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STRATEGIC MANAGMENT

A PROJECT REPORT ON DISASTER MANAGEMENT STRATEGIES

SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE

AWARD OF THE M.COM DEGREE PART-1

MASTER IN COMMERCE

(MANAGEMENT)

SUBMITTED TO

UNIVERSITY OF MUMBAI,

LALA LAJPATRAI COLLEGE,

MAHALAXMI

SUBMITTED BY

PRATEEK LODHA

UNIVERSITY ROLL NO. 6!

SUPERVISED BY

P"#$. D". S. V. LASUNE

PROFESSOR

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CERTIFICATE

reby certify that the work which is being presented in the M.Com interna pro!ect report entited "#I$A$TE% MANAG

ATEGIE$&' in partia ffiment of the reirements for the award of the Master of Commerce in Management and sbmitted to

atrai Coege of Commerce and Economics' Mahaa+mi' Mmbai,-/- is an athentic record of my own work carried ot

0ision of 1rof. #r. $. 2. *A$3NE The matter presented in this 1ro!ect %eport has not been sbmitted by me for the award of any oth

where.

'()*"+ #$ )+ S)*+') ///////////////////

'()*"+ #$ )+ S*0+"%2#" ///////////////////

"'(3 E4(5%'+" //////////////////

+"'(3 E4(5%'+" //////////////////

+&+ S)(50 P"%'%0(3

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

d ike to pace on record my deep sense of gratitde to 1rof. #r. $. 2. *A$3NE' for her generos gidance' hep and sef sggestions

wish to e+tend my thanks to my coeages for attending my seminars and for their insightf comments and constrcti0e sggestions to

o0e the aity of this pro!ect work.

e+tremey thankf to #r. $.2.*A$3NE(Coordinator) and 1rincipa Mrs. Neeam Arora' for pro0iding me infrastrctra faciities to wor

ot which this work wod not ha0e been possibe.

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

TOPIC PAGE

1 INTRODUCTION 1

INSTITUTIONAL AND POLICY FRAMEWORK 7 DISASTER MANAGEMENT POLICY 6

8 FEATURES OF DRAFT ON NP DISASTER 6

! DISASTER MANAGEMENT ACT 9

6 LEGAL AND TECHNOLEGAL FRAMEWORK :

9 DISASTER PREVENTION AND MITIGATION 1;-16

< DEVELOPMENT AND REVISION OF CODES 19-;

: DISASTER RISK MANAGEMENT PROGRAMMER 1-6

1; HUMAN RESOURCE DEVELOPMENT :

11 INFORMATION,EDUCATION AND COMMUNICATION 71-77

1 PREPARDNESS 78-76

17 NATIONAL EMERGENCY OPERATION CENTER 8;-8718 CONCLUSION 86

1! WEBLIOGRAPHY 89

Introduction

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1.1 India has been traditionally vulnerable to natural disasterson account of itsunique geo-climatic conditions. Floods, droughts, cyclones,earthquakesandlandslides have been a recurrent phenomena. About 6! ofthe landmass is proneto earthquakes of various intensities" over # million hectares is

prone to floods"about $! of the total area is prone to cyclones and 6$! of the areais susceptibleto drought. In the decade 1%%-&, an average of about#'## people lost theirlives and about ' million people (ere affected by disastersevery year. )he lossin terms of private, community and public assets has

been astronomical.

1.& At the global level, there has been considerable concern overnatural disasters. *ven as substantial scientific and materialprogress is made, the loss oflives and property due to disasters has not decreased. In fact,the human toll andeconomic losses have mounted. It (as in this background thatthe +nited ations

eneral Assembly, in 1%$%, declared the decade 1%%-& asthe Internationalecade for atural isaster /eduction (ith the ob0ective toreduce loss of livesand property and restrict socio-economic damage throughconcerted internationalaction, specially in developing countries.

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Institutional and Policy Framework

&.& Although, the primary responsibility for disaster management is

oftheconcerned tate overnments, the 2entral overnment plays akey role byproviding financial and logistic support in case of ma0or disastersand co-ordinatethe effort of all 2entral 3inistries4epartments45rganiations.At the ape7 level,

the 2abinet 2ommittee on rought 3anagement has beenreconstituted andconverted into a 2abinet 2ommittee on atural 2alamities. )hescope of the2ommittee has been enlarged so as to address mitigationand preparednessmeasures also. A 8igh 9evel 2ommittee of 3inisters underthe 2hairmanship of3inister of Agriculture deals (ith financial support required tobe provided to thetate overnments from the ational 2alamity 2ontingency Fund,if the fundsavailable (ith the tate overnments under 2entral /elief Fundare not adequate.)he matters relating to nuclear, biological and chemicalemergencies are lookedafter by the 2abinet 2ommittee on ecurity.

&.: 3itigation, preparedness and response are multi-disciplinary functions,involving a number of 3inistries4epartments.Institutional mechanisms (hich

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(ould facilitate this inter-disciplinary approach are being put inplace. It isproposed to create isaster4*mergency 3anagementAuthorities, both at the

ational and tate levels, (ith representatives from therelevant 3inistries4epartments to bring about thiscoordinated and multidisciplinaryapproach (ith e7perts covering a large number of branches.)he ational$*mergency 3anagement Authority is proposed to be constituted.)he organiation (ill be multi-disciplinary (ith e7perts covering a

largenumber ofbranches. )he ational *mergency 3anagement Authority isproposedas acombined ecretariat4irectorate structure - a structure (hich(ill be an integralpart of the overnment (hile, at the same time, retainingthe fle7ibility of a field

organiation. )he Authority (ill be headed by an officer of the rankof ecretary4pecial ecretary to the overnment in the 3inistry of 8omeAffairs (ithrepresentatives from the 3inistries4epartments of 8ealth,;ater /esources,*nvironment < Forest, Agriculture, /ail(ays, Atomic *nergy,efence, /5,

*7ternal Affairs, pace, Information and =roadcasting,2hemicals, cience overty alleviation,/ural evelopment and Indian 3eteorological epartment as3embers.)heauthority (ould meet as often as required and revie( the tatusof (arning

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systems, mitigation measures and disaster preparedness. ;hena disaster strikes,the Authority (ill coordinate disaster management activities.

The Authority willbe responsible for:-

>roviding necessary support and assistance to tate overnmentsby (ay ofresource data, macro-management of emergency response,specialiedemergency response teams, sharing of disaster related data baseetc.

2oordinating4mandating overnment?s policies fordisaster reduction4mitigation*nsuring adequate preparedness at all levels in order tomeet disasters2oordinating response to a disaster (hen it strikesAssisting the tate overnments in coordination post disaster relief2oordinating resources of all 2entral overnmentepartments4agenciesinvolved.

%3onitor and introduce a culture of building requisite featuresof disastermitigation in all development plans and programmes.Any other items of (ork (hich may be entrusted to it bythe overnment.)he tates have also been asked to set up isaster3anagement Authorities under

the 2hief 3inister (ith 3inisters of relevant epartments@;ater /esources,Agriculture, rinking ;ater upply, *nvironment < Forests,+rban evelopment, 8ome, /ural evelopment etc. as members.11 tates and +)s -)amil adu, Arunachal >radesh, +ttaranchal, 5rissa, u0arat,Berala, agaland,

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/a0asthan, elhi, Aolicyon isaster3anagement has been drafted, and is in the process of beingfinalied. After interministerialconsultations, it (ill be submitted to the 2abinet for approval. Inthe line (ith the changed focus, the policy proposes to integrate

disaster mitigationinto development planning. )he policy shall inform all spheresof 2entralovernment activity and shall en0oin upon all e7isting sectoralpolicies. )he broadob0ectives of the policy are to minimie the loss of lives andsocial, private andcommunity assets because of natural or man-made disasters

and contribute tosustainable development and better standards of living for all,more specificallyfor the poor and vulnerable section by ensuring that thedevelopment gains are notlost through natural calamities4 disaster.&.1 )he policy notes that tate overnments areprimarily responsible for

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disaster management including prevention and mitigation, (hilethe overnment

of India provides assistance (here necessary as per the norms

laid do(n from timeto time and proposes that this overall frame(ork maycontinue. 8o(ever, sinceresponse to a disaster requires coordination of resourcesavailable across all theepartments of the overnment, the policy mandates that the2entral overnment(ill, in con0unction (ith the tate overnments, seek to ensure

that such acoordination mechanism is laid do(n through an appropriate chainof command sothat mobiliation of resources is facilitated.

&.11 )he broad features of the draft ational >olicy onisaster 3anagement are

enunciated belo(C-iD Adoption of a holistic and pro-active approach to(ardsprevention, mitigation and preparedness.iiD Incorporation of mitigation measures in the on-going schemes4programmes.iiiD *ach 3inistry4epartment of the 2entral4tate overnment(illset

apart an appropriate quantum of funds under the >lan forspecific schemes4pro0ects addressing vulnerability reductionandpreparedness.ivD ;here there is a shelf of pro0ects, pro0ects addressingmitigation (ill begiven priority.

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vD *ach pro0ect in a haard prone area to have mitigation asan essentialterm of reference and to include a statement indicating as to ho(the pro0ect addresses vulnerability reduction.

viD 2ommunity involvement and a(areness generation, particularlythatofthe vulnerable segments of population and (omen has beenemphasiedas necessary for sustainable disaster risk reduction. )his is acriticalcomponent of the policy since communities are the first responders

todisasters and, therefore, unless they are empo(ered and madecapable1'of managing disasters, any amount of e7ternal support cannot leadto optimal results.viiD Interaction (ith the corporate sector, non-governmental organiationsand the media in the national efforts for

disaster prevention4vulnerabilityreduction.viiiD =uilding up institutional structures4appropriate chain ofcommandandimparting appropriate training to disaster managers at various levelsto ensure coordinated and quick response and development of inter-tate arrangements for sharing of resources during emergencies.

i7D Inculcating a culture of planning and preparedness at all levelsfor capacity building measures.7D Formulation of tandard 5perating >rocedures E5>sD anddisaster management plans at state and district levels as (ell as byrelevant central government departments.7iD 2ompliance (ith construction designs laid do(n in relevantIndian tandards.7iiD *valuation and, (here necessary, retrofitting of lifelinebuildings

in

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seismic ones III, I < - hospitals, rail(ay stations,airports4airport control to(ers, fire station buildings,communication net(ork, ma0or administrative buildings.

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7iiiD 2onversion of relief codes into disaster management codesfor institutionaliing the planning process.7ivD >romotion of international cooperation in the area ofdisaster response,

preparedness and mitigation in tune (ith national strategic goalsand ob0ectives.

&.1# Disaster Manaement Act: )he tates have been advisedto enact isaster3anagement Acts to provide for authorities coordinatingmitigation, preparedness

and response as (ell as for various mitigation4preparednessmeasures required tobe undertaken. )(o tates, u0arat < =ihar, have alreadyenacted such a la(.5ther tates are in the process. A proposal for enacting aational isaster3anagement Act is under e7amination.

!eal and Techno-leal Framework

&.1# Disaster Manaement Act: )he tates have been advisedto enact isaster3anagement Acts to provide for authorities coordinatingmitigation, preparednessand response as (ell as for various mitigation4preparedness

measures required tobe undertaken. )(o tates, u0arat < =ihar, have alreadyenacted such a la(.5ther tates are in the process. A proposal for enacting aational isaster3anagement Act is under e7amination.

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&.1: Disaster Manaement "ode: In line (ith the changedapproach, the tateovernments have also been advised to convert their /elief 2odesinto isaster

3anagement 2odes by building into it the process necessaryfor dra(ing updisaster management and mitigation plans as (ell as elementsof preparednessapart from response and relief. A 2ommittee constituted underthe *7ecutiveirector, ational institute of isaster 3anagement hasdrafted a 3odel isaster

3anagement 2ode (hich is being circulated to the tates so asto assist them inthis process. ome tates have constituted committees to revisethe codes as per5I guidelines. )he revised codes (ill ensure that the processof dra(ing updisaster management plans and mitigation and preparednessmeasures getsinstitutionalied.

&.16 ;ith the above-mentioned institutional mechanisms andpolicy frame(orksin position and the actions taken to implement the policyguidelines, it is e7pectedthat the task of moving to(ards vulnerability reduction (ill begreatly facilitated.16

#$"TI%& III

Disaster Pre'ention and Mitiation'.1 )he Gokohama message emanating from the Internationalecadeforatural isaster /eduction in 3ay, 1%%# underlined the need foran emphatic shift

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in the strategy for disaster mitigation. It (as inter-alia stressedthat disasterprevention, mitigation, preparedness and relief are fourelements (hich contribute

to and gain from the implementation of the sustainabledevelopment policies.)hese elements along(ith environmental protection andsustainable development,are closely inter related, and it (as therefore, recommendedthat ations shouldincorporate them in their development plans and ensureefficient follo( up

measures at the community, sub-regional, regional, nationaland internationallevels. )he Gokohama trategy also emphasied thatdisaster prevention,mitigation and preparedness are better than disaster responsein achieving thegoals and ob0ectives of vulnerability reduction. isaster responsealone is notsufficient as it yields only temporary results at a very high

cost. >revention andmitigation contribute to lasting improvement in safety andare essential tointegrated disaster management.'.& Mainstreamin Disaster Manaement intoDe'elopment: )he overnment of India have adoptedmitigation and prevention asessential

components of their development strategy. )he )enth Five Gear>lan documenthas a detailed chapter on isaster 3anagement. A copy of thesaid chapter isenclosed at Anne(ure - II) )he plan emphasies the fact thatdevelopment cannot

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be sustainable (ithout mitigation being built intodevelopmental process. *achtate is supposed to prepare a plan scheme for disaster mitigationin accordance

(ith the approach outlined in the plan. In brief, mitigation isbeing mainstreamedinto developmental planning.1H'.' Financial Arranement: As indicated in the earlier chapter,the Finance2ommission makes recommendations (ith regard to devolution offunds bet(een

the 2entral overnment and tate overnments as also outlaysfor relief andrehabilitation. )he earlier Finance 2ommissions (ere mandated tolook at reliefand rehabilitation. )he )erms of /eference of the )(elfthFinance 2ommissionhave been changed and the Finance 2ommission has been mandatedto look at therequirements for mitigation and prevention apart from its

e7isting mandate oflooking at relief and rehabilitation. A 3emorandum has beensubmitted to the)(elfth Finance 2ommission after consultation (ith tates.)he 3emorandumproposes creation of a disaster mitigation fund, (hich (ill assistthe tates intaking mitigation measures like retrofitting of lifeline

buildings, coastal shelterbeltplantation etc.'.# )he overnment of India have issued guidelines that (herethere is a shelfof pro0ects, pro0ects addressing mitigation (ill be given priority.It has also been

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mandated that each pro0ect in a haard prone area (ill havedisaster prevention4mitigation as a term of reference and thepro0ectdocument has to

reflect as to ho( the pro0ect addresses that term of reference.A copy of theguidelines is at Anne(ure - III)'.: Flood Preparedness and response: 3easures for floodmitigation (eretaken from 1%: on(ards. As against the total of # millionhectares prone tofloods, area of about 1: million hectares have been protected

by construction ofembankments. A number of dams and barrages have beenconstructed. )he tateovernments have been assisted to take up mitigation programmeslike construction of raised platforms etc. Floods continue to be amenaceho(evermainly because of the huge quantum of silt being carried by therivers emanating

from the 8imalayas. )his silt has raised the bed level in many riversto above the1$level of the countryside. *mbankments have also given rise toproblemsofdrainage (ith heavy rainfall leading to (ater logging in areasoutside

theembankment. In order to respond effectively to floods, 3inistryof 8ome Affairshave initiated ational isaster /isk 3anagement >rogramme in allthe floodpronetates. Assistance is being provided to the tates to dra( updisastermanagement plans at the tate, istrict, =lock4)aluka and illagelevels.

A(areness generation campaigns to sensitie all stakeholders on

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the need for

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flood preparedness and mitigation measures are beingundertaken. *lectedrepresentatives and officials are being trained in flooddisaster management under

the programme. =ihar, 5rissa, ;est =engal, Assam and +ttar>radesh are amongthe 1H multi-haard prone tates (here this programme isbeing implemented (ithassistance from +>, +AI and *uropean 2ommission.'.: $arth*uake +isk Mitiation: A comprehensive programmehas beentaken up for earthquake risk mitigation. Although the =I has

laid do(n thestandards for construction in the seismic ones, these (ere notbeing follo(ed.)he building construction in urban and suburban areas is regulatedby the )o(nand 2ountry >lanning Acts and =uilding /egulations. In many cases,the =uildingregulations do not incorporate the =I codes. *ven (here they do,the lack of

kno(ledge regarding seismically safe construction amongthe architects andengineers as (ell as lack of a(areness regarding theirvulnerability among thepopulation led to most of the construction in the urban4sub-urban areas being(ithout reference to =I standards. In the rural areas, the bulkof the housing is

non-engineered construction. )he mode of construction in therural areas has alsochanged from mud and thatch to brick and concreteconstruction therebyincreasing the vulnerability. )he increasing population has ledto settlements in

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vulnerable areas close to the river bed areas (hich are proneto liquefaction. )heovernment have moved to address these issues.1%

'.6 &ational "ore ,roup for $arth*uake +isk Mitiation: Aational 2oreroup for *arthquake /isk 3itigation has been constitutedconsisting of e7pertsin earthquake engineering and administrators. )he 2ore rouphas been assignedthe responsibility of dra(ing up a strategy and plan of actionfor mitigating the

impact of earthquakes" providing advice and guidance to the tateson variousaspects of earthquake mitigation" developing4organiingthe preparation ofhandbooks4pamphlets4type designs for earthquake-resistant construction" (orkingout systems for assisting the tates in the seismicallyvulnerable ones toadopt4integrate appropriate =ureau of Indian tandards codes in

their buildingbyela(s" evolving systems for training of municipal engineers asalso practicingarchitects and engineers in the private sector in the salientfeatures of =ureau ofIndian tandards codes and the amended byela(s" evolving a systemof certification of architects4engineers for testing their kno(ledgeof earthquakeresistant

construction" evolving systems for training of masons and carryingout intensive a(areness generation campaigns.'.H +e'iew of buildin bye-laws and their adoption: 3ostcasualties duringearthquakes are caused by the collapse of structures.)herefore structural

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mitigation measures are the key to make a significant impactto(ards earthquakesafety in our country. In vie( of this the tates in earthquakeprone ones have

been requested to revie(, and if necessary, amend their buildingbyela(s toincorporate the =I seismic codes for construction in theconcerned ones. 3anytates have initiated necessary action in this regard. An*7pert 2ommitteeappointed by the 2ore roup on *arthquake /isk 3itigation hasalready submitted its report covering appropriate amendments to

the e7isting)o(n lanning Acts, 9and +se oning /egulation,evelopment 2ontrol/egulations < =uilding =yla(s, (hich could be used by thetate overnments rogrammesfor2apacity =uilding in *arthquake /isk 3itigation for *ngineersand Architectsrespectively, have been approved to assist the tate overnmentsin building up

capacities for earthquake mitigation. +nder these t(oprogrammes 1,engineers and 1, architects in the tates (ill be given trainingin seismicallysafe building designs and related techno-legalrequirements. Assistance is beingprovided to the tate4+)s to build the capacities of more than1&: tate*ngineering 2olleges and 11 Architecture 2olleges to be able

to provideadvisory services to the tate overnments to put in placeappropriate technolegalregime, assessment of buildings and infrastructures andtheir retrofitting.)hese institutions (ill function as tate /esourceInstitutions. )(enty-one*ngineering and Architecture Institutions have been designated

as ational/esource Institutes to train the faculty members of selectedtate *ngineering andArchitecture colleges. #: engineering faculty members and &:architecturefaculty members of these tate /esource Institutions (ill betrained during the

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&:-&6.'. 1' +etro2ttin of !ifeline buildins: ;hile thesemitigation measures (illtake care of the ne( constructions, the problem of unsafe

e7isting buildingstock (ould still remain. It (ill not be possible to address theentire e7istingbuilding stock, therefore the life line buildings like hospitals,schools or buildings(here people congregate like cinema halls, multi-storiedapartments are beingfocused on. )he tates have been advised to have these

buildings assessed and(here necessary retrofitted. )he 3inistries of 2ivil Aviation,/ail(ays, )elecommunication, >o(er and 8ealth and Family ;elfarehave beenadvised totake necessary action for detailed evaluation and retrofittingof lifeline buildingslocated in seismically vulnerable ones so as to ensure thatthey comply (ith =I

norms. Action plans have been dra(n up by these 3inistriesfor detailedvulnerability analysis and retrofitting4 strengthening of buildingsand structures.)he 3inistry of Finance has been requested to advise thefinancial institutions togive loans for retrofitting on easy terms. Accordingly the 3inistryof Finance had

advised /eserve =ank of India to issue suitable instructions to allthe =anks and&'Financial Institutions to see that =I codes4bye la(s arescrupulously follo(ed(hile financing4refinancing construction activities inseismically vulnerable ones.

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'.1# &ational $arth*uake +isk Mitiation Pro3ect: An*arthquake 3itigation>ro0ect has been dra(n up, (ith an estimated cost of /s.11'&crore. )he pro0ect

has been given in-principle clearance by the >lanning 2ommission.)he programme includes detailed evaluation and retrofitting oflifelinebuildings suchas hospitals, schools, (ater and po(er supply units,telecommunication buildings,airports4airport control to(ers, rail(ay stations, bus standsand important

administrative buildings in the tates4+nion )erritories inseismic ones I and .)he programme also includes training of masons inearthquakeresistantconstructions as (ell as assistance to the tate overnments to putin place anappropriate techno-legal regime.'.1: Accelerated 0rban $arth*uake 4ulnerability+eduction Proramme:

An accelerated +rban *arthquake ulnerability /eduction>rogramme has beentaken up in '$ cities in seismic ones III, I < (ith a populationof half amillion and above. )hese cities are ehradun, elhi, Jamnagar,/a0kot, =havnagar, urat, reater 3umbai, =hi(andi, asik, >une,=hubanes(ar,2uttack, 2hennai, >atna, Asansol, u(ahati, adodara,

2oimbatore, Ahmedabad,Agra, aranasi, =areily, 3eerut, 9uckno(, Banpur, Bolkatta,rinagar, Jammu,Indore, Jabalpur, Amritsar, Jalandhar, i0aya(ada,hanbad, 3angalore, Bochi,Bohikod and )rivandrum. #H# 5rientation programmes havebeen organied for

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senior officers and representatives of the local planningand development bodies tosensitie them on earthquake preparedness and mitigationmeasures. )raining

programmes have been organied for engineers and architectsto impartkno(ledge about seismically safe construction and implementationof =I norms.o far 1$$ engineers and $&: architects have been trained.For enhanced schoolsafety, education programmes have been organied in schools,colleges and other

educational institutions. About 'H educational institutions havebeen visited byearthquake disaster management specialists in these cities.)his programme (illbe further e7tended to 166 earthquake prone districts inseismic ones I < .A(areness generation programmes, community andneighbourhood organiations

have been started in these cities. )hese cities are also beingassisted to revie( andamend their building bye-la(s to incorporate multi haardsafety provisions. 2ityisaster 3anagement >lans are being developed under thepro0ect. ine 2itieshave prepared city isaster 3anagement >lans so far.'.16 Mainstreamin Mitiation in +ural De'elopment #chemes:

/uralhousing and community assets for vulnerable sections of thepopulationarecreated on a fairly large scale by the 3inistry of /uralevelopment under theIndira A(as Go0naEIAGD and ampooran rameen /o0garGo0naE/GD. About

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&: thousand small but compact housing units are constructedevery year,besides community assets such as community centres,recreation centres,

angan(adi centres etc. )echnology support is provided by aboutt(o hundredrural housing centers spread over the entire country. )he 3inistryof 8omeAffairs is (orking (ith the 3inistry of /ural evelopmentfor changing theguidelines so that the houses constructed under IAG orschool buildings4community buildings constructed under

/G are earthquake4cyclone4flood resistant" as also thatthe schemes addressing mitigationare given priority under /G. 3inistry of /ural evelopmentis carrying out ane7ercise for this purpose. )his initiative is e7pected to go a long(ayinpopulariation of seismically safe construction at village4block level.'.1H "ore ,roup on "yclone Mitiation: A ational 2ore

roup on 2yclone3onitoring < 3itigation has been constituted. *7perts fromIndian 3eteorological epartment, ational 2entre for 3edium/ange;eatherForecasting, 2entral ;ater 2ommission, ational /emoteensing Agency and&:

Indian pace /esearch 5rganisation have been made the 3embersof the 2oreroup, besides administrators from therelevant 3inistries4epartments and tateovernments vulnerable to cyclones. )he roup has been assignedthe responsibility of looking at (arning protocols for cyclones"coordination mechanism bet(een different 2entral and tate

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3inistries4epartments45rganisations" mechanism fordissemination of (arning tothe local people and" cyclone mitigation measures required to betaken for the

coastal tates. )he roup (ill also suggest short-term and long-term measures ontechnology up-gradation. )he cyclone (arning formats havebeen revised toensure that the (arning is more meaningful to the community at risk.A pro0ecthas been taken up (ith the +nited tates for upgradation ofmodels for cyclone

track prediction)'.1$ &ational "yclone Mitiation Pro3ect: A pro0ect for2yclone 3itigationEestimated cost /s.1: croreD has been dra(n up in consultation(ith the cycloneprone tates. )his pro0ect envisages construction of cycloneshelters, coastalshelter belt plantation in areas (hich are prone to stormsurges, strengthening of

(arning systems, training and education etc. )his pro0ect has alsobeen given inprincipleclearance by the >lanning 2ommission and is being taken up (ith;orld =ank assistance.'.1% !andslide a.ard Mitiation: A ational 2ore roup has beenconstituted under the 2hairmanship of ecretary, =order3anagementand

comprising of ecretary, epartment of cience and)echnology, ecretary, /oad)ransport < 8igh(ays, and the 8eads of eological urvey ofIndia and ational/emote ensing Agency for dra(ing up a strategy and plan ofactionfor

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mitigating the impact of landslides, provide advise and guidanceto tateovernments on various aspects of landslide mitigation, monitorthe activities

relating to landslide mitigation including landslide haard onationand to evolve&6early (arning systems and protocols for landslides4landsliderisk reduction. )heovernment have designated eological urvey of India EID asthe nodalagency responsible for coordinating4undertaking geological

studies, landslideshaard onation, monitoring landslides4avalanches, studyingthe factorsresponsible and suggesting precautionary and preventingmeasures.)hetates4+nion )erritories have been requested to share the listof habitations closeto landslide prone areas in order to supplement eological urvey

of India?s ongoingassessment of such areas based on the urvey of India?s)oposheet and theire7isting data base on landslides for the purpose of landslidehaard onation beingcarried out by them. A national strategy for mitigatinglandslide haard in thecounty is being dra(n up in consultation (ith all the

agencies concerned.'.1% Disaster +isk Manaement ProrammeC A isaster/isk 3anagement>rogramme has been taken up in 16% districts in 1H multi-haard pronetates (iththe assistance from +>, +AI and *uropean +nion. )hesetates are Assam,

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Arunachal >radesh, =ihar, elhi, u0arat, 3aharashtra,3eghalaya, 3ioram,3anipur, agaland, 5rissa, ikkim, )amil adu, )ripura,+ttar >radesh,

+ttaranchal and ;est =engal. +nder this pro0ect, the tatesare being assisted todra( up tate, district and =lock level disaster managementplans" village disastermanagement plans are being developed in con0unction (iththe >anchayati /a0Institutions and isaster 3anagement )eams consisting ofvillage volunteers are

being trained in preparedness and response functions such assearch and rescue,first aid, relief coordination, shelter management etc. tatesand istrict levelmulti-haard resistant *mergency 5peration 2entres E*52sD arealso being set upunder the programme. *quipment needs for district andtate *mergency5peration 2entres have been identified by the tate nodal

agencies and equipmentis being provided to equip these *52s. 5rientation training ofmasons, engineersand architects in disaster resistant technologies has been initiatedin these districtsand construction of model demonstration buildings (ill be started soon.&H'.& +nder this programme isaster 3anagement >lans have

been prepared for$6#' villages, 1#6 ram >anchayat, 1$$ blocks and $& districts.3ore than&% elected representatives of >anchayati /a0 Institutionshave already been

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trained, besides imparting training to members ofvoluntary organiations. About1$ overnment functionaries have been trained indisaster mitigation and

preparedness at different levels. $6: engineers and #&:architects have beentrained under this programme in vulnerability assessmentand retrofitting oflifeline buildings. 6 master trainers and 1& teachers havealready been trainedin different districts in disaster preparedness and mitigation.isaster 3anagement

2ommittees consisting of elected representatives, civilsociety members, 2ivilefence volunteers and overnment functionaries havebeen constituted at alllevels including village4urban local body4(ard levels.isaster 3anagement)eams have been constituted in villages and are beingimparted training in basicfunctions of first aid, search and rescue, evacuation and

related issues. )he thrustof the programme is to build up capabilities of the community sincethe community is invariably the first responder. 2apacity building ofthecommunityhas been very helpful even in normal situations (hen isolatedinstancesof

dro(ning, burns etc. take place. ;ith the creation ofa(areness generation ondisaster mitigation, the community (ill be able to function as a(ellknit unit incase of any emergency. 3ock drills are carried out from time totime under theclose supervision of isaster 3anagement 2ommittees. )heisaster 3anagement

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2ommittees and isaster 3anagement )eams have been establishedby notifications issued by the tate overnments (hich (ill ensurethatthe entire

system is institutionalied and does not disintegrate afterthe conclusion of theprogramme. )he key points being stressed under this programmeare the need toensure sustainability of the programme, development oftraining modules" manualsand codes, focused attention to a(areness generation campaigns"institutionaliation of disaster management committees and

disaster management&$teams, disaster management plans and mock-drills andestablishment of technolegalregimes.'.&1 uman +esource De'elopment: 8uman /esourceevelopment atalllevels is critical to institutionaliation of disaster mitigation

strategy. )he ational2entre for isaster 3anagement at the national level hasbeen upgraded anddesignated as the ational Institute of isaster 3anagement. Itis being developedas a /egional 2entre of *7cellence in Asia. )he ational Instituteof isaster3anagement (ill develop training modules at different

levels, undertake trainingof trainers and organie training programmes forplanners, administrators andcommand functionaries. =esides, the other functions assigned tothe ationalInstitute of isaster 3anagement include development ofe7haustive national

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level information base on disaster management policies,prevention mechanisms,mitigation measures and providing consultancy to various tatesin strengthening

their disaster management systems and capacities as (ellas preparation of disastermanagement plans and strategies for haard mitigation anddisaster response. Ithas been decided to incorporate elements of disaster managementin the trainingcurricula of 2ivil ervices. For the three All India ervices EIA,I> and Indian

Forest erviceD, training curricula have already been dra(n upand integrated intothe training curricula of these All India ervices (ith effectfrom -&:. Forother 2ivil ervices at the national and state levels, trainingmodules are beingdeveloped to be included from the ne7t year.'.&& &DM cells in Administrati'e Trainin Institutes:isaster 3anagement

faculties have already been created in &% tate leveltraining institutes located in&$ tates. )hese faculties are being directly supported bythe 3inistry of 8omeAffairs. )he tate )raining Institutions take up severalfocused trainingprogrammes for different target groups (ithin the tate.)he isaster 3anagement

faculties in these Institutes are being further strengthened so asto enable them to&%develop as Institutes of *7cellence for a specific disaster.Assistance to the tate

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level training institutes (ill be provided by the ational Instituteof isaster3anagement in the development of training capsules4trainingmodules

fordifferent functionaries at different levels.'.&' Awareness eneration: /ecogniing that a(arenessabout vulnerabilitiesis a sine qua non for inducing a mindset of disasterprevention, mitigation andpreparedness, the overnment has initiated a nation-(idea(areness generation

campaign as part of its overall disaster risk management strategy.In order todevise an effective and holistic campaign, a steering committeefor mass mediacampaign has been constituted at the national level (ithdue representation ofe7perts from diverse streams of communication. )he 2ommitteehas formulated acampaign strategy aimed at changing peoples? perception of

natural haards andhas consulted the agencies and e7perts associated (ithadvertising and media toinstill a culture of safety against natural haards.'. Apart from the use of print and electronic media, it isproposed to utilieplaces (ith high public visibility vi. hospitals, schools, rail(aystations and bus

terminals, airports and post offices, commercial comple7esand municipalityoffices etc. to make people a(are of their vulnerabilities andpromote creation of asafe living environment.'.&: A novel method being tried is the use of governmentstationery vi. postal

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letters, bank stationery, rail(ay tickets, airline boarding cardsand tickets etc. fordisseminating the message of disaster risk reduction. logansand messages for

this purpose have already been developed and have beencommunicatedtoconcerned 3inistries4agencies for printing and dissemination.)he mass mediacampaign (ill help build the kno(ledge, attitude and skills of thepeoplein

vulnerability reduction and sustainable disaster riskmanagement measures.''.&6 Disaster Awareness in #chool "urriculum: isastermanagementas asub0ect in ocial ciences has been introduced in theschool curriculum for 2lassIII < IK. )he 2entral =oard of econdary *ducation E2=*D

(hichhasintroduced the curriculum runs a very large number ofschools throughout thecountry and the course curriculum is invariably follo(ed by thetate =oards ofecondary *ducation. )eachers are being trained to teachdisaster management.

yllabus for 2lass K is being finalied and (ill be introduced inthe coursecurriculum soon. )he tate overnments have been advised totake similar stepsvis-L-vis their school boards. everal tate overnments havealready introducedthe same curriculum in 2lass III. 3inistry is (orking (ith the2ouncil of =oardof chool *ducation E25=*D to facilitate inclusion ofdisaster management in

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public education in all '% chool =oards in the country.'.&H Information5 $ducation and "ommunication: In order toassist the tateovernments in capacity building and a(areness generation

activities and to learnfrom past e7periences including sharing of best practices,the 3inistry of 8omeAffairs has compiled4prepared a set of resource materialsdeveloped by variousorganisations4institutions to be replicated and disseminated bytate overnmentsbased on their vulnerabilities after translating it into the

local languages. )hevoluminous material (hich runs into about 1 pages hasbeen divided into #broad sections in H volumes. )hese sections cover planning to cope(ith disasters"education and training" construction toolkit" and information,educationandcommunication toolkit including multi-media resources ondisaster mitigation andpreparedness. )he >lanning section contains material foranalying a community?srisk, development of preparedness, mitigation anddisaster management plans,coordinating available resources and implementing measures forrisk reduction.3odel bye-la(s, 3 >olicy, Act and model health sector plans have also

beenincluded. *ducation and )raining includes material for capacitybuildingand'1upgradation of skills of policy makers, administrators,trainers, engineers etc. in

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planning for and mitigating against natural disasters. =asic anddetailed trainingmodules in disaster preparedness have been incorporated along(ith training

methodologies for trainers, for community preparedness andmanuals for trainingat district, block, panchayat and village levels. For creating adisasterresistantbuilding environment, the 2onstruction )oolkit addresses the issueof seismicresistant construction and retrofitting of e7isting buildings.=I 2odes, manuals

and guidelines for /22, 3asonry and other constructionmethodologies as also forrepair and retrofitting of masonry and lo(-rise buildings havebeen included.'.&$ )he I*2 material seeks to generate a(areness toinduce mitigation andpreparedness measures for risk reduction. 3aterial andstrategies used by varioustates and international organiations, including tips on

different haards, havebeen incorporated along (ith multi-media 2s on disasters.)he material has beendisseminated to all the tate overnments4+) Administrations(ith the request tohave the relevant material, based on the vulnerability of eachdistrict, culled out,translated into local languages and disseminated (idely do(n to

the village level.

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Preparedness

#.1 3itigation and preparedness measures go hand in handfor vulnerability

reduction and rapid professional response to disasters. )he=hu0 earthquake inJanuary, &1 brought out several inadequacies in thesystem. >rofessionallytrained search and rescue teams (ere not available" specialieddog squads to lookfor live bodies under the debris (ere not available and there (asno centralied

resource inventory for emergency response. Although armyplayed a pivotal rolein search and rescue and also set up their hospital after thecollapse of overnmenthospital at =hu0, the need for fully equipped mobile hospitals(ith trainedpersonnel (as felt acutely. espite these constraints, theresponse (as fairly (ellorganied. 8o(ever, had these constraints been taken care

of beforehand, theresponse (ould have been even more professional and rapid (hichmay havereduced the loss of lives. pecialist search and rescue teamsfrom other countriesdid reach =hu0. 8o(ever, precious time (as lost and even (iththese specialistteams it (as not possible to cover all severely affected areas

as quickly as theovernment (ould have desired. It (as, therefore, decided that(e shouldremove these inadequacies and be in a state of preparedness atall times.

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#.& #pecialist +esponse Teams: )he 2entral overnment is no( inthe process of training and equipping eight battalions of 2>3Fs as

specialist responseteams. *ach team consists of #: personnel includingdoctors, paramedics,structural engineers etc and thus there (ill be 1## pecialistearch and /escue)eams in the earmarked eight battalions. )he process of trainingand equipping ofthe 1## specialist search and rescue teams etc has begun. 1$

teams have beentrained so far. )hese teams are being trained in collapsedstructure search andrescue, medical first response, rescue and evacuation in floodand cyclone, under(ater rescue etc. In effect they (ill have the capability tooperate in all types of''terrain in all contingencies4disasters. It is proposed to group

together the eightbattalions of 2>3Fs earmarked for specialied emergency responseas Mational*mergency /esponse ForceN. )hese specialist response teams arebeing providedmodern equipments and also dog squads for search and rescue.)hey (ill beprovided (ith special uniforms made of fire retardant materials

(ith enhancedvisibility in lo( light and having equipment carrying capacity.#.' Apart from specialist search < rescue units, it has beendecided that allpersonnel of 2entral >olice 5rganiations should also beimparted training in

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search and rescue so that they can be requisitioned to the siteof incident (ithoutloss of time. >ending arrival of the specialist teams, thebattalions located near the

site of incident (ould be deployed immediately. For this purpose,a curriculumhas already been dra(n up and integrated into the trainingcurriculum of 2>3Fs.#.# #ettin up of #earch and +escue Teams in #tates: )hetates have beenadvised to set up their o(n pecialist )eams for respondingto disasters. 3inistry

of 8ome Affairs (ill provide assistance for the training of thetate trainers. 3anytates4+nion )erritories have initiated action for setting upof specialied A/units. )en tates have identified the )raining 2enters for trainingin earch and/escue in the tates. )hey have also identified trainers (ho (illbe impartedtraining at 2>3F training institutions. ome states e.g.

3aharashtra, 5rissa,u0arat and elhi have trained search and rescue teams. It hasbeen provided that1! of the annual inflo(s into the 2/F can be used for procurementof search andrescue equipment and communication equipment. tates havebeen advised toinclude training in search and rescue in the training of tate

Armed >olice.

'##.: +eional +esponse "entres: Fourteen /egional /esponse2entres E//2sD

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are being set up across the country to enable immediate responseto floods,cyclones, earthquakes, landslides etc. tandard cache ofequipment and relief

materials (ill be kept in these //2s and pecialist /esponse )eams(illbestationed during the flood4cyclone seasons for immediateassistance to the tateovernments. 2aches of equipments are being procured and all//2s (ill beoperational soon.

#.6 A teering 2ommittee has been constituted in the 3inistryto oversee thecreation of capabilities for emergency response.#.H ealth PreparednessC A & bedded mobile hospital, fullytrainedandequipped is being set up and attached to a leading overnmenthospital in elhi.)hree additional mobile hospitals (ith all medical and

emergency equipments areproposed to be located in different parts of the country. )hesemobile hospitals(ill also be attached to the leading overnment hospitals inthe country. )his (illenable the mobile hospitals to e7tend assistance to the hospitals(ith (hich theyare attached in normal time. )hey (ill be airlifted during

emergencies (ithadditional doctors4paramedics taken from the hospitals (ith (hichthe mobilehospitals are attached to the site of disaster.#.$ ospital Preparedness and $merency ealthManaement in Medical

$ducation: 8ospital preparedness is crucial to any disasterresponse system. *ach

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hospital need to have an emergency preparedness plan to deal(ith mass casualtyincidents and the hospital administration4 doctor trained forthis emergency. )he

curriculum for medical doctors does not at present include8ospital >reparednessfor emergencies. )herefore capacity building through in-service training of thecurrent health managers and medical personnel in8ospital >reparedness foremergencies or mass casualty incident management is essential. Atthe same time

':in order that the future health managers acquire these skills itis proposed toinclude health emergency management in the undergraduate andpost graduatemedical curricula. In consultation (ith 3edical 2ouncil of IndiaE32ID,t(ocommittees have been constituted for preparation of curriculum

for introduction ofemergency health management in 3== curriculum and preparationof in-servicetraining of 8ospital 3anagers and >rofessionals. /a0ivandhi +niversity of8ealth ciences Barnataka has been identified as the leadnational resourceinstitution for the purpose.

#.% Incident "ommand #ystemC In order to professionalieemergency response management, it is proposed to introduce theIncident2ommand ystemin the country. )his system provides for specialist incidentcommand teams (ithan Incident 2ommander and officers trained in different aspectsof incident

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response (ith both specialist equipment and specialistmanpo(er resources. )heI/ lists out the equipments and the resources by type and bythe functions it

performs and it gives the contact address and telephone numbersof the controllingofficers in-charge of the said resources. )he I/ is a livesystem providing forupdating of inventory once in every quarter. *ntries into theinventory are made atdistrict and tate level. )he net(ork ensures quick accessto resources to

minimise response time in emergencies. )he list of resources tobe updated in thesystem has been finalied. It has &&6 items. About 6%,'&% recordsin :#: districtsthroughout the country have already been uploaded since eptember1, &'(hen the India isaster /esource et(ork (as formallyinaugurated. )he system(ill give, at the touch of the button, location of

specific equipments4specialistresources as (ell as the 2ontrolling authority for that resourceso that it can bemobilied for response in the shortest possible time. )he database (ill beavailable simultaneously at the district, state and national levels.#.1& $merency %peration "entres: )he tates are beingassisted to set up

control rooms4emergency operations centres at the tate anddistrict level.Assistance for this is being given under the 5I - +> pro0ectin the tatescovered by the pro0ect. Assistance under the 3oderniation of>olice cheme is

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also available for setting up *52s. )he control rooms, (hich(ill function roundthe clock, (ill be composite control rooms to look after la( andorder issues as

(ell as disaster management. *quipments are also being providedfor thesecontrol rooms under the disaster risk managementprogramme) 8aard one-(isestandard layout, structural design and construction dra(ings havebeen developedfor tate and istrict *52s and shared (ith all thetates. 2onstruction (ork has

started for multi-haard resistant *52s in si7 tates and6# districts.'H#.1' &ational $merency %peration "entre: )o coordinate theentiredisaster4emergency operations effectively, the e7isting 2ontrol/oomat thenational level has been upgraded as ational *mergency

5perations 2enterE*52D. )he ational *52 is equipped (ith satellite phones,>, computers,emergency lights, I information system etc in five on-site emergencycoordination kits in ready-to-use mode. taffs in the *52 havebeen trained. Atate-of-the-art underground and all-haard resistant, ational

*52 (ith superiorstructural features and communication facilities is being set up.A 2ommittee of2>;4=A/24/5 has been constituted to finalie thedesign parameters. It islikely to be commissioned by &6.#.1# &ational $merency "ommunication &etwork:)he communication

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connect ational4tate4istrict *52s (ith disaster4emergencysites is proposed tobe completed by 3arch, &6. )he communication backbone to beused

(illinclude terrestrial link E5)D, >59*), I2*), Iand >A2**)#.1: De'elopment of a ,I#-based &ational Database forDisaster

Manaement: )he eographical Information ystem EID databaseis an

effective tool for emergency responders to access informationin terms ofcrucial parameters for the disaster affected areas. )hecrucial parameters includelocation of the public facilities, communication links andtransportation net(ork atnational, state and district levels. )he I data base alreadyavailable (ithdifferent agencies of the overnment is being upgraded and the

gaps are proposedto be bridged. A pro0ect for this purpose is being dra(n up (ith avie(toinstitutionalie the arrangements. )he data base (ill providemulti layered mapson district (ise basis. )hese maps taken in con0unction (iththe satellite images

available for a particular area (ill enable the district administrationas (ell astate overnments to carry out haard onation andvulnerability assessment, as(ell as coordinate response after a disaster. /ecogniing thecrucial importance ofeographical Information ystem EID as a decision support toolfor disastermanagement, the 3inistry of 8ome Affairs proposes toestablish a I database,

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Oational atabase for isaster 3anagement E3D?, (hich(ill assist inhaard onation, risk assessment, preparedness andemergency response

management.#.16 #trenthenin of Fire #er'ices: In order to furtherstrengthen the capacityfor response, the fire services are proposed to be developed intomulti haardresponse units as is the normal practice in several other countriesA pro0ect for thisE(ith an estimated cost of /s :H croresD has been dra(n up.

)he >lanning'%2ommission has given in-principle clearance to the pro0ect.)he e7ercise formobiliation of resources is being undertaken. It is proposedto provide rescuetenders in addition to fire tenders to each fire unit and fill up allgaps up to subdivisionallevel. 8amat vans (ill be provided to tate capitals and

metropolitan cities. )his (ill necessitate recruitment of additionalfiremen anddrivers andintensive training required to be provided to enable them tofunction as efficientall purpose response units.#.1H #trenthenin of "i'il Defence: India has a large net(orkof 2ivil efence

and 8ome uards volunteers. )he e7isting strength is about 1.&million. 8o(ever, this organiation has not so far been associated(ithdisaster mitigation,preparedness and response functions. It is proposed to revampthe 2ivil efenceorganiation to enable them to discharge a key responsibility inall facets of

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disaster management including preparedness. A proposal in thisregard has beenfinalied and is under consideration of the overnment.#.1$ andlin of a.ardous Materials" In the light of the

e7perience of the=hopal as )ragedy, the 3inistry of 8ome Affairs hasbeen interacting (ith3inistry of *nvironment < Forests and ne( guidelines have beensent to thetates for industries handling haardous materials. It hasbeen prescribed thatonsite and offsite disaster response plans for the industries

dealing (ith haardousmaterial be updated in consultation (ith istrict Administrationand that this maybe rehearsed once every year. It has also been prescribed thatthese industries (illcarry out a(areness campaigns for the population in thevicinity regarding thedos4don?ts in case of any accident involving haardous materials.#.1% ;ith the development of disaster management committees

and disastermanagement teams at all levels including village4urban localbody4(ard level, the#stage (ill be set for comprehensive preparedness measures tobe taken (ith activeparticipation of the community and non-governmental organiations.#.& #pecial Focus to &ortheastern #tatesC A special focus is

being given toorth-*astern tates and the Andaman < icobar Islands.)he orth-*astern2ouncil has been made the nodal agency for the * tates. )he*2 has been

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civil society organiations and media also have a key role to playin achieving ourgoal of moving together, to(ards a safer India. )he message beingput across is

that in order to move to(ards safer and sustainablenational development,development pro0ects should be sensitive to(ards disaster mitigation.:.& 5ur mission is vulnerability reduction to all types of haards,be it naturalor manmade. )his is not an easy task to achieve, keeping in vie(the vastpopulation, and the multiple natural haards to (hich this country

is e7posed.8o(ever, if (e are firm in our conviction and resolve thatthe overnment and thepeople of this country are not prepared to pay the price in termsof massivecasualties and economic losses, the task, though difficult, isachievable and (eshall achieve it.:.' ;e have taken the first fe( but significant steps

to(ards vulnerabilityreduction, putting in place prevention and mitigation measuresand preparednessfor a rapid and professional response. ;ith a massivea(areness generationcampaign and building up of capabilities as (ell asinstitutionaliation of theentire mechanism through a techno-legal and techno-

financial frame(ork, (e aregradually moving in the direction of sustainable development.:.# )he various prevention and mitigation measures outlined aboveare aimedat building up the capabilities of the communities,voluntary organiations and

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overnment functionaries at all levels. >articular stress is being laidon ensuringthat these measures are institutionalied considering thevast population and the

#&geographical area of the country. )his is a ma0or taskbeing undertaken by theovernment to put in place mitigation measures forvulnerability reduction. )hisis 0ust a beginning. )he ultimate goal is to make preventionand mitigation a partof normal day-to-day life.. ;e have a firm conviction that (ith

these measures inplace, (e could say (ith confidence that disasters like 5rissacyclone and =hu0earthquake (ill not be allo(ed to recur in this country" at least notat the cost,(hich the country has paid in these t(o disasters in terms ofhuman lives,livestock, loss of property and means of livelihood.