Document Analysis - Pearson Education · 2019. 3. 1. · Document 2 Giuseppe Mazzini was regarded...

N

EW YORK

N

EW YORK

Document Analysis

Usmah Ibn Munqidh (1095–1188) was a Syrian warrior and nobleman, who fought against the Frankish knights with Saladin in the Third Crusade. As a resident of the area around Palestine, he had the opportunity to befriend a number of Europeans. His autobiography dates from around 1175.

They brought before me a knight in whose leg an abscess had grown; and a woman afflicted with imbecility. To the knight I applied a small poultice until the abscess opened and became well; and the woman I put on diet and made her humor wet. Then a Frankish physician came to them and said, “This man knows nothing about treating them.” He then said to the knight, “Which wouldst thou prefer, living with one leg or dying with two?” The latter replied, “Living with one leg.” The physician said, “Bring me a strong knight and a sharp ax.” A knight came with the ax. And I was standing by. Then the physician laid the leg of the patient on a block of wood and bade the knight strike his leg with the ax and chop it off at one blow. Accordingly he struck it—while I was looking on-one blow, but the leg was not severed. He dealt another blow, upon which the marrow of the leg flowed out and the patient died on the spot. He then examined the woman and said, “This is a woman in whose head there is a devil which has possessed her. Shave off her hair.” Accordingly they shaved it off and the woman began once more to cat their ordinary diet-garlic and mustard. Her imbe-cility took a turn for the worse. The physician then said, “The devil has penetrated through her head.” He therefore took a razor, made a deep cruciform incision on it, peeled off the skin at the middle of the incision until the bone of the skull was exposed and rubbed it with salt. The woman also expired instantly. Thereupon I asked them whether my services were needed any longer, and when they replied in the negative I returned home, having learned of their medicine what I knew not before.

Source: Usmah Ibn Munqidh, Autobiography, c. 1175

1. Explain the historical circumstances that resulted in the encounter between Usmah Ibn Munqidh and the Frankish physician. [1]

2. Based on this excerpt from Usmah Ibn Munqidh’s Autobiography identify his point of view concerning European medical knowledge. [1]

Document Analysis 31

N

EW YORK

N

EW YORK

Document 2

Louis de Rouvroy, Duc de Saint-Simon (1675–1755), was the godson of Louis XIV. He was brought up in Versailles and had the opportunity to observe first-hand the daily life of the court. His Memoirs provide one of the most complete accounts we have of the reign of Louis XIV. The Duc de Saint-Simon was a close follower of political developments.

Not only did he expect all persons of distinction to be in continual attendance at Court, but he was quick to notice the absence of those of inferior degree; at his lever, his coucher, his meals, in the gardens of Versailles (the only place where the courtiers in general were allowed to follow him), he used to cast his eyes to right and left; nothing escaped him, he saw everybody. If any one habitually living at Court absented himself he insisted on knowing the reason; those who came there only for flying visits had also to give a satisfactory explanation; any one who seldom or never appeared there was certain to incur his displeasure. If asked to bestow a favor on such persons he would reply haughtily: “I do not know him”; of such as rarely presented themselves he would say, “He is a man I never see”; and from these judgements there was no appeal.

Source: “Life at Versailles,” The Memoirs of the Duke de Saint-Simon, F. Arkwright (ed.), 1915

2. Based on this excerpt, explain the Duke de Saint-Simon’s purpose for writing about life at the court of Louis XIV. [1]

3a. Identify a similarity or a difference regarding the relationship between the ruler and the nobility in Tokugawa Japan and Bourbon France in the 18th century, as expressed in documents 1 and 2. [1]

3b. Explain a similarity or a difference regarding the relationship between the ruler and the nobility in Tokugawa Japan and Bourbon France in the 18th century, as expressed in documents 1 and 2. [1]

Constructed Response Questions 49

N

EW YORK

N

EW YORK

Document 2

H.G. Wells (1866–1946) was an English novelist and historian best known for such science fiction novels as The Time Machine and The War of the Worlds and his history book The Outline of History (1920), which was subtitled “The Whole Story of Man.” Wells was very dissatisfied with the quality of history textbooks at the end of World War I, and so produced a 1,324-page work. The book met with popular acclaim and massive sales.

And now we come to one of the most illuminating figures in modern history, the figure of an adventurer and a wrecker whose story seems to display with an extraordinary vividness the universal . . . conflict of egotism . . . with the weaker, wider claims of the common good. . . . [In the midst of turmoil in France and Europe] . . . appears this dark [figure. He was] hard . . . capable, [and] unscrupulous. . . . The figure he makes in history is one of almost incredible self-conceit, of vanity, greed and cunning. . . . [His] aping of Caesar, Alexander, and Charlemagne which would be purely comic, if it were not caked over with human blood. Until, as Victor Hugo [a late 19th century French writer] said . . . “God was bored by him,” and he was kicked aside into a corner to end his days explaining . . . how very clever his worst blunders had been, prowling about his dismal hot island shooting birds and squabbling meanly with an underbred gaoler (jailer) who failed to show him proper “respect.”

Source: H.G. Wells, The Outline of History: Being a Plain History of Life and Mankind, 1920

2. Explain H.G. Wells’ point of view point of view concerning the career of Napoleon Bonaparte. [1]

Similarity—tells how something is alike or the same as something else.

Difference—tells how something is not alike or not the same as something else.

3a. Identify a similarity or a difference regarding the career of Napoleon Bonaparte as expressed in documents 1 and 2. [1]

3b. Explain a similarity or a difference regarding the career of Napoleon Bonaparte as expressed in documents 1 and 2. [1]


N

EW YORK

N

EW YORK

Document 2

Giuseppe Mazzini was regarded as the “soul of the unification of Italy” and spearhead of the Italian revolutionary movement. His efforts inspired the independent and unified Italy in place of the several separate states, many dominated by foreign powers that existed until the 19th century. This letter was confiscated by a conservative Member of Parliament in Great Britain. When made public, it intensified British sympathy for the Italian unification.

Italy is a vast prison, guarded by a certain number of gaolers [jailers] and gendarmes [policemen], supported in case of need by the bayonets of men whom we don’t understand and who don’t understand us. If we speak, they thrust a gag on our mouths; if we make a show of action, they platoon us. A petition, signed collectively, constitutes a crime against the State. Nothing is left us but the endeavour to agree in secret to wrench the bars from the doors and windows of our prison—to knock down gates and gaolers that we may breathe the fresh life-giving air of liberty, the air of God. Then, a career by pacific means of progress will be open to us; then will begin our guilt and condemnation if we cannot bring ourselves to be content with it.

Source: Giuseppe Mazzini, Italy, Austria, and the Pope: A Letter to Sir James Graham, 1845

2. Based on this excerpt, explain Mazzini’s purpose for writing this letter. [1]

Cause—refers to something that contributes to the occurrence of an event, the rise of an idea, or the bringing about of a development.

Effect—refers to what happens as a consequence (result, impact, outcome) of an event, idea, or a development.

3. Identify and explain a cause-and-effect relationship associated with the events or ideas in documents 1 and 2. Be sure to use evidence from both documents 1 and 2 in your response. [1]


N

EW YORK

N

EW YORK

Document 2

Andrew Ure (1778–1857) was a medical doctor and a professor of chemistry and natural philosophy at Anderson College, Scotland. In 1834 he traveled around industrial Britain. His main concern was the four textile industries: cotton, wool, linen, and silk. In the preface of his book The Philosophy of Manufacturers, published in 1835, he claimed that he had written the book so that “masters, managers, and operatives would follow the straight paths of improvement” and hoped that it would help “prevent them from pursuing dangerous ideas.”

Hence, ill-usage (abuse) of any kind is a very rare occurrence. I have visited many factories, . . . in Manchester . . . entering the spinning rooms, unexpectedly, and often alone, at different times of day, and I never saw a single instance of corporal chastisement (physical abuse) inflicted on a child, nor indeed did I ever see children in ill-humor (unhappy). They seemed to be always cheerful and alert, taking pleasure in the light play of their muscles—enjoying the mobility natural to their age. The scene of industry . . . was always exhilarating. It was delightful to observe the nimbleness with which they pieced the broken ends, as the mule-carriage began to recede from the fixed roller beam, and to see them at leisure, after a few seconds’ exercise of their tiny fingers, to amuse themselves in any attitude they chose, till the stretch and winding-on were once more completed. The work of these lively elves seemed to resemble a sport, in which habit gave them a pleasing dexterity. Conscious of their skill, they were delighted to show it off to any stranger. As to exhaustion by the day’s work, they evinced no trace of it on emerging from the mill in the evening; for they immediately began to skip about any neighboring play-ground, and to commence their little amusements with the same alacrity as boys issuing from a school. It is moreover my firm conviction, that if children are not ill-used by bad parents or guardians, but receive in food and raiment (clothing) the full benefit of what they earn, they would thrive better in our modem factories than if left alone in apartments too often ill-aired, damp, and cold.

Source: Andrew Ure, The Philosophy of Manufactures, 1835

2. Based on this excerpt, explain Ure’s point of view on child labor in the Industrial Revolution. [1]



3a. Identify a similarity or a difference regarding the use of child labor in textile factories in Great Britain in the 1800s as expressed in documents 1 and 2. [1]

3b. Explain a similarity or a difference regarding the use of child labor in textile factories in Great Britain in the 1800s as expressed in documents 1 and 2. Be sure to use evidence from both documents 1 and 2 in your response. [1]


N

EW YORK

N

EW YORK

Document 2

Deutsche Welle (“German wave” in German) or DW is Germany’s public international broadcaster. The service is available in 30 languages. DW’s satellite television service consists of channels in English, German, Spanish, and Arabic. While funded by the German government, the work of DW is regulated by the Deutsche Welle Act, meaning that content is always independent of government influence. To commemorate the 130th anniversary of the Berlin Conference, DW interviewed different historians. Among them was Olayemi Akinwumi, professor of history at Nasarawa State University in Nigeria.

In African studies, many of us believe that the foundation for present day crises in Africa was actually laid by the 1884/85 Berlin Conference. The partition was done without any consideration for the history of the society. . . . The conference did irreparable damage to the continent. Some nations are still suffering from it to this day.

Source: Olayemi Akinwumi, professor of history at Nasarawa State University in Nigeria, “130 Years Ago: Carving Up Africa in Berlin,” Deutsche Welle, February 25, 2015

2. Based on this excerpt, explain Akinwumi’s point of view on the Berlin Conference of 1884–1885.


Effect—refers to what happens as a consequence (result, impact, outcome) of an event, an idea, or a development.



N

EW YORK

N

EW YORK

Document 2

Itō Hirobumi (1841–1909) was a Japanese statesman who progressed from a radical student to become the most powerful leader in Japan’s development from isolation to a modern, westernized nation during the Meiji Restoration period. In 1871, he joined Iwakura Mission. He later implemented such reforms as a decimal currency system, the modernization of banking, and a communications network. In 1883, after extensive research on European political systems, he began drafting Meiji Japan’s constitution, based on that of Prussia. In 1885 he became Japan’s first prime minister, a position he held four times, becoming one of the longest serving prime ministers in Japanese history. In 1906, he wrote his reflections on the Meiji Restoration.

From the beginning, we realized fully how necessary it was that the Japanese people should not only adopt Western methods, but should also speedily become competent to do without the aid of foreign instruction and supervision. In the early days we brought many foreigners to Japan to help to introduce modern methods, but we always did it in such a way as to enable the Japanese students to take their rightful place in the nation after they had been educated.

Source: Ito Hirobumi, “Building Up Industries,” Alfred Stead, Great Japan: A Study of National Efficiency, 1906

2. Based on this reflection, explain Ito Hirobumi’s point of view concerning the Meiji Restoration. [1]

Turning point—is a major event, idea, or historical development that brings about significant change. It can be local, regional, national, or global.

3a. Identify a turning point associated with the historical development and events related to both documents 1 and 2. [1]

3b. Explain why the historical developments and events associated with these documents are considered a turning point. Be sure to use evidence from both documents 1 and 2 in your response. [1]


N

EW YORK

N

EW YORK

Document 2

After working as a tutor in southern France, Wilfred Owen returned to England in 1915 to enlist in the army and was commissioned into the Manchester Regiment. After spending the remainder of the year training in England, he left for the Western Front early in January 1917. After experiencing heavy fighting, he was diagnosed with shellshock and hospitalized in England. He wrote all of his poems between August 1917 and September 1918. He returned to France in August 1918 and in October was awarded the Military Cross for bravery. On November 4, 1918, he was killed while attempting to lead his men across the Sambre canal at Ors in France. The news of his death reached his parents on 11 November, Armistice Day. One of Owen’s poems, “Dulce et Decorum Est,” had its origins in Owen’s experiences of January 1917.

Bent double, like old beggars under sacks, Knock-kneed, coughing like hags, we cursed through sludge, Till on the haunting flares we turned our backs And towards our distant rest began to trudge. Men marched asleep. Many had lost their boots But limped on, blood-shod. All went lame; all blind;Drunk with fatigue; deaf even to the hoots Of tired, outstripped Five-Nines that dropped behind.

Gas! Gas! Quick, boys!––An ecstasy of fumbling Fitting the clumsy helmets just in time; But someone still was yelling out and stumbling, And flound’ring like a man in fire or lime.––Dim, through the misty panes and thick green light,As under a green sea, I saw him drowning.

In all my dreams, before my helpless sight, He plunges at me, guttering, choking, drowning.

If in some smothering dreams you too could pace Behind the wagon that we flung him in, And watch the white eyes writhing in his face, His hanging face, like a devil’s sick of sin; If you could hear, at every jolt, the blood Come gargling from the froth-corrupted lungs, Obscene as cancer, bitter as the cud Of vile, incurable sores on innocent tongues, My friend, you would not tell with such high zest To children ardent for some desperate glory, The old Lie; Dulce et Decorum est Pro patria mori.*

*It is sweet and honorable to die for one’s country

Source: Wilfred Owen, “Dulce Et Decorum Est”

2. Based on this excerpt, explain Owen’s point of view on the war in the Western Front. [1]



3a. Identify a similarity or a difference regarding the attitude or impact of World War I as expressed in documents 1 and 2. [1]

3b. Explain a similarity or a difference regarding the attitude or impact of World War I as expressed in documents 1 and 2. [1]


N

EW YORK

N

EW YORK

Document 2

Walter Duranty (May 25, 1884–October 3, 1957) was a Liverpool-born, Anglo-American journalist who served as the Moscow Bureau Chief of The New York Times for fourteen years (1922–1936) following the Bolshevik victory in the Russian Civil War (1918–1921). In 1932, he received a Pulitzer Prize for a series of reports about the Soviet Union, 11 of them published in June 1931. He was criticized for his subsequent denial of widespread famine (1932–1933) in the USSR, most particularly the mass starvation in Ukraine. Years later, there were calls to revoke his Pulitzer. The New York Times, which submitted his works for the prize in 1932, wrote that his later articles denying the famine constituted “some of the worst reporting to appear in this newspaper.”

The essential feature of N.E.P. was that it allowed the free buying and selling of goods by any individual, that is to say, private trade, which had been almost wholly suppressed during the Communist period. In consequence it offered a great stimulus to production. It brought other important changes such as the introduction of piece-work, a sealed system of wages, income and other taxes, and of course payment for public services like street-cars, trains, theatres, and so forth, which had been nominally free before. Finally it allowed a limited traffic in money by individual groups, and unlimited individual production of goods, even small-scale factory production. N.E.P. was thus definitely a reversion to Capitalism, at least to the outward forms of Capitalism. Nevertheless, Lenin from the outset intended it to be only a temporary reversion and, what is more, it was only a partial reversion, inasmuch as control of the main sources of production and means of production, transportation, big finance and big industry, and of mines and other natural resources was retained in the hands of the State.

Source: Walter Duranty, I Write As I Please, 1935

2. Based on this excerpt, explain Walter Duranty’s point of view on the New Economic Policy. [1]





N

EW YORK

N

EW YORK

Document 2

Tayyip Erdogan is a Turkish politician serving as the current President of Turkey, a position he has held since 2014. On September 30, 2017, he gave an interview to Reuters, an international news agency headquartered in London, United Kingdom, commenting on a referendum for the creation of an independent Kurdish state, conducted by the Kurdish Regional Government.

Turkey’s Erdogan says Iraqi Kurdish authorities “will pay price” for vote

Turkey’s President Tayyip Erdogan said on Saturday Iraqi Kurdish authorities would pay the price for an independence referendum which was widely opposed by foreign powers.

Iraq’s Kurds overwhelmingly backed independence in Monday’s referendum, defying neighboring countries which fear the vote could fuel Kurdish separatism within their own borders and lead to fresh conflict.

“They are not forming an independent state, they are opening a wound in the region to twist the knife in,” Erdogan told members of his ruling AK Party in the eastern Turkish city of Erzurum.

Source: Reuters Staff, Reuters, September 30, 2017

2. Based on this excerpt, explain Erdogen’s point of view on the Kurdish referendum. [1]





N

EW YORK

N

EW YORK

Document 2

Daniel Fitzpatrick was an editorial cartoonist for the St. Louis Dispatch from 1913–1958, during which time his cartoons were published in 35 newspapers in the United States. During the 1920s and 1930s, while the United States was looking inward, Fitzpatrick was one of the first American cartoonists to warn of the dangers of fascism in Europe. As Hitler’s armies marched across Europe, he used the symbol of the swastika as a horrific death machine repeatedly to challenge the United States to enter the war against Germany.

2. Based on the cartoon, explain how audience affects the way Daniel Fitzpatrick presents his ideas. [1]

Similarity—tells how something is alike or the same as something else

Difference—tells how something is not alike or not the same as something else

3a. Identify a similarity or a difference regarding German military success in World War II as expressed in documents 1 and 2. [1]

3b. Explain a similarity or a difference regarding German military success in World War II as expressed in documents 1 and 2. [1]


N

EW YORK

N

EW YORK

Document 2

The Warsaw Pact, formally known as the Treaty of Friendship, Cooperation and Mutual Assistance, was a collective defense treaty signed in Warsaw, Poland, among the Soviet Union and seven Soviet satellite states of Central and Eastern Europe during the Cold War. It was dissolved in 1991 after the collapse of the Soviet Union.

The Warsaw Security Pact

Treaty of Friendship, Cooperation and Mutual Assistance Between the People’s Republic of Albania, the People’s Republic of Bulgaria, the Hungarian People’s Republic, the German Democratic Republic, the Polish People’s Republic, the Rumanian People’s Republic, the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics and

the Czechoslovak Republic, May 14, 1955

The Contracting Parties, reaffirming their desire for the establishment of a system of European collective security based on the participation of all European states irrespective of their social and political systems, which would make it possible to unite their efforts in safeguarding the peace of Europe.

Source: The Warsaw Pact, May 14, 1955

2. Based on this excerpt, explain the purpose of the Warsaw Security Pact of 1955. [1]





N

EW YORK

N

EW YORK

Document 2

American newspaper editorial cartoonist Pat Oliphant is a native of Australia, who came to the United States in 1964 because he saw more opportunity to develop his craft. Using his skill of caricature and satire, he targeted injustice, hypocrisy, and scandal. In 1990, the New York Times described him as “the most influential editorial cartoonist now working.” His cartoons appeared through Universal Press Syndicate.

2. Based on the cartoon, explain how audience affects the way Pat Oliphant presents his ideas. [1]





N

EW YORK

N

EW YORK

Constructed Response Questions

Document 2

The Khartoum Resolution was issued on September 1, 1967 at the conclusion of the 1967 Arab League summit that took place after the Six-Day War in Khartoum, the capital of Sudan. The summit was attended by the Arab heads of state of Egypt, Syria, Lebanon, Iraq, Algeria, Kuwait, and Sudan.

Khartoum Resolution

1. The conference has affirmed the unity of Arab ranks, the unity of joint action and the need for coordination and for the elimination of all differences. The Kings, Presidents and representatives of the other Arab Heads of State at the conference have affirmed their countries’ stand by and implementation of the Arab Solidarity Charter. . . .

3. The Arab Heads of State have agreed to unite their political efforts at the international and diplomatic level to eliminate the effects of the aggression and to ensure the withdrawal of the aggressive Israeli forces from the Arab lands which have been occupied since the aggression of June 5. This will be done within the framework of the main principles by which the Arab States abide, namely, no peace with Israel, no recognition of Israel, no negotiations with it, and insistence on the rights of the Palestinian people in their own country.

Source: The Khartoum Resolution, September 1, 1967

2. Based on this excerpt, explain the audience of the Khartoum Resolution of 1967. [1]





N

EW YORK

N

EW YORK

Document 2

Viktor Mihály Orbán is the current Prime Minister of Hungary, an office he has held since 2010. Under his right-wing, populist leadership, Hungary has seen the return of ethnic nationalism and deep-rooted corruption. Orbán has embarked on a sweeping concentration of power, eliminating constitutional safeguards.

Hungarian Prime Minister Viktor Orbán called refugees “Muslim invaders” as he defended his country’s refusal to take part in the EU’s resettlement program.

A regular critic of the European Union’s refugee policies, the leader of the center-right Fidesz party has long-fought the bloc’s demand that his country accept almost 1,300 refugees.

“We don’t see these people as Muslim refugees. We see them as Muslim invaders,” he told German tabloid Bild. “For example, to arrive from Syria in Hungary, you have to cross four countries, all of which are not as rich as Germany, but stable. So they are not running for their lives there already.”

He was referring to a major migration route through Europe, which sees refugees cross through Turkey, Greece, Macedonia, and Serbia before entering Hungarian territory.

Mr. Orbán added that a large influx of Muslims “inevitably leads to parallel societies”. He claimed Christian and Muslim communities “will never unite”.

“Multiculturalism is only an illusion,” he said.

Asked whether it was fair for Hungary to refuse to accept any refugees, while Germany accepted hundreds of thousands, Mr. Orbán, who is facing pressure to toughen his stance on immigration still further ahead of elections in Hungary in April, said: “The difference is, you wanted the migrants, and we didn’t.”

He said there was a “double standard” in place, with Hungary unfairly criticized since the quota “wasn’t implemented in over 20 countries”.

Source: Harriet Agerholm, “Refugees Are ‘Muslim invaders’ Not Running For Their Lives,” The Independent Online, January 9, 2018

2. Based on this excerpt, explain Orbán’s point of view of the international migrant crisis. [1]





Document 2

The history of the British Raj refers to the period of British rule on the Indian subcontinent between 1858 and 1947. The system of governance was instituted in 1858 when the rule of the East India Company was transferred to the Crown in the person of Queen Victoria (who in 1876 was proclaimed Empress of India). The Raj lasted until 1947, when the British provinces of India were partitioned into two sovereign states: India and Pakistan

PROCLAMATION by the QUEEN in Council to the PRINCES, CHIEFS, and PEOPLE of INDIA

VICTORIA, by the Grace of God of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland, and of the Colonies and Dependencies thereof in Europe, Asia, Africa, America, and Australasia, Queen, Defender of the Faith.

Whereas, for divers weighty reasons, We have resolved, by and with the advice and consent of the Lords Spiritual and Temporal, and Commons, in Parliament assembled, to take upon Ourselves the Government of the Territories in India heretofore [previously] administered in trust for Us by the Honorable East India Company.

Now, therefore, We do by these Presents notify and declare that, by the advice and consent aforesaid, We have taken upon Ourselves the said Government; and We hereby call upon all Our Subjects within the said Territories [India] to be faithful, and to bear true Allegiance to Us, Our Heirs, and Successors, and to submit themselves to the authority of those whom We may hereafter, from time to time, see fit to appoint to administer the Government of Our said Territories in Our name and on Our behalf.

Source: Proclamation by the Queen in Council to the Princes, Chiefs, and People of India, published by the Governor-General at Allahabad, November 1, 1858

2. Based on this excerpt, explain the purpose of the proclamation of 1858. [1]




N

EW YORK

N

EW YORK

Simulated Regents Examination E-13

Document 2

On May 3, 1947, Japan’s postwar constitution went into effect. The document was largely the work of Supreme Allied Commander Douglas MacArthur and his Occupation staff, who had prepared the draft in February 1946. The constitution provides for a parliamentary system of government and guarantees certain fundamental rights. Under its terms, the Emperor of Japan is “the symbol of the State and of the unity of the people” and exercises a purely ceremonial role without the possession of sovereignty.

It is with a sense of deep satisfaction that I am to-day able to announce a decision of the Emperor and Government of Japan to submit to the Japanese people a new and enlightened constitution which has my full approval. This instrument has been drafted after painstaking investigation and frequent conference between members of the Japanese Government and this headquarters following my initial direction to the cabinet five months ago.

Declared by its terms to be the supreme law for Japan, it places sovereignty squarely in the hands of the people. It establishes governmental authority with the predominant power vested in an elected legislature, as representative of the people, but with adequate check upon that power, as well as upon the power of the Executive and the Judiciary, to insure that no branch of government may become autocratic or arbitrary in the administration of affairs of state. It leaves the throne without governmental authority or state property, subject to the people’s will, a symbol of the people’s unity. It provides for and guarantees to the people fundamental human liberties which satisfy the most exacting standards of enlightened thought. It severs for all time the shackles of feudalism and in its place raises the dignity of man under protection of the people’s sovereignty. It is throughout responsive to the most advanced concept of human relations—is an eclectic instrument, realistically blending the several divergent political philosophies which intellectually honest men advocate.

Foremost of its provisions is that which, abolishing war as a sovereign right of the nation, forever renounces the threat or use of force as a means for settling disputes with any other nation and forbids in future the authorization of any army, navy, air force or other war potential or assumption of rights of belligerency by the state. By this undertaking and commitment Japan surrenders rights inherent in her own sovereignty and renders her future security and very survival subject to the good faith and justice of the peace loving peoples of the world. By it does a nation, recognizing the futility of war as an arbiter of international issues, chart a new course oriented to faith in the justice, tolerance and understanding of mankind.

The Japanese people thus turn their backs firmly upon the mysticism and unreality of the past and face instead a future of realism with a new faith and a new hope.

Source: General Douglas MacArthur, announcement of a new constitution for Japan, March 6, 1946

2. Based on this excerpt, explain General MacArthur’s point of view on the post–World War II Japanese Constitution. [1]



3a. Identify a similarity or a difference regarding the two Japanese constitutions as expressed in documents 1 and 2. [1]

3b. Explain a similarity or a difference regarding the two Japanese constitutions as expressed in documents 1 and 2. Be sure to use evidence from both documents 1 and 2 in your response. [1]

N

EW YORK

N

EW YORK

Simulated Regents Examination E-15

Date post:	07-Feb-2021
Category:	Documents
Upload:	others
View:	0 times
Download:	0 times

Document Analysis - Pearson Education · 2019. 3. 1. · Document 2 Giuseppe Mazzini was regarded...

Documents