RealpolitikRealpolitik

Chapter 25-2Chapter 25-2

Italian UnificationItalian Unification

Movement in Italy shifted from Mazzini Movement in Italy shifted from Mazzini toto

King Victor Emmanuel of Sardinia-King Victor Emmanuel of Sardinia-PiedmontPiedmont

Supported by Prime Minister, Count Supported by Prime Minister, Count CavourCavour

Supported by Garibaldi and Red ShirtsSupported by Garibaldi and Red Shirts

Count CavourCount Cavour

King Victor Emmanuel’s Prime King Victor Emmanuel’s Prime Minister Minister

1852-611852-61 A moderate nationalist and A moderate nationalist and

aristocratic liberalaristocratic liberal Edited Edited Il RisorgimentoIl Risorgimento, a newspaper , a newspaper

arguing that Sardinia should be the arguing that Sardinia should be the foundation of a new, unified Italyfoundation of a new, unified Italy

Cavour made Sardinia-Cavour made Sardinia-Piedmont a liberal and Piedmont a liberal and

economically viable state:economically viable state: Modeled on the French Constitution of Modeled on the French Constitution of

1830: some civil liberties, parliamentary 1830: some civil liberties, parliamentary government with elections and government with elections and parliamentary control of taxesparliamentary control of taxes

Reformed the Judicial systemReformed the Judicial system Built up infrastructure (and employment)Built up infrastructure (and employment) Law on Convents Law on Convents : Secularized monastic : Secularized monastic

landland Siccardi Law:Siccardi Law: decreased influence of th decreased influence of th

ChurchChurch

The Pope’s ResponseThe Pope’s Response

Same as his response to the French Same as his response to the French Falloux LawFalloux Law

Syllabus of ErrorsSyllabus of Errors: 1864 warned : 1864 warned against liberalism, rationalism, against liberalism, rationalism, socialism and separation of Church socialism and separation of Church and state, as well as religious libertyand state, as well as religious liberty

Cavour Cavour

Had hoped to unify northern and central Had hoped to unify northern and central ItalyItaly

Will become much moreWill become much more

Joined Brits and French against Russia Joined Brits and French against Russia in 1855in 1855

during the Crimean Warduring the Crimean War

Sought favor from FrenchSought favor from French

Plombieres 1859Plombieres 1859 Cavour gained a promise from Napoleon Cavour gained a promise from Napoleon

III that France would support a Sardinian III that France would support a Sardinian war with Austria for the creation of a war with Austria for the creation of a northern Italian kingdom controlled by northern Italian kingdom controlled by SardiniaSardinia

In return, France would gain Savoy and In return, France would gain Savoy and NiceNice

Austria was provoked and declared war on Austria was provoked and declared war on Sardinia in 1859Sardinia in 1859

Italian UnificationItalian Unification

1859 Sardinia-Piedmont gained 1859 Sardinia-Piedmont gained Lombardy but not Venetia as a result Lombardy but not Venetia as a result of the warof the war

Napoleon III aided Sardinia briefly Napoleon III aided Sardinia briefly but feared internal divisions, Austria’s but feared internal divisions, Austria’s army, threat from Prussiaarmy, threat from Prussia

1860 Cavour annexed Parma, 1860 Cavour annexed Parma, Modena, Romagna, and TuscanyModena, Romagna, and Tuscany

France got Nice and SavoyFrance got Nice and Savoy

In the Meantime…In the Meantime…

Garibaldi liberated Southern Italy and Garibaldi liberated Southern Italy and Sicily with 1,000 Red Shirts in 1860Sicily with 1,000 Red Shirts in 1860

Then, Garibaldi allowed his conquests Then, Garibaldi allowed his conquests to be absorbed into Sardinia-Piedmontto be absorbed into Sardinia-Piedmont

February 1861 Victor Emmanuel February 1861 Victor Emmanuel declared the King of Italy (all but declared the King of Italy (all but Venice andRome)Venice andRome)

Still ItalyStill Italy

1866 Sardinia made an agreement with 1866 Sardinia made an agreement with Bismarck during the Austro-Prussian Bismarck during the Austro-Prussian War:War:

Sardinia agreed to open up a front Sardinia agreed to open up a front against Austria in exchange for Veniceagainst Austria in exchange for Venice

1871 Rome was captured by Italian 1871 Rome was captured by Italian troops and became the capitaltroops and became the capital

France had been defeated by Germany France had been defeated by Germany and could not protect the Pope’s holdingsand could not protect the Pope’s holdings

The End of Italy The End of Italy

Politically unified BUT a big social Politically unified BUT a big social and cultural gapand cultural gap

The North: Progressive and The North: Progressive and industrialized and Urbanindustrialized and Urban

The South: Stagnant and agrarianThe South: Stagnant and agrarian

German UnificationGerman Unification

After Humiliation of Olmutz …After Humiliation of Olmutz …

The Zollverein still a source of The Zollverein still a source of tensiontension

Kleindeutsch PlanKleindeutsch Plan: A unified : A unified Germany without AustriaGermany without Austria

Otto von BismarckOtto von Bismarck

Led the drive for a Prussian-based Led the drive for a Prussian-based unified Germanyunified Germany

Junker backgroundJunker background Obsessed with powerObsessed with power The Gap Theory:The Gap Theory: gained Bismarck gained Bismarck

favor with the King: If the King and favor with the King: If the King and the legislature came to a stalemate; the legislature came to a stalemate; the King should decide since he had the King should decide since he had granted the constitutiongranted the constitution

Bismarck Bismarck continuedcontinued

The Gap refers to the fact that the The Gap refers to the fact that the Constitution did not foresee this kind of Constitution did not foresee this kind of problemproblem

The Army crisis regarding reforms in the The Army crisis regarding reforms in the army created the stalematearmy created the stalemate

Said, “The great questions of the day will Said, “The great questions of the day will not be decided by speeches and not be decided by speeches and resolutions- that was the blun der of resolutions- that was the blun der of 1848 and 1849- but by 1848 and 1849- but by blood and iron.”blood and iron.”

Bismarck Bismarck continuedcontinued

The government continued to collect The government continued to collect taxes even though the parliament taxes even though the parliament refused to approve the budgetrefused to approve the budget

Bismarck oversaw a number of Bismarck oversaw a number of reforms improving the Prussian reforms improving the Prussian militarymilitary

1863 Prussian-Danish 1863 Prussian-Danish WarWar

Germany and Austria defeated Germany and Austria defeated Denmark and took control of Denmark and took control of Schleswig and HolsteinSchleswig and Holstein

They were jointly administered by They were jointly administered by Austria and Prussia but many conflictsAustria and Prussia but many conflicts

Led to the Austro-Prussian WarLed to the Austro-Prussian War

1866 The Austro-1866 The Austro-Prussian WarPrussian War

Or the German Civil War (7 weeks)Or the German Civil War (7 weeks) Bismarck prepared for war by first Bismarck prepared for war by first

making negotiations with France, Italy making negotiations with France, Italy and Russia for noninterferenceand Russia for noninterference

Prussia had a superior militaryPrussia had a superior military Breech-loading rifles, use of RR’s for Breech-loading rifles, use of RR’s for

troopstroops Austria was given generous termsAustria was given generous terms Italy gained Venice for opening up a Italy gained Venice for opening up a

front for Prussia against Austriafront for Prussia against Austria

1867 The North German 1867 The North German Confederation was Confederation was

establishedestablished President: King William IPresident: King William I

Included all of the German states Included all of the German states except: Baden, Wurttemberg, except: Baden, Wurttemberg, Bavaria, SaxonyBavaria, Saxony

Federal Constitution allowed each Federal Constitution allowed each state its own local governmentstate its own local government

The North German The North German ConfederationConfederation

Parliament…Parliament…Reichstag…bicameral:Reichstag…bicameral:

BundestagBundestag…lower house elected …lower house elected by universal male suffrageby universal male suffrage

BundesratBundesrat…upper house. …upper house. Representatives from each stateRepresentatives from each state

Above shared power equallyAbove shared power equally

The North German The North German Confederation Confederation continuedcontinued

The government structure allowed The government structure allowed Bismarck to circumvent the Middle Bismarck to circumvent the Middle class by appealing directly to the class by appealing directly to the working classes (Like Napoleon III)working classes (Like Napoleon III)

The Middle Class will be shut out of The Middle Class will be shut out of power and influence until WWI power and influence until WWI

1870-1871 The Franco-1870-1871 The Franco-Prussian WarPrussian War

Bismarck tried to provoke a war with Bismarck tried to provoke a war with FranceFrance

The The Ems Dispatch: Ems Dispatch: A telegraph written A telegraph written by Bismarck giving his version of a by Bismarck giving his version of a meeting between the King and a French meeting between the King and a French ministerminister

Bismarck claimed that the French Bismarck claimed that the French diplomat ws kicked out of Germany after diplomat ws kicked out of Germany after he had asked the King not to interfere he had asked the King not to interfere with the Spanish successionwith the Spanish succession

Franco-Prussian WarFranco-Prussian War

In fact, William I was agreeable and In fact, William I was agreeable and did not throw the French diplomat outdid not throw the French diplomat out

Bismarck’s Plan: to further unify Bismarck’s Plan: to further unify Germany and to annex Alsace-Germany and to annex Alsace-LorraineLorraine

The Ems Dispatch was an insult to The Ems Dispatch was an insult to France and they declared warFrance and they declared war

Franco-Prussian War Franco-Prussian War continuedcontinued

Bismarck used the war to bring the Bismarck used the war to bring the four remaining German states into four remaining German states into the North German Confederationthe North German Confederation

France was easily defeated. France was easily defeated. Shocked manyShocked many

1871 Napoleon III captured1871 Napoleon III captured Paris fellParis fell Decisive battles: Metz and SedanDecisive battles: Metz and Sedan

Treaty of FrankfurtTreaty of Frankfurt

Alsace and Lorraine were ceded to GermanyAlsace and Lorraine were ceded to Germany King William I became Emperor of GermanyKing William I became Emperor of Germany Called Kaiser WilhelmCalled Kaiser Wilhelm Bismarck now the Imperial ChancellorBismarck now the Imperial Chancellor Government structure remained but the Government structure remained but the

Parliament had little real powerParliament had little real power The government became a conservative The government became a conservative

autocracy with nobility allied with the kingautocracy with nobility allied with the king

The Austro-Hungarian The Austro-Hungarian EmpireEmpire

Earlier defeat (Austro-Prussian War) Earlier defeat (Austro-Prussian War) forced Austria to deal with its ethnic forced Austria to deal with its ethnic groupsgroups

Czechs and Hungarians continued with Czechs and Hungarians continued with demands of autonomy at the very leastdemands of autonomy at the very least

Austria’s defeat weakened its control at Austria’s defeat weakened its control at homehome

Ausgleich (Compromise)Ausgleich (Compromise)

Official creation of the Austro-Official creation of the Austro-Hungarian Empire (dual monarchy)Hungarian Empire (dual monarchy)

Hungarians had their own assemble, Hungarians had their own assemble, cabinet, and administrative systemcabinet, and administrative system

But would support and participate But would support and participate with Austria in the Imperial army with Austria in the Imperial army and in the Imperial Governmentand in the Imperial Government

Different Ethnic Groups = Different Ethnic Groups = no integrationno integration

Language in government and shcools Language in government and shcools was a divisive issuewas a divisive issue

Bohemia a real problem (Czech or Bohemia a real problem (Czech or German?)German?)

Conservatives and socialists tried to Conservatives and socialists tried to make it work by stressing economic make it work by stressing economic concernsconcerns

UnsuccessfulUnsuccessful 1907 Universal male suffrage1907 Universal male suffrage

Anti-Semitism in Austria-Anti-Semitism in Austria-HungaryHungary

Jewish population in Austrian cities grew Jewish population in Austrian cities grew rapidly after Austria gave Jews full legal rapidly after Austria gave Jews full legal equality in 1867equality in 1867

By 1900 10% of the populationBy 1900 10% of the population Jewish population successful in : Jewish population successful in :

banking, trade, the arts, intellectual banking, trade, the arts, intellectual community and science (Freud)community and science (Freud)

German extremists charged Jews with German extremists charged Jews with controlling the economy and corrupting controlling the economy and corrupting German culture with alien ideas and German culture with alien ideas and modern artmodern art

Magyar Rule in HungaryMagyar Rule in Hungary 1867 Magyar nobility revived the 1867 Magyar nobility revived the

constitution of 1848 and used it to constitution of 1848 and used it to dominate Magyar peasants and minority dominate Magyar peasants and minority groupsgroups

Only the wealthiest 25% of pop could Only the wealthiest 25% of pop could votevote

Croatians and Romanians in particular Croatians and Romanians in particular resented laws enforcing the use of resented laws enforcing the use of Magyar language in schoolsMagyar language in schools

After 1871 Austro-Hungarian Empire After 1871 Austro-Hungarian Empire much weakenedmuch weakened