn680507 m Cl AA7

8 u r c2 AA8Cn68l006 H B3 L6

10.00 3.40 8.80 37.5014.80 3.95 9.50 38.6015.50 3.55 10.20 49.9019.70 5.60 15.00 46.6016.50 8.75 23.15 38.8514.40 2.20 11.80 47.4015.50 4.80 7.20 25.7010.10 4.70 20.20 52.8011.10 6.20 18.92 40.40

29.90 6.90 12.40 36.9018.10 7.90 18.10 52.2036.70 10.05 16.30 38.9028.20 6.75 17.80 43.8029.80 8.20 20.0 40.0046.80 8.75 17.25 47.9031.30 14.30 22.10 38.50

59.70 8.70 21.60 54.3057.50 13.70 32.00 20.5092.00 16.10 42.00 28.0065.60 15.50 22.30 39.7050.90 17.40 31.40 26.80

3.60 2.20 17.75 62.802.00 3.40 16.30 41.205.50 0.90 4.40 29.20

28.30 4.50 82.50 4.9025.20 5.10 82.35 5.6024.30 2.95 90.90 3.0023.70 1.20 92.10 2.1014.10 1.05 85.90 4.4016.00 2.60 80.00 5.1032.80 10.80 81.30 3.5012.40 0.90 91.00 2.2022.05 2.00 89.57 4.05

30.90 1.90 91.00 2.605.10 0.80 84.10 1.80

12.40 2.20 79.85 6.6510.75 1.55 60.65 2.9510.60 1.35 80.15 4.1512.05 0.90 86.90 1.758.60 1.00 84.50 1.50

5.20 0.80 90.60 2.004.00 1.20 71.40 4.103.50 0.50 90.10 1.107.90 0.70 86.10 9.904.00 1.20 80.80 8.90

11.80 0.40 94.95 1.4031.90 2.60 95.40 1.3060.70 1.20 96.40 0.70

8.10 13.00 4.50 Is7.40 13.00 4.90 Is3.40 6.35 2.75 s2.30 4.40 3.40 s0.90 5.30 8.80 Ics9.30 14.40 5.50 Is6.00 9.60 9.10 Is3.40 5.60 3.40 s1.65 5.70 4.73 s

3.30 5.80 3.18 s7.00 8.80 7.10 Is8.00 14.65 5.50 Ics9.00 11.90 7.45 Is5.85 10.50 9.35 Ics1.25 3.00 10.10 Ics4.20 5.70 9.80 Ics

1.90 3.90 5.50 s4.20 8.30 20.30 scl1.70 2.90 7.00 cs0.60 10.50 3.40 cs4.10 14.00 5.10 Ics

3.05 4.45 0.60 s2.60 3.90 0.60 s0.20 0.90 2.70 fs

152

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TABLE 14 - Continued-3-

Kinds ofM aterials & FieldLab Sample HorizonNo's Hor. No's. Gv Vcs Cs Ms Fs

d2Cn68l007 I t Cl L7 20.40 6.70 21.80 43.90 17.70Gx680605 n B2t N5 26.20 4.10 13.80 57.10 12.50

6 n B3 N6 29.80 7.60 16.45 37.20 21.50Cn680707 n Cl F07 38.60 11.60 25.90 31.80 11.20

e n C2 FD8 30.40 4.00 20.05 54.80 11.35Cn680808 I Q Cl F8 34.10 14.10 36.20 39.60 3.40Cn680906 n 83 LF6 33.50 12.40 23.20 46.80 7.90Cn680907 n Cl LF7 41.30 14.90 27.70 46.60 6.00

8 n C2 LF8 47.90 17.30 23.90 43.10 8.60Cn681008 n C2 L8 43.30 17.70 34.60 32.90 3.40

d36x680607 r r Cl N7 38.10 4.05 6.45 32.10 53.80

i

Vts Ts Csl Fsl Tsl Tc Tex

1.10 91.20 2.70 1.00 3.70 5.10 CS1.90 89.40 2.70 3.20 5.90 4.60 s1.80 84.55 1.80 5.85 7.70 7.75 Is5.90 86.40 8.80 0.60 9.40 4.20 cs1.00 91.20 4.65 2.65 7.30 1.55 s0.70 94.00 . 1.00 2.20 3.20 2.70 cs0.60 90.90 4.00 0.20 4.20 4.90 cs0.40 95.60 0.00 0.00 0.00 4.30 cs0.50 93.40 0.80 3.40 4.2 2.40 cs0.50 89.10 5.20 2.10 7.20 3.60 cs

0.85 97.25 1.10 0.30 1.40 1.35 fs

153

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Table 15. A summary o f h o r izo n c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s used in th e i d e n t i f i c a t i o n o f th e d i f f e r e n t s t r a t a o f th e pedons s t u d i e d

S t r a tu m No. o f samples

S to n in e s s Gravel Sand S i l t Clay T ex tu re and n o te s

a 3 1 4-20 58-66 26-35 6-14 3 f s l(most s i l t y )

bl 6 0 20-40 62-76 11-21 9-23 1 I c s , 4 c s l 1 s c l ( g r a v e l l y )

bl 5 0 12-16 71-81 15-24 4 3 I s .

b3 6 0 17-42 74-79 13-20 5-12 5 Is(g ra v e l 1y)

c l 9 0 10-20 80-92 4-14 3-9 5s , 4 I s .

c2 7 0 18-47 80-91 3-15 3-10 I s , 6 Is ( g r a v e l l y )

c3 5 0 5-92 71-91 3-14 3-20 3 s , 1 I s , 1 sd (v e ry g r a v e l l y )

dl 3 0 2-5 95-96 1-14 1-3 3 s

d2 10 9 20-48 85-97 0-9 1-8 9 s , 1 Is ( g r a v e l l y )

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DEPT

H IN

INC

HE

S

10

16

2 3

52

AAOsMamoZJSOOyra

b Z

bZ

b2

D

Ap

A2

Bl

c2 nB 2it

31 — —

c2 S 8 2 2 t

3 5

c3 HB3

4 0

dl IHCI4 4

d t m c 2

0Bpyspfix 0MpOOyn

a Ap

9 9

a A214 ---------- 13

0 BIx18

143

bl DB21t 22

25 25

c 3 ■B 22t

323 4

c 3 met4 2

4 5 ----------

c 3 mc25 0

W O O n

A281 15-

N

10

B211

B22t

19

2 5

3 2

3 8

51

6 2

Boytr-Spinks12*00*1

Cl

Cl

Cl

clMl

c1(c4)

Ap

10

A2 15

A2B1t

B21t

B22t

202 3

d l ( b 4 ) E B 3

d 2

d2

sicT

SCI

HC2

mc3

Boysr20OOyn

c1

cl

cl

Si d2fc4)

6 2 M 33I-----

d 2

381----------

sid

Ap

Bhirt

BMr2

A2Bt

HB22t

HB3

EC1

mc2

vnui

F ig u re 20. S t r a t i g r a p h y o f t h e t e r r a c e s as c o n s t r u c t e d from th e c h a r a c t e r i z a t i o n o f i n i t i a l m a t e r i a l s . See t a b l e s 14, 18, and 19 and f i g u r e s 17,18, and 21

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In summary, m e c h a n i c a l a n a l y s e s o f a l l s a m p l e d h o r i z o n s ,

p a r t i c u l a r l y t h e i r n o n - c l a y f r a c t i o n s , a s c e r t a i n e d t h e p r e s e n c e

o f two t o f o u r m a j o r l i t h o l o g i c d i s c o n t i n u t i e s in e a c h p r o f i l e

a s shown in F i g u r e 2 0 . In a d d i t i o n , s i l t y c l a y loam l a c u s t r i n e

d e p o s i t s w e r e o b s e r v e d a n d d e s c r i b e d b e n e a t h t h e l o w e s t s t r a t a

s a m p l e d in s i t e s L a n d N. D u r i n g t h e s o i l s u r v e y o f t h e a r e a

s i m i l a r l a c u s t r i n e m a t e r i a l s w e r e a l s o e n c o u n t e r e d in s e v e r a l

l e v e l a r e a s w i t h i n t h e M ap le R i v e r V a l l e y . S i t e s L, LF a n d N

a r e s i t u a t e d on b e a c h r i d g e s o f o r w i t h i n t h e g l a c i a l l a k e s o f

Arkona a n d W a r r e n , r e s p e c t i v e l y .

D i f f e r e n c e s in t h e m e c h a n i c a l c o m p o s i t i o n o f t h e s e s t r a t a

when f i r s t d e p o s i t e d a r e a t t r i b u t e d m a i n l y t o t h e d e g r e e o f

s o r t i n g by t h e f l u v i a l f o r c e s . The s t r a t i g r a p h i c c o l u m n s w e r e

r e c o n s t r u c t e d f ro m b o t h t h e m o r p h o l o g i c p r o p e r t i e s o b s e r v e d

in t h e f i e l d a n d t h e m e c h a n i c a l a n a l y s e s in t h e l a b o r a t o r y ,

w i t h s p e c i f i c a t t e n t i o n t o t h e s i z e d i s t r i b u t i o n o f t h e

m a t e r i a l s a n d t h e s o i l h o r i z o n s c o n c e r n e d . H o r i z o n s t h a t a r e

p e d o l o g i c a l 1y e f f e c t e d a r e r e a d i l y r e c o g n i z e d by t h e i r m o r p h o ­

l o g i c i d e n t i f i c a t i o n d u r i n g d e s c r i p t i o n o f t h e p e d o n s .

To o b t a i n s a m p l e s t o r e p r e s e n t i n i t i a l s t a g e s , o f t h e

v a r i o u s s t r a t a , w i t h w h i c h p e d o l o g i c a l c h a n g e s c a n be c o m p a r e d ,

C - h o r i z o n s a n d B3 h o r i z o n s w e r e q u a l i t a t i v e l y i n v e s t i g a t e d by

t h e p e t r o g r a p h i c m i c r o s c o p e t o e v a l u a t e t h e i n t e n s i t y o f

a l t e r a t i o n among B3 a n d C h o r i z o n s . The c o m p a r i s o n s made

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157

r e v e a l e d t h a t t h e m a t e r i a l s o f a l l o f t h e s e h o r i z o n s h a v e

r e l a t i v e l y t h e same m i n e r a l o g i c c o m p o s i t i o n . They a r e m a i n l y

l i g h t m i n e r a l s h i g h in q u a r t z a n d low in f e l d s p a r s ; b u t c o n t a i n

s m a l l * h e a v y m i n e r a l p o r t i o n s t h a t a r e so m e w ha t d o m i n a t e d by

i r o n o x i d e s w i t h some o l i v i n e a n d h o r n b l e n d e . The B3 a n d C

h o r i z o n s s e e m e d t o be a b o u t e q u a l l y s u i t a b l e a s a p p r o x i m a t i o n s

o f t h e i n i t i a l m a t e r i a l s o f t h e v a r i o u s s o i l s t r a t a .

C a r b o n a t e s w e r e n o t i c e d in a l l s a n d f r a c t i o n s e x a m i n e d *

e s p e c i a l l y in t h e s i z e s g r e a t e r t h a n 0 . 2 5 0 - 0 . 5 0 mm. in d i a m e t e r .

In t h e s i z e s s m a l l e r t h a n 0 . 2 5 0 mm., the . c a r b o n a t e se em s t o be

d i s s o l v e d in t h e h y d r o c h l o r i c a c i d t h a t was u s e d in t h e m e c h a n i ­

c a l a n a l y s i s p r e t r e a t m e n t * w h i l e l a r g e r c a r b o n a t e m i n e r a l g r a i n s

seem n o t t o b e c o m p l e t e l y d i s s o l v e d b e c a u s e o f t h e i r l a r g e

m a sse s ' a n d i n s u f f i c i e n t q u a n t i t y o f a d d e d 0 . 1 N HC1. H o w ev e r ,

a l m o s t a l l c a r b o n a t e s m i n e r a l g r a i n s a p p e a r e d t o be e i t h e r

p e r f o r a t e d , e t c h e d * o r h a v e v e r y r o u g h s u r f a c e s d u e t o t h e

a c t i o n o f t h e h y d r o c h l o r i c a c i d .

M i n e r a l g r a i n s o f 0 . 0 5 3 - 0 . 1 0 5 mm. d i a m e t e r e x h i b i t e d

s h a r p e d g e s t h a t i n d i c a t e d r e c e n t p h y s i c a l w e a t h e r i n g s u c h a s

f r o s t a c t i o n . F l u v i a l t r a n s p o r t p r o c e s s e s may r o u n d t h e e d g e s

o f m i n e r a l g r a i n s . Some r o u n d i n g o f e d g e s was s e e n in t h e

s i z e s 0 . 1 0 5 - 0 . 2 5 0 mm. a n d 0 . 2 5 0 - 0 . 5 0 0 mm. d i a m e t e r . Most

o f t h e m i n e r a l g r a i n s in t h e 0 . 5 0 0 - 1 . 0 0 mm. d i a m e t e r s i z e

a r e r o u n d e d a n d i n d i c a t e t h e e f f e c t o f l o n g t i m e t r a n s p o r t a t i o n .

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158

The 2 . - 1 . 0 mm. d i a m e t e r c l a s s , v e r y c o a r s e s a n d , c o n t a i n e d

somewhat r o u n d e d g r a n i t i c , c o n g l o m e r a t i c a n d a v e r y few s a n d ­

s t o n e f r a g m e t s . T h e i r p h y s i c a l w e a t h e r i n g may r e l e a s e m i n e r a l s

in t h e i r r e l a t i v e l y u n r o u n d e d s h a p e . T h i s may a c c o u n t f o r t h e

r o u n d e d f r a g m e n t s a n d s h a r p - e d g e d m i n e r a l s in t h i s f r a c t i o n .

S i n c e a l l t h e s e e x a m i n e d p a r e n t m a t e r i a l s e x h i b i t e d s i m i l a r

m i n e r a l o g i c p r o p e r t i e s , t h e y a r e a p p a r e n t l y f r o m t h e same o r

s i m i l a r m i n e r a l o g i c s o u r c e a r e a s ( p r o v e n a n c e ) .

T h i s t e n t a t i v e g r o u p i n g o f t h e k i n d s o f t h e i n i t i a l m a t e r i a l

i s r e - e x a m i n e d a s o t h e r d i f f e r e n t i a t i n g c r i t e r i a a r e i n v e s t i g a t e d .

S o i l s t r a t i g r a p h y i s a l s o r e - e v a l u a t e d a n d s t r a t a m o d i f i c a t i o n s

a r e i n t r o d u c e d a c c o r d i n g l y .

In o r d e r t o e v a l u a t e t h e i n t e n s i t y o f p e d o g e n e s i s , t h e

m a j o r p a r e n t m a t e r i a l s o f e a c h p e d o n s h o u l d be i d e n t i f i e d a s

a c c u r a t e l y a s p o s s i b l e . S o l a o r f r a c t i o n s o f s o l a d e v e l o p e d

in s i m i l a r m a t e r i a l s in t h e v a r i o u s p e d o n s w e r e c a r e f u l l y

s e l e c t e d t o a c h i e v e t h i s e n d a s shown in F i g u r e 2 1 , p a g e 170 .

The i n t e n s i t y o f p e d o g e n e s i s i s t o be e v a l u a t e d by t h e

c o m p a r i s o n o f e a c h s o l u m i n v o l v e d w i t h a s u i t a b l e p a r e n t

m a t e r i a l t h a t r e p r e s e n t s t h e s o l u m in i t s r e l a t i v e l y u n a l t e r e d

i n i t i a l s t a g e . F o r t h i s p u r p o s e s t r a t a w e r e g r o u p e d i n t o f o u r

m a j o r g r o u p s t h a t i n c l u d e d a , b , c , o r d m a t e r i a l s . T h e s e

i n i t i a l s t a g e s a r e f o r m e d in e i t h e r B3 o r C h o r i z o n s a n d t h e

s e l e c t i o n was a s shown in T a b l e 16 a n d a s f o l l o w s :

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T a b l e 16. I d e n t i t y o f s o i l s t r a t a r e p r e s e n t e d by t h e m o s t u n a l t e r e d s a m p l e o f e a c h s t r a t u m

S t r a t aS o l a s t r a t a a - m a t e r i a l s b - m a t e r i a l s c - m a t e r i a l s d - m a t e r i a l s

P r o b a b l e s t r a t a t o compare wi t h

h a v e no u n ­w e a t h e r e d equ i v a l e n t

b3(b*t) ma­t e r i a l o f B3 h o r i zon o f p r o f i l e FD

c3 m a t e r i a l o f Cl h o r i ­zon o f p r o f i l e D

d2 m a t e r i a l o f B3 h o r i ­zon o f p r o f 11e LF

1. So lum o f ' a - m a t e r i a l ' In p r o f i l e D i s more s i l t y t h a n o t h e r

m a t e r i a l , b u t t h e B3 h o r i z o n o f p r o f i l e FD i s t h e

c l o s e s t in c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s .

2 . So l urns o f ' b - m a t e r i a l 1 may b e co m p a r e d t o t h e b 3 ( M 0 m a t e r i a l s

in t h e B3 h o r i z o n o f p r o f i l e FD s i n c e i t p r o v e d t o be

r e l a t i v e l y u n a l t e r e d e x c e p t f o r some l o s s o f c a r b o n a t e s

m i n e r a l s . (The amount o f a l t e r a t i o n s o f B3 h o r i z o n s

i s j u d g e d by c o m p a r i s o n o f d2 m a t e r i a l in h o r i z o n B3 in

p r o f i l e N w i t h d2 o f h o r i z o n C2 o f p r o f i l e L F ) .

3 . So lums o f ' c - m a t e r i a l 1 may be c o m p a r e d t o t h e c3 m a t e r i a l s

f ro m t h e Cl h o r i z o n o f p r o f i l e D, p a r t i c u l a r l y i f t h e y

a r e g r a v e l I y .

4 . So lums o f ' d - m a t e r i a l 1, a s in t h e s o l u m o f p r o f i l e N, may

be c o m p a r e d t o t h e d2 m a t e r i a l s in t h e B3 o f p r o f i l e LF.

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G r o u p i n g o f s t r a t a i n t o t h e t a b u l a t e d d i v i s i o n s a n d s u b ­

d i v i s i o n s a n d l a b e l l i n g t h e c o n s t r u c t e d s t r a t i g r a p h i c co lu mn

made i t p o s s i b l e t o s e e t h e d e g r e e o f i n i t i a l s i m i l a r i t y among

t h e s e s o i l m a t e r i a l s in F i g u r e 20 a n d T a b l e 1*f. I t a l s o made

i t p o s s i b l e t o s e l e c t s t r a t a o f s i m i l a r m a t e r i a l f o r t h e p u r p o s e

o f c h a r a c t e r i z a t i o n a n d c o m p a r i n g m e a s u r e m e n t s t h a t r e v e a l

d i f f e r e n c e s i n d u c e d by d i f f e r e n c e s in t h e t i m e f a c t o r on

s i m i l a r m a t e r i a l s . S i n c e t h e c l i m a t e , t o p o g r a p h y a n d v e g e t a t i o n

f a c t o r s w e r e c h o s e n t o b e r e l a t i v e l y c o n s t a n t in t h e s e p r o f i l e s ,

t h e o n l y i n d e p e n d e n t v a r i a b l e s l e f t among t h e f i v e s o i l f o r m a t i o n

f a c t o r s a r e t h e p a r e n t m a t e r i a l s a n d t i m e . P a r e n t m a t e r i a l

d i f f e r e n c e s a n d d e g r e e s o f s i m i l a r i t y h a v e a l r e a d y b e e n e s t i m a t e d

f ro m p e d o n s d e s c r i p t i o n s a n d m e c h a n i c a l a n a l y s e s p r e s e n t e d

e a r l i e r .

D. S t r a t a M i n e r a l o g i c C h a r a c t e r i z a t i o n

The a m o u n t s o f r e s i s t a n t a n d w e a t h e r a b l e m i n e r a l s a n d t h e

v a r i o u s r a t i o s f o r m e d f r o m t h e i r p e r c e n t a g e s a r e m e a s u r e s f o r

t h e p u r p o s e o f i d e n t i f i c a t i o n , c h a r a c t e r i z a t i o n a n d c o m p a r i s o n

o f s t r a t a . The i s o m a g n e t i c m i n e r a l s e p a r a t i o n s w e r e p e r f o r m e d

on t h e f i n e s a n d f r a c t i o n o f t h r e e h o r i z o n s f r o m e a c h p e d o n .

T h e s e h o r i z o n s a r e A2, B22 a n d t h e l e a s t a l t e r e d h o r i z o n s

(B3 o r C l ) o f t h e same o r s i m i l a r m a t e r i a l . N o n - s i g n i f i c a n t

d i f f e r e n c e s among o b s e r v a t i o n s o f e v e r y m i n e r a l o g i c c r i t e r i o n

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a r e shown a s LSD v a l u e s in T a b l e 17 b a s e d on t h e r e p r o d u c i ­

b i l i t y o f t h e s e m i n e r a l p e r c e n t a g e s when t h e s e p a r a t i o n s w e r e

r e p e a t e d a s e c o n d t i m e on t h e s a m p l e s w i t h s t a r r e d n u m b e r s .

P e r c e n t a g e s o f w e a t h e r a b l e m i n e r a l s commonly d e c r e a s e w i t h

a p p r o a c h t o t h e l a n d s u r f a c e o r a d v a n c e m e n t in a g e o f a s o i l ,

a s d e g r e e o f w e a t h e r i n g i n c r e a s e s . The w e a t h e r a b l e i n d i c e s

, r e s i s t a n t m i n e r a l a r e known t o i n c r e a s e a s w e a t h e r i n g w e a t h e r a b l e m i n e r a l

i n c r e a s e s . Or t h e y d e c r e a s e w i t h t h e d e c r e a s e o f w e a t h e r i n g

t h a t n o r m a l l y d i m i n i s h e s e i t h e r w i t h i n c r e a s i n g d e p t h in t h e

pedon o r w i t h l e s s t i m e o f w e a t h e r i n g .

I n d i c e s a s w e l l a s p e r c e n t a g e s o f m i n e r a l c o n c e n t r a t i o n s

a r e s u i t a b l e c r i t e r i a f o r i n d i c a t i n g s i g n i f i c a n t d i f f e r e n c e s

among u n a l t e r e d m a t e r i a l s . Each d i f f e r e n t s t r a t a in u n a l t e r e d

m a t e r i a l s w i l l c e r t a i n l y h a v e an u n i q u e s e t o f m i n e r a l o g i c

c o m p o s i t i o n a n d s i z e d i s t r i b u t i o n . T a b l e 17 shows t h e

m i n e r a l o g i c c o n c e n t r a t i o n s o f g a r n e t , p y r o x e n e a n d a m p h i b o l e s ,

q u a r t z a n d f e l d s p a r s , a n d o t h e r m i n e r a l s a s d e t e r m i n e d by t h e

i s o m a g n e t i c s e p a r a t o r a n d e x p r e s s e d in p e r c e n t a g e s by w e i g h t

a l o n g w i t h r a t i o s f o r m e d f ro m t h e s e p e r c e n t a g e s . T h e s e r a t i o s

a r e :

TO p y r o x e n e a n d a m p h i b o l e sG m __________ qa r n e t

a u a r t z a n d f e l d s p a r s.2 — '' J—_l I C 'I'r o x e n e a n d a m p h i b o l e s

q u a r t z a n d f e 1 d s p a r s

PA p y r o x e n e a n d amphi

G „ g a r n e t

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T ab le 17. P e rc e n ta g e s o f m inera l c o n c e n t r a t i o n s a s s e p a r a t e d by th e Isodynamic m agne t ic s e p a r a t o r from 0 .25 - 0 .1 0 mm. f r a c t i o n , wi t h t h e c a l c u l a t e d w e a th e r in g in d ic e s

Weight p e r c e n ta g e s o f m agne t ic m in e ra l groups W eather ing in d ic e sSample

No.S t ra tu m Hor i zon Garnet

(G)Pyroxenes

andamphiboles

(PA)

Q uar tzand

f e l d s p a r s_ « 0 -

Others 6 / PA Q/PA G/Q

F2 b3 A2 0.41 0 .65 57.36 41 .58 0 .63 88.52 0.0071F5 b3 B22t 0 .88 1.87 6 0 .7 4 36.51 0 .4 7 32.53 0.9145

AA2* b2 A2 0.46 1.65 94.18 3.71 0 .28 57.17 0 .0049AA5 c2 11B22t 1.57 3M 88.21 6 .7 9 0 .46 25 .74 0.0178AA6* c3 IIB3 2.76 3 .83 88.97 4 .4 4 0 .72 23.23 0 .0310

N2* cl Bhi r l 0 .95 1.52 90.00 7.53 0 .62 59.10 0.0106N5* d2(c4) 1 IB2t 1.44 3 .66 73.97 20.93 0 .3 8 20.22 0 .0195N6 d2(c4) 1 IB3 0 .42 2 .2 4 73.52 23.82 0 .1 9 32.81 0.0057

L2 cl A2 0.91 2 .38 93 .67 3 .0 4 0 .3 8 39.41 0 .0097L5* c l ( c 4 ) B22t 0 .3 3 3.61 8 4 .5 4 11.52 0 .0 9 23 .44 0 .0039L6 d l ( b4 ) IIB3 0 .3 4 2 .0 0 92 .50 5 .16 0 .1 7 46 .25 0.0037

LF2 c2 A2 1.77 if. 18 87 .98 6 .0 7 0 .43 21.07 0.0301LF5* c2(c1 ) B22t 1.00 3 .1 2 8 9 .7 4 6 .1 4 0 .32 28.80 0.0111LF6 d2 IIB3 0 .5 6 2.6lf 77.72 19.08 0.21 29.47 0.0072

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Table 17, cont.

Weight p e r c e n ta g e s o f m agnet ic mi ner a l groups W eathering in d ic e sSample

No.S tra tum i Hor i zon Garnet

(G)Pyroxenes

andam phiboles

(PA)

Q u ar tzand

f e l d s p a r s

Others G/PA Q/PA G/Q

FD2FD5*FD6*

blblb3 ( b4)

A2B22tB3

0 .670 .8 00 .1 9

2.212 .571.50

8 9 .5 993 .5090.01

7.533.138 .3 0

0 .3 00 .320.13

40 .4936 .4460 .1 9

0.00870.00850.0021

02D5

ac3

A2111B22t

1.993 .8 7

1.204 .4 o

8 2 .0 48 0 .1 9

14.7711.54

1.660 .88

68 .4518.22

0.02420.0483

D6* c3 11 IC1 3 .27 4 .5 5 69 .48 22.70 0 .72 15.26 0.0471

LSD ^ d u p l i c a t e d o b ­s e r v a t i o n s 0.53 1.37 18.70 4 .8 5 0 .45 26.1 0 .0018

s i n g l e o b s e r ­v a t i o n s 0 .72 2.72 27.03 7.73 0 .6 7 34 .7 0.0026

* Values o f t h e s e samples a r e o b ta in e d from a v e ra g in g d u p l i c a t e s .

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I f m i n e r a l o g i c c o m p o s i t i o n o f h o r i z o n s w e r e s i m i l a r in

t h e b e g i n n i n g b e f o r e w e a t h e r i n g o r s o i l d e v e l o p m e n t , t h e n t h e

r a t i o o f g a r n e t / q u a r t z a n d f e l d s p a r s s h o u l d r e m a i n S i m i l a r

in a l l h o r i z o n s s i n c e t h e y a r e b o t h r e l a t i v e l y r e s i s t a n t t o

w e a t h e r i n g a n d s o i l g e n e s i s . In u n a l t e r e d s t r a t a s u c h a s

C - h o r i z o n s a n d p o s s i b l e B3 h o r i z o n s a l l t h e m i n e r a l o g i c

p a r a m e t e r s o f s i m i l a r h o r i z o n s in T a b l e s 17 a n d 18 s h o u l d be

s i m i l a r . The i n t e n s i t y o r d u r a t i o n o f p e d o g e n e s i s a n d

w e a t h e r i n g s h o u l d be r e f l e c t e d i n : w e a t h e r a b l e m i n e r a l s

p e r c e n t a g e s a n d r a t i o s i n v o l v i n g t h e w e a t h e r a b l e a n d r e s i s t a n t

m i n e r a l s . M i n e r a l s d e s i g n a t e d w i t h " o t h e r s " in t h e T a b l e s 17

a n d 18 a r e t h o s e m i n e r a l s t h a t a r e n o n - m a g n e t i c a t 1 . 4 a m p e r e s

in t h e i s o m a g n e t i c s e p a r a t o r a n d t h e y c o n s i s t m a i n l y o f

a p a t i t . e , a n d a l u s i t e a n d some l e u c o x e n e a n d s p h e n e . As a p a t i t e

and a n d a l u s i t e a r e w e a t h e r a b l e a n d d o m i n a n t in t h i s m i n e r a l

c o n c e n t r a t i o n i t i s v e r y n e c e s s a r y t h e n t o c o n s i d e r t h e

" o t h e r " m i n e r a l s a s a w e a t h e r a b l e f r a c t i o n . S i n c e t h e l a r g e s t

amoun t o f f e l d s p a r s in t h e q u a r t z - f e l d s p a r c o n c e n t r a t i o n a r e

o r t h o c l a s e a n d a l b i t e w h i c h a r e m ore r e s i s t a n t t o o r d i n a r y

a c i d s t h a n c a l c i u m f e l d s p a r s , l a b r a d o r i t e a n d a n o r t h i t e , t h e

q u a r t z a n d f e l d s p a r s m i n e r a l o g i c c o n c e n t r a t i o n i s a r e s i s t a n t

f r a c t i o n . The g a r n e t s a r e n o r m a l l y r e s i s t a n t t o w e a t h e r i n g

u n l e s s t h e y c o n t a i n a h i g h am ount o f i r o n , t h e n t h e y may a l t e r

t o l i m o n i t e . The g a r n e t c o n c e n t r a t i o n s s e p a r a t e d in t h i s

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s t u d y a r e o f d a r k c o l o r s u c h a s m e l a n i t e a n d g r o s s u l a r i t e

( a n d i n c l u d e t r a c e s o f o l i v i n e ) w h i c h a r e C a - C r a n d Ca-Al

s i l i c a t e m i n e r a l s , r e s p e c t i v e l y , a n d t h e y c o n t a i n no i r o n .

T h i s i n d i c a t e s t h e g a r n e t f r a c t i o n i n t h e s e s a m p l e s i s

r e s i s t a n t . R e s i s t a n t m i n e r a l s a r e c r i t e r i a f o r c h a r a c t e r i ­

z a t i o n o f i n i t i a l m a t e r i a l s a n d v a r i a t i o n in t h e i r c o n t e n t

may be d u e t o d i f f e r e n c e s in i n i t i a l m a t e r i a l s o r w e a t h e r i n g

o f l e s s r e s i s t a n t m i n e r a l s t o c o n c e n t r a t e them.

In p e d o n A A , F i g u r e 2 0 , t h e m i n e r a l o g i c a 11y a n a l y z e d

h o r i z o n s f e l l i n t o t h r e e s t r a t a : b2 o f A2, c2 o f I I B 2 2 t ,

and c3 o f 1 IB3 h o r i z o n s . The m i n e r a l o g i c d a t a p r e s e n t e d

in T a b l e 17 i n d i c a t e t h a t t h e p ed on i s made o f t h r e e d i f f e r e n t

k i n d s o f m a t e r i a l s . The b2 s t r a t u m , i s s i g n i f i c a n t l y l o w e r

in g a r n e t t h a n c 2 , a n d c2 i s s i g n i f i c a n t l y l o w e r t h a n c 3 .

Yet a w e a t h e r i n g s e q u e n c e w o u l d t e n d t o i n c r e a s e t h e p e r c e n ­

t a g e o f t h e r e s i s t a n t g a r n e t n e a r e r t h e s u r f a c e . The q u a r t z

and f e l d s p a r s p e r c e n t a g e s a r e s i m i l a r , p a r t i c u l a r l y w i t h t h e

c2 a n d c3 s t r a t a . The g a r n e t t o q u a r t z a n d f e l d s p a r s

r a t i o s i n d i c a t e s t h a t a l l t h e t h r e e s t r a t a a r e s i g n i f i c a n t l y

d i f f e r e n t . The p a t t e r n s o f t h e m i n e r a l o g i c r a t i o s ^ a s

m e n t i o n e d e a r l i e r , a r e more d e p e n d a b l e f o r c o m p a r i n g m a t e r i a l s

t h e n -p£ o r ^ s i n c e PA i s more a f f e c t e d by b o t h w e a t h e r i n g

and p e d o g e n e s i s a s w i l l be d i s c u s s e d l a t e r f o r e a c h k i n d o f

s t r a t a .

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In pedon D. F i g u r e 2 0 , t h e m i n e r a l o g i c p e r c e n t a g e s a n d

m i n e r a l o g i c r a t i o s s u p p o r t t h e s t r a t a t e x t u r a l c h a r a c t e r i z a ­

t i o n s a n d i d e n t i f i c a t i o n s . The h o r i z o n s t e s t e d A2, I I I B 2 2 t ,

and 1 1 IC1 a r e a p p a r e n t l y o f two d i f f e r e n t s t r a t a , a a n d c 3 .

S i g n i f i c a n t d i f f e r e n c e s a r e n o t i c e d o n l y b e t w e e n t h e ' a 1

s t r a t u m a n d b o t h o f t h e c3 s t r a t a , T a b l e 17. I t h a p p e n e d

t h a t t h e I I B 2 1 t h o r i z o n w h i c h d e v e l o p e d in a b l s t r a t u m ,

s i t u a t e d b e t w e e n t h e ' a ' a n d c3 s t r a t a , was n o t i n c l u d e d

w i t h i n t h e m i n e r a l o g i c a 11y e x a m i n e d h o r i z o n s o f t h i s p e d o n .

W i t h i n t h e FD p e d o n . F i g u r e 2 0 , t h e h o r i z o n s A2, B 2 2 t ,

and B3 w e r e s t u d i e d . The B22 t a n d B3 h o r i z o n s a r e bl a n d

b3 ( b 4 ) s t r a t a , r e s p e c t i v e l y , w h i l e t h e A2 h o r i z o n i s o f bl

s t r a t u m . No s i g n i f i c a n t d i f f e r e n c e s e x i s t among t h e h o r i z o n s

o f t h e two u p p e r s t r a t a , T a b l e 17. The B3 h o r i z o n m a t e r i a l

i s o f bl ( b 4 ) s t r a t u m a n d m i n e r a l o g i c a l l y i t i s s i g n i f i c a n t l y

d i f f e r e n t f r o m t h e b l s t r a t u m .

In p e do n F . F i g u r e 2 0 , h o r i z o n A2 a n d B21 t w e r e e x a m i n e d .

Both o f t h e s e h o r i z o n s a r e o f b3 s t r a t a . The m i n e r a l o g i c

a n a l y s e s a l s o r e v e a l t h e s e b3 s t r a t a a r e s i g n i f i c a n t l y d i f f e r e n t

f rom t h e r e s t o f t h e b - s t r a t a s u b d i v i s i o n s , T a b l e 17. They

c o n t a i n l e s s q u a r t z a n d f e l d s p a r s a n d m o r e o t h e r m i n e r a l s a n d

s t a n d u n i q u e l y by t h e m s e l v e s . T h i s f a c t e m p h a s i z e s t h a t t h i s

b 3 - s t r a t u m s h o u l d n o t be c o n s i d e r e d in t h e c o m p a r i s o n s made

w i t h o t h e r b s t r a t a o r e v e n t h e b3 (b*t) s t r a t a i n t h e B3

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h o r i z o n o f p r o f i l e FD. F u r t h e r , t h e G/Q i n d i c e s i n d i c a t e

t h a t t h e s e two b3 m a t e r i a l s a r e s i g n i f i c a n t l y d i f f e r e n t f r o m

e a c h o t h e r .

In t h e s o l u m o f pedon L F . F i g u r e 2 0 , t h a t i n c l u d e d A2,

B22t a n d I IB3 h o r i z o n s , t h e m i n e r a 1o g i c a l p e r c e n t a g e s a n d

t h e i r r a t i o s show t h a t a d j a c e n t h o r i z o n s a r e e a c h s i g n i f i ­

c a n t l y d i f f e r e n t in some o f t h e m i n e r a l o g i c a l p a r a m e t e r s ,

T a b l e 17, f o r e x a m p l e , t h e g a r n e t t o q u a r t z a n d f e l d s p a r s

r a t i o s . The LF5 ( B 2 2 t ) i s a p p a r e n t l y m i n e r a l o g i c a l 1y more

l i k e c l in t h e f i n e s a n d .

The h o r i z o n s s t u d i e d in ped on L w e r e A2, B21t a n d I I B 3 .

The m i n e r a l o g i c d a t a , T a b l e 17, do n o t show t h a t t h e s e

h o r i z o n s a r e d e v e l o p e d in s i m i l a r m a t e r i a l s s i n c e t h e I IB 21 1

h o r i z o n i n d i c a t e d a s i m i l a r i t y t o oh m a t e r i a l , T a b l e 18, an d

B3 h o r i z o n i n d i c a t e d a s i m i l a r i t y t o b4 m a t e r i a l .

In pedon N, F i g u r e 20 , h o r i z o n s B h i r 1, I I B 2 t a n d I 183

w e r e s t u d i e d . S i g n i f i c a n t d i f f e r e n c e s b e t w e e n a l l t h r e e

s t r a t a a r e a p p a r e n t in c o m p a r i n g g a r n e t t o q u a r t z an d f e l d ­

s p a r s r a t i o s , T a b l e 17. The q u a r t z a n d f e l d s p a r s p e r c e n t a g e s

i n d i c a t e d t h e d i f f e r e n c e s b e t w e e n t h e two d2 s t r a t a ( I IB21

and I IB 3) a r e a l m o s t n i l w h i l e t h o s e b e t w e e n t h e s e a n d t h e

c l s t r a t u m a r e a p p r o a c h i n g s i g n i f i c a n c e . A j o i n t e v a l u a t i o n

o f a l l t h e s e d a t a r e s u l t in d e s i g n a t i o n o f e a c h s t r a t u m a s a

somewhat d i f f e r e n t s t r a t a d e s i g n a t e d a s c l , d2 Cc4) , a n d d2

(b*f) in T a b l e s 17 a n d 18.

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Table 18. M in e ra lo g ic c h a r a c t e r i z a t i o n o f f i n e sand in v a r i o u s s t r a t a e x p re s s e d in p e r c e n t s and w e a th e r in g r a t i o s , a r r a n g e d by kind o f s t r a t a

S t ra tu m SampleNo.

Horizon G PA Q Others G/PA Q/PA G/Q

A D2 A2 1.99 1.20 82 .04 14.77 1.66 68 .45 0.0242

bl FD2 A2 0 .67 2.21 89 .59 7.53 0 .30 40 .49 0.0087FD5* B22t 0 .8 0 2.57 93.50 3.13 0 .32 36 .44 0.0085

b2 A A 2* A2 0 .46 1.65 94 .18 3.71 0 .2 8 57.17 0.0049

b3 F2 A2 0.41 0 .65 57.36 41.58 0.63 88 .52 0.0071F5 B22t 0 .88 1.87 6 0 .7 4 36.51 0 .4 7 32.53 0.0150

b3(b4) FD6* B3 0 .19 1.50 90.01 8 .3 0 0.13 6 0 .1 9 0.0021d l (b 4 ) L6 IIB3 0 .3 4 2 .00 92 .50 5.16 0 .17 46 .25 0.0037

c l L2 A2 0.91 2.38 93 .67 3 .0 4 0 .38 39.41 0.0097N2* Bhir 1 0 .95 1.52 90 .00 7.53 0 .62 59.10 0.0110

c l ( c 4 ) L5* B22t 0.33 3.61 84 .54 11.52 0 .0 9 23 .44 0.0039c2 LF2 A2 1.77 4 .18 87 .98 6 .0 7 0.43 21 .07 0.0201c 2 ( c l ) LF5* B22t 1 .00 3 .12 8 9 .7 4 6 .1 4 0 .32 28 .80 0.0111c2 AA5 1IB22t 1.57 3 .43 88.21 6 .7 9 0.46 25 .74 0.0178

c3 AA6* 1183 2.76 3 .83 88 .97 4 .4 4 0 .72 23.23 0.0310D5 111B22t 3 .8 7 4 .4 0 80 .19 11.54 0 .88 18.22 0.0483D6* I l iC l 3 .27 4 .55 69 .48 22 .70 0 .72 15.26 0.0471

d l ( b 4 ) L6 1IB3 0 .3 4 2 .0 0 92 .54 5 .16 0 .1 7 46 .25 0.0037d2(c4) N5* 11 B2t 1 .44 3 .66 73.97 20.93 0.38 20.22 0.0195d2(c4) N6 IIB3 0 .42 2 .2 4 73.52 23.82 0 .19 32.81 0.0057d2 LF6 I I 63 0 .56 2 .64 77.72 19.08 0.21 29 .47 0.0072

♦ D u p l ic a te d measurements

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S i m i l a r s t r a t a w i l l show s i m i l a r m i n e r a l o g i c d a t a a f t e r

c o n s i d e r a t i o n o f s t a t i s t i c a l d i f f e r e n c e s a l l o w e d by t h e LSD

v a l u e s f o r t h e d u p l i c a t e o r s i n g l e d e t e r m i n a t i o n s . The

n e c e s s a r y s u b - d i v i s i o n s o f t h e s i z e d i s t r i b u t i o n g r o u p s ,

b a s e d on t h e s e m i n e r a l o g i c d a t a , a r e shown in p a r e n t h e s e s

t h e l e f t h an d c o l um n o f T a b l e 18. Where t h e s y m b o l s in

p a r e n t h e s e s a r e s i m i l a r t h e i r f i n e s a n d f r a c t i o n s a r e

m i n e r a l o g i c a l l y s i m i l a r . R e - e x a m i n a t i o n o f t h e d a t a in

T a b l e 12 i n d i c a t e m i n o r d i f f e r e n c e s in s i z e d i s t r i b u t i o n a s

w e l l b e t w e e n t h e s e s a m p l e s .

A w o r t h w h i l e g e n e r a l i z a t i o n i s t h a t t h e f l u v i a l d e p o s i t s

i n v o l v e d h e r e seem t o be f r o m t h e same g e n e r a l s o u r c e a r e a .

T h i s f a c t i s s u g g e s t e d by t h e f i n e s a n d m i n e r a l o g i c d a t a

p r e s e n t e d in T a b l e s 17 a n d 18 a n d f r o m t h e p r e v i o u s q u a l i t a t i v e

p e t r o g r a p h i c e x a m i n a t i o n o f a l l s a n d f r a c t i o n s f r o m t h e B22,

B3, C l , a n d C2 h o r i z o n s w h i c h p r o v e d t h a t a l l t h e s a m p l e s

c o n t a i n t h e same m i n e r a l o g i c c o m p o n e n t s .

T e x t u r e o r m i n e r a l o g y a l o n e i s n o t a d e q u a t e t o c h a r a c t e r ­

i z e a n d c l a s s i f y t h e s e d e p o s i t s . 8 o t h p a r t i c l e s i z e d i s t r i b u ­

t i o n a n d m i n e r a l o g y a r e n e c e s s a r y t o c h a r a c t e r i z e a n d g r o u p

t h e s e d i m e n t s . Bo th t e x t u r e a n d m i n e r a l o g y m u s t s u p p o r t e a c h

o t h e r t o e s t a b l i s h an i d e n t i t y . T h i s was t h e a p p r o a c h f o l l o w e d

in e s t a b l i s h i n g t h e i d e n t i t y o f t h e s t r a t a f o u n d in t h e p e d o n s

u n d e r s t u d y . T h i s i s e s s e n t i a l l y w h a t K r y n i n e ( 1 9 ^ 8 ) h a s

e m p h a s i z e d .

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U s i n g t h e s e c r i t e r 1 a , t h a t p e d o n s o f s i m i l a r l i t h o l o g i c

p r o p e r t i e s a r e t h o s e w i t h a maximum number o f s i m i l a r i t i e s

in t h e l i t h o l o g i c p a r a m e t e r s ( p a r t i c l e s i z e d i s t r i b u t i o n , a n d

m i n e r a l o g y ) . e a c h ped on i s f o u n d t o c o n s i s t o f m or e t h a n on e

s t r a t u m . The d e c i s i o n i s c a r e f u l l y made , t o g r o u p a l l o f t h o s e

pedons o f m o s t s i m i l a r l i t h o l o g y b a s e d on t h e i r h i g h e s t number

o f s i m i l a r s t r a t a in o r d e r t o f a c i l i t a t e p e d o n s c o m p a r i s o n s .

The i n v e s t i g a t i o n s r e s u l t e d in t h e s u g g e s t i o n t h a t p e d o n s

N, L, a n d LF a r e o f s i m i l a r s o l a s t r a t i g r a p h y ( c l a n d c2

s t r a t a a s shown in F i g u r e 21) a n d o f t h e same s a n d y f a m i l y

t e x t u r e f i t w e l l in a c h r o n o s e q u e n c e o f a b o u t 600 y e a r s

i n v o l v e m e n t - s i t e N i s o f 1 2 , 8 0 0 y e a r s a g e a n d pe don LF i s

o f 13,1*00 y e a r s a g e , a s i n d i c a t e d in T a b l e 19.

S i m i l a r l y , p e d o n s F, AA, a n d FD a r e o f s i m i l a r s o l a

s t r a t i g r a p h y ( b l , b2 , an d b3 s t r a t a a s shown in F i g u r e 21)

and s i m i l a r f a m i l y t e x t u r e c l a s s i f i c a t i o n . Both F a n d AA

pedons a r e o f t h e s a n d y f a m i l y a n d p ed on FD i s o f t h e c o a r s e

loamy, w h i c h i s c l o s e r t o t h e s a n d y f a m i l y t h a n t h e f i n e loamy

o f t h e D p e d o n . T h u s , m a t e r i a l s s i m i l a r i t y among F, AA a n d FD

pedon i s a d e q u a t e f o r t h e c o n s i d e r a t i o n o f a n o t h e r c h r o n o ­

s e q u e n c e . T h i s c h r o n o s e q u e n c e h a s a b o u t 1 , 7 0 0 y e a r s o f t i m e

i n v o l v e m e n t - s i t e F i s o f 1 2 , 3 0 0 y e a r s an d s i t e FD i s o f

I l f , 000 y e a r s o f a g e , a s i n d i c a t e d in T a b l e 19.

Pedon F o f 1 2 , 3 0 0 y e a r s o f a g e ( L a t e W a r r e n ) was a s s i g n e d t h e

a g e o f 1 2 , 8 0 0 y e a r s in f i g u r e 2 0 , a n d 21 b e c a u s e i t h a p p e n e d t o

f a l l on t h e f i r s t t e r r a c e a s shown in f i g u r e 18.

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Maple R i v e r

( !>^ 1 2 , 8 0 0 y r s

F -----------------

b3

c o a r s e loamy

II

L. M a p le R i v e r

( 1 )1 2 , 8 0 0 y r s

AA ---------------------------------

b2

s a n d y

c o a r s e * c h r o n o s e q u e n c e -

( 1 ) 1 2 , 8 0 0 y r s

M a p l e R i v e r

( 4 )1 4 , 0 0 0

<u>

GC•4 J

<Df i n e loamy

o>.(D I

0)oca>3O'a>tnOJZ

( 4 )1 4 , 0 0 0

FD

bl

c o a r s e loamy

»

( 1 ) 1 2 , 8 0 0 y r s

( 3 )1 3 , 4 0 0 y r s

N ---------

c l

s a n d y b e a c h o f L. W a r r e n

► L

c l

s a n d y

— > LF

c2

c o a r s e loamy b e a c h o f U.S a g i n a w - A r k o n a a g e

c o a r s e * C h r o n o s e q u e n c e -

* C o a r s e i n c l u d e s s a n d y a n d c o a r s e loamy p e d o n s , b o r d e r I i n e t o s a n d y

F i g u r e 2 1 . S u g g e s t e d c h r o n o l i t h o s e q u e n c e r e l a t i o n s h i p s among t h e s t u d i e d p e d o n s , w i t h t h e i r r e l a t i v e a g e s . Gtacketed n u m b e r s a r e o r d e r o f t e r r a c e s ( o r b e a c h e s ) f r o m l o w e s t t o h i g h e s t a l o n g t h e M a p le R i v e r .

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Table 19. R e l a t i v e age , sequence and e l e v a t i o n s o f th e sampled s i t e s on th e d i f f e r e n t land forms involved

S i t e E l e v a t i o nf t .

R e l a t i v e age * in y e a r s and sequence

G l a c i a l S t age Mapping u n i t and so i 1 mapped

Land form

F 705 12,300 L at e Warren Boyer l . s . t e r r a c e

AA 755 12 , 600-12 ,800 Upper and Middle Warren

Oshtemo t e r r a c e

N 685 12,800 Upper Warren Boyer l . s . beach

L 690 12 ,800-13 ,400 Lower Arkona and Upper Warren

Boyer l . s . t e r r a c e

LF 710 13,400 Lower Arkona Boyer gv. s i

beach

FD 735 13 ,800-14 ,000 Pos t Saginaw and Upper Arkona

Boyer s i d e l t a i c t e r r a c e

D 735 14 ,000-15 ,000 P os t Imlay and E ar ly Saginaw

Boyer-Fox s i

d e l t a i cbeacht e r r a c e

*Ages a r e based on J . L . Hough d a t e s i n d i c a t e d in h i s l e t t e r o f March 14, 1969 ( s e e Appendix 111).

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Pedon s o l a o f D a n d FD a r e o f d i f f e r e n t s t r a t i g r a p h y

s i n c e D i s o f ' a 1m a t e r i a l a n d FD o f b l m a t e r i a l a s i n d i c a t e d

in F i g u r e 21 . At t h e f a m i l y t e x t u r e c l a s s i f i c a t i o n D pedon

is o f f i n e - l o a m y c l a s s i f i c a t i o n a n d FD pedon i s o f c o a r s e -

loamy. S i n c e t h e y a r e b o t h o f c o m p a r a b l e a g e s , (D i s 1 4 , 0 0 0 -

1 5 ,0 0 0 y e a r s o f a g e a n d FD i s o f 1 3 , 8 0 0 - 1 4 , 0 0 0 y e a r s o f

a g e ) a 1 i t h o s e q u e n c e i s e x p e c t e d t o e x i s t in t h e i r s i t u a t i o n .

T h i s 1 i t h o s e q u e n c e s i t u a t i o n may be e x p a n d e d t o i n c l u d e pe don

LF o f t h e c2 m a t e r i a l , s a n d y f a m i l y c l a s s i f i c a t i o n , a n d 1 3 , 4 0 0

y e a r s o f a g e .

T h e s e t h r e e s e q u e n c e s in t h e a r r a n g e m e n t p r e s e n t e d in

F i g u r e 21 a p p e a r t o f i t in a co m p l e x c h r o n o l i t h o s e q u e n c e

p r o v i d i n g a l l o t h e r s o i l f o r m i n g f a c t o r s a r e h e l d c o n s t a n t .

The r e s u l t i n g m e c h a n i c a l l y an d m o r p h o l o g i c a l l y r e c o g n i z e d

s t r a t a , c a n be f u r t h e r e x a m i n e d f o r v a r i a t i o n s a s s o c i a t e d w i t h

pedon d i f f e r e n t i a t i o n o r a g e d i f f e r e n c e s . Due t o t h e f a c t t h a t

none o f t h e c l a s s i c a l a p p r o a c h e s , w h i c h r e q u i r e u n i f o r m p a r e n t

m a t e r i a l s , i s a p p l i c a b l e in t h e s e s t r a t i f i e d p e d o n s , t h e ex a m ­

i n a t i o n s w e r e a c h i e v e d by p r o p o s i n g c o m p a r i s o n s o f s i m i l a r

h o r i z o n s in s i m i l a r m a t e r i a l s in d i f f e r e n t p e d o n s .

M e c h a n i c a l a n a l y s e s a n d m i n e r a l o g i c d a t a a l s o showed t h a t

no on e o f t h e p e d o n s i s o f t h e same m a t e r i a l n o r a n y two ped o n s

a r e o f t h e same s t r a t i g r a p h y t h u s M a r s h a l l a n d H a s e m a n ' s ( 1 9 4 3 )

a p p r o a c h , w h i c h e m p h a s i z e s p a r e n t m a t e r i a l u n i f o r m i t y f o r m a k in g

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*

m

c h r o n o l o g i c c o m p a r i s o n s i s n o t a p p l i c a b l e in t h i s c a s e . T h e r e ­

f o r e d a t a in t a b l e 17 c a n n o t be u s e d f o r t h i s p u r p o s e u n l e s s

p r o v i s i o n s a r e made t o t a k e i n t o a c c o u n t s t r a t i f i c a t i o n e f f e c t s .

To o v e r c o m e t h e v a r i a t i o n s r i s i n g f r o m s t r a t i f i c a t i o n s w i t h

in e a c h p e d o n , f i n e s a n d m i n e r a l o g i c d a t a ( a s w e a t h e r i n g

i n d i c e s ) w e r e i n t e n s i v e l y e x a m i n e d f o r t h e e x p e c t e d c h r o n o l o g i c

and l i t h o l o g i c i n d i c a t i o n s by r e l a t i n g t h e m i n e r a l o g i c co m po ­

s i t i o n o f s o l u m p a r t s (A2 a n d B22t h o r i z o n s ) t o s i m i l a r p a r e n tA J

m a t e r i a l (SPM), i n d i v i d u a l l y a s o r c o l l e c t i v e l y a s a v e r a g e

s o l u m m i n e r a l o g i c c o m p o s i t i o n ( P e d o n s FD, LF, L a n d F) t o a

s i m i l a r p a r e n t m a t e r i a l o r a v e r a g e o f e a c h h o r i z o n a n d s i m i l a r

p a r e n t m a t e r i a l s ( P e d o n s N, AA a n d D) a s i n d i c a t e d in t a b l e 2 0 .

The c o l l e c t i v e w e a t h e r i n g r a t i o s a r e c a l c u l a t e d by t h e f o l l o w i n g

f o r m u 1 a :

A2 + B221C o l l e c t i v e r a t i o = HEE— ^ SPM _

T h u s , in t h e s e c o l l e c t i v e c o m p a r i s o n s , t h e r e e x i s t two l e v e l s

o f r e l i a n c e d e p e n d i n g on t h e d e g r e e o f c o m p l e x i t y o f t h e i r

c a l c u l a t i o n f o r m u l a e . T h o s e o f f o u r v a r i a b l e s a r e mor e c o m p l e x

and p r o b a b l y o f l e s s e r r e l i a n c e t h a n t h o s e o f t h r e e v a r i a b l e s .

D a t a in t a b l e 20 show t h e e n t i r e r a n g e o f m i n e r a l o g i c

c o m p l e x i t y a n d i t s b a s i s in t h e l a s t c o l u m n . F o r e x a m p l e ,

pedon D h a s a t h r e e s t r a t a s o l u m , i t s A2 h o r i z o n m a t e r i a l i s

o f a - m a t e r i a l w h i c h i s t h e f i n e s t s t r a t u m s t u d i e d a n d h a s no

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Table 20. R a t i o s o f w e a t h e r i n g i n d i c e s (G/PA and Q/PA) f o r A2, o r A2 and B22t h o r i z o n s t o t h e i r most s i m i l a r p a r e n t m a t e r i a l (SPM)

Pedon symbol and fam i ly Gravel -

G/PA Q/PA S t r a t at e x t u r e 1 in e ss A2

!TPMA2 , B22t5FR + SPFT

2

A2 A2 . B22t5FR W

2

involved

f i n e loamy, D - / g r 12.77 6 .9 9 1.14 1.16 i?(bio+ I f 4c o a r s e loamy, FD

gv/gv 2.31 2 .39 0 .67 0 .6 4 ( b l + b l )? 2 b3 Cb4>

c o a r s e loamy, F

gv/gv 0 .6 0 0 .52 1.90 1.63 (c2+c2) t 2 c3

sandy , L m j w 0.53 0 .33 2 .58 2.06 ( c l + c l ) _f 2 c3

sandy , N m j m 0 .8 6 1.33 3 .87 2 .28 c l+ d l i 2c j ^

sandy , AA - /g v 2 .15 1.39 0 .95 1 .32 b2 . c2 fm w ' c i

c o a r s e loamy, gv/gv 1*185 4 .23 K 48 i loo (b3+b3) ? 2LF b3(b4)

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v e r y s i m i l a r p a r e n t m a t e r i a l t o c o m p a r e i t w i t h . F o r c u r i o s i t y ,

i t was c o m p a r e d t o t h e n e a r e s t c o a r s e r u n a l t e r e d s t r a t u m t h a t

h a p p e n e d t o be b3(b*t) w h i c h i s t h e c o a r e s t among b - m a t e r i a l s

and t h a t m i n e r a l o g i c a l l y q u a l i f i e s f o r a new s u b c l a s s ( b 4 ) .

T h u s , g r e a t e r v a l u e s a r e o b t a i n e d f o r t h e A2 h o r i z o n w e a t h e r i n g

co m pare d t o t h e c h o s e n p a r e n t m a t e r i a l , in b o t h G/PA a n d t o a

l e s s e r e x t e n t in Q/PA c o m p a r i s o n s . The s m a l l e r r a t i o f o r t h e

l a t t e r i s p r o b a b l y d u e t o t e x t u r e a n d m i n e r a l o g i c s o r t i n g o f

t h e i n i t i a l m a t e r i a l s t h a t made them c o a r s e an d h i g h l y s i l i c e o u s .

The B22t h o r i z o n m a t e r i a l w h i c h i s o f c3 m a t e r i a l i s c o m p a r e d

t o t h e u n a l t e r e d h o r i z o n o f s i m i l a r m a t e r i a l b e l o w i t . F o r

G/PA, t h e r a t i o o f B22t /SPM i s f o u n d t o be 1 .2 2 w h i c h i s v e r y

s m a l l c o m p a r e d t o 1 2 . 7 7 f o r t h e A2 h o r i z o n and t h i s may i n d i c a t e

t h a t t h e g r e a t e r w e a t h e r i n g i s t a k i n g p l a c e n e a r t h e s u r f a c e

t h a n t h a t in B22t d e p t h . By a v e r a g i n g A2 a n d B22t w e a t h e r i n g

r a t i o a m i d d l e o f 6 . 9 9 i s o b t a i n e d , w h i c h c o n t i n u e s t o r e f l e c t

l e s s e r w e a t h e r i n g in t h i s c o m b i n a t i o n o f h o r i z o n s c o m p a r e d t o

t h e A2 a b o v e .

The r a t i o o f 1 . 2 2 , f o r t h e G/PA o f B22t /SPM, i s v e r y

s i m i l a r t o r a t i o s f o r Q/PA in t h e A2 an d A2 + B 2 2 t . T h i s may

i n d i c a t e t h a t t h e B22t /SPM c o m p a r i s o n s a r e more v a l i d t h a n t h e

r a t i o s f o r t h e A2/SPM. In t h e l a t t e r , t h e G/PA f o r A2/SPM i s

much g r e a t e r t h a n f o r t h e B22t /SPM, an d in t h e Q/PA t h e A2/SPM

i s l e s s t h a n f o r B 2 2 t . T h i s a g a i n c o n f i r m s t h e d i s s i m i l a r i t i e s

o f t h e a s s u m e d SPM f o r t h e A2 h o r i z o n .

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Pedon FD w h i c h i s o f b l - m a t e r i a l s o l u m ( T a b l e 2 0 ) i s

t r e a t e d in t h e same m a n n e r a n d f ro m s t r a t i g r a p h y i t was f o u n d

t h a t i t m u s t be c o m p a r e d t o b3 (b A) m a t e r i a l o f B3 h o r i z o n in

p ed on LF w h i c h i s s t i l l c o a r s e r a n d d i f f e r s in m i n e r a l o g y .

S i m i l a r f a c t s a r e o b s e r v e d in L a n d LF p e d o n s , a l t h o u g h p e d o n

LF i s c o m p a r e d t o a m or e s i m i l a r p a r e n t m a t e r i a l . In t h e LF

an d L pedons G/PA r a t i o v a l u e s d r o p p e d t o b e l o w u n i t y a n d t h i s

means t h a t g r e a t e r w e a t h e r i n g h a s t a k e n p l a c e in t h e p a r e n t

m a t e r i a l t h a n in t h e s o l u m . T h i s i s a b s u r d . B u t , Q/PA r a t i o

i n d i c a t e more n o r m a l v a l u e s - t h a t i s g r e a t e r t h a n u n i t a n d

r e f l e c t e d l e s s e r w e a t h e r i n g in t h e B 22 t h o r i z o n .

As f o r pe d o n s N a n d AA t h e s i t u a t i o n i s a s c o m p l e x a s t h a t

o f D p e d o n w h e r e s o l u m i s made o f two s t r a t a t h a t r e q u i r e

s e p a r a t e m i n e r a l o g i c e v a l u a t i o n . In t h e e v a l u a t i o n o f A2 d e g r e e

o f w e a t h e r i n g p e d o n N in G/PA a n d p e d o n AA in Q/PA d r o p p e d b e l o w

u n i t y . The s i t u a t i o n s o f t h e s e u n u s u a l v a l u e s a r e c l e a r e d by

b o t h , t h e B22t w e a t h e r i n g r a t i o s a n d t h e o t h e r s e t G/PA o r

Q/PA r a t i o f o r t h e same p e d o n . A l l o f p e d o n F s o l u m i s o f b3

m a t e r i a l t h u s i t s w e a t h e r i n g c o m p a r i s o n s a r e made in r e l a t i o n

t o b 3 ( b 4 ) u n a l t e r e d m a t e r i a l o f FD p e d o n . G r e a t e r w e a t h e r i n g

i s n o t i c e d in A2 h o r i z o n t h a n in B22t by b o t h o f t h e c r i t e r i a .

I t i s a p p a r e n t a t t h i s s t a g e t h a t n o r e a l w e a t h e r i n g r a t i o

t h a t i n d i c a t e s a c h r o n o l o g i c p a t t e r n i s o b s e r v e d f o r e i t h e r o f

t h e c h r o n o s e q u e n c e s (N, L, LF a n d F, AA, FD) b e c a u s e o f t h e i r

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i n i t i a l 1 i t h o l o g i c d i f f e r e n c e s w h e r e f l u v i a l s o r t i n g a f f e c t e d

b o t h p a r t i c l e s i z e d i s t r i b u t i o n and m i n e r a o l o g i c c o m p o s i t i o n .

The n e a r e s t s i m i l a r u n a l t e r e d m a t e r i a l s p r o v e d t o b e i n a d e q u a t e

f o r s u c h c h r o n o l o g i c c o m p a r i s o n s .

O t h e r c a u s e s may a l s o h a v e a f f e c t e d t h e v a l i d i t y o f t h e s e

c h r o n o l o g i c m i n e r a l o g i c r a t i o s . The s e n s i t i v i t y o f t h e w e a t h e r i n g

i n d i c e s o r t h e i r m e a s u r e m e n t s may n o t be a d e q u a t e l y r e f i n e d f o r

d i f f e r e n t i a t i n g among w e a t h e r i n g i n t e n s i t i e s o f s u c h c o m p l e x

s i t u a t i o n s .

F i n a l l y , t h e c h r o n o l o g i c g e n e r a l i z a t i o n t h a t c a n be made

i s t h a t o l d e r p e d o n s o f D a n d FD a p p e a r t o h a v e somewhat e q u a l

am ount s o f w e a t h e r i n g t h r o u g h o u t t h e i r s o l a ( w i t h t h e e x c e p t i o n

o f pedon D, A 2 - h o r i z o n G/PA r a t i o ) by b o t h r a t i o s . As f o r t h e

s a n d y members o f t h e c h r o n o s e q u e n c e s ( F , AA, a n d N, L, LF) a

g r e a t e r d e g r e e o f w e a t h e r i n g t o o k p l a c e n e a r t h e s u r f a c e t h a n

in t h e B22 t h o r i z o n in e i g h t o f t h e t e n c o m p a r i s o n s . E x c e p t i o n s

a r e in N p e d o n by G/PA r a t i o an d in AA by Q/PA r a t i o , w h i c h a r e

be low 1 a n d u n r e a l i s t i c v a l u e s .

E . Chemi s t r y

C h e m ic a l c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s o f h o r i z o n s in e a c h s t r a t u m a r e

t h e l a s t c o n s i d e r e d s i n c e t h e y a r e r e l a t i v e l y d y n am ic p a r a m e t e r s

w h i c h a r e g r e a t l y a f f e c t e d by t h e p e d o g e n e t i c p r o c e s s e s o f

a d d i t i o n , d e p l e t i o n , t r a n s l o c a t i o n o r t r a n s f o r m a t i o n . T h u s ,

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179

no ne o f t h e p r e s e n t c h e m i c a l d a t a i s e x p e c t e d t o r e p r e s e n t t h e

i n i t i a l c h e m i c a l s t a t u s in t h e s e s t r a t a . O r g a n i c m a t t e r in

t h e i n i t i a l m a t e r i a l , o r in t h e s o i l a t t i m e z e r o , i s z e r o u n l e s s

t h e p a r e n t m a t e r i a l was a s o l u m e l s e w h e r e b e f o r e i t was t r a n s ­

p o r t e d . I n o r g a n i c c a r b o n ( c a r b o n a t e s ) u s e d t o be somewhat

u n i f o r m l y d i s t r i b u t e d t h r o u g h o u t t h e i n i t i a l m a t e r i a l u n t i l

s o i l p e d o g e n e s i s was i n i t i a t e d a n d t h e n i t s t a r t e d t o l e a c h

downward .

Most o f t h e c h e m i c a l d a t a w i l l b e u s e d in m a k i n g t h e c h e m i c a l

c o m p a r i s o n s n e e d e d f o r t h e c h r o n o l o g i c a l c o m p a r i s o n s . S a m p l e s

o f <: 2mm. d i a m e t e r w e r e s u b j e c t e d t o c h e m i c a l a n a l y s e s t o d e t e r m i n e

t o t a l c a r b o n , pH, e x c h a n g e a b l e b a s e s , i n o r g a n i c c a r b o n , a n d

e x c h a n g e a b l e h y d r o g e n by t h e c o n v e n t i o n a l m e t h o d s d e s c r i b e d in

t h e c h a p t e r on m a t e r i a l s a n d m e t h o d s . C a t i o n e x c h a n g e c a p a c i t y ,

p e r c e n t b a s e s a t u r a t i o n a n d o r g a n i c c a r b o n w e r e c a l c u l a t e d f r o m

t h e s e l a b o r a t o r y d a t a . A l l t h e c h e m i c a l d a t a a r e r e p o r t e d in

T a b l e 2 1 . S t a t i s t i c a l LSD v a l u e s n e e d e d f o r t h e e v a l u a t i o n o f

t h e c h e m i c a l p a r a m e t e r s a r e shown a t t h e e n d o f T a b l e 2 1 , f o r

d u p l i c a t e d o r s i n g l e d e t e r m i n a t i o n s . S t a r r e d v a l u e s in t h e

t a b l e a r e a v e r a g e s o f d u p l i c a t e d e t e r m i n a t i o n s .

a . S o i 1 r e a c t ion

S o i l r e a c t i o n i s a d y n a m i c s o i l c o n d i t i o n w h i c h r e f l e c t s

an e q u i l i b r i u m s t a t e b e t w e e n t h e H+ a n d 0H“ i o n s in w a t e r

s u s p e n s i o n s , t h a t i s s u s c e p t i b l e t o c h a n g e a s t h e f a c t o r s

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TABLE 21 - Chantcal Prapartlas of tha Radons Horizons

AACn68050l

2345678

D0*600601

23456 7

FD0)660701

234 3 678

F0*690801

2345

HorizonT io lT

Stratum pHpH In pH in HjO KcL

T M M AjW U CHI6Min m.a.par 100 gp.soll No K Mg Ca

ME/1 DO gn.sotl

AP b2 6.29 6.00“ 3.24* _ 0.13* 0.13* 10.70* 9.90*A2 b2 6.30 6.43“ 5.48* — 0.06* 0.90* 7.25* 10.12*Bl b2 6.30 6.80“ 5.70* _ 0.07* 0.90* 7.35* 7.04*

IT B2lt C2 6.30 6.83“ 5.80* — 0.07* 0.90* 7.80* 7.04H B22t e2 6.30 6.70 5.85 — 0.13 1.40 10.40 6.16H B3 c3 7.00 7.80 6.80 ,— 0.13 8.00 10.70 3.74

ITT Cl dl calc. 8.38“ 7.80* 0.13 1 .BO 16.00 1.32H TC2 dl calc. 8.38“ 8.30* — — 1.50 32.00 1.10

AP a 6.20 6.18* 3.38* — 0.19* 1.35* 6.50* 9.68*A2 a 6.00 6.80* 5.33* — 0.13* 1.20* 7.80* 8.36*BIx a 6.30 6.60 5.20 — 0.13* 1.40* 7.60* 7.26*

IT B2lt bl 7.00 6.50* 4.80* 0.01* 0.26* 4.30* 15.70* 9.75*I I I B22t c3 7.00 7.50 6.45 0.07* 0.26* 13.30* 32.50* 5.93*nr ci c3 8.00 8.45* 7.23* - - 0.13 6.44 36.80 1.35n r C2 c3 8.00 8.58* 7.78* 0.09 0.05 2.10 34.05 0.88

AP bl 6.00 6.10* 3.15* — 0.07* 1.40* 3.00* 8.36*A2 bl 6.50 6.23* 4.95* — 0.07 1.40 2.60 8.80BIA2 bl 5.75 6.55 4.80 __ 0.13 1.50 10.40* 10.12B2lt bl 5.75 6.48* 5.08* — 0.13* 1.64* 10.40* 8.36*B22t bl 6.50 6.70 5.60 — 0.06* 1.80* 8.00 7.26*B3 b3(b4) 7.00 6.70 5.45 — 0.05 2.40 7.80 7.28

H Cl d2 Calc 8.50 7.40 — 0.05 1.28 32.0 2.64H C 2 d2 Calc 8.60 7.80 — 1.50 48.0 0.22

AP b3 6.00 6.28* 5.83* 0.14 1.19 5.83 9.68A2 b3 6.20 6.60 3.73 — 0.05 0.70 5.73 7.26A3Bt b3 6.30 6.80 5.85 — 0.03 1.13 6.00 6.38B2!t b3 6.50 6.85 5.85 — 0.03 5.05 6.40 7.27B22t b3 '■ 6.73 7.60 6.70 — 0.03 8.10 1.54 5.28

W 7W ] 1----------1 ! IMFgm.90l l | | I | I ganlc CEC.Z I 8.S. iTofal C, I Carton

CB/IOO got. Clay

20.86 52.54 0.85 0.83 32118.33 44.79 0.49 — 0.49 41115.36 54.17 0.33* X — 0.33 41515.81 55.47 0.24* — 0.24 49118.09 69.95 0.45 X — 0.43 234

83.43 0.82 xO.16 0.66 40793.14 1.49* *0.68 0.81 —96.82 1.98 *1.49 0.49 —

17.92 45.98 1.18* — 1.18 23517.49 32.20 1.03* 1.03 38816.39 33.71 0.30* X— 0.30 12030.01 67.54 0.41* x _ 0.41 128

88.59 0.75* *0.11 0.64 mm

96.23 3.86 *3.05 0.81 —97.63 3.64 *2.99 0.65

12.83 34.84 0.79* 0.79 19012.80 31.25 0.31* — 0.31 13822.15 54.31 0.22 0.22 16720.53 99.30 0.31 0.31 11817.13 37.68 0.32* >0.19 0.53 (887)17.53 38.17 1.25 >0.79 0.43 (156)

92.66 2.88 * .4 3 0.43 —99.56 2.88 * .3 2 0.56

16.82 42.45 0.89 mm 0.89 37713.83 47.08 0.23 — 0.23 24213.54 52.88 0.21* — 0.21 16318.75 61.13 0.29 — 0.29 33413,08 65.00 0.60 *0.14 0.46 (195)

180

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TABLE_ 21 — Continued

Horizon Stratum

Soil Reaction Exchangeable Cations Nc/100gn.aoli

Kt

Nc/100ge.sollCECitf

tB.S.

tTotal C.

t Inor­ganic Carbon

tOrganicCarbon

CEC/100 gae. Clay

FieldP«

pH In H20

pH In Kcl

In n .e Na

. p«r 100 gn, son K Mg Ca

Cn680807 B23t c3 7.00 8.30 7.35 mm 2.70 40.00 1.22 43.92 97.27 2.48 xl.98 0.448 Cl d2 e.do 8.43* 7.80* — 0.05 1.04 18.00 0.44 19.33 97.75 3.37 2.78* 0.59 __6 a shale fragments 7.00 7.10 6.70 — — — — 15.20 ~

LF.Cn68090l AP c2 3.80 6.93 5.95 mm 0.15 0.60 7.80 7.92 16.47 31.91 1.12* 1.12 299

2 A2 c2 6.20 6.85 5.90 -- 0.06*" 1.42* 7.65* 9.02 18.15 50.30 0.32 0.32 2133 Bl c2 6.60 6.90 6.10 — 0.05 1.86 6.00 7.24 15.20 53.33 0.15 m e 0.15 1614 B2I c2 7.00 6.65 3.60 — 0.06* 1.84* 6.50* 4.24 12.70 66.61 0.26* 0.04 0.22 1255 B22 c2 7.30 7.93 6.70 —* 0.05 3.30 18.00 1.76 23.11 92.38 0.60 xO.15 0.45 (235)6 B3 d2 Calc. 8.05 7.40 — — 1.04 28.00 1.32 _ _ _ 95.65 3.04 X2.60 0.447 Cl d2 Calc. 8.10 7.70 — 0.05 2.85 34.50 0.40 _ _ _ 98.93 3.63 X3.47 0.16 mm8 C2 d2 Calc. 8.28 7.78 me 0.05 2.80 44.00 ~ — 100.00 3.41 3.23* 0.18 —

LCn68IOOI AP cl 3.70 5.95* 5.05* , u 0.07 0.80 3.00 8.04 11.91 32.40 0.81* 0.81 2642 A2 cl 6.20 6.45* 5.58* — 0.05* 1.20* 2.80* 6.82 10.87 37,26 0.14* 0.14 0.14 2213 A2Blt cl 6.90 6.73* 5.70* — 0.07 1.40 7.85 6.82 16.14 57.74 0.44 0.44 3864 B21t cl 6.50 6.70 5.80 0.06* 1.25* 7.85* 7.04 16.20 56.54 0.38 x — 0.38. 4763 B22t cl(c4) 7.00 6.85* 5.58* ------ 0.07* 1.88* 7.60* 7.68 17.23 58,40 0.40 X — 0.40 195

6 IT B3 dt(b4) 7.20 7.20 6.20 — 0.13 5.64 18.25 7.92 31.94 75.20 0.16* X — 0.16 1187 n Cl d2 Calc. 7.80 6.80 — — 1.50 32.00 5.06 — 86.88 0.27 X0.06 0.198 H C 2 d2 Calc. 8.10 7.85 m e 2.30 40.00 1.10 " " 97.48 3.91 3.49 0.42 —

N6x680601 AP el 5.90 5.55 4.65 m m 0.13 0.40 7.50 11.44 19.47 41.24 1.02* 1.02 354

2 Bhtrl cl 5.80 3.85* 4.80* — 0.07 0.80 2.63 7.04 10.54 50.28 0.22 _ 0.22 1153 Bhlr2 cl 6.00 5.80 4.90 ------ 0.07 0.80 4.51 7.92 13.50 40.60 0.30 _ _ 0.30 3974 A2Bt cl 6.30 6.08* 5.23* 0.03 0.07 0.85 5.60 7.85 14.40 45.21 0.31 _ _ 0.31 3045 U B 2 t d2(c4) 7.00 6.40 5.55 0.05* 0.90* 7.03* 7.88 13.86 50.32 0.35 0.35 3446 n as 02(c4) Calc. 6.70 5.85 m e# 0.07* 1.05* 10.02* 7.04 18.17 61.25 0.66 n.d. (234)7 n c i 02 Calc. 7.50 6.50 0.09* 0.06* 1.75* 38.90 0.44 — 96.93 1.64 x | . 17 0.47

Lsd duplicated observation 0.72 0.53 0,02 0.12 0.30 0.93 1.43 1.93 3.97 0.21 0.12 0.19 • •

Single observation 0.98 0.75 0.03 0. IB 0.54 i . re 2.19 2.35 4.44 1.29 0.17 0.24 —• Duplicated eeasuraeants

( ) Value - questioned because °* present. x Calcareons - gravel noted In th is horizon.

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a f f e c t i n g t h e s e two i o n s d i f f e r . The m a j o r s i n g l e f a c t o r in

t h e e c o s y s t e m i s n o r m a l l y p r e c i p i t a t i o n w h i c h p r o v i d e s more

H+ i o n s t h r u t h e u n i o n o f t h e a t m o s p h e r i c w a t e r w i t h a t m o s ­

p h e r i c a c i d f o r m i n g g a s e s s u c h a s CO2 , SO2 a n d n i t r o g e n o x i d e s

i f p r e s e n t . A c c o r d i n g t o b o t h mass a c t i o n a n d t h e i o n i c s u r ­

f a c e r e a c t i o n s , h y d r o g e n , in t i m e , may r e p l a c e m o s t o f t h e

b a s e s p r e s e n t on t h e e x c h a n g e c o m p l e x , t h u s r e s u l t i n g in a

new r a t i o b e t w e e n H+ i o n s a n d t h e r e s t o f t h e * i o n s on t h e

e x c h a n g e c o m p l e x a n d a d i f f e r e n t pH. S i n c e a d d e d m o i s t u r e t o

t h e e c o s y s t e m i s o f a known r a n g e a n d a p p r o x i m a t e e q u a l

d i s t r i b u t i o n in t h i s humid t e m p e r a t e r e g i o n , t h e m o i s t u r e e f f e c t

in a d d i n g a c t i v e h y d r o g e n i o n s , r emov a l o f t h e a d s o r b e d b a s e s

a n d t h e r e s u l t i n g e q u i 1 i b r i u m . s h o u l d r e f l e c t t h e t i m e i n v o l v e d

in t h e s e p e d o g e n i c p r o c e s s e s t o p r o d u c e a new l e v e l o f a c t i v e

h y d r o g e n io n c o n c e n t r a t i o n . The s o i l r e a c t i o n d a t a a r e p r e s e n t e d

in T a b l e 2 1 .

The pH v a l u e s o b t a i n e d in KC1 s o l u t i o n a r e a b o u t o n e u n i t

lo w e r t h a n t h o s e o b t a i n e d in w a t e r . The KC1 pH r e a d i n g s a r e

c o r r e l a t i v e w i t h t h e w a t e r pH r e a d i n g s . C o l l i n s ( 1 9 6 7 ) showed

t h a t KC1 pH r e a d i n g s a r e l e a s t a f f e c t e d by t h e s e a s o n a l v a r i a t i o n

a n d t h a t i s why t h e s e KCl pH r e a d i n g s w e r e made . U s u a l l y t h e same

t r e n d s a n d b r e a k i n g p o i n t s a r e i n d i c a t e d by b o t h m e t h o d s f o r

t h e same p e d o n s . B o th s e t s o f l a b o r a t o r y pH d a t a i n d i c a t e

some v a r i a b i l i t y r e l a t i v e t o t h o s e d e t e r m i n e d in t h e f i e l d .

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Most h o r i z o n s s h o w ed f i e l d pH d i f f e r e n c e s in t h e r a n g e - o f

0 . 1 - 0 . 8 o f a u n i t . c o m p a r e d t o t h e w a t e r p H ' s in t h e l a b o r a t o r y .

The p e d o n s s t u d i e d r a n g e d in a c i d i t y m e a s u r e d i n w a t e r

f r o m medium a c i d in some s u r f a c e l a y e r s t o m i l d l y a l k a l i n e t o

a l k a l i n e i n m o s t o f t h e 83 h o r i z o n s . The r e a c t i o n o f t h e

s o l a a s m e a s u r e d in w a t e r r a n g e d f r o m pH 5 . 5 5 i n t h e Ap h o r i z o n

o f s i t e N t o pH 8 . 0 5 in t h e B3 h o r i z o n o f s i t e LF. C a l c a r e o u s

m a t e r i a l s w e r e e n c o u n t e r e d in t h e 83 h o r i z o n s o r C h o r i z o n s .

The pH o f t h e s e c a l c a r e o u s h o r i z o n s r a n g e d f r o m pH 6 . 7 0 t o

pH 8 . 6 . The l a t t e r i s a n u n u s u a l l y h i g h pH r e a d i n g a n d i t may

be a t t r i b u t e d m o s t l y t o c a l c i u m a n d m a g n e s i u m c a r b o n a t e s in

t h a t l a y e r s i n c e M i c h i g a n s o i l s a r e n o t known t o b e h i g h in

s o d i u m . R e a c t i o n s o f e a c h o f t h e p e d o n s g e n e r a l l y i n d i c a t e a

p a t t e r n o f i n c r e a s e i n pH v a l u e s w i t h t h e i n c r e a s e in d e p t h .

H o w ev er , p e d o n D d e c r e a s e d i n pH i n KC1, i n h o r i z o n s a b o v e B 2 1 t .

I t d e c r e a s e d by 0 . 3 o f a pH u n i t f r o m A2 t o B 2 1 t in H2 O, t h e n

s t a r t e d t o i n c r e a s e a g a i n w i t h d e p t h .

S i n c e Ap h o r i z o n s i n a l l o f t h e p e d o n s h a v e b e e n l i m e d ,

e x c e p t t h a t o f t h e N p e d o n , a n d p a r e n t m a t e r i a l s in C h o r i z o n s

a r e a l l c a l c a r e o u s a n d n o t a f f e c t e d by l e a c h i n g , t h e h o r i z o n s

l e f t f o r c h r o n o l o g i c l e a c h i n g c o m p a r i s o n s a r e t h e A2 a n d 8

h o r i z o n s . The A2 h o r i z o n i s t h e h o r i z o n n o r m a l l y known a s

h o r i z o n o f maximum l e a c h i n g .

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E x a m i n a t i o n o f a l l t h e Sandy Pedo ns s t u d i e d f o r p o s s i b l e

c h r o n o l o g i c pH r e l a t i o n s h i p s p o i n t s o u t t h a t t h e r e a c t i o n d e p t h

f u n c t i o n s ( T a b l e 2 1 a n d F i g u r e 22 ) i n a l l o f t h e s e p e d o n s w i t h t h e

e x c e p t i o n o f N p e d o n f a l l g e n e r a l l y w i t h i n t h e r a n g e o f n o n ­

s i g n i f i c a n t d i f f e r e n c e s in A2, 6 1 , B21, Cl a n d C2 h o r i z o n s .

As f o r B22 h o r i z o n s , t h e r e a r e n o n - s i g n i f i c a n t d i f f e r e n c e s

b e t w e e n F a n d LF p e d o n s , a n d b e t w e e n N, AA a n d L p e d o n s .

S i g n i f i c a n t d i f f e r e n c e s a p p e a r t o e x i s t among F, o r LF, a n d N,

p e d o n s . In B3 h o r i z o n s o n l y N p e d o n a p p r o a c h e d s i g n i ­

f i c a n t d i f f e r e n c e s f ro m AA, F , a n d LF p e d o n s . Thus N p e d o n i s

somewhat u n i q u e i n i t s m o r e a c i d r e a c t i o n d e p t h f u n c t i o n c o m p a r e d

t o t h e r e s t o f t h e p e d o n s .

Then AA o r L, a n d F o r LF show g e n e r a l l y d e c r e a s i n g a m o u n t s

o f l e a c h i n g i n t e n s i t y i n t h e s a n d y p e d o n s . L a c k o f d i f f e r e n c e s

in l e a c h i n g among F , a n d LF p e d o n s may be e x p l a i n e d a s a r e s u l t

o f p e d o n d o l o m i t i c g r a v e l l i n e s s . S o l a w i t h d o l o m i t i c g r a v e l

( ^ 2mm. f r a c t i o n ) se em s n o t t o b e s i g n i f i c a n t l y l e a c h e d w i t h

t i m e a s a c o n t i n u o u s s u p p l y o f Ca++ a n d Mg++ i s r e l e a s e d by

w e a t h e r i n g . P e d o n s o f g r a v e l l y s t r a t a a r e i n d i c a t e d in

T a b l e 15 a n d T a b l e 2 0 . F o r e x a m p l e , p e d o n s F , LF a n d FD t h a t

a r e o f g r a v e l l y s o l a o v e r g r a v e l l y p a r e n t m a t e r i a l s e x h i b i t e d

n o n - s i g n i f i c a n t d i f f e r e n c e s In l e a c h i n g .

In b o t h o f t h e n o n - g r a v e l l y p e d o n s o f N a n d L, p e d o n N i s

more i n t e n s e l y a c i d in t h e s o l u m w h i l e p e d o n L i s t h e m o re

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AVER

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pH in HgO7_________8

A pI - 9 .3

A2H 4 .9

B1 1-20.4

B21 1-25.9

B22H 303

B3h-35.1

Cl —43,

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Bhir 2)

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F i g u r e 2 2 . D i f f e r e n c e s in t h e s o i l r e a c t i o n w i t h d e p t h in t h e s t u d i e d p e d o n s

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i n t e n s i v e l y l e a c h e d a s w i l l b e s e e n i n t h e d i s c u s s i o n o f s o l a

t h i c k n e s s e s a n d i l l u v i a l h o r i z o n s w h e r e L s o l a t h i c k n e s s o r

d e p t h t o Cl h o r i z o n i s f o u n d t o b e g r e a t e r t h a n t h a t o f t h e N

p e d o n . P a r e n t m a t e r i a l d i f f e r e n c e s among t h e s e p e d o n s a r e

g r e a t e n o u g h t o ma sk t h e c h r o n o l o g i c s o i l r e a c t i o n d i f f e r e n c e s

in t h e c o a r s e c h r o n o s e q u e n c e p e d o n s .

b . E x c h a n g e a b l e c a t i o n s

In humid a n d t e m p e r a t e r e g i o n s w h e r e a v e r a g e p r e c i p i t a t i o n

i s a d e q u a t e , t h e d i f f e r e n t i a l r em o v a l by s o l u t i o n o f t h e e x ­

c h a n g e a b l e b a s e s f ro m t h e s o i l e x c h a n g e c o m p l e x i s a c o n t i n u o u s

p r o c e s s . D e p e n d i n g on t h e b a l a n c e b e t w e e n t h e a m o u n t o f t h e

w a t e r a d d e d t o t h e s o i l s y s t e m a n d t h e a m ou n t p e r c o l a t e d t h r u

t h e p e d o n s , e x c h a n g e a b l e b a s e s may b e v e r t i c a l l y t r a n s l o c a t e d

w i t h i n t h e p e d o n o r c o m p l e t e l y rem oved f r o m t h e s o i l body w i t h

t h e p e r c o l a t i n g w a t e r s . V a c a n t s i t e s on t h e s o i l e x c h a n g e

c o m p l e x w i l l be o c c u p i e d by t h e e x c h a n g e a b l e h y d r o g e n a l r e a d y

a v a i l a b l e i n t h e s o i l s y s t e m f r o m v a r i o u s s o u r c e s . As t h e s e

i o n i c r e p l a c e m e n t s a r e c o n t i n u o u s , t h e i r i n t e n s i t y m u s t t h e n

be a t i m e f u n c t i o n . T h u s , w i t h a d v a n c e m e n t in a g e , s o i l s w i l l

be z o n a l l y d e p l e t e d i n e x c h a n g e a b l e b a s e s d u e t o e i t h e r t r a n s ­

l o c a t i o n o r d e g r e e o f b a s e s r e m o v a l f r o m t h e p e d o n s .

E x c h a n g e a b l e c a t i o n s a r e p o s i t i v e l y c h a r g e d a n d t h e y a r e

a t t r a c t e d t o t h e s u r f a c e o f t h e e x c h a n g e c o m p l e x w h i c h i s

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n e g a t i v e l y c h a r g e d o r g a n i c a n d I n o r g a n i c s u b s t a n c e s . In t h e

o r g a n i c f r a c t i o n t h e n e g a t i v e c h a r g e s a r i s e f r o m COOH a n d

- - OH g r o u p s a n d p e r h a p s t o some e x t e n t f r o m t h e - - NH2 g r o u p s .

In t h e i n o r g a n i c f r a c t i o n n e g a t i v e c h a r g e s g e n e r a l l y a r i s e

f r o m two s o u r c e s . The f i r s t i s t h e i s o m o r p h o u s s u b s t i t u t i o n

in t h e m i n e r a l l a t t i c e s a n d t h e s e c o n d i s c a u s e d by t h e

i o n i z a t i o n o f h y d r o x y l g r o u p s a t t a c h e d t o t h e s i l i c o n a t o m s

a t t h e b r o k e n e d g e s o f t h e t e t r a h e d r a l p l a n e s . S o i l s u s u a l l y

c o n t a i n a h e t e r o g e n o u s p o p u l a t i o n o f i o n s t h a t w e r e a d d e d t o

t h e ion e x c h a n g e f i e l d f r o m w e a t h e r i n g p e d o s p h e r e m i n e r a l s ,

b i o s p h e r e o r g a n i c m a t t e r d e c o m p o s i t i o n , o r f e r t i l i z e r s a n d

l e a s t p r o b a b l y f r o m t h e a t m o s p h e r e .

( 1 ) Sod ium a n d p o t a s s i u m :

O n ly f i v e s a m p l e s o f t h e 53 s a m p l e s a n a l y z e d show a n y

t r a c e s o f e x c h a n g e a b l e s o d i u m a s shown in T a b l e 2 1 . T h e s e f i v e

m e a s u r e d e x c h a n g e a b l e s o d i u m c o n t e n t s a r e e n c o u n t e r e d in t h e two

p e d o n s 0 a n d N. The v a l u e s r a n g e d f r o m 0 . 0 1 t o 0 . 0 9 m i l l i -

e q u i v a l e n t p e r h u n d r e d g ram o f s o i l m a t e r i a l . T h i s n e a r

a b s e n c e o f e x c h a n g e a b l e s o d i u m may b e a t t r i b u t e d t o t h e n e a r

a b s e n c e o f s o l u b l e s o d i u m compound in t h e d e p o s i t s p r i o r t o

p e d o g e n e s i s a n d t h e i r s l o w r e l e a s e d u r i n g w e a t h e r i n g .

No s o d i u m was a d d e d t o t h e s e s o i l s y s t e m s t h r o u g h w a t e r i n g

s i n c e t h e so me what h i g h p r e c i p i t a t i o n i s t h e p r e d o m i n a n t s o u r c e

o f w a t e r . T h i s , w i t h t h e a r e a s 1 t e m p e r a t u r e p l a c e t h e s e e c o -

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s y s t e m s in t h e humid t e m p e r a t e r e g i o n . I r r i g a t i o n i s n o t g e n e r a l l y

p r a c t i c e d on t h e s e s o i l s y s t e m s . Where p r a c t i c e d , i r r i g a t i o n

w a t e r p a s s i n g o v e r o r t h r u d e p o s i t s h i g h in s o d i u m may d i s s o l v e ,

t r a n s p o r t a n d t h u s i n t r o d u c e s o d i u m t o many s o i l s y s t e m s .

E x c h a n g e d p o t a s s i u m i s a w a t e r s o l u b l e ion a n d h e n c e i s

r e a d i l y m o b i l i z e d by a d y n a m ic m o i s t u r e r e g i m e a f t e r b e i n g

r e p l a c e d m a i n l y by Ca++ a n d H+ . In t h e c o a r s e f l u v i a l d e p o s i t s

t h e m a j o r f l o w v e c t o r f o r t h e e x c e s s o f f r e e w a t e r i s downward .

The somewhat h i g h p r e c i p i t a t i o n o f t h i s r e g i o n a l o n g w i t h t h e

c o a r s e t e x t u r e d m a t e r i a l c a u s e d w a t e r t o p e r c o l a t e t h r o u g h

t h e s e p e d o n s a n d t h u s remove t h e e x c h a n g e a b l e p o t a s s i u m f ro m

t h e e x c h a n g e c o m p l e x in t h e p r e s e n c e o f c o n s i d e r a b l e s o l u b l e

c a l c i u m . G r a d u a l l y a n a t u r a l c h e m i c a l e q u i l i b r i u m i s a t t a i n e d

in t h e s e s o i l s y s t e m s w h e r e t h e amount o f e x c h a n g e a b l e p o t a s s i u m

a d d e d in f e r t i l i z e r s o r r e l e a s e d by w e a t h e r i n g i s e q u i v a l e n t

t o t h e am ount o f p o t a s s i u m removed by c r o p s . E x c h a n g e a b l e K+

l e v e l s in r e l a t i o n t o t h e u n a v a i l a b l e a n d s l o w l y a v a i l a b l e fo rm s

o f K+ a r e c o n t i n u o u s l y low c o m p a r e d t o t h e a d e q u a t e s u p p l i e s

i n d i c a t e d by t h e s o i l f e r t i l i t y s t a n d a r d s f o r a number o f c r o p s

t h a t r e q u i r e somewhat h i g h l e v e l s o f p o t a s s i u m s u c h a s g r a i n s

o r c r o p s m a r k e t e d f o r t h e i r v e g e t a t i v e p a r t s . T h i s i s why

p o t a s s i u m i s known t o be a p r o b l e m n u t r i e n t in s u c h s o i l s .

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E x c h a n g e a b l e p o t a s s i u m i s n o t i c e d t o a c c u m u l a t e in t h e s u r f a c e

o f t h e s e s o i l s b e c a u s e o f o r g a n i c m a t t e r a d d i t i o n s , a n d dec om ­

p o s i t i o n . I t r a n g e d f r o m 0 . 0 7 t o 0 . 1 9 m . e . / l O O gm m a t e r i a l

o f t h e Ap h o r i z o n s . R e l e a s e o f p o t a s s i u m f ro m t h e c r y s t a l

l a t t i c e o f s i l i c a t e c l a y s i s v e r y s m a l l b e c a u s e t h e s o i l s

s t u d i e d a r e low in c l a y s , a n d i t s r e l e a s e f ro m t h e s e p r i m a r y

m i n e r a l s i s s l o w .

2 . C a l c i u m a n d m a g n e s iu m :

In t h i s humid r e g i o n e v e n s o i l s f o r m e d f r o m l i m e s t o n e a r e

f r e q u e n t l y a c i d in t h e s u r f a c e l a y e r s b e c a u s e o f t h e remova l

o f t h e b a s e s a n d s p e c i f i c a l l y c a l c i u m a n d m a g n e s iu m i o n s by

l e a c h i n g . As w a t e r c o n t a i n i n g d i s s o l v e d c a r b o n d i o x i d e p e r ­

c o l a t e d t h r o u g h t h e p e d o n s t h r o u g h t h e y e a r s , a c t i v e h y d r o g e n

io n s d i s p l a c e d t h e s e b a s e s g r a d u a l l y on t h e e x c h a n g e c o m p l e x .

C a l c i u m i s c o n t a i n e d in a num be r o f m i n e r a l s s u c h a s d o l o m i t e ,

c a l c i t e , a p a t i t e , c a l c i u m f e l d s p a r s a n d a m p h i b o l e s . O n ^ i i h e i r

d i s i n t e g r a t i o n a n d d e c o m p o s i t i o n c a l c i u m i s r e l e a s e d .

Magnes ium in t h e s o i l o r i g i n a t e s in t h e d e c o m p o s i t i o n o f

r o c k s c o n t a i n i n g m i n e r a l s s u c h a s b i o t l t e , d o l o m i t e , c h l o r i t e ,

s e r p e n t i n e a n d o l i v i n e . On t h e d e c o m p o s i t i o n o f t h e s e m i n e r a l s

t h e m a g n e s iu m i s s e t f r e e i n t o t h e s u r r o u n d i n g w a t e r s . B u t ,

mo s t o f t h e c a l c i u m a n d m a g n e s iu m i o n s w e r e o r i g i n a l l y in t h e

fo rm o f c a r b o n a t e s o f e a c h o f them o r b o t h t o g e t h e r , a s in t h e

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c a s e o f d o l o m i t e w h i c h i s f r e q u e n t l y o b s e r v e d m a c r o s c o p i c a 11y

a s r o c k f r a g m e n t s w i t h i n t h e p e d o n s o r m i c r o s c o p i c a l l y d u r i n g

p e t r o g r a p h i c e x a m i n a t i o n s . The p o s s i b i l i t y o f h a v i n g a n o t i c e ­

a b l e a m o u n t o f C a - f e l d s p a r s i n t h e s e s o i l m a t e r i a l s i s s m a l l

a s r e v e a l e d f r o m t h e p e t r o g r a p h i c i n v e s t i g a t i o n . E x c h a n g e a b l e

c a l c i u m c o n t e n t s in t h e s t u d i e d p e d o n s r a n g e d f r o m 2 . 6 0 In A2

h o r i z o n o f FD p e d o n t o 18 m . e p e r 100 g r am in t h e B3 h o r i z o n o f

L p e d o n , w h i l e m a g n e s i u m c o n t e n t s o f t h e s e p e d o n s r a n g e d f r o m

0 . 1 3 in Ap h o r i z o n o f AA p e d o n t o 1 3 . 3 m . e p e r 100 g r am s o i l

in B22t o f AA p e d o n . in a l l o f t h e s e p e d o n h o r i z o n s c a l c i u m

con t e n t s a r e g r e a t e r t h a n m a g n e s i u m c o n t e n t s . T h i s may b e b e c a u s e

o f l o w e r amounts o f m a g n e s i u m b e a r i n g m i n e r a l s in t h e p e d o n s

i n i t i a l m a t e r i a l t h a n t h o s e b e a r i n g c a l c i u m . B o t h Ca++ a n d

Mg++ o f t h e s e p e d o n s g e n e r a l l y i n c r e a s e w i t h d e p t h d u e t o t h e

e f f e c t o f l e a c h i n g n e a r t h e s u r f a c e . T h i s l e a c h i n g a s a

c h r o n o l o g i c a l phenomenon w i l l b e d i s c u s s e d l a t e r .

3 . H y d r o g e n :

E x c h a n g e a b l e h y d r o g e n i s t h e a m o u n t o f h y d o g e n a d s o r b e d

on t h e s o i l e x c h a n g e c o m p l e x e x p r e s s e d in mi 1 1 i e q u i v a l e n t p e r

100 g ram s o i l . I t w as d e t e r m i n e d t o b e u s e d in t h e c a l c u l a t i o n

o f t h e c a t i o n e x c h a n g e c a p a c i t y . E x c h a n g e a b l e h y d r o g e n g e n e r a l l y

d e c r e a s e d w i t h d e p t h in a l l o f t h e p e d o n s a n d r a n g e d f r o m 0 . 2 2

m . e in II C2 o f FD p e d o n t o 1 1 . 4 4 m . e p e r 100 g r am s o i l in t h e

Ap o f t h e N p e d o n .

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c . C a t i o n e x c h a n g e c a p a c i t y i s t h e sum o f c a t i o n s

o c c u p y i n g t h e s i t e s on t h e s o i l e x c h a n g e c o m p l e x e x p r e s s e d in

mi 1 1 i e q u i v a l e n t p e r 100 g ram s o i l . When c o n s i d e r i n g t h e r e s u l t s

o f c a t i o n e x c h a n g e c a p a c i t y , i t i s w e l l t o remember t h a t o r g a n i c

m a t t e r was n o t r e m o v e d . The c a p a c i t y a d d e d by t h e o r g a n i c m a t t e r

i s o f some c o n s e q u e n c e in t h e u p p e r s o l a h o r i z o n a s shown by

t h e o r g a n i c c a r b o n c o n t e n t s in T a b l e 2 1 . V a r i a t i o n s in t h e

e x c h a n g e c a p a c i t y du e t o s i 1t i s e x p e c t e d t o be n e g l i g i b l e f r o m

t h i s k i n d o f s i l i c e o u s s o i l m a t e r i a l s .

The c a t i o n e x c h a n g e c a p a c i t i e s r a n g e d f ro m 1 0 . 5 in t h e

s u b s u r f a c e o f pedon N t o 5 2 . 0 m . e p e r 100 g ram o f s o i l in t h e

B22t o f pe don D, T a b l e 2 1 . The u s u a l l y h i g h e r CEC v a l u e s

in t h e Ap h o r i z o n s c a n b e e x p l a i n e d on t h e b a s i s o f h i g h e r

am oun ts o f o r g a n i c m a t t e r s u c h a s A p - h o r i z o n o f LF p e d o n .

C o l l o i d a l m a t e r i a l o f t h e s o i l e x c h a n g e c o m p l e x t h a t c a u s e s

h i g h e r CEC in t h e s o l a a r e e x p e c t e d t o i n c r e a s e in t h e B22t

h o r i z o n . w i t h t i m e . The maximum CEC v a l u e s o f B2t h o r i z o n s o f

t h e s t u d i e d p e d o n s p l o t t e d in f i g u r e 23 g e n e r a l l y i n c r e a s e f ro m

F pedon t h e y o u n g e s t in t h e c o a r s e c h r o n o s e q u e n c e t o FD

pedon t h e o l d e s t o f t h e same s e q u e n c e .

C a t i o n e x c h a n g e c a p a c i t y p e r 100 gram c l a y a s shown in

T a b l e 21 was c a l c u l a t e d f o r a l l h o r i z o n s f ro m t h e i r p e r c e n t c l a y

c o n t e n t s a n d c a t i o n e x c h a n g e c a p a c i t i e s . T h i s c a l c u l a t i o n was

made a s an a d d i t i o n a l c h a r a c t e r i z a t i o n o f t h e n a t u r e o f t h e

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12,000 13,40012,800 14.000AGE ( in y ea r s )

F i g u r e 2 3 . V a r i a t i o n in % b a s e s a t u r a t i o n a n d CEC in t h e A2 h o r i z o n s a n d t h e maximum c a t i o n e x c h a n g e c a p a c i t y a s e x p r e s s e d in e i t h e r B21 o r B22 w i t h a d v a n c e m e n t in a g e in s a n d y f a m i l i e s

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m a t e r i a l s in t h e s e s o i l h o r i z o n s a n d i f p o s s i b l e t o s h e d some

l i g h t on t h e n a t u r e o f t h e c l a y f r a c t i o n . The v a l u e s o b t a i n e d

a r e v e r y h i g h a n d r a n g e d f ro m 120 m . e p e r 100 g r a m c l a y in

BIX h o r i z o n o f D p e don t o 586 m . e in A2B1t o f L p e d o n . From

t h e s e c a l c u l a t e d CEC's v a l u e s , i t a p p e a r t h a t m o s t o f t h e

c h a r g e s a r e o f n o n - c l a y f r a c t i o n a n d o r g a n i c m a t t e r a n d a m o r ­

p h o u s m a t e r i a l i s l i k e l y t h e m a i n s o u r c e . H i g h CEC v a l u e s in

B3 a n d Cl h o r i z o n s , o f low o r g a n i c m a t t e r c o n t e n t , a r e c a u s e d

by t h e c a l c a r e o u s c o n d i t i o n i n t h e s e h o r i z o n s w h i c h a r e

e n c l o s e d in p a r e n t h e s e s . The CEC p r o c e d u r e u s e d i s n o t s u i t ­

a b l e f o r c a l c a r e o u s s o i l s . T h e s e v a l u e s w i l l n o t be u s e d in

i d e n t i f y i n g t h e c l a y m i n e r a l s . C l a y m i n e r a l s w i l l b e i d e n t i f i e d

s o l e l y w i t h t h e i r x - r a y d i f f r a c t i o n p a t t e r n s l a t e r in t h i s

c h a p t e r .

d . P e r c e n t b a s e s a t u r a t i o n :

A p p r e c i a b l e a m o u n t s o f c a t i o n s a c c u m u l a t e on a n d in t h e

s o l a f ro m t h e p e d o g e n i c p r o c e s s e s o f a d d i t i o n a n d t r a n s f o r m a t i o n .

W i t h t i m e t h e s e c a t i o n s a r e d i f f e r e n t i a l l y t r a n s l o c a t e d o r

r emoved by t h e a d d e d c l i m a t i c p r e c i p i t a t i o n w a t e r t h a t f i r s t

r e p l a c e s t h e c a t i o n s on t h e e x c h a n g e c o m p l e x t h e n t r a n s f e r s

them down t o l o w e r d e p t h s w i t h i n t h e s o i l b o d i e s o r d e e p e r t o

t h e g r o u n d w a t e r . As t h i s p r o c e s s c o n t i n u e s , s t r o n g e r a c i d i t y

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19^

an d l o w e r p e r c e n t b a s e s a t u r a t i o n d e v e l o p s . P e r c e n t b a s e

s a t u r a t i o n i s a m e a s u r e o f t h e p r o p o r t i o n o f t h e e x c h a n g e

s i t e s o c c u p i e d by t h e e x c h a n g e a b l e b a s e s s u c h a s K+ , Mg++

a n d Ca++ on t h e e x c h a n g e c o m p l e x . Thus p e r c e n t b a s e s a t u r a t i o n

l i k e s o i l r e a c t i o n c a n a l s o be u s e d in e x p r e s s i n g a g e r e l a t i o n ­

s h i p s . C a t i o n e x c h a n g e c a p a c i t y , w h i c h i s t h e s u m m a t i o n o f b o t h

b a s e s a t u r a t i o n an d a c t i v e h y d r o g e n c o n c e n t r a t i o n in e x c h a n g e

t e r m s , m us t a l s o e x p r e s s a g e d i f f e r e n c e s s i n c e i t s c o m p o n e n t s

a r e a g e a s s o c i a t e d p r o p e r t i e s t h a t i n c l u d e o r g a n i c a n d i n o r ­

g a n i c c o m p o n e n t s o f t h e e x c h a n g e c o m p l e x .

P e r c e n t b a s e s a t u r a t i o n i s c r u d e l y , t h o u g h n o t w e l l

c o r r e l a t e d w i t h pH v a l u e s ( T a b l e 2 1 ) . Base s a t u r a t i o n a n d pH

v a l u e s g e n e r a l l y i n c r e a s e w i t h d e p t h , b u t p e r c e n t b a s e s a t u r a t i o n

may be a t minimum in t h e A2 o r B1 h o r i z o n s .

A l l o f t h e p e d o n s s t u d i e d a r e somewhat l e a c h e d o f t h e i r

e x c h a n g e a b l e c a t i o n s , f i r s t b e c a u s e o f t h e humid c l i m a t e an d

s e c o n d b e c a u s e o f t h e i n i t i a l c o a r s e t e x t u r e d p a r e n t m a t e r i a l s

t h a t a r e r i c h in r e s i s t a n t m i n e r a l s s u c h a s q u a r t z . The

e x c h a n g e a b l e c a t i o n s in a l l o f t h e s e p e d o n s s o l urns a r e g e n e r a l l y

low - T a b l e 21 . N a t u r a l l y t h e p e r c e n t b a s e s a t u r a t i o n r e f l e c t s

t h e p r e s e n t b a s e s t a t u s o f t h e s e e x c h a n g e a b l e c a t i o n s a f t e r

b e i n g a f f e c t e d by c l i m a t e , v e g e t a t i o n a n d t i m e . S i n c e t i m e i s

r e l a t i v e l y r e f l e c t e d by t h e i n t e n s i t y o f t h e l e a c h i n g o f t h e s e

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e x c h a n g e a b l e c a t i o n s , i t i s u s e f u l t o i n v e s t i g a t e t h e d e g r e e

o f b a s e s a t u r a t i o n in e a c h p e d o n . M o r p h o l o g i c a l l y , i t i s m o re

u s e f u l t o c o m p a r e s o l a m in im a o f p e r c e n t b a s e s a t u r a t i o n t h a t

i s d i s p l a y e d by t h e A2 h o r i z o n s ( o r u p p e r B h o r i z o n o f p e d o n N)

an d t o c o m p a r e s o l u m maxima c a t i o n e x c h a n g e c a p a c i t i e s w h i c h

a r e o b s e r v e d in e i t h e r B21 o r B22 h o r i z o n s ( F i g u r e 2 3 ) . Ap

h o r i z o n s o f t h e s t u d i e d p e d o n s e x h i b i t e d g r e a t e r b a s e s a t u r a t i o n

v a l u e s t h a n t h o s e o f A2 h o r i z o n s in AA, FD, LF a n d l o w e r b a s e

s a t u r a t i o n v a l u e s in D, L, N a n d F p e d o n s . S i n c e a l l o f t h e

p edon s u r f a c e s a r e l i m e d by t h e f a r m e r s w i t h t h e e x c e p t i o n o f

pedon N, w h e r e no m a n ag em en t i n f o r m a t i o n was a v a i l a b l e , i t

a p p e a r s t h a t o n l y a p o r t i o n o f t h e l i m e was l e a c h e d f r o m p e d o n s

AA, FD, a n d FL o r t h a t t h e i r l i m e a p p l i c a t i o n w e r e m o r e r e c e n t t h a n

oh t h e r e s t o f t h e p e d o n s - c o n s i d e r i n g t h a t N p e d o n may h a v e

be e n 1 imed t o o .

The s u b s u r f a c e p e r c e n t a g e b a s e s a t u r a t i o n s o f t h e p e d o n s

when e x a m i n e d , T a b l e 2 1 , a n d p l o t t e d a g a i n s t a g e in F i g u r e 2 3 ,

p o i n t e d o u t a d e c r e a s i n g t r e n d in b a s e s a t u r a t i o n w i t h t i m e in

t h e c o a r s e p e d o n s . . The g r e a t e s t p e r c e n t b a s e s a t u r a t i o n

v a l u e was n o t i c e d t o b e in t h e y o u n g e s t p e d o n F o f t h e 1 2 . 8 0 0

y e a r s o f a g e , w h i l e t h e l o w e s t v a l u e was t h e FD p e d o n ( 1 3 , 9 0 0

y e a r s a v e r a g e a g e ) . The p e r c e n t b a s e s a t u r a t i o n d i f f e r e n c e s

in t h e r e s t o f t h e p e d o n s a r e d u e t o l i t h o l o g i c v a r i a t i o n s .

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e . O r g a n i c a n d I n o r g a n i c c a r b o n

B a s e d on t h e s o u r c e o f t h e c a r b o n , s o i l s may c o n t a i n o r g a n i c a n d

i n o r g a n i c c a r b o n , T a b l e 2 1 . The b i o t i c s o i l f o r m i n g f a c t o r

i s e n t i r e l y r e s p o n s i b l e f o r t h e o r g a n i c c a r b o n , w h i l e t h e

p r e s e n c e o f t h e i n o r g a n i c c a r b o n i s a t t r i b u t e d t o p a r e n t

m a t e r i a l s . The d i s t r i b u t i o n o f t h e s e k i n d s o f c a r b o n d e p e n d s

on p e d o g e n e s i s . C o l l o i d a l o r g a n i c c a r b o n t e n d s t o a c c u m u l a t e

in t h e p e d o n s w i t h t i m e a n d r e a c h i t s maxima in p e d o n s u r f a c e s

a n d a s s e c o n d maxima in t h e z o n e s o f i l l u v i a t i o n o f B3 , Cl o r

C2 h o r i z o n s a s i s AA, D, FD, F, L a n d N p e d o n s , w h e r e t r a n s l o c a t e d

c o l l o i d a l o r g a n i c m a t t e r was f l o c c u l a t e d b e c a u s e o f t h e c a l c a r e o u s

c o n d i t i o n s in t h e s e h o r i z o n s .

I n o r g a n i c c a r b o n w h i c h i s m a i n l y c a r b o n a t e s l e a c h e s w i t h

t i m e ' f rom t h e s o l a a n d r e m a i n s c o n c e n t r a t e d in t h e p a r e n t

m a t e r i a l . R e l a t i v e a g e d i f f e r e n c e s c a n a l s o be i n f e r r e d f ro m

t h e d e p t h o f t h e c a r b o n a t e s l e a c h i n g , a s w e l l a s f r o m t h e m a g n i ­

t u d e o f t h e o r g a n i c c a r b o n w i t h d e p t h .

The Ap h o r i z o n s o f t h e s e p e d o n s h a v e r e l a t i v e l y h i g h

o r g a n i c c a r b o n c o n t e n t s , T a b l e 2 1 . T h i s i s a n i n d i r e c t i n f l u e n c e

o f t h e h um id t e m p e r a t e c l i m a t e . Time i s o f l e s s i n f l u e n c e in

c a u s i n g d i f f e r e n c e s among t h e s t u d y p e d o n s . On ly a s h o r t t i m e

i s r e q u i r e d in t e r m s o f s o i l f o r m a t i o n f o r t h e s u r f a c e o r g a n i c

m a t t e r c o n t e n t t o become c o n s t a n t . O r g a n i c m a t t e r i s so m e w ha t

h i g h in t h e s u r f a c e h o r i z o n o f D, LF a n d N p e d o n s a n d d e c r e a s e s

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r a p i d l y w i t h d e p t h in a l l o f t h e p e d o n s . The g r e a t e s t s u r f a c e

o r g a n i c c a r b o n i s e n c o u n t e r e d in p e d o n D t h a t h a s b e e n u n d e r

p a s t u r e f o r q u i t e a l e n g t h o f t i m e a n d t h e l o w e s t i s n o t i c e d

in t h e s u r f a c e o f p e d o n FD, a c u l t i v a t e d f i e l d o f t h e c o a r s e r

t e x t u r e d m a t e r i a l s . The r e s t o f t h e p e d o n s v a r i e d b e t w e e n

t h e s e two v a l u e s . No o r g a n i c m a t t e r o r o r g a n i c c a r b o n i s

e x p e c t e d in t h e i n i t i a l s o i l m a t e r i a l u n l e s s i t h a s b e e n e x p o s e d

e a r l i e r t o t h e i n f l u e n c e s o f t h e b i o t i c f a c t o r g e o l o g i c a l l y o r

p e d o l o g i c a l 1y . C h a r g e d c o l l o i d a l o r g a n i c m a t t e r may move

d i f f e r e n t i a l l y downward w i t h t i m e in t h e p e d o n s a n d a c c o r d i n g l y

d i s t r i b u t e p o r t i o n s o f t h e s u r f a c e o r g a n i c m a t t e r downward w i t h i n

t h e p e d o n s a n d n a t u r a l l y t h e l o w e r z o n e s o f i I I u v i a 1 d i s t r i b u t i o n

(B3 a n d Cl h o r i z o n s ) w i l l h a v e l e s s e r a m o u n t s o f o r g a n i c c a r b o n .

T h i s i s why t h e o r g a n i c c a r b o n i s f o u n d in v a r i a b l e a m o u n t s in

t h e B a n d C h o r i z o n s . An i m p o r t a n t f a c t o r t o be m e n t i o n e d h e r e

i s t h a t c o a r s e r t e x t u r e d s t r a t a p e r m i t g r e a t e r m o b i l i t y w i t h i n

t h e p e d o n s , g i v i n g r i s e t o h i g h e r o r g a n i c c a r b o n a t t h e g r e a t e r

d e p t h s e s p e c i a l l y in p e d o n s L a n d N.

The p e d o n s u s u a l l y c o n t a i n e d l e s s o r g a n i c c a r b o n in A2

h o r i z o n s t h a n in t h e Aps a n d a l i t t l e l e s s t h a n t h e maxima in

t h e h o r i z o n s o f t h e z o n e o f o r g a n i c i l l u v i a t i o n ( B 2 , B3 o r C l ) .

The A2 i s commonly t h e z o n e o f maximum e l u v i a t i o n . The C - h o r i z o n s

in some p e d o n s a r e so me what h i g h in o r g a n i c c a r b o n . T h i s may be

c a u s e d by s e v e r a l f a c t o r s . One p o s s i b i l i t y i s t h e r e l a t i v e l y

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a c t i v e p e r c o l a t i o n t h a t i s f a c i l i t i a t e d by t h e o v e r a l l c o a r s e

t e x t u r e o f t h e p e d o n s s o t h a t o r g a n i c m a t t e r i s t r a n s l o c a t e d

down w i t h i n t h e p e d o n s u n t i l t h e c a l c a r e o u s m a t e r i a l i s r e a c h e d

a n d t h e o r g a n i c c o l l o i d s become f l o c c u l a t e d a s i n p e d o n s N,

L, F a n d LF.

A s e c o n d p o s s i b i l i t y i s t h e p r e s e n c e o f a n a l l u v i a l l a m i n a e

t h a t i s r i c h in o r g a n i c m a t t e r a s n o t i c e d i n p e d o n AA o r p r e s e n c e

o f a c a r b o n a c e o u s l e n s e o f r o c k f r a g m e n t a s in t h e c a s e o f t h e

d a r k s h a l e f r a g m e n t s in t h e Cl h o r i z o n o f F p e d o n .

I n o r g a n i c c a r b o n c o n t e n t o f t h e l e a s t a l t e r e d h o r i z o n s

r a n g e d f r o m 1.17% in p e d o n N t o 3.**9% in p e d o n L. A p p r e c i a b l e

i n o r g a n i c c a r b o n was o b s e r v e d o n l y in B3 andC h o r i z o n s . Most

o f t h e s o l urns a r e f r e e o f c a r b o n a t e s . The B3 h o r i z o n s o f p e d o n

LF h a s t h e g r e a t e s t i n o r g a n i c c a r b o n c o n t e n t among t h e B3

h o r i z o n s b u t i t i s c o n s i d e r a b l y b e l o w t h a t o f t h e u n d e r l y i n g

C h o r i z o n s . Among t h e Cl a n d C2 h o r i z o n s , o n l y o n e Cl t h a t o f

pedon LF h a s t h e g r e a t e s t i n o r g a n i c c a r b o n , w h i c h m i g h t be due

t o i n o r g a n i c c a r b o n a c c u m u l a t i o n . H o w e v e r , t h i s d a t a may a c t u a l l y

r e p r e s e n t t h e i r i n i t i a l c a r b o n a t e c o n t e n t s . At l e a s t , no m a r k e d

a c c u m u l a t i o n s o f l i m e a r e e v i d e n t i n t h e s e p e d o n s . The CaC03

o f t h e i n i t i a l f i n e e a r t h m a t e r i a l i s l i k e l y t o b e t h e c a u s e o f

h i g h e x c h a n g e a b l e Ca++ io n a n d t h e i n o r g a n i c c a r b o n c o n t e n t s

in t h e p a r e n t m a t e r i a l s o f t h e p e d o n s . A c t u a l l y t h e m e a s u r e d

Ca++ i n c l u d e s some s o l u t i o n o f t h e c a r b o n a t e s a n d i s n o t a l l

e x c h a n g e a b l e .

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F. M o ro p h o lo g y

a . T h i c k n e s s o f s o l a and a r g i l l i c h o r i z p n s :

H o r i z o n a t i o n r e f l e c t s t h e i n t e n s i t y o f p e d o g e n i c

p r o c e s s e s a s e v i d e n t f ro m t h e h o r i z o n s o f maximum e l u v i a t i o n

(A2) a n d h o r i z o n s o f maximum i l l u v i a t i o n ( 6 2 ) . W i t h i n t h e

B - h o r i . z o n s t h e d e g r e e o f i l l u v i a t i o n commonly i n c r e a s e s w i t h

t i m e a n d w i t h i n t h e e l u v i a l h o r i z o n s t h e d e g r e e o f e l u v i a t i o n

a l s o i n c r e a s e s w i t h t i m e .

C h r o n o l o g y e s t a b l i s h e d f ro m gem omo rph ic i n t e r p r e t a t i o n s

i s c o n f i r m e d in t h e s e l e c t e d m o r p h o l o g i c m e a s u r e m e n t s o f

T a b l e 2 2 . T h e s e m e a s u r e m e n t s a r e t h e d e p t h o f l e a c h i n g , o r

d e p t h o f s o l u m ( F i g u r e 2 k ) , w h i c h i s e i t h e r t o t h e b o t t o m o f

B3 o r t o t h e t o p o f Cl h o r i z o n s a n d t h e t h i c k n e s s e s o f t h e

i l l u v i a l h o r i z o n s a s e x p r e s s e d by B21 + B22 o r B1 + B2 + B3

h o r i z o n s a s Bs. In c o m p a r i n g h o r i z o n s , t h i c k e r h o r i z o n s a r e

n o r m a l l y o f o l d e r a g e . T h i s i s r e v e a l e d f rom t h e e x a m i n a t i o n

a n d e v a l u a t i o n o f s a n d y o r c o a r s e loamy p e d o n s a s shown in

T a b l e 2 2 . The t r e n d o f t h e s e d a t a p o i n t s o u t t h a t t h e

t h i c k n e s s o f t h e s e h o r i z o n s i s g e n e r a l l y i n c r e a s i n g w i t h

a g e in p a r t s o f t h e c o a r s e loamy c h r o n o s e q u e n c e p e d o n .

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T a b l e 2 2 . S e l e c t e d m o r p h o l o g i c a l m e a s u r e m e n t s p o s s i b l y u s e f u l in t h i s c h r o n o l i t h o s e q u e n c e

n . T h i c k n e s s e s o f „ , . .Pedon F a m i l y t e x t u r e ___ _____ R e l a t i v eB21+B22 T o t a l BF a g e s in

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N s a n d y 8 1 8 . 5 1 2 , 8 0 0

AA s a n d y 8 24 1 2 , 8 0 0

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F i g u r e 2k . G r a p h i c r e p r e s e n t a t i o n o f s o lu m t h i c k n e s s( o r d e p t h t o Cl h o r i z o n ) in t h e s t u d i e d p e d o n s

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From T a b l e 22 i t i s c l e a r t h a t p e d o n s L a n d LF h a v e t h e

t h i c k e s t o f B21 + B22 a n d t o t a l B h o r i z o n s t h u s , LF p e d o n i s

o f a n o l d e r a g e c o m p a r e d t o F p e d o n . Pedon F , e x h i b i t e d t h e

l e a s t t h i c k n e s s e s in t h e s e p a r a m e t e r s . T h u s , i t i s t h e y o u n g e s t

s i t e . Pedon N o f t h e s a n d y f a m i l y e x p r e s s e d m e a s u r e m e n t s o f

i n t e r m e d i a t e m a g n i t u d e among t h e p e d o n s o f s i m i l a r a g e (AA a n d

L p e d o n s ) .

B e c a u s e o f t h e d i f f e r e n c e s in t e x t u r e s a n d s i m i l a r i t y in

a g e p e d o n D ( f i n e - l o a m y o v e r s a n d y ) a n d FD ( c o a r s e - l o a m y ) a r e

f i t t e d i n t o a 1 i t h o s e q u e n c e w i t h LF o f t h e s a n d y c o a r s e loamy

b o r d e r l i n e g r o u p . On t h e b a s i s o f t h e a b o v e m o r p h o l o g i c a l

c r i t e r i a D p e d o n i s f i n e r t e x t u r e d a n d e x p e c t e d t o be h o r i z o n a l l y

t h i n n e r , i t i s a c t u a l l y t h i c k e r t h a n FD p e d o n by t h e , t w o

c r i t e r i a In F i g u r e 2k .

b . C l a y c o n t e n t ;

On t h e a s s u m p t i o n t h a t s i m i l a r s o i l p a r e n t m a t e r i a l

o f e i t h e r f l u v i a l o r l a c u s t r i n e s o r t e d d e p o s i t s h a v e i n i t i a l l y

t h e same o r s i m i l a r c l a y c o n t e n t s a n d s i n c e c l a y i s a c o l l o i d a l

m a t e r i a l t h a t i s p r o d u c e d d u r i n g s o i l f o r m a t i o n a n d t h a t g o e s

i n t o s u s p e n s i o n when a d e q u a t e m o i s t u r e i s a v a i l a b l e , c l a y m a t e r i a l

i s s u b j e c t t o t r a n s l o c a t i o n d e e p e r in t h e p e d o n s . T r a n s l o c a t i o n

z o n e s a r e t h e e l u v i a l A2 a n d t h e i l l u v i a l B h o r i z o n s . D e v e l o p ­

ment o f t h e s e h o r i z o n s i s a f u n c t i o n o f t i m e , i n t e n s i t y o r

d u r a t i o n o f s p e c i f i c p e d o g e n e t i c a l p r o c e s s e s . C l a y c o m p r i s e s a

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p o r t i o n o f b o t h t h e e l u v i a t e d a n d t h e i l l u v i a t e d m a t e r i a l s .

Thus m e a s u r i n g t h e am ou n t o f c l a y in i l l u v i a l h o r i z o n s w i l l

i n d i c a t e t h e i n t e n s i t y a n d t h e r e l a t i v e t i m e d i f f e r e n c e s among

pedo ns o f i n i t i a l l y s i m i l a r t e x t u r e a n d p h y s i o g r a p h i c p o s i t i o n s .

C l a y c o n t e n t s o f a l l p e d o n s in T a b l e 12 i n d i c a t e a maximum in

one o f t h e i r B - s u b h o r i z o n s a n d t h a t maximum i s n o r m a l l y g r e a t e r

w i t h t h e a g e in t h e c o a r s e loamy s e q u e n c e o f p e d o n s . The

d e c r e a s e o f c l a y in A2 in t h e o l d e r p e d o n s o f 0 a n d FD c o u l d be

i n t e r p r e t e d a s a r e s u l t o f t r a n s l o c a t i o n o f c l a y f ro m A2 t o B

h o r i z o n s a s much a s du e t o k i n d o f t h e i r i n i t i a l m a t e r i a l s .

C o n s i d e r i n g t h e h o r i z o n o f maximum i l l u v i a t i o n in t h e s a n d y

f a m i l i e s t h a t a r e o f s i m i l a r maximum c l a y c o n t e n t , pedon N

a p p e a r s t o be o f l e a s t amoun t o f c l a y o r p r o b a b l y t h e y o u n g e s t

among them. However , a 1 i t h o s e q u e n c e i s d e t e c t e d b e t w e e n t h e

pedon o f s i t e s FD a n d D b e c a u s e o f t h e d i f f e r e n c e s in t h e p r o f i l e

t e x t u r e s . The same r e l a t i o n i s e v i d e n t b e t w e e n p e d o n s LF a n d FD.

Thus t h e l a r g e d i f f e r e n c e s in c l a y d i s t r i b u t i o n h e r e a r e t h e

r e s u l t o f a c h r o n o l i t h o s e q u e n c e .

L a r g e a m o u n t s o f s i l t s a r e p r e s e n t in t h e u p p e r m o s t h o r i z o n s

and t h e y a p p e a r t o d e c r e a s e w i t h d e p t h e x c e p t in s i t e F, T a b l e 12.

T h i s may i n d i c a t e t h a t s i l t i n c r e a s e s w i t h a g e due t o t h e

w e a t h e r i n g o f t h e s a n d s i z e f r a c t i o n . D i s t r i b u t i o n o f s i l t in

t h e p e d o n s may f o l l o w t h e p a t t e r n o f t h e p h y s i c a l w e a t h e r i n g

i n t e n s i t y a n d may be d u e t o t h e r e p e a t e d f r e e z i n g a n d t h a w i n g

a c t i o n ( S t . A r n a u d , 1 9 6 1 ) .

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c . ( B 2 t / A 2 ) a n d B2 t h i c k n e s s x B 2 t ) :

To f u r t h e r t e s t t h e c h r o n o - m o r p h o l o g i c a l e v a l u a t i o n

o f t h e p e d o n s t h e r a t i o o f p e r c e n t c l a y in B22t t o p e r c e n t c l a y

in A2 h o r i z o n s w e r e c a l c u l a t e d , a n d g r a p h e d in F i g u r e 25 w i t h

t h e (B2 h o r i z o n t h i c k n e s s ) t i m e s (% c l a y In t h e B 2 2 t ) . I f

b o t h A2 a n d B2t c l a y c o n t e n t s o r B2 h o r i z o n t h i c k n e s s a n d c l a y

c o n t e n t s a r e f u n c t i o n s o f t i m e , c o m b i n i n g them a s a q u o t i e n t

o r p r o d u c t may b e t t e r r e f l e c t t h e r e l a t i v e t o t a l c l a y a c c u m u l a ­

t i o n f o r a c h r o n o l o g i c r e l a t i o n s h i p among a s e q u e n c e o f p e d o n s

f rom s i m i l a r p a r e n t m a t e r i a l s .

W i th t i m e , g r e a t e r t r a n s l o c a t i o n i s e x p e c t e d t o t a k e p l a c e

in t h e p e d o n s . T h i s t e n d s t o c o n t i n u o u s l y d e c r e a s e t h e c l a y

c o n t e n t in t h e A2 h o r i z o n a n d i n c r e a s e i t in t h e Bt o r B22t

h o r i z o n s . T h u s , t h e r a t i o B/A2 w i l l i n c r e a s e w i t h a g e .

In t h e s t u d i e d p e d o n s , F i g u r e 2 5 , t h e r a t i o i n c r e a s e d f ro m

1 .36 in t h e y o u n g e s t F pedon t o 1 . 9 5 in t h e o l d e s t FD p e d o n o f

t h e c o a r s e loamy t e x t u r e f a m i l y t o 4 . 1 2 in t h e o l d e s t D ped on o f

t h e f i n e r t e x t u r e .

In pedon N t h e h i g h B t / B h i r l c l a y c o n t e n t r e s u l t e d in a

s m a l l e r r a t i o ( 0 . 5 0 ) . T h u s , i f B h i r 2 h o r i z o n c l a y c o n t e n t was

s u b s t i t u t e d f o r t h e B h i r l c l a y c o n t e n t in t h e same p e d o n , a mor e

r e a l i s t i c r a t i o i s o b t a i n e d - t h a t f a l l s in l i n e w i t h t h e r e s t

o f t h e r a t i o s . In t h i s s a n d y s e q u e n c e t h e Bt /A2 r a t i o s i n d i c a t e

p e d o g e n e s i s i n t e n s i t y o r a g e d e c r e a s e f r o m p e d o n s L, t o AA t o N.

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r205

> -<-JOCM

§O

SiCMCD

3

2L •

N «

01 2 ,4 0 0 1 3 ,4 0 0 1 4 ,0 0 01 2 ,8 0 0

AGE (in years)

•D

FD

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LF

CMCD 1 2 ,4 0 0 12,800 13,400 1 4 ,0 0 0

AGE (in years)F ig u r e 2 5 . C l a y c o n t e n t r a t i o b e t w e e n B22t Clay%/A2

C l a y % in s e l e c t e d h o r i z o n s a n d (B2 t h i c k n e s s ) (% c l a y ) p r o d u c t s f o r t h e same h o r i z o n s

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206

In t h e same t i m e , t h e s e q u e n c e s o f t h e s a n d y a n d c o a r s e

loamy f a m i l i e s o n l y , t h e ( B 2 t t h i c k n e s s ) ( B 2 t c l a y ) v a l u e s

i n c r e a s e i n m a g n i t u d e f r o m 3 8 . 5 in t h e y o u n g e s t (F p e d o n ) t o

6 8 . 6 i n t h e LF p e d o n t o 1 3 5 . 1 0 in FD p e d o n . Thus t h e f i n d i n g s

o f t h e s e two c r i t e r i a s u p p o r t t h e a g e r e l a t i o n s h i p o f t h e

c h r o n o s e q u e n c e . F i g u r e 2 5 .

g . C l a y m i n e r a l o g y :

The c l a y m i n e r a l s a r e o f p a r t i c u l a r i m p o r t a n c e in

t h i s s t u d y . In t h e w e a t h e r i n g o f c a l c a r e o u s s e d i m e n t s t h e r e i s

u s u a l l y n o a l t e r a t i o n o f s i l i c a t e s u n t i l c a r b o n a t e s a r e c o m p l e t e l y

l e a c h e d , a n d e x c e s s c a l c i u m i o n s a r e rem oved f r o m t h e e n v i r o n m e n t .

C a r b o n a t e s t e n d t o r e t a r d t h e d i s i n t e g r a t i o n o f t h e p r i m a r y

s i l i c a t e s a c c o u n t i n g t o Gr im 1968 .

As w e a t h e r i n g p r o c e e d s in b r e a k i n g down o f m i n e r a l s , s u c h

a s K+ - f e l d s p a r s , t o i o n i c s o l u t i o n s , K+ i o n s a r e r e l e a s e d a n d

may r e c o m b i n e w i t h o t h e r i o n s o r c o l l o d i a l m a t e r i a l s in i 1 1 i t e

f o r m a t i o n .

In t h e humid t e m p e r a t e r e g i o n a n d a f t e r t h e r e m o v a l o f

c a l c i u m , a l t e r a t i o n may be i n t h e A l f i s o l i c d i r e c t i o n w i t h

t h e d e v e l o p m e n t o f a s i l i c a r i c h A2 h o r i z o n a n d a s i l i c a t e c l a y

r i c h Bt h o r i z o n . The c l a y m i n e r a l c o m p o n e n t i n t h e i n i t i a l

c a l c a r e o u s s e d i m e n t s o f t h e s e g l a c i o f l u v i a l m a t e r i a l s a r e m a i n l y

i l l i t e , k a o l i n i t e a n d c h l o r i t e .

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2 0 7

T h e . p l e i s t o c e n e t i l l o f N o r t h A m e r i c a h a s b e e n e x t e n s i v e l y

s t u d i e d a n d i 1 1 i t e i s t h e d o m i n a n t c l a y m i n e r a l in i t . C h l o r i t e ,

c h l o r i t i c m i c a , m o n t m o r i 1 l o n i t e a n d k a o l i n i t e a r e f r e q u e n t l y

p r e s e n t in s m a l l a m o u n t s . C l a y m i n e r a l s o f f l u v i a l s e d i m e n t s

r e f l e c t t h e i r p r o v e n a n c e . C e r t a i n a m o u n t s o f l e a c h i n g a c t i o n s

in t h e s e s e d i m e n t s a r e e x p e c t e d a n d t h i s may t e n d t o d e v e l o p

k a o l I n i t e .

( a ) X - r a y d i f f r a c t i o n p a t t e r n s :

Q u a n t i t a t i v e c l a y m i n e r a l o g y d a t a i s r e q u i r e d t o r e a c h

any s i t e c h r o n o l o g i c r e l a t i o n s h i p s , b u t a g e n e r a l i z a t i o n m i g h t

be made f ro m t h e q u a l i t a t i v e c l a y m i n e r a o l o g y p r e s e n t e d in

T a b l e 23 .

A l l t h e s a m p l e s i n d i c a t e t h e p r e s e n c e o f q u a r t z a s shown

by t h e 3 . 3 5 A°and k.2€> S p e a k s .

The a b s e n c e o f e x p a n d i n g c l a y i s i n d i c a t e d by t h e a b s e n c e

o f an y i n c r e a s e in t h e 10 A ° s p a c i n g w i t h K - s a t u r a t i o n an d

f u r t h e r i n c r e a s e w i t h h e a t i n g t o 53 0° C. E x c e p t f o r t h e B21

h o r i z o n o f s i t e D much r a n d o m l y i n t e r s t r a t i f i e d c l a y m i n e r a l

i s p r e s e n t . T h i s i n t e r s t r a t i f i c a t i o n i s i n d i c a t e d by t h e b r o a d

p l a t f o r m b e t w e e n 1*+ t o 17 and 10 A° in t h e g l y c e r a t e d s a m p l e s .

T h i s p l a t f o r m i s l o w e r e d by t h e K - s a t u r a t i o n a n d h e a t .

The c l a y m i n e r a l s in t h e r e p r e s e n t a t i v e I n i t i a l f l u v i a l

m a t e r i a l s (B3 h o r i z o n s o f FD, L, N s i t e s and B23 o f s i t e F,

T a b l e 23) a r e c o m p l e x a s s e m b l a g e s o f f o u r p r i m a r y c l a y m i n e r a l s -

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TABLE 23 - Summaries of the X-Ray d iffraction data on clay minerals present tn the selected horizons of the studied pedons.

Sites ........ . . "Clay D I FD LF -L L 1 N 1 AA 1 "FMinerals Horizons.

/ P A2 B2I+ Ap B2lt B3 Ap A2 B2I Ap B2IT B3 Ap Bhlrl B3 Ap B2I Ap A2 Bl B22t B23

Mont. x.2 - x.l - - - - - - - - - - - - - -

Vermlcul I t*

k.2 x.lk

x.l x. 1 X.l X. 1«

x .lk

x. 1 x. 1e

X. 1 x. 1 x.l«

X. 1 x. 1 x .l x.l x. 1 X. 1 X. 1 x.l x.l x .l

Chlorite x. 1 X. 1 x.l - x .l - -*

x. 1k

X. 1 x.l - - x. 1« k

x .l*

X. 1kx.l

kx.2

kx .l x .l

l l l l t e"k '

X. 1e

x. 1 X. 1 x.l X. 1 x.2 X. 1k

X.l X. 1 X. 1■ k x.2 x .l

k ' X.l x.2

kx .l

■ T " X. 1

kx.l

k"x.l x.l

kx .l

KaolInite X. 1 X. 1 X. 1 X. 1 x.l X. 1 X. 1 x. 1 X. 1 x.l X. 1 X. 1 x .l X. 1 X.l x .l x .l x .l X. 1 X. 1 x .l x .l

Quartz X.l x .l x .l x .l x .l x .l x .l x .l X. I x .l x .l x .l x .l x .l X.l x .l X. 1 x .l X.l x .l X. 1 x .l

X * Present — » absent * ch lo rltlc in te rs tra tif ica tio n s.1 - sharp peak x = very small peak.2 - domal peak

208

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2 0 9

i l l i t e , c h l o r i t e , k a o l i n i t e a n d s e c o n d a r y c l a y m i n e r a l s s u c h

a s v e r m i c u l i t e . M o n t m o r i 1 I o n i t e f o r m e d a s a n a l t e r a t i o n

p r o d u c t o f b o t h i l l i t e a n d c h l o r i t e . The v e r m i c u l i t e a n d m o n t -

m o r i l I o n i t e a r e m o s t d i f f i c u l t t o e v a l u a t e b e c a u s e t h e y o c c u r

in a l l s t a g e s o f a l t e r a t i o n t h r o u g h c o m p l e x m i x e d l a t t i c e c l a y

m i n e r a l s .

The l a y e r s i l i c a t e s o f t h e p a r e n t m a t e r i a l s a r e t h u s

co m posed m a i n l y o f k a o l i n i t e , i 1 1 i t e , v e r m i c u l i t e a n d some

c h l o r i t e . C h l o r i t e i s n o t d e t e c t e d in t h e p a r e n t m a t e r i a l

o f p e d o n s (FD, L a n d N) a n d o n l y a s m a l l c h l o r i t e p e a k i s

n o t i c e d in t h e p a r e n t m a t e r i a l o f s a n d y s i t e F.

The c l a y m i n e r a l s p r e s e n t in t h e B - h o r i z o n s r e p r e s e n t t h e

same m i n e r a l s m e n t i o n e d e a r l i e r a n d t h e a l t e r a t i o n p r o d u c t s o f

t h e s e ' m i n e r a l s . Mos t o f t h e s e c l a y m i n e r a l s a r e a l t e r e d by

w e a t h e r i n g t o p o s s i b l e random i n t e r s t r a t i f i c a t i o n o f c h l o r i t e

and v e r m i c u l i t e . M o n t m o r i 11 o n i t e i s n o t i c e d o n l y in t h e c a s e

o f p e d o n D. To e v a l u a t e t h e c h a n g e s p r o d u c e d by w e a t h e r i n g ,

t h e c l o s e l y s p a c e d s a m p l e s f r o m Ap, A2, a n d B h o r i z o n s w e r e

t a k e n f r o m a l l t h e p e d o n s . D i s t o r t i o n o f t h e i n d i g e n o u s c l a y

m i n e r a l c o m p o s i t i o n i s g r e a t e s t in t h e A2 h o r i z o n s .

The m o s t a p p a r e n t e f f e c t o f t h e w e a t h e r i n g i s t h e g e n e r a l

b r o a d e n i n g a n d r o u n d i n g o f t h e 17 A ° p e a k f o r m o n t m o r i 1 I o n i t e

on t h e X - r a y d i f f r a c t i o n c u r v e s o f t h e B h o r i z o n o f s i t e D,

c o m p a r e d t o t h e r e s t o f t h e s i t e s .

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210

In t h e s p o d i c h o r i z o n B h i r l t h a t i s r e c o g n i z e d in pe don N,

t h e d e g r e e o f i n t e r s t r a t i f i c a t i o n ( c h l o r i t e ) i n c r e a s e d a n d t h a t

o f m o n t m o r i 1 I o n i t e a n d v e r m i c u l i t e may a p p e a r a l s o a s p e a k s

due t o c h l o r i t e a n d i l l i t e d e c r e a s e in t h e i n t e n s i t y . The

s p o d i c h o r i z o n i s d o m i n a t e d by v e r m i c u l i t e , h o w e v e r , p e a k s o f

s m a l l a m o u n t s o f i l l i t e a n d k a o l i n i t e a r e a l s o i d e n t i f i e d .

O t h e r m o d i f i c a t i o n s in c o m p o s i t i o n a r e s u g g e s t e d by t h e

a p p a r e n t m i n o r d e c r e a s e in i l l i t e n e a r t h e s u r f a c e , m o d i f i c a t i o n

o f c h l o r i t e a n d p e r h a p s a l s o o f v e r m i c u l i t e a s i n d i c a t e d by t h e

p e a k s s h a p e a n d d e g r e e o f d i f f r a c t i o n .

The p a t t e r n o f c l a y m i n e r a l d i s t r i b u t i o n in t h e p r o f i l e

s u g g e s t t h a t t h e w e a t h e r i n g s e q u e n c e may be f ro m i l l i t e a n d

c h l o r i t e , p o s s i b l y t h r o u g h v e r m i c u l i t e t o m o n t m o r i 11 o n i t e , in

t h e c l a y f r a c t i o n .

In o r d e r t o u s e c l a y m i n e r a l c o m p o s i t i o n s in a m e a n i n g f u l

way f o r t h e c o r r e l a t i o n o f t h e s t r a t a a n d e v a l u a t i o n o f s o i l

p e d o n s , i t i s n e c e s s a r y t o c o n s i d e r t h e t y p e , r a t e a n d d e p t h o f

m i n e r a l a l t e r a t i o n c a u s e d by w e a t h e r i n g .

The m o s t s e n s i t i v e c l a y m i n e r a l i s c h l o r i t e . I t s a l t e r a t i o n

s t a r t s w i t h t h e o x i d a t i o n o f t h e d e p o s i t s . A p p r e c i a b l e a l t e r a t i o n

may o c c u r , p a r t i c u l a r l y o f t h e i r o n r i c h v a r i e t i e s , b e f o r e

l e a c h i n g o f c a l c i t e b e g i n s . I r o n r i c h c h l o r i t e r e a d i l y a l t e r s

t o v e r m i c u l i t e w h e r e a s t h e more m a g n es iu m r i c h c h l o r i t e a l t e r s

t o h e t e r o g e n o u s s w e l l i n g m i n e r a l s .

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A l t e r a t i o n o f c h l o r i t e in p e r m e a b l e d e p o s i t s c a n be

d e t e c t e d t o g r e a t d e p t h s t h r o u g h t r a n s l o c a t i o n . I l l i t e i s

much m o r e r e s i s t a n t t o a l t e r a t i o n by w e a t h e r i n g . I l l i t e a l t e r s

t o v e r m i c u l i t e a n d e x p a n d a b l e c l a y m i n e r a l s a n d t h u s i t s l o s s

i s a c c o m p a n i e d by a n i n c r e a s e in e x p a n d a b l e c l a y m i n e r a l s .

( b ) C l a y t o t a l p o t a s s i u m c o n t e n t :

W e a t h e r i n g o f c l a y s i z e f r a c t i o n s in s o i l s a n d s e d i m e n t s

a c c o r d i n g t o J a c k s o n e t . a l ( 1 9 ^ 8 ) f o l l o w s a c o n t i n u o u s ,

r e v e r s i b l e s e q u e n c e o f s t a g e s in w h i c h o n e o r m o r e o f t h e

i n t e r m e d i a t e s t a g e s m i g h t b e a b s e n t . The p o s i t i o n o f a n y

m i n e r a l in t h e s e q u e n c e i s d e t e r m i n e d by t h e o r i g i n a l p a r e n t

m a t e r i a l p l u s i n t e n s i t y a n d c a p a c i t y f a c t o r s .

W e a t h e r i n g o f m i c a a n d o t h e r s i m i l a r l a y e r s i l i c a t e s s u c h

a s i l l i t e f o l l o w s t h e f o l l o w i n g c h e m i c a l r e a c t i o n s : d e p o t a s s i -

c a t i o n , h y d r o x y l a t i o n , d e a 1 u r n i n a t i o n , a n d f i n a l l y d e s i l i c a t i o n

( J a c k s o n , 1 9 5 2 ) .

L a t e r W h i t e , e t . a l ( I 9 6 0 ) , u t i l i z e d t h e c o n c e p t o f t h e

i l l i t e w e a t h e r i n g s e q u e n c e in a r r i v i n g a t t h e a p p r o x i m a t e

c h r o n o l o g i c d i f f e r e n c e s among some g l a c i a l l a n d f o r m s in I n d i a n a .

T h i s i s b a s e d on t h e f o l l o w i n g r a t i o n a l e :

R e p l a c i n g t h e i n t e r l a y e r p o t a s s ? u m w i t h o x o n i u m io n (H3 0 + )

in m i c a , i n c r e a s e s t h e a b s o l u t e i n t e n s i t y o f 001 r e f l e c t i o n .

The 002 r e f l e c t i o n i s i n c r e a s e d t o a l e s s e r e x t e n t . T h e r e f o r e

t h e r e m o v a l a n d / o r r e p l a c e m e n t o f t h e i n t e r l a y e r K+ by a n i o n

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212

h a v i n g a s m a l l e r s c a t t e r i n g f a c t o r w i l l i n c r e a s e t h e i n t e n s i t y

r a t i o 0 0 1 . Thus t h e 001 i n t e n s i t y r a t i o was s u g g e s t e d byTO? TO?

W h i t e ( I 9 6 0 ) a s a w e a t h e r i n g f u n c t i o n t h a t c a n be u s e f u l in

s t u d y i n g p r o c e s s e s i n v o l v e d in s o i l g e n e s i s .

The p e r c e n t t o t a l p o t a s s i u m a n d i l l i t e 0 0 1 / 0 0 2 p e a k

i n t e n s i t i e s o f t h e s u r f a c e c l a y s a m p l e s f ro m t h e s t u d i e d pedons

a r e g i v e n in T a b l e 2k .

V a r i a t i o n s in t h e K2 O c o n t e n t s w e r e s t a t i s t i c a l l y e x a m i n e d

and showed t h a t s i g n i f i c a n t d i f f e r e n c e s e x i s t among a l l p e d o n s

e x c e p t b e t w e e n AA a n d D p e d o n s ( l s d - 0 . 0 6 ) a n d D i s f r o m a

d i f f e r e n t t e x t u r e p a r e n t m a t e r i a l . The K2 O c o n t e n t o f B - h o r i z o n s

w e r e n o t t r i e d b e c a u s e o f t h e g r e a t e r e x p e c t e d f l u c t u a t i o n t h a n

in t h e s u r f a c e h o r i z o n .

When L a n d LF p e d o n s w h i c h a r e b o r d e r l i n e b e t w e e n s a n d y a n d

c o a r s e loamy a r e c o n s i d e r e d a s o f s a n d y t e x t u r e s , a s l i g h t t r e n d

o f d e c r e a s i n g K2 O c o n t e n t i s o b s e r v e d in t h e s e p e d o n s .

F o r F, LF a n d FD c o a r s e loamy 1 i t h o - c h r o n o s e q u e n c e a

d e c r e a s i n g K2 O c o n t e n t i s n o t i c e d b e t w e e n t h e F a n d LF p e d o n s a s

a s i g n i f i c a n t d i f f e r e n c e , a n d b e t w e e n t h e F a n d FD p e d o n s . But

t h e d i f f e r e n c e s b e t w e e n t h e LF a n d FD pedon i s r e v e r s e d . No

c l e a r c u t r e l a t i o n s h i p i s t h u s e v i d e n t b e t w e e n a g e a n d t h e

K - c o n t e n t o f t h e c l a y among t h e s e m o s t c o m p a r a b l e m a t e r i a l s in

t e x t u r e . A p p a r e n t l y t h e l i t h o l o g i c v a r i a t i o n s in t h e i n i t i a l

m a t e r i a l s o b s c u r e t h e s m a l l a g e d i f f e r e n c e s .

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2 1 3

T a b l e 2 4 . A summary o f t h e % t o t a l K+ a n d i l l i t e 0 0 1 / 0 0 2 p e a k i n t e n s i t i e s o f t h e c l a y s a m p l e s o f s u r f a c e h o r i z o n s s a m p l e d f ro m t h e s i t e s

S i t e a n d r e l a t i v e a g e s e q u e n c e ( y o u n g e s t t o o l d e s t )

L a n d f o rm , a n d s t r a t a

E s t a b l i s h e d a g e

(Hough)

K% t o t a l

c l a y

1n t e n s i t y 0 0 1 / 0 0 2

S o i 1 f a m i 1y t e x t u r e

F t e r r a c e ,b3

1 2 , 8 0 0 2 . 7 9 0 . 4 0 9 c o a r s e 1 oamy

AA t e r r a c e ,b2

1 2 , 8 0 0 2 . 4 1 0 . 8 4 4 0 s a n d y

N b e a c h ,c l

1 2 , 8 0 0 2 . 4 9 0 . 7 3 2 s a n d y

L t e r r a c e ,c l

1 2 , 8 0 0 1 . 9 8 1 . 4 4 0 s a n d y

LF' b e a c h ,c2

1 3 , 4 0 0 1.91 1 . 5 4 2 c o a r s eloamy

FD t e r r a c e ,b l

1 4 , 0 0 0 2 . 6 9 1 . 4 5 3 c o a r s e 1 oamy

D t e r r a c e ,a

1 4 , 0 0 0 2 . 4 4 1 . 1 7 6 f i n eloamy

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214

The 0 0 1 / 0 0 2 r a t i o s i n c r e a s e s in p e d o n s o f s i m i l a r m a t e r i a l

b u t d i f f e r e n t in a g e a s in p e d o n s AA a n d F o f t h e b r m a t e r i a l

a s an a v e r a g e ( 0 . 6 2 6 ) a n d t h a t o f FD pe don ( 1 . 4 5 3 ) w h i c h i s o f

s i m i l a r b - m a t e r i a l . The same i s n o t i c e d b e t w e e n N an d L a s an

a v e r a g e ( 1 , 0 8 6 ) a n d t h a t o f t h e LF ( 1 , 5 4 2 ) o f t h e s i m i l a r

c - m a t e r i a l . The c l a y f r a c t i o n o f t h e c - m a t e r i a l s o f t h e y o u n g e s t

ag e h a v e on t h e a v e r a g e l o w e r p o t a s s i u m a n d h i g h e r 0 0 1 / 0 0 2 r a t i o s

t h a n do t h e c l a y f r a c t i o n s o f t h e b - m a t e r i a l s . The y o u n g e s t

b - m a t e r i a l s m o s t c o m p a r a b l e in t e x t u r e t o t h e o l d e r b - m a t e r i a l

a l s o shows a s l i g h t d e c r e a s e in K - c o n t e n t . The a - m a t e r i a l o f

t h e D pedon h a s n o y o u n g e r e q u i v a l e n t f o r t h e s e c o m p a r i s o n s .

H. Taxonomy

The p u r p o s e o f s o i l c l a s s i f i c a t i o n i s t o o r g a n i z e a n d a r r a n g e

o u r o b s e r v a t i o n a n d k n o w l e d g e o f s o i l s s o t h a t we c a n remember

s i g n i f i c a n t c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s o f t h e s e s o i l s a n d t h e i r e n v i r o n m e n t ­

a l r e l a t i o n s h i p s t o o n e a n o t h e r . A f u r t h e r p u r p o s e i s t o

d e v e l o p p r i n c i p l e s an d g u i d e l i n e s f o r t h e i r p r o p e r u s e a n d

ma nagement . The s i g n i f i c a n t c h a r a c t e r s o f t h e s o i l u n i t s a r e

c a r e f u l l y r e c o r d e d a n d e x a m i n e d n o t o n l y b e c a u s e t h e y h e l p d e f i n e

t h e s o i l b u t a l s o b e c a u s e t h e y s h e d l i g h t on t h e s o i l g e n e s i s

and on t h e c u r r e n t s o i l p r o c e s s e s . D i f f e r e n t i a t i n g c h a r a c t e r i s ­

t i c s s h o u l d b e s u b j e c t t o p r e c i s e m e a s u r e m e n t s , s u c h a s t e x t u r e ,

w h i l e a c c i d e n t a l c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s a r e n o t r e l a t e d t o t h e d i f f e r e n ­

t i a t i n g c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s a n d no s t a t e m e n t c a n b e made a b o u t them

f o r t h e c l a s s a s a w h o l e .

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To c l a s s i f y s o i l s i s t o p l a c e t h e s o i l s i n t o a r r a n g e d

c l a s s e s a c c o r d i n g t o c e r t a i n common c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s . T h i s

p r e s u p p o s e s t h a t t h e s o i l s h a v e been f i r s t d e s c r i b e d . To

i d e n t i t y s o i l s i s t o r e c o g n i z e a n d t o e s t a b l i s h b o t h t h e i r

i d e n t i f y a n d i n d i v i d u a l i t y a s t o c o m p o s i t i o n a n d i n h e r e n t

c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s . The c l a s s e s a s a w h o l e ca n be d e f i n e d i n t e r m s

o f d i f f e r e n t i a t i n g c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s o f t h e modal a n d t h e r e s p e c t i v e

d e v i a t i o n f ro m t h o s e v a l u e s w i t h i n t h e r a n g e o f t h e c l a s s . The

modal i s u s u a l l y b a s e d on t h e o b s e r v e d p r o p e r t i e s o f a r e a l

i n d i v i d u a l w i t h i n a c l a s s .

V i t a l d i s t i n c t i o n b e t w e e n d e s c r i p t i o n a n d c l a s s i f i c a t i o n

n e e d s t o be c l e a r l y r e c o g n i z e d . D e s c r i p t i o n i s l a r g e l y r e c o r d i n g

f a c t u a l - i n f o r m a t i o n w h e r e a s c l a s s i f i c a t i o n i n a n a t u r a l s y s t e m

commonly i n c l u d e s i n t e r p r e t i v e i n f o r m a t i o n . F a c t u a l i n f o r m a t i o n

does n o t c h a n g e w i t h t i m e e x c e p t when e r r o r s h a v e t o be c o r r e c t e d

o r when a d d i t i o n a l f a c t s a r e d i s c o v e r e d . On t h e o t h e r h a n d , a

u s e f u l c l a s s i f i c a t i o n a l s o r e q u i r e s i n t e r p r e t a t i o n o f i n f o r m a t i o n

and an i n f e r e n c e o f e x p e c t e d b e h a v i o r d e d u c e d by i n t e r p r e t a t i o n s

o f f a c t u a l i n f o r m a t i o n .

The s o i l s e r i e s in t h i s s t u d y a r e known t o be o f Gray

Brown P o d z o l i c a n d Gray Brown P o d z o l i c - P o d z o l i n t e r g r a d e s

a c c o r d i n g t o t h e 19**9 U . S . s o i l c l a s s i f i c a t i o n . T h e s e g r e a t

s o i l g r o u p s a r e a l l z o n a l s o i l s o f t h e humid t e m p e r a t e r e g i o n ^

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2 1 6

The f a m i l y l e v e l in t h a t s y s t e m p r e s e n t e d a c o n t i n u o u s p r o b l e m

t h a t made i t a p r a c t i c a l i m p o s s i b i l i t y . The s e r i e s l e v e l was

t h e m o s t a c t i v e c a t e g o r y in t h e 19^9 U . S . s y s t e m . S c h n e i d e r ,

J o h n s o n a n d W h i t e s i d e ( 1 9 6 7 ) h a d p l a c e d a l l M i c h i g a n s o i l s e r i e s

in t h e 1965 s o i l c l a s s i f i c a t i o n . T a b l e 25 shows how t h e s e s o i l s

w e r e c l a s s i f i e d among t h e i r s i m i l a r o r m o s t commonly a s s o c i a t e d

s o i l s e r i e s .

S o i l m a p p i n g u n i t s i n C l i n t o n C o u n t y a r e u s u a l l y a t t h e

p h a s e o f t h e s o i l t y p e c a t e g o r y .

E v a l u a t i o n o f o u r s o i l c o n c e p t s r e q u i r e s c o n t i n u o u s e v a l u a ­

t i o n o f t h e c u r r e n t c l a s s i f i c a t i o n s y s t e m . No u s e f u l c l a s s i f i ­

c a t i o n c a n r e m a i n s t a t i c w h i l e k n o w l e d g e i n c r e a s e s a n d demands

f o r i n t e r p r e t a t i o n c h a n g e . C h a n g e s m u s t c o n t i n u e t o be made a n d

a l l s o i l s c i e n t i s t s m u s t a s s i s t in m a k i n g t h e s e c h a n g e s i n a n

o r d e r l y m a n n e r .

A s o i l i n d i v i d u a l i s known t o be a t h r e e d i m e n s i o n a l d y n a m i c

s e g m e n t o f l a n d s c a p e w i t h u n i q u e p e d o n s a n d u n i q u e g e n e s i s .

U n l i k e t h e two d i m e n s i o n a l p r o f i l e s , s o i l i n d i v i d u a l s h a v e s h a p e

and t h e s h a p e s a r e i m p o r t a n t f a c t s o f t h e i r c o n s t i t u t i o n . T h u s ,

l a t e l y t h i s i d e a h a s b e e n d e v e l o p e d f u r t h e r e m p l o y i n g t h e c o n c e p t

o f t h e " p e d o n " a s t h e s m a l l e s t v o l u m e t h a t c a n b e c a l l e d a

s o i l a n d t h e c o n c e p t o f " p o l y p e d o n " a s a g r o u p o f c o n t i g u o u s

s i m i l a r p e d o n s . In t h e new U . S . s y s t e m , c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s o f t h e

s o i l s t h e m s e l v e s ( i n c l u d i n g s o i l m o i s t u r e a n d s o i l t e m p e r a t u r e )

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TABLE 25 - Major C harac teristics used In the C lassification of the Soils Understudy and o ther Sim ilar well-drained so ils

SoilSeries

ParentM aterials Topography

Vege­ta tio n Horizons Permeabl1Ity

ManagementGroup

'&ea+ Sot)' Group 1949

Of'flcfal - 7th approx. C lassification placement-July 1969

Oakvl1le Neutral to calcareous

sand

Low dunes o r nearly level areas

Trees A, A2, B2,C

rapid 5a RegosolTyplc Udlpsament (or spodic Udlpsammant), mixed, meslc

Spinks Neutral or calcareous loamy sand or fine sand

Gently sloping or steep sloping

Trees Al, A2, B2lt, C

rapid 4a Gray Brown PodzolIc

Psamraentlc Hapludalf, sandy, mixed, meslc

Oshtemo Calcareousoutwash loamysand to sandyloam over neu­tr a l to calcareous sand and fine graveT.

Level andp ittedplains

Trees Al, A2.B2I, B22, B3I, B32.HD

moderatelyrapid

4a Gray Brown PodzolIc

Typlc Hapludalf, . coarse loamy, mixed, meslc

Boyer Sandy to sandy loam s t r a t i -

ous coarse sand ogravel

Rolling, level and steep

Trees AP, A2, Bl, B2I, B22t, H C

moderate to to moder­ate ly rapid

4a Gray Brown PodzolIc

Typlc Hapludalf, coarse, loamy, mixed, meslc

Fox Loamy mater­ia l underlain by s tr a t i f ie d calcareous gravel&sand

Nearly level outwash p la ins p itted by shallow dry depressions

Trees AP, A2. Bl,H fct. 622t ;

moderate 3a ®ray Brown PodzolIc

Typlc Hapludalf, fine joamy over sandy or s a n ^ sk e le ta l, mixed,

Owosso S tra tif ie d sandy loam over, ca lcar­eous loam orf i n lo”

Upper slopes of mo ramie valleys.

Trees AP, A2, B2lt H B 22t, n c

.moderate 3/2a Gray Brown PodzolIc

Typlc Hapludalf, f in e - loamy, mixed meslc.

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p:- •

2 1 8

a r e t h e o n l y c r i t e r i a f o r d i f f e r e n t i a t i o n o f t h e c l a s s e s .

G e n e s i s d o e s n o t a p p e a r in t h e c l a s s d e f i n i t i o n b u t k n o w l e d g e

and t h e o r i e s o f g e n e s i s g u i d e d t h e s e l e c t i o n o f t h e p r o p e r t i e s

u s e d t o d e f i n e t h e t a x a . S o i l g e n e s i s i s a p r o c e s s a n d n o t

a p r o p e r t y . S o i l g e n e s i s p r o d u c e s c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s w h i c h a r e

p a r t l y v i s i b l e ( e . g . h o r i z o n s ) a n d p a r t l y i n v i s i b l e ( e . g . r e a c t i o n s ) .

Today we no l o n g e r c o n s i d e r s o i l s a s n a t u r a l o b j e c t s d e f i n e d

by a few known p r o p e r t i e s . R a t h e r , we c o n s i d e r s o i l s t o be

n a t u r a l b o d i e s d e v e l o p e d a c c o r d i n g t o c e r t a i n n a t u r a l laws a n d

s u b j e c t t o a l t e r a t i o n by c e r t a i n p r o c e s s e s t h a t a r e s t i l l

c o n t inu i n g .

T h u s , s o i l s a r e g r o u p e d on t h e b a s i s o f common c h a r a c t e r ­

i s t i c s in h i g h e r c a t e g o r i e s an d s u b d i v i d e d i n t o l o w e r c a t e g o r i e s

a c c o r d i n g t o o t h e r s i g n i f i c a n t d i f f e r e n c e s o r n a r r o w e r r a n g e s

in common c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s u s e d a t h i g h e r c a t e g o r i e s .

S i n c e t h e a p p e a r a n c e o f t h e new A m e r i c a n C o m p r e h e n s i v e

Sys te m in I 9 6 0 , t h e e f f o r t t o a c c u r a t e l y p l a c e M i c h i g a n s o i l s

has i n v o l v e d c o n t i n u o u s w o r k . The c u r r e n t ( J u l y 1969 a n d t h a t

o f 1 9 5 9 ) o f f i c i a l c l a s s i f i c a t i o n s o f t h e s o i l s e r i e s in t h i s

s t u d y a r e a s shown in t h e l a s t co lumn o f T a b l e 25 .

The w o rk i s s t i l l c o n t i n u i n g on t e s t i n g t h e s e p l a c e m e n t s

t h r o u g h t h e s o i l s u r v e y p r o g r e s s r e v i e w s a n d s o i l c h a r a c t e r i z a ­

t i o n a n d c o r r e l a t i o n s t u d i e s .

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219

B a s e d on f i e l d a n d l a b o r a t o r y s o i l c h a r a c t e r i z a t i o n o f t h e

m ap p in g u n i t s r e p r e s e n t e d by t h e s a m p l e d p e d o n s in t h i s s t u d y ,

t h e i r c l a s s i f i c a t i o n r e s u l t e d in t h e p l a c e m e n t s p r e s e n t e d in

T a b l e 26 .

In summary , a s shown in T a b l e 26 a l l p e d o n s s t u d i e d a r e o f

t h e A l f i s o l o r d e r e x c e p t p e d o n N w h i c h i s r e v e a l e d t o be o f t h e

S p o d o s o l o r d e r . P e d o n s AA a n d L, h a v e t h e same c l a s s i f i c a t i o n

p l a c e m e n t d e f i n e d a s P s a m m e n t i c H a p l u d a l f , w h i c h i s a d a r k

c o l o r e d , c o a r s e t e x t u r e d , m i n i m a l A l f i s o l . A l t h o u g h p e d o n D

i s a l s o o f t h e A l f i s o l o r d e r , i t e x h i b i t e d e x t r a d i f f e r e n t i a t i n g

c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s w h i c h a r e t h e o c c u r e n c e o f t o n g u i n g o f A2

i n t o B t , a f r a g i p a n , a n d a d a r k c o l o r e d s u r f a c e . Pedon D

p l a c e m e n t i s G l o s s i c (Mol l i e ) F r a g i u d a l f . P e d o n s F, FD a n d LF

a r e d a r k c o l o r e d , minmal A l f i s o l s , Mol l i e H a p l u d a l f s , and

pedon N i s a m i n i m a l S p o d o s o l w i t h a n a r g i l l i e a n d a s p o d i c

h o r i z o n w i t h l e s s t h a n 1 . 1 6 p e r c e n t o r g a n i c c a r b o n . Thus i t i s

an A l f i c H a p l o r t h o d .

At t h e f a m i l y l e v e l t h e new c l a s s i f i c a t i o n s y s t e m r e q u i r e s

t h e t e x t u r a l c l a s s i f i c a t i o n o f t h e c o n t r o l s e c t i o n a c c o r d i n g

t o t h e c r i t e r i a in t h i s c o m p r e h e n s i v e s y s t e m . R e s u l t s o f t h e s e

d i f f e r e n t i a t i o n s a r e a l s o p r e s e n t e d in T a b l e 2 6 .

A l l t h e e x a m i n e d p e d o n s f a l l w i t h i n o n e c l i m a t i c r e g i o n .

I t i s t h e h um id t e m p e r a t e r e g i o n ( a v e r a g e t e m p e r a t u r e i s if 7 . 7 ° F

a n d a v e r a g e r a i n f a l l i s 3 0 . 3 i n c h e s ) . A l t h o u g h s i t e N p e d o n

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TABLE 26 - C lassifica tion of the sampled pedons In the U.S. comprehensive Soil C lassifica tion System

Site Mapping Unit O fficial Placement, July 1969 .C lassifica tion of Studied Pedon Suggested Series

AA Oshtemo sandy loam

2183 Bl

Typlc Hapludalf, coarse-loamy, mixed, meslc

Psamammentlc Hapludalf, sandy, mixed, meslc

Stroh loamy sand

D Boyer-Fox sandy loams

2553 Bl

Typlc Hapludalf, fIne-loamy mixed, meslc (Fox) , '

Glosslc (Mollie) Fragludalf, fine-loamy, over sandy off sandy sk e le ta l, mixed, mo s ic ^

X sandy loam (a varian t o f th e Fox s e r ie s , unnamed)

FD Boyer-Splnks loamy sand.

2552 Bl

Typlc Hapludalf, coarse-loamy, mixed, meslc, (Boyer)

Mol lie Hapludalf coarse-loamy, mtxed, meslc

Constantine sandy loam

F Boyer-Splnks loamy sand

2552 Al

M Mol lie Hapludalf, coarse-loamy mixed, meslc

Constantine loamy sand

L Boyer-Splnks loamy sand

2552 Alm

Psammenttc Hapludalf, sandy, mixed, meslc

Stroh loamy sand

i

LF Boyer-Splnks loamy sand

2552 Bl

■ Mol lie Hapludalf, coarse-loamy, mixed, meslc

Constantine gravelly loamy sand

N Bower sandy loam

13 Bla

Alflc Haplorthod, sandy over loamy mixed, mexlc

Menominee loamy sand

220

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may b e o f a s l i g h t l y d i f f e r e n t c l i m a t e s i n c e i t i s e x h i b i t i n g

s p o d o s o l i z a t i o n , a n d s i n c e i t i s o f t h e m i n i m a l s p o d s o l i z a t i o n

i t i s n o t s e p a r a t e d f r o m t h e r e s t o f t h e p e d o n s a t t h e f a m i l y

l e v e l . Thus a l l p e d o n s a r e t e r m e d c l i m a t o l o g i c a 11y a s m e s i c .

From t h e c l a y m i n e r a l o g y shown t h e p e t r o g r a p h i c d a t a t a b l e 17

and t h e X - r a y d a t a ( T a b l e 2 3 ) , a l l p e d o n s sh owed m i x t u r e s o f

m i n e r a l s w i t h no d o m i n a n c e o f a p a r t i c u l a r m i n e r a l . T h u s ,

f o r t h e f a m i l y m i n e r a l o g y c l a s s , a l l p e d o n s h a v e b e e n t e r m e d

a s m i x e d .

C o m p a r i n g t h e s e p l a c e m e n t s w i t h t h e o f f i c i a l r e g i o n a l p l a c e ­

ment o f t h e mapped s o i l s e r i e s i n d i c a t e d t h e r e i s a d i s a g r e e ­

ment in a l l p e d o n s . Pedon D h a s n o known e q u i v a l e n t f o r i t s

s e r i e s name. Pe do ns L, a n d p o s s i b l y AA sh ow ed s i m i l a r i t y w i t h

t h e S t r o h s e r i e s o f I n d i a n a b e c a u s e i t s h e a v y loamy f i n e s a n d

o f t h e t e x t u r a l B - h o r i z o n o f t h i s s o i l f i t s t h e d e s c r i p t i o n o f

t h o s e p e d o n s a n d t h u s S t r o h was s u g g e s t e d a s t h e i r s e r i e s name.

Pedon AA h a s t h e p o s i t i o n b e t w e e n S t r o h a n d Gotham s e r i e s .

The Gotham s e r i e s i s a c o a r s e t e x t u r e d s e r i e s w i t h loamy s a n d

a nd l i g h t s a n d y loam B - h o r i z o n s . J u l y , 1969 , s o i l s e r i e s

p l a c e m e n t s o f t h e M id w e s t r e g i o n do n o t l i s t t h e S t r o h s e r i e s .

The pe don o f s i t e s F, FD a n d LF show ed a n a g r e e m e n t w i t h

C o n s t a n t i n e s e r i e s o f M i c h i g a n w h i c h i s a loamy s a n d t o s a n d y

loam ( 2 0 t o ^ 0 " ) in a c o a r s e - l o a m y f a m i l y , w i t h l e s s t h a n 10" o f

B - h o r i z o n a s s a n d y c l a y loam o v e r s a n d a n d g r a v e l . C o n s t a n t i n e

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s o i l s e r i e s c l a s s i f i c a t i o n in t h e new c l a s s i f i c a t i o n h a s n o t

been r e p o r t e d y e t . As f o r p e d o n N, t h e c l a s s i f i c a t i o n f i t c l o s e l y

t h e Menominee s e r i e s w h i c h i s s a n d t o loamy s a n d o v e r loams t o

s i l t y c l a y loams t h a t a r e e n c o u n t e r e d b e t w e e n 20 a n d 4 0 " d e p t h .

T h e s e S p i n k s ( S t r o h ) , Bo ye r ( C o n s t a n t i n e ) a n d Fox (X)

s o i l s a r e c l o s e l y a s s o c i a t e d s o i l s . The s o i l s u r v e y d e s c r i p t i v e

l e g e n d shows t h a t t h e y i n t e r g r a d e i n t o e a c h o t h e r a n d a r e

commonly i n c l u d e d in t h e same m a p p in g u n i t . A f u l l d e s c r i p t i o n o f

those tndersoorded i s p r e s e n t e d in t h e a p p e n d i x . The i n t e r g r a d a t i o n s

p o s e a somewhat c o n t i n u o u s p r o b l e m in m a p p in g due t o t h e d i f f i c u l ­

t y in i d e n t i f i c a t i o n a n d s e p a r a t i o n b e t w e e n a n y two a d j a c e n t

s o i l s in t h e c o n t i n u u m s u c h a s S p i n k s a n d B o y e r , o r Boyer an d

Fox. The m a in p r o b l e m i s t h e r e c o g n i t i o n o f t h e t e x t u r a l B-

h o r i z o n in t h e a r e a s o f maximum d e v i a t i o n w i t h i n t h e r e c o g n i z e d

r a n g e o f c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s f o r e a c h o f them. S o m et im es v a r i a t i o n s

i n t o t h e g r e a t e r d e p t h o f t h e B - h o r i z o n o f w e a k l y d e v e l o p e d

Boyer l e a d s t o c o n s i d e r a t i o n o f S p i n k s . T h e s e s o i l s s o m e t i m e s

o c c u r o v e r a f l o o r o f l a c u s t r i n e m a t e r i a l in t h e e x t i n c t g l a c i a l

l a k e - b e d a r e a s u c h a s p e d o n s L a n d N. B e c a u s e o f t h e d e e p

d e p t h s o f t h e s e f l o o r s , t h e y u s u u a l l y , a s in L, d i d n o t a f f e c t

t h e c l a s s i f i c a t i o n o f t h e s e p e d o n s a t t h e s e r i e s o r t h e p h a s e o f

s e r i e s c a t e g o r i e s . P e r s o n a l c o m m u n i c a t i o n w i t h s o i l m a p p e r s in

t h e a r e a i n d i c a t e d t h a t a b o u t 50 p e r c e n t o f t h e mapped Boyer h a s

d a r k c o l o r e d s u r f a c e o f 10YR 3 / 2 t o 10YR 3 / 3 e s p e c i a l l y in loamy

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s a n d s , a n d t h e p o s s i b i l i t y o f e s t a b l i s h i n g a new m a p p i n g u n i t

w i t h a mol l i e s u r f a c e was r a i s e d a n d c o n s i d e r e d in C l i n t o n

C o u n t y . The F o x - B o y e r u n i t i s f o u n d t o c o n t a i n h i g h e r g r a v e l

c o n t e n t in t h e s o l u m t h a n Bo ye r a n d B o y e r - S p i n k s i n t e r g r a d e .

I t i s t r u e t h a t we do n o t y e t know a l l p r o p e r t i e s o f t h e s e

s o i l s , b u t t h e p r e s e n t k n o w l e d g e o f c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s , d y n a m i c s ,

and g e n e s i s o f s o i l s i s s u f f i c i e n t f o r w o r k i n g o u t s u i t a b l e

c l a s s i f i c a t i o n p l a c e m e n t s , a s shown in T a b l e 2 6 .

O b v i o u s l y e v e r y c l a s s i f i c a t i o n s y s t e m h a s i t s s h o r t c o m i n g s

a n d n e e d s t o b e c o m p l e t e d a n d r e v i s e d . E v e r y c l a s s i f i c a t i o n

s y s t e m r e f l e c t s t h e i d e a s o f t h e t i m e when i t was d e v e l o p e d .

I t r e q u i r e s im p r o v e m e n t a s r e s e a r c h a d v a n c e s . Thus f u t u r e

t e s t i n g o f t h e p l a c e m e n t s m u s t be c o n s i d e r e d in t h i s e v o l u t i o n a r y

e f f o r t . . The m o s t r e a s o n a b l e e x p l a n a t i o n o f t h e d i s t r i b u t i o n o f

t h e s e s o i l s in t h e l a n d s c a p e i s d i r e c t l y r e l a t e d t o t h e k i n d o f

m a t e r i a l a n d a g e f a c t o r s in t h e g e o m o r p h o l o g y o f t h e a r e a .

I . S o i l F e r t i l i t y a n d Management

C h a r a c t e r i z a t i o n o f a s o i l i s e s s e n t i a l i n r e c o g n i z i n g i t s

s o i l f e r t i l i t y s t a t u s a n d i n t e r p r e t i n g i t s p r o d u c t i o n p o t e n t i a l s

u n d e r t h e d i f f e r e n t s o i l m a n a g em e n t s y s t e m s . I t i s a l s o n e c e s s a r y

t o a s s e s s t h e o v e r a l l e c o s y s t e m s , a n d a l l m a j o r f a c t o r s ( s o c i a l

e c o n o m i c s a n d t e c h n o l o g i c a l ) t h a t c o n t r o l t h e p r o d u c t i o n o f

a c r o p .

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The s o i l s y s t e m c a n be d e s c r i b e d in t h r e e main ways - -

c h e m i c a l , p h y s i c a l , a n d m i c r o b i o l o g i c a l . A t t e m p t s a r e u s u a l l y

made t o d e s c r i b e t h e p h y s i c a l a n d c h e m i c a l c o n d i t i o n s a n d i n t e r ­

p r e t them i n t e r m s o f t e x t u r e a n d a s s o c i a t e d p r o p e r t i e s f a v o r a b l e

f o r op t imum p l a n t g r o w t h a n d l a n d u s e , s u c h a s a v a i l a b l e m o i s t u r e ,

n a t u r a l d r a i n a g e , a n d e r o d i b i l i t y .

S o i l t e x t u r e e f f e c t s s o i l s t r u c t u r e , p o r o s i t y , i n f i l t r a t i o n

r a t e , p e r m e a b i l i t y , a e r a t i o n a n d s o i l t i l t h . An i m p o r t a n t p o i n t

t o be d i s c u s s e d in t h e s e s o i l s i s t h e v a r i a t i o n in t h e p a r t i c l e

s i z e d i s t r i b u t i o n w i t h d e p t h . As i t was p r e s e n t e d e a r l i e r ,

t h e h o r i z o n s o f t h e p e d o n s s t u d i e d r a n g e d in t e x t u r e f ro m s a n d

and g r a v e l t o s a n d y c l a y loam. The f i n e s t t e x t u r e i s t h a t o f

t h e B - h o r i z o n w h e r e t h e h i g h e s t c l a y c o n t e n t i s e n c o u n t e r e d .

C la y i s o n e o f t h e m o s t ch e m i c a l l y a c t i v e s o i l f r a c t i o n s t h a t i s

i m p o r t a n t in b u i l d i n g t h e s o i l s t r u c t u r a l u n i t s an d l a r g e l y

c o n t r o l s t h e s u b - s u r f a c e c h e m i s t r y i m p o r t a n t in p l a n t n u t r i t i o n .

The c o a r s e r t e x t u r e in t h e u p p e r h o r i z o n s p r o v i d e s f a v o r a b l e

c o n d i t i o n s f o r b e t t e r o x y g e n a n d w a t e r p e n e t r a t i o n t o t h e r o o t

a b s o r p t i o n z o n e s du e t o t h e goo d m a c r o - a n d m i c r o - p o r o s i t y t h a t

a l l o w e x c e l l e n t a i r a n d w a t e r f l o w . At t h e same t i m e t h i s

c o a r s e t e x t u r e p e r m i t s e a s y t i l l a g e a s w e l l a s a d e q u a t e s p a c e

f o r g r o w i n g h e a l t h i e r r o o t s y s t e m s r e q u i r e d t o o b t a i n p r o p e r

r o o t f u n c t i o n s . The c o a r s e r t e x t u r e in t h e h o r i z o n s b e l o w t h e

B - h o r i z o n a r e a d e q u a t e n a t u r a l means f o r r e m o v i n g e x c e s s m o i s t u r e

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f rom t h e s e s o i l s a t a t i m e when t h e y r e c e i v e h i g h p r e c i p i t a t i o n .

Boyer a v a i l a b l e m o i s t u r e c a p a c i t y i s m o d e r a t e , S p i n k s i s l o w e r

an d Fox i s h i g h e r . E x p o s e d r i d g e t o p s a r e s u s c e p t i b l e t o some

w in d e r o s i o n a n d g r e a t e r e v a p o t r a n s p i r a t io n l o s s e s . S l o p e s

a r e s u s c e p t i b l e t o b o t h w i n d a n d w a t e r e r o s i o n when n o t

p r o t e c t e d .

The d a r k c o l o r a n d t h e so m e w h at h i g h o r g a n i c c a r b o n in

t h e s e ped on s u r f a c e s a n d t h e t h i c k n e s s o f t h e Ap h o r i z o n i n d i c a t e

r e a s o n a b l y h i g h o r g a n i c m a t t e r l e v e l s t h a t make t h e s e c o a r s e

t e x t u r e d s o i l s p r o d u c t i v e . The o r g a n i c f r a c t i o n i s r e s p o n s i b l e

t o a m a rk e d d e g r e e f o r t h e a d e q u a t e s o i l s t r u c t u r e common in t h e

s u r f a c e s o i l s . Good s t r u c t u r e p e r m i t s i n f i l t r a t i o n o f w a t e r a n d

r e d u c t i o n o f r u n - o f f a n d t h u s m o d e r a t e s t h e p e r i o d i c midsummer

d r o u g h t . The o r g a n i c f r a c t i o n i s t h e s o u r c e o f a l a r g e r r e s e r v e

o f n i t r o g e n a n d p r o v i d e s much o f t h e e x c h a n g e c a p a c i t y o f t h e s e

s u r f a c e l a y e r s t o r e t a i n b a s e s a g a i n s t l e a c h i n g , b e s i d e s b e i n g

a r e a s o n a b l e s o u r c e o f t h e m a j o r p a r t o f t h e n a t i v e o r g a n i c

p h o s p h o r u s t h a t becom es a v a i l a b l e d u r i n g t h e g r o w i n g s e a s o n .

The o r g a n i c m a t t e r o f t h e s u r f a c e i s e a s i l y d e p l e t e d b u t f r e q u e n t

a d d i t i o n s o f c r o p r e s i d u e s r e s t o r e a c t i v e o r g a n i c m a t t e r a n d

p e r m i t r a i n f a l l t o s o a k i n t o t h e s o i l . L e a v i n g c r o p r e s i d u e s

a t t h e s u r f a c e h e l p s p r e v e n t s o i l b l o w i n g a n d r e d u c e s r u n - o f f .

S o i l s o f pH v a l u e s l o w e r t h a n 6 . 8 AAf FD, F , L a n d N r e q u i r e

l i m i n g f o r g r o w t h o f a l f a l f a . P e d o n s D a n d LF e x h i b i t e d a s o i l

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r e a c t i o n w i t h pH v a l u e in t h e p low l a y e r e i t h e r a b o u t o r more

t h a n pH 6 . 8 . T h i s n e u t r a l s o i l r e a c t i o n - m a y be du e t o l i m i n g

p r a c t i c e s a s i n d i c a t e d by t h e f a r m e r s .

C a l c i u m i s n o t a l i m i t i n g n u t r i e n t in t h e s e s o i l s f o r m os t

c r o p s t h o u g h l i m e r e q u i r e m e n t i s p r o b a b l y somewhat h i g h ( a s in

s i t e s L a n d N) f o r t h e c o r r e c t i o n o f a c i d i t y in some p l a c e s .

Magnesium a s a n u t r i e n t i s n o t l i k e l y t o be l i m i t i n g in

any o f t h e s e s o i l s , e x c e p t p o s s i b l y in t h e s u r f a c e o f AA a n d

N pedon w h e r e m a g n es iu m i s l e s s t h a n 3% o f t h e CEC.

P o t a s s i u m d e f i c i e n c y i s c h a r a c t e r i s t i c o f t h e s e s o i l s o f

low c l a y c o n t e n t a l t h o u g h a p p r e c i a b l e q u a n t i t i e s o f p o t a s s i u m

may a c c u m u l a t e in t h e s u r f a c e s o i l . P o t a s s i u m a d e q u a t e f o r

good y i e l d s r e q u i r e s c o n s t a n t r e p l e n i s h m e n t f r o m t h e f e r t i l i z e r

o r s o i l r e s e r v e s . The l a t t e r a r e n o t m e a s u r e d in t h i s s t u d y .

S i n c e t h e s e a r e c o a r s e t e x t u r e d s o i l s w h i c h a r e r i c h in q u a r t z

and low in c l a y , t h e m a j o r s o u r c e o f s u c h r e s e r v e s i s t h e K+

io n s in t h e p r i m a r y m i n e r a l s a n d i l l i t e . T h i s k i n d o f p o t a s s i u m

may be t o o s l o w l y r e l e a s e d t o be a s i g n i f i c a n t s o u r c e f o r c r o p s .

Hence t h e s e s o i l s may h a v e m o d e s t i n i t i a l s u p p l i e s o f p o t a s s i u m

b u t r e l a t i v e l y low r e p l a c e m e n t r e s e r v e s .

A s m a l l b u t s i g n i f i c a n t amoun t o f p h o s p h o r u s i s in t h e

o r g a n i c m a t t e r . I f c o n d i t i o n s a r e f a v o r a b l e ' f o r d e c o m p o s i t i o n

and t h i s i s e n h a n c e d by t h e good d r a i n a g e a n d c o a r s e t e x t u r e

e s s e n t i a l f o r o x i d a t i o n , c o n s i d e r a b l e p h o s p h o r u s i s r e l e a s e d

b u t p h o s p h o r u s m u s t be a d d e d t o a s s u r e s a t i s f a c t o r y c r o p

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227

p r o d u c t i o n . F o r a g r o n o m i c m a nag em en t t h e s e s o i l s a r e low in

n a t u r a l f e r t i l i t y b u t t h e y r e a d i l y r e s p o n d t o f e r t i l i z e r s a n d

a r e e a s y t o w o r k . C o r n , w h e a t , b a r l e y , o a t s , r y e , h a y , p o t a t o e s

s m a l l f r u i t s a n d g a r d e n s , a s w e l l a s n u r s e r i e s d o w e l l on t h e s e

s o i l s i f a d e q u a t e l y f e r t i l i z e d a n d r a i n f a l l i s a d e q u a t e .

T h e s e s o i l s h a v e g e n e r a l l y low s h r i n k - s w e l l p o t e n t i a l ,

medium t o h i g h s h e a r s t r e n g t h a n d v e r y low c o m p r e s s i b i l i t y .

The s a n d a n d g r a v e l in t h e s u b s t r a t a v a r y m a r k e d l y in s i z e

w i t h i n s h o r t d i s t a n c e a n d s e v e r a l l a y e r s o f c o a r s e s a n d s a n d

g r a v e l o f d i f f e r e n t s i z e s a n d a m o u n t s a r e in m o s t p e d o n s . Some

o f t h e s e s o i l s a r e o f c o m m e r c i a l g r a v e l v a l u e d e p e n d i n g m a i n l y

on t h e v e r t i c a l a n d h o r i z o n t a l d i m e n s i o n s o f s u c h m a t e r i a l s in

t h e l a n d s c a p e .

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CONCLUSIONS

T e r r a c e s a l o n g t h e M a p le R i v e r in n o r t h e a s t C l i n t o n C o u n t y

w h e r e t h e s o i l s w e r e s u r v e y e d in 1 9 6 7 a n d 1 9 6 8 , w e r e g e o m o r p h o l o -

g i c a l l y e v a l u a t e d a n d t h e s o i l m a p p i n g u n i t s w e r e c o r r e l a t e d

w i t h them on b o t h t h e c u r r e n t a n d t h e 1936 s o i l s u r v e y by t r a n ­

s e c t i n g t h e t e r r a c e s a t s e l e c t e d p o i n t s . S o i l s on t h e s e t r a n s e c t s

a r e p r e d o m i n a n t l y s o i l s o f t h e B o y e r , S p i n k s , a n d Fox c a t e n a s

( o r v e r y s i m i l a r d a r k e r c o l o r e d s o i l s ) .

The numb er a n d e x t e n t o f t h e t e r r a c e s a s c o n t i n u u m s a l o n g

t h e M ap le R i v e r w e r e o b t a i n e d f r o m a e r i a l p h o t o s , t o p o g r a p h i c

ma ps , f i e l d o b s e r v a t i o n s a n d s o i l m a p p i n g u n i t s . F o u r t e r r a c e

l e v e l s w e r e common t h e a r e a . The f o u r t h o r o l d e s t t e r r a c e

was f o u n d t o t e r m i n a t e a t p o i n t FD, t h e t h i r d o r n e x t o l d e s t

t e r r a c e s e n d s a t p o i n t LF, a b e a c h o f S a g i n a w - A r k o n a a g e , a n d

t h e f i r s t o r y o u n g e s t t e r r a c e e x i s t e d t h r o u g h o u t t h e s t u d y a r e a .

The p r o b a b l e e x p l a n a t i o n b e h i n d t h e s e t e r r a c e s i s t h a t , two

r i v e r s w e r e i n v o l v e d in t h e i r f o r m a t i o n . The b i g g l a c i a l Imlay

O u t l e t R i v e r a n d t h e s m a l l p e r i g l a c i a l M a p le R i v e r . I m l a y

d e p o s i t s c o v e r e d a l a r g e r a r e a o f g r e a t e r e l e v a t i o n r a n g e t h a n

t h e y o u n g e r M a p le R i v e r i n t h e s o u t h e r n p a r t o f t h e s t u d y a r e a .

T h e r e may b e s e v e r a l d e p o s i t i o n s t a k i n g p l a c e on e v e r y o n e

o f t h e s e t e r r a c e s . B u t , p e d o g e n e s i s was i n i t i a t e d on t h e i r

f l o o d p l a i n s when t h e r i v e r s s t a r t e d t o d i s c h a r g e t h e i r w a t e r s

228

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229

i n t o a new l o w e r g l a c i a l l a k e d u e t o t h e f u r t h e r r e t r e a t o f

t h e g l a c i e r .

From t h e p e d o n s * m o r p h o l o g y , p a r t i c l e s i z e d i s t r i b u t i o n s

( w i t h e m p h a s i s on t h e c o a r s e r f r a c t i o n s ) a n d f i n e s a n d m i n e r a l o g y

v a r i o u s s t r a t a w e r e i d e n t i f i e d a n d e a c h p e d o n s s t r a t i g r a p h y

was e s t a b l i s h e d a s p r e s e n t e d in F i g u r e 2 0 .

B a se d on t h e numb er o f s i m i l a r i t i e s t h e s t r a t a w e r e g r o u p e d

i n t o f o u r m a in g r o u p s a , b , c , a n d d , t h e a - g r o u p b e i n g t h e f i n e s t

a n d t h e d - g r o u p b e i n g t h e c o a r s e s t . T h i s g r o u p i n g was n e c e s s a r y

t o f a c i l i t a t e t h e p e d o g e n e t i c c o m p a r i s o n s .

The a p p r o a c h t o a r r i v e a t t h e a g e o f t h e t e r r a c e s i n v o l v e d

was t o r e l y c o n s i d e r a b l y on t h e a g e s e q u e n c e , t h e d u r a t i o n o f

t h e e x t i n c t m a j o r g l a c i a l l a k e s a n d t h e i r d r a i n a g e s y s t e m s in

M i d - M i c h i g a n . T h e r e w e r e c h r o n o l o g i c d a t a a v a i l a b l e a s

i n d i c a t e d in T a b l e 10.

T o p o g r a p h i c c o r r e l a t i o n o f t h e s a m p l i n g p e d o n s s i t e s w i t h

t h e c h r o n o l o g i c d a t a f r o m b o t h g l a c i a l l a k e s a n d r i v e r l e v e l s

r e v e a l e d t h a t p e d o n s F , N, a n d L a r e on t h e f i r s t o r l o w e s t

t e r r a c e o f t h e M a p le R i v e r a n d AA i s on t h e f i r s t t e r r a c e o f

L i t t l e M a pl e R i v e r . In o t h e r w o r d s , t h e y a r e t h e y o u n g e s t p e d o n s

( < 1 2 , 8 0 0 y e a r s ) w h i l e p e d o n s 0 a n d FD a r e t h e o l d e s t ( 1 4 , 0 0 0

y e a r s ) . The o t h e r p e d o n (LF) f a l l s b e t w e e n t h e s e two d a t e s

a t 1 3 , 4 0 0 y e a r s .

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B e c a u s e o f t h e l i t h o l o g i c a n d c h r o n o l o g i c d i f f e r e n c e s ,

t h e p e d o n s s t u d i e d a r e f i t t e d i n t o c o m p l e x c h r o n o l i t h o s e q u e n c e s

a s shown in F i g u r e 2 1 .

P e d o n s F , LF a n d FD ( c o a r s e loamy) a r e f i t t e d i n t o a c o a r s e

( i n c l u d i n g s a n d y a n d c o a r s e loamy p e d o n s ) c h r o n o s e q u e n c e s , a n d

p e d o n s F ( c o a r s e l o a m y ) , AA ( s a n d y ) a n d FD ( c o a r s e loamy) a r e

f i t t e d in a n o t h e r c h r o n o s e q u e n c e . B e c a u s e o f t h e c o m p a r a b l e

a g e s o f t h e 1 i t h o l o g i c a 11y d i f f e r e n t D a n d FD p e d o n s t h e y w e r e

r e c o g n i z e d a s a 1 i t h o s e q u e n c e .

When t h e i n t e n s i t y o f p e d o g e n e s i s was m i n e r a l o g i c a l l y

e v a l u a t e d by u s i n g G/PA a n d Q/PA, ( T a b l e 20) s i m i l a r s t r a t a

w e r e s e l e c t e d f r o m t h e s o l a t o b e c o m p a r e d w i t h s u i t a b l e

( s e l e c t e d ) p a r e n t m a t e r i a l s t h a t w e r e s e l e c t e d on b a s i s o f

p a r t i c l e s i z e d i s t r i b u t i o n f i r s t , a n d m i n e r a l o g y s e c o n d . The

r e s u l t s o b t a i n e d i n d i c a t e d t h a t t h e d e g r e e o f t e x t u r a l s i m i l a r i t y

in t h e i n i t i a l m a t e r i a l s w e r e n o t a d e q u a t e t o p u r s u e s u c h

c h r o n o l o g i c c o m p a r i s o n s a n d t h a t n a r r o w e r t e x t u r a l d i f f e r e n c e s

in a s t r a t u m a n d m ore r e f i n e d e x p e r i m e n t a l d e s i g n i s r e q u i r e d

t o o v e r c o m e t h e s u b - s t r a t u m d i f f e r e n c e s . H o w ev e r , w e a t h e r i n g

i n d i c e s c o m p a r i s o n s , i n d i c a t e d t h a t s o l a o f p e d o n D a n d FD h a v e

a so me what u n i f o r m i n t e n s i t y o f w e a t h e r i n g b e c a u s e b o t h A2 a n d

B22t h o r i z o n s w e r e some what e q u a l in t h e i r w e a t h e r i n g i n d i c e s

v a l u e s , w h i l e t h e r e s t o f t h e p e d o n s showed g r e a t e r i n t e n s i t y

o f w e a t h e r i n g a t t h e s u r f a c e t h a n in t h e B22t h o r i z o n s .

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231

The s t u d i e d p e d o n s w e r e c h e m i c a l l y c h a r a c t e r i z e d by h o r i z o n s .

The t r e n d s o f t h e c a t i o n e x c h a n g e c a p a c i t i e s o f t h e B22 t h o r i z o n s

an d p e r c e n t b a s e s a t u r a t i o n o f t h e A2 h o r i z o n s w e r e f o u n d t o

r e f l e c t t h e a g e d i f f e r e n c e s in t h e c h r o n o s e q u e n c e s by g e n e r a l l y

i n c r e a s i n g c a t i o n e x c h a n g e c a p a c i t i e s in t h e i l l u v i a l h o r i z o n s ,

a n d d e c r e a s i n g p e r c e n t b a s e s a t u r a t i o n in t h e e l u v i a l h o r i z o n s .

The s t u d y o f t h e p e d o n s i n c l u d e d in t h i s s t u d y i n v o l v e d

t h e f i e l d e x a m i n a t i o n o f t h e s o i l s m o r p h o l o g y in t h e c h r o n o -

1 i t h o s e q u e n c e s t o o b s e r v e d i f f e r e n c e s in p e d o g e n e s i s a s r e f l e c t e d

in t h e i n t e n s i t y o f t h e p e d o l o g i c a l p r o c e s s e s o f : a d d i t i o n

( e . g . o r g a n i c m a t t e r ) , r e m ov a l ( e . g . d e p t h o f c a r b o n a t e s ) ,

t r a n s f o r m a t i o n ( e . g . c l a y f o r m a t i o n ) o r t r a n s l o c a t i o n ( e . g .

e l u v ? a l / i 1 l u v i a l ) . D e p t h o f c a r b o n a t e s , B - h o r i z o n s t h i c k n e s s e s ,

c l a y c o n t e n t s , r a t i o o f c l a y c o n t e n t s in B 2 2 t /A 2 h o r i z o n a n d

B2 2 t - c l a y c o n t e n t t i m e s Bt t h i c k n e s s e s , i n c r e a s e d w i t h a g e in

t h e s t u d i e d c h r o n o s e q u e n c e s an d m a r k e d l y v a r i e d in t h e 1 i t h o ­

s e q u e n c e p e d o n s (D a n d FD) .

C l a y m i n e r a l a s s e m b l a g e s a r e v e r y s i m i l a r , r e g a r d l e s s o f

a g e . The c l a y m i n e r a l s i d e n t i f i e d in t h e s e p e d o n s a r e i l l i t e

c h l o r i t e , v e r m i c u l i t e , k a o l i n i t e a n d w i t h t r a c e o f a m o n t ­

mor i l i o n i t i c m i n e r a l in p e d o n D.

The d e g r e e o f w e a t h e r i n g in i 1 1 i t e o f t h e s u r f a c e h o r i z o n s

o f t h e p e d o n s f o r m e d in s i m i l a r s t r a t a a s e x p r e s s e d by 0 0 1 / 0 0 2 ,

/

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4

232

g e n e r a l l y i n c r e a s e d w i t h a g e in t h e c h r o n o l i t h o s e q u e n c e s w h i l e

c l a y p o t a s s i u m c o n t e n t s g e n e r a l l y d e c r e a s e d w i t h a g e .

A l l o f t h e s t u d i e d p e d o n s a r e c l a s s i f i e d a s o f t h e A l f i s o l

o r d e r e x c e p t t h e N p ed on t h a t a p p e a r e d a s an a l f i c s u b g r o u p o f

t h e S p o d o s o l o r d e r . Pedons AA a n d L a r e p l a c e d a s Psam m en t i c

H a p l u d a l f ( t h e d a r k c o l o r e d S t r o h s e r i e s ) , w h i l e ped on D I s p l a c e d

a s a G l o s s i c (Mol l i e ) F r a g i u d a l f ( s e r i e s X ) . P e d o n s F, LF a n d

FO a r e c l a s s i f i e d a s Mol l i e H a p l u d a l f s ( t h e d a r k c o l o r e d

C o n s t a n t i n e s e r i e s ) . The N pedon f a l l s w i t h i n t h e S p o d o s o l o r d e r

a n d i s c l a s s i f i e d a s an A l f i c H a p l o r t h o d ( t h e Menominee

s e r i e s ) .

O c c u r r e n c e a n d d i s t r i b u t i o n o f t h e C o n s t a n t i n e ( B o y e r ) ,

S t r o h ( S p i n k s ) , a n d X ( F o x ) s e r i e s a r e b e t t e r u n d e r s t o o d when

i n t e r r e l a t e d p e d o l o g i c a n d g e o m o r p h i c e l e m e n t s a r e c o n s i d e r e d .

I n t e r r e l a t i o n s h i p s among t h e v a r i a n t s o f i n v e s t i g a t e d s o i l

s e r i e s a r e c l e a r l y r e v e a l e d when t h e i r p r o p e r t i e s a r e d i r e c t l y

r e l a t e d t o t h e i r v a r i a t i o n s in t i m e , p a r e n t m a t e r i a l a n d t o p o ­

g r a p h y t h a t a r e i n t r i c a t e l y c o n n e c t e d t o m a g n i t u d e a n d s e q u e n c e

o f t h e g l a c i o - f l u v i a l e v e n t s in t h e a r e a .

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Cann D. B. a n d W h i t e s i d e , E. P. ( 1 9 5 5 ) "A s t u d y o f t h e g e n e s i s

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S c i . S o c . Am. P r o c . 1 9 : 4 9 7 - 5 0 1 .

C a r t e r G. F. a n d P e n d e l t o n ( 1 9 5 6 ) The humid s o i l : p r o c e s s

a n d . t i m e . G e o l . Rev. 4 6 : 4 8 8 - 5 0 7 .

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W h i t e s i d e , E. P . , I . F. S c h n e i d e r a n d C. A. E n g b e r g ( J u n e 1959)

Tax onom ic C l a s s i f i c a t i o n o f M i c h i g a n S o i l s .

W o o l d r i d g e S . W. ( 1 9 4 9 ) " G e o m o r p h o l o g y a n d s o i l s c i e n c e " .

J o u r . S o i l S c i . 1 : 3 1 - 3 4 .

Y a s s o g l o u N. J . a n d E. P. W h i t e s i d e I 9 6 0 Mo rphology , a n d g e n e s i s

o f some s o i l s c o n t a i n i n g f r a g i p a n s in N o r t h e r n M i c h i g a n .

S o i . S c i . S o c . Am. P r o c . 2 4 : 3 9 6 - 4 0 7 .

Zumberge J . H. a n d J . E. P o t z g e r ( 1 9 5 5 ) " P o l l e n p r o f i l e s -

r a d i o c a r b o n d a t i n g a n d g e o l o g i c a l c h r o n o l o g y o f t h e Lake

M i c h i g a n b a s i n . 1 2 1 : 3 0 9 - 3 1 1 .

Zumberge J . H. a n d J . E. P o t z g e r ( 1 9 5 6 ) " L a t e W i s c o n s i n

C h r o n o l o g y o f t h e Lake M i c h i g a n b a s i n - c o r r e l a t e d w i t h

p o l l e n s t u d i e s " . B u i . G e o l . S o c . Amer . V o l . 6 7 :

p p . 2 1 1 - 2 8 8 .

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APPENDICES

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APPENDIX IT e n t a t i v e S e r i e s S u b j e c t t o r e v i e w a n d a p p r o v a l

S t r o h S e r i e s

The S t r o h s e r i e s i n c l s o i l s , i n t e r g r a d e t o c a l c a r e o u s f i n e s a n d , W i s c o n s i n Age. S t r o h g r a d e t o B r u n i z e m a n a s o i l s d i f f e r f r o m S p i a r e r e l a t i v e l y h i g h i s o i l s in h a v i n g much more t e x t u r a l a n d c o l s a n d y loam.

u d e s w e a k l y d e v e l o p e d G ra y - B ro w n P o d z o l i c B r u n i z e m s o i l s , d e v e l o p e d on n e u t r a l t o

s a n d , o r loamy s a n d g l a c i a l d r i f t o f s o i l s a r e t h e G ra y -B r o w n P o d z o l i c , i n t e r -

l o g a e o f t h e S p i n k s s o i l s . The S t r o h n k s in h a v i n g much d a r k e r s u r f a c e s t h a t n o r g a n i c c o n t e n t . They d i f f e r f r o m O a k v i l l e d a r k e r s u r f a c e s o i l s , a n d in h a v i n g o n e o r o r B h o r i z o n s o f h e a v y loamy s a n d t o l i g h t

S o i l P r o f i l e r S t r o h loamy f i n e s a n d

Ap

A2

0-8 ii

8 - 30 '

82 3 0 - 3 4 "

A2 3 4 - 4 0 "

B2 4 0 - 4 8 II

48" +

V e ry d a r k g r a y i s h - b r o w n t o v e r y d a r k g r a y (10YR 3 / 2 - 3 / 1 m o i s t ) loamy f i n e s a n d ; v e r y w e a k f i n e g r a n u l a r s t r u c t u r e ; v e r y f r i a b l e ; s l i g h t l y a c i d ;7 t o 10 i n c h e s t h i c k .

Y e l l o w i s h - b r o w n t o b rown (10YR 5 / 4 - 5 / 3 m o i s t ) loamy f i n e s a n d t o f i n e s a n d ; m a s s i v e , o r v e r y w e a k medium g r a n u l a r s t r u c t u r e ; n e a r l y l o o s e ; s l i g h t l y a c i d t o n e u t r a l ; 6 t o 3 0 i n c h e s t h i c k .

Brown t o s t r o n g brown (7.5YR 5 / 4 - 4 / 4 m o i s t ) , o r ye I l o w i s h - b r o w n (10YR 5 / 4 m o i s t ) h e a v y loamy f i n e s a n d o r l i g h t s a n d y lo a m ; v e r y w e a k f i n e s u b a n g u l a r b l o c k y s t r u c t u r e ; v e r y f r i a b l e ; 1 t o 1 0 i n c h e s t h i c k .

P a l e brown o r l i g h t y e l l o w i s h - b r o w n (10YR 6 / 3 - 6 / 4 m o i s t ) loamy s a n d t o s a n d ; l o o s e ; s l i g h t l y a c i d t o n e u t r a l ; 2 t o 1 0 i n c h e s t h i c k .

D a r k b r o w n , o r y e l l o w i s h - b r o w n (10YR 4 / 3 - 5 / 6 m o i s t ) o r s t r o n g brown ( 7 . 5 YR 5 / 6 m o i s t ) h e a v y loamy s a n d o r l i g h t s a n d y loam; v e r y w e a k f i n e t o medium s u b a n g u l a r b l o c k y s t r u c t u r e ; v e r y f r i a b l e t o n e a r l y l o o s e ; 2 t o 15 i n c h e s t h i c k .

P a l e brown o r l i g h t y e l l o w i s h - b r o w n (10YR 6 / 3 - 6 / 4 m o i s t ) loamy s a n d o r s a n d ; l o o s e ; n e u t r a l t o c a l c a r e o u s .

244

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Range o f C h a r a c t e r i s t i c s : The d e p t h a t w h i c h t h e f i r s t Bzh o r i z o n o c c u r s r a n g e s f r o m 15 t o a b o u t 40 i n c h e s . The t h i c k n e s s and number o f t h e Bz h o r i z o n s i s q u i t e v a r i a b l e . In some a r e a s th e Bz i s c o n t i n u o u s , w h i l e i n o t h e r a r e a s e a c h B2 h o r i z o n i s on ly a few i n c h e s t h i c k , w i t h s e v e r a l o c c u r r i n g in t h e p r o f i l e , each s e p a r a t e d by A2 h o r i z o n s . The r e a c t i o n o f t h e s o l u m r a n g e s from pH 5 . 7 t o n e u t r a l , an d t h a t o f t h e C h o r i z o n f r o m n e u t r a l t o c a l c a r e o u s .

T o p o g r a p h y : N e a r l y l e v e l t o g e n t l y s l o p i n g a r e a s in o u t w a s h p l a i n s , v a l 1ey t r a i n s , kames , a n d low m o r a i n e s .

Ora i n a g e : Wel l d r a i n e d . S u r f a c e r u n o f f i s s l o w t o v e r y s l o w ;T n t e r n a T d r a i n a g e i s r a p i d .

V e g e t a t i o n : T a l l p r a i r i e g r a s s e s , w i t h e n c r o a c h m e n t o f b u r o a k s .

U s e : L a r g e l y u n d e r c u l t i v a t i o n t o c o r n , w h e a t , a l f a l f a , a n ds o y b e a n s in n o r t h e r n I n d i a n a .

D j s t r i b u t i o n : N o r t h e r n I n d i a n a , a n d p r o b a b l y s o u t h e r n M i c h i g a n .

Type L o c a t i o n : NW 1 / 4 o f NW 1 / 4 o f SE 1 / 4 . S e c t i o n 8 , T37N,8 1OE. , LaG rang e C o u n t y , I n d i a n a .

S e r i e s P r o p o s e d : L aG r an g e C o u n t y , I n d i a n a .

S o u r c e o f Name: V i l l a g e in L aG ran g e C o u n t y , I n d i a n a .

OCR6 - 2 9 - 5 5

S o i l S u r v e y - S o i l C o n s e r v a t i o n S e r v i c e U . S . D e p a r t m e n t o f A g r i c u l t u r e

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APPENDIX I I

DRAFT ESTABLISHED SERIESSUBJECT TO REVIEW

MENOMINEE SERIES

The Menominee s e r i e s c o m p r i s e s w e l l a n d m o d e r a t e l y w e l l d r a i n e d s o i l s w i t h an u p p e r P o d zo l se quum , 18 t o 42 i n c h e s t h i c k , d e v e l o p ­ed in s a n d s a n d loamy s a n d s , o v e r a l o w e r G ra y Wooded sequum which e x t e n d s i n t o t h e loam t o s i l t y c l a y loam. Menominee s o i l s a r e t h e w e l l a n d m o d e r a t e l y w e l l d r a i n e d member o f t h e d r a i n a g e s e q u e n c e w h i c h i n c l u d e s t h e i m p e r f e c t l y d r a i n e d I o s c o a n d t h e p o o r l y a n d v e r y p o o r l y d r a i n e d B r e v o r t s o i l s . The w e l l - d r a i n e d Mel 1t a s o i l s a r e d e v e l o p e d f r o m s i m i l a r t e x t u r e s w i t h c o m p a r a b l e k i n d s a n d s e q u e n c e o f h o r i z o n s in t h e u p p e r p a r t o f t h e p r o f i l e bu t t h e II h o r i z o n s o c c u r a t d e p t h s o f 42 t o 6 6 i n c h e s a n d r a n g e in t e x t u r e f ro m loam t o c l a y . The w e l l t o m o d e r a t e l y w e l l d r a i n e d M a n i s t e e s o i l s h a v e s i m i l a r t e x t u r e s w i t h c o m p a r a b l e k i n d s a n d s e q u e n c e o f h o r i z o n s in t h e u p p e r Po dzo l sequ um, b u t t h e II h o r i z o n s w h i c h o c c u r a t 18 t o h i i n c h e s r a n g e in t e x t u r e f rom c l a y t o s i l t y c l a y . The w e l l t o m o d e r a t e l y d r a i n e d D r y b u r g s o i l s a r e f i n e r - t e x t u r e d ( l o am y s a n d t o f i n e s a n d y loam) in t h e u p p e r Podzol sequum w i t h c l a y t o s i l t y c l a y II h o r i z o n s a t 18 t o h i i n c h e s . The w e l l d r a i n e d Po dz o l R u b i c o n a n d K a l k a s k a s o i l s d e v e l o p e d on d e e p s a n d s a n d t h e II h o r i z o n s , i f p r e s e n t , o c c u r below 6 6 i n c h e s . The w e l l t o m o d e r a t e l y w e l l d r a i n e d G i l c h r i s t s o i l s h a v e s i m i l a r t e x t u r e s w i t h c o m p a r a b l e k i n d s an d s e q u e n c e o f h o r i z o n s in t h e u p p e r Po d zo l sequum b u t II h o r i z o n w h i c h o c c u r a t 18 t o 42 i n c h e s a r e loamy s a n d t o s a n d y loam.

S o i l P r o f i l e ; Menominee loamy s a n d .

Ap 0 - 9 " LOAMY SAND; v e r y d a r k g r a y i s h brown (10YR 3 / 2 ) ;v e r y w e a k , medium, g r a n u l a r s t r u c t u r e ; v e r y f r i a b l e ; medium a c i d ; a b r u p t s m oot h b o u n d a r y .6 t o 12 i n c h e s t h i c k .

B 2 i r 9 - 1 8 " SAND; d a r k brown (7.5YR 4 / 4 ) ; v e r y w e a k , medium,s u b a n g u l a r b l o c k y s t r u c t u r e ; v e r y f r i a b l e t o l o o s e ; medium a c i d ; g r a d u a l wavy b o u n d a r y .6 t o 14 i n c h e s t h i c k .

B3 1 8 - 3 2 " SAND; y e l l o w i s h brown (10YR 5 / 4 ) ; s i n g l e g r a i n( s t r u c t u r e l e s s ; l o o s e ; medium t o s t r o n g l y a c i d ; c l e a r wavy b o u n d a r y . 5 t o 2 0 i n c h e s t h i c k .

246

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A12 3 2 - 3 5 " LOAMY SAND; p a l e brown (10YR 6 / 3 ) ; w e a k , medium,s u b a n g u l a r b l o c k y s t r u c t u r e ; v e r y f r i a b l e ; medium t o s t r o n g l y a c i d ; a b r u p t i r r e g u l a r b o u n d a r y . 2 t o 6 i n c h e s t h i c k .

I I B ' 2 3 5 - 4 5 " CLAY LOAM; d a r k brown (7 .5YR 4 / 4 ) ; t h i nc o a t i n g s o f A ' 2 on p e d f a c e s a n d in c r a c k s in u p p e r 2 t o 4 i n c h e s ; s t r o n g , m e d i u m , a n g u l a r b l o c k y s t r u c t u r e f i r m ; medium t o s l i g h t l y a c i d ; a b r u p t wavy b o u n d a r y . 4 t o 20 i n c h e s t h i c k .

IIC 45 "+ CLAY LOAM; brown (7 .5YR 5 / 4 ) ; w e a k , medium,a n g u l a r b l o c k y s t r u c t u r e ; f i r m ; c a l c a r e o u s .

Range in C h a r a c t e r i s t i c s : Loamy s a n d a n d s a n d t y p e s h a v e b e e nmapped. U n d i s t u r b e d a r e a s h a v e 1 t o 3 i n c h e s o f v e r y d a r k g r a y (10YR 3 / 1 ) A1 a n d 4 t o 10 i n c h e s o f p i n k i s h g r a y (7 .5YR 6 / 2 j t o l i g h t b r o w n i s h g r a y (10YR 6 / 2 ) A2 h o r i z o n a b o v e t h e B 2 i r h o r i z o n . The A2 h o r i z o n i s a b s e n t o r o n l y 1 t o 2 i n c h e s t h i c k w h e r e t h e Ap h o r i z o n r e a c h e s t h e maximum t h i c k n e s s .

The c o l o r o f t h e B 2 i r h o r i z o n r a n g e s t o d a r k r e d d i s h brown (5YR 3 / 4 ) r e d d i s h brown (5YR 4 / 3 - 4 / 4 ) , s t r o n g brown (7 .5YR 5 / 6 ) , o r d a r k y e l l o w i s h brown (10YR 4 / 4 ) . A t h i n k (1 t o 3 - i n c h ) d i s c o n t i n u o u s d a r k brown (7.5YR 3 / 2 ) t o d a r k r e d d i s h brown (5YR 3 / 2 ) Bh h o r i z o n o c c u r s a b o v e t h e B 2 i r h o r i z o n i n some a r e a s . Chunks o f c e m e n t e d ( o r t s t e i n ) m a t e r i a l o c c u r in t h e B 2 i r h o r i z o n i n some a r e a s .

The A '2 h o r i z o n i s a b s e n t o r o c c u r s o n l y a s t h i c k c o a t i n g on p e d f a c e s in t h e u p p e r p a r t o f t h e I I B ' 2 h o r i z o n in some a r e a s .

The t e x t u r e o f t h e I I B ' 2 h o r i z o n r a n g e s f r o m c l a y loam t o s i l t y c l a y loam, s a n d y c l a y lo a m , h e a v y loam, o r h e a v y s i l t loam.

The t e x t u r e o f t h e II C h o r i z o n i s c l a y loam, s i l t y c l a y loam, loam, s i l t loam, s a n d y c l a y loam, o r h e a v y s a n d y loam. C o l o r s and c o n s i s t e n c e r e f e r t o m o i s t c o n d i t i o n s .

o p i n g a r e a s on m o r a i n e sT o p o q r a p h v i N e a r l y l e v e l t o s t r o n g l y s i t i l l p l a i n s , o u t w a s h p l a i n s , a n d l a k e p l a i n s .

D r a i n a g e a n d P e r m e a b i l i t y : We l l a n d m o d e r a t e l y w e l l d r a i n e d .R u n o f f i s v e r y s t o w t o s l o w . P e r m e a b i l i t y i s r a p i d i n t h e P o d z o l sequum ( s a n d ) a n d m o d e r a t e t o s l o w in t h e G ra y Wooded sequum ( l o a m t o c l a y l o a m ) .

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V e g e t a t i o n : Mixed n o r t h e r n h a r d w o o d s a n d c o n i f e r s .

Use : A c o n s i d e r a b l e p r o p o r t i o n i s u s e d f o r t h e p r o d u c t i o n o fHay, s m a l l g r a i n s , c o r n a n d p o t a t o e s . The r e m a i n d e r i s i d l e o r in s e c o n d g r o w t h f o r e s t .

S o i l Management g r o u p : 4 / 2 a

D i s t r i b u t i o n : C e n t r a l n o r t h e r n p a r t o f t h e Lower P e n i n s u l a a n dt h e Uppe r P e n i n s u l a o f M i c h i g a n a n d p r o b a b l y in W i s c o n s i n ,

TvDe L o c a t i o n : O s c e o l a C o u n t y , M i c h i q a n NE 1 / 4 o f NE 1 / 4 o f$ec. ITrrm, R7w.S e r i e s E s t a b l i s h e d : Menominee C o u n t y , M i c h i g a n , 1925.

S o u r c e o f Name: C o u n t y in M i c h i g a n

R e m a r k s : The Menominee s e r i e s h a s b e e n r e d e f i n e d t o r e q u i r e aPodzol sequum in s a n d o r loamy s a n d , o v e r l y i n g a Gray-Wooded sequum in loam t o s i l t y c l a y loam. S o i l s f o r m e r l y mapped a s Menominee, t h a t l a c k t h e l o w e r Gray Wooded sequum, b u t h a v e c a l c a r e o u s loam t o s i l t y c l a y loam i m m e d i a t e l y b e l o w t h e Po dzo l so l um a r e now o u t s i d e o f t h e r a n g e o f t h e Menominee s e r i e s .S o i l w i t h c o n t i n u o u s d a r k r e d d i s h brown (5YR 3 / 3 - 2 / 2 ) o r d a r k brown (7.5YR 3 / 2 ) Bh h o r i z o n s , b u t w i t h t h e s o l a o t h e r w i s e s i m i l a r t o Menominee , w i l l a l s o be e x c l u d e d f rom t h e Menominee s e r i e s .

OCR - 3 / 2 6 / 6 4 I P S - i n t r o 8 / 2 5 / 6 4 N a t i o n a l C o o p e r a t i v e S o i l S u r v e y - U . S . A .

Reviewed f o r t e m p o r a r y u s e in s e r i e s f i l e

ORDER: S p o d o s o l SUBGROUP: A l f i c N o rm o r th o d

FAMILY: S a n d y o v e r f i n e loamy,s i 1 i c e o u s

SUBORDER: O r t h o d

GREAT GROUP: N o rm o r t h o d

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APPENDI X I l f

T H E U N I V E R S I T Y O F M I C H I G A NC O L L E G E O F E N G I N E E R IN G

A N N A R B O R . M I C H I G A N 4010-1

d e p a r t m e n t o f m e t e o r o l o g y a n d o c e a n o g r a p h y March l 4 , 1969d F f ie t l E A T T E N O . B L D G .

»«EA COOC 3 1 3

Mr. Waleed A lig id l S e l l s S c ien ce Department M ichigan S ta te U n iv e r s ity East L an sin g , M ichigan 4 8 8 2 3

Dear Mr. Aligidl:Your l e t t e r o f December 3 1 s t , s e n t to th e U n iv e r s ity o f

I l l i n o i s , was forwarded to th e U n iv e r s ity o f M ichigan where I am now lo c a te d , and then in a d v e r te n t ly f i l e d b e fo re I p r e ­pared an answ er.

F o llo w in g are the approxim ate e l e v a t io n s , and my e s t im a te s o f the ages o f v a r io u s lak e s ta g e s :

E le v . Years B .P .

Maumee I Maumee I I Mauii.ee I I I Arkona I Arkona I I Arkona I I IY p s l la n t l (low s ta g e )W h itt le se y 7 3 8 - Saginaw 695Warren I Warren I I WayneWarren I I IGrassmereLundyF a r ly Algonquin K lrfc fie ld Algonquin

800.

7607 9 0

710700693

690 682 660 675 6 4 0

620 605 5 6 0

- 605

1 4 . 4 0 0

1 4 . 2 0 0

1 4 , 0 0 0 ^13,800)13 ,6001 3 . 4 0 0

1 3 .200 13 ,000

.12 ,800 12 ,6001 2 . 4 0 0

1 2 ,300 - •1 2 , 2 0 0 12,1001 2 ,0 0 011 ,9001 1 ,800 - 11,000

P lea se n o te th a t th e o n ly firm d ate in th e l i s t i s 1 1 , 8 0 0 y ears B.P. fo r th e b eg in n in g o f th e A lgonqu in . A ll e a r l i e r d a te s are p lu s or minus s e v e r a l hundred y e a r s .

I am e n c lo s in g a few t a b le s , and a r e p r in t o f my m ost r e c e n t paper on the s u b je c t .

S in c e r e ly y o u rs ,

J L H /b b p E n c .

*trv\Tack L. Hough

P r o fe s s o r o f Oceanography


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