Does The EvidenceSupport Evolution?

“More than a century ago, Darwin and Huxley posited that humans share recent common ancestors with the African great apes. Modern molecular studies have spectacularly confirmed this prediction…”

2005

Evolution is TestableHuman & Ape Chromosome Numbers

Hypothesis: Human chromosome 2 resulted from the fusion of two chromosomes present in the common ancestor of humans and the other great apes.

19581958 H

uman chrom

osome num

ber is 46.

Hum

an chromosom

e number is 46.

19601960 C

himpanzee chrom

osome num

ber is 48.

Chim

panzee chromosom

e number is 48.

19611961 G

orilla and orangutan chromosom

e numbers are 48.

Gorilla and orangutan chrom

osome num

bers are 48.

19751975 D

etailed analysis confirms com

mon ancestry.

Detailed analysis confirm

s comm

on ancestry.

19801980 Banding patterns of hum

ans and chimpanzees m

atch.

Banding patterns of humans and chim

panzees match.

19821982 Telom

eres in the middle of hum

an chromosom

e 2.

Telomeres in the m

iddle of human chrom

osome 2.

centromere

telomeres

48Orangutan

48Gorilla

48Chimpanzee

46Human

1958:1958: Human chromosome number is 46. Human chromosome number is 46.1960:1960: Chimpanzee chromosome number is 48. Chimpanzee chromosome number is 48.1961:1961: Gorilla and orangutan chromosome numbers are 48. Gorilla and orangutan chromosome numbers are 48.1975:1975: Detailed analysis confirms common ancestry. Detailed analysis confirms common ancestry.1980:1980: Banding patterns of humans and chimpanzees match. Banding patterns of humans and chimpanzees match.1982: 1982: Telomeres in middle of human chromosome 2.Telomeres in middle of human chromosome 2.

Evolution is TestableHuman & Ape Chromosome Numbers

19581958 H

uman chrom

osome num

ber is 46.

Hum

an chromosom

e number is 46.

19601960 C

himpanzee chrom

osome num

ber is 48.

Chim

panzee chromosom

e number is 48.

19611961 G

orilla and orangutan chromosom

e numbers are 48.

Gorilla and orangutan chrom

osome num

bers are 48.

19751975 D

etailed analysis confirms com

mon ancestry.

Detailed analysis confirm

s comm

on ancestry.

19801980 Banding patterns of hum

ans and chimpanzees m

atch.

Banding patterns of humans and chim

panzees match.

19821982 Telom

eres in the middle of hum

an chromosom

e 2.

Telomeres in the m

iddle of human chrom

osome 2.

19911991 Sub-telom

eric sequence confirmed.

Sub-telomeric sequence confirm

ed.

20022002 Precise fusion point sequenced.

Precise fusion point sequenced.

20052005 C

himpanzee genom

e sequenced.

Chim

panzee genome sequenced.

19921992 Second centrom

ere discovered.

Second centromere discovered.

centromere

telomeres

19911991: Sub-telomeric sequence confirmed.: Sub-telomeric sequence confirmed.19921992: Second centromere discovered.: Second centromere discovered.20022002: Precise fusion point sequenced.: Precise fusion point sequenced.20052005: Chimpanzee genome sequenced.: Chimpanzee genome sequenced.

48 chromosomes

48 chromosomes 46 chromosomes

fusion

fusion

24 chromosomes: “ape” haploid number 23 chromosomes: “human” haploid number

Adult with 48 chromosomes

4748

48

47

2424

2424

2424 2323

48

48 47

47

1st OrderInbreeding

47

47

2424 2323

2424

2323

47

48 47

46

46

1st OrderInbreeding

46

2323 2323

2323

2323

46

46 46

46

46464646 46464646

46464646 46464646

46464646 46464646

46464646 46

46

46464646 46

46

46464646 46

464646464646

46464646 46

464646464646 46464646

4748

48 47 47 48

47 4747 4746 46

46 4646 4646 46

48 48

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