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THE FALL OF Rajat Gupta: Don’t Mix Personal Ethics with Professional Ethics. Lessons to be learnt. Ram Mallar Prof. of Law & Governance January, 2013.
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Page 1: Don’t Mix Personal Ethics with Professional Ethics ... · 1/25/2013  · • Don’t Mix Personal Ethics with Professional Ethics. ... reliance on it, is prohibited and may be unlawful.

THE FALL OF Rajat Gupta:

• Don’t Mix Personal Ethics with Professional Ethics.

• Lessons to be learnt.

Ram Mallar Prof. of Law & Governance

January, 2013.

Page 2: Don’t Mix Personal Ethics with Professional Ethics ... · 1/25/2013  · • Don’t Mix Personal Ethics with Professional Ethics. ... reliance on it, is prohibited and may be unlawful.

IPR Unauthorized  access  to  this  document  by  anyone  other  than management  students of Prof. Ram Mallar  is prohibited.  If you are  not  Prof.  Ram  Mallar’s  student,  any  disclosure,  copying, distribution  or  any  action  taken  or  omitted  to  be  taken  in reliance on it, is prohibited and may be unlawful. Any opinions or advice  contained  in  this document  are  subject  to  the  standard terms and conditions of confidentiality. 

© 2012 Mallarr Law Associates LLP Email: [email protected] 

[email protected] Website: www.mlallp.com 

Blog: rammallar.blogspot.com Phone: +91 22 24328413 

January 25, 2013 2 

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WHAT HAPPENED TO RAJAT GUPTA?  

• Found  guilty  of  professional  misconduct  & offence  of  Insider  Trading,  securities  fraud  & conspiracy by Federal  Jury  in Manhattan on  July 15, 2012.  

• Now  on October  24,  2012, US Distric  Judge  Jed Rackoff  sentenced  Rajat  Gupta  to  two  years imprisonment and also ordered him to pay USD 5 million fine.   

 

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WHAT HAPPENED TO RAJAT GUPTA? Contd….

 • Rajat Gupta  is one of  the biggest  catches  so  far for  the Federal Government of USA  in  its 5‐year crack down on insider trading that has resulted in 69  convictions  and  shaken  the  entire  security market across the globe.  

• As  Director  of  Goldman  Sachs,  he  leaked  price sensitive information to his friend Raj Rajaratnam who made huge profits around July 2008.  

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WHO IS RAJAT GUPTA, WHY SO MUCH CONCERN & SADNESS?

 

• An  Indian  American  of  63,  Calcutta  born, graduated IIT Delhi, MBA from Harvard,  First non‐American  Managing  Director  of  world‐wide McKinsey & Co, Director of Goldman Sachs Group, Director  of  Proctor  &  Gamble,  Trustees  of Rocketfeller Foundation and Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation, founder of Indian School of Business, Hyderabad, Advisor to UN Secretary General.  

 

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WHO IS RAJAT GUPTA, WHY SO MUCH CONCERN & SADNESS? Contd….

 

• Gupta,  at  the  peak  of  his  career,  could  do  no wrong, he was wining and dining with the likes of Bill  Clinton,  Bill  Gates  and  Kofi  Annan  (former Secretary General of UNO)  

 

• He had everything what one possibly wants in the life. 

 

• PERSONALLY WORTH USD 84 MILLION.  

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CONVICTION OF GUPTA IS TOTAL SHOCK TO

THE WHOLE WORLD INCLUDING TO JURY WHO CONVICTED HIM.

 

• It is rare for any JURY to feel sorry while convicting an  Accused.  In  Gupta's  case,  Jury  Foreman confessed,  "I  wanted  to  believe  the  allegations were not true".   

• Another Jury Member Ronnie Sesso was emotional and said "we wanted him  to walk go home  to his family  and  live  prosperous  life.  But  the circumstantial  evidence  against  him  too overwhelming”  

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CONVICTION OF GUPTA IS TOTAL SHOCK TO THE WHOLE WORLD INCLUDING TO JURY WHO CONVICTED HIM. Contd….  

 

• The  verdict  shocked  the  entire  3 million  strong Indian American community and hundreds of his admirers  world  around,  more  particularly  in India.  

• Bill  Gates,  Kofi  Annan  are  prominent businessmen who urged Federal US  Judge  to be lenient  sentencing to Rajat Gupta.      January 25, 2013 8 

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REACTION OF RAJAT GUPTA

• Gupta  spoke  for  the  fist  time  after  his  conviction 

recently and regretted terribly the impact of this on his family, friends and the institutions he worked for.  

•  Even  his  defense  Attorney  Grary  Naftalis  lamented that he was a  role model and  icon but now he  is no more.  

• The Attorney also said that while Rajat Gupta’s  friend Raj  Rajaratanm  benefited  from  the  illegal  insider trading  upto  USD  75  million,  his  client  earned  no profit.  

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REACTIONS OF RAJAT GUPTA Contd….

 

• The defense Attorney also had urged the court to a sentence of probation with instructions to perform community  service, which  the  federal court  found it  difficult  to  accept  as  it  wanted  to  send  down tough  message  to  those  who  indulge  in professional misconduct  (pl. note  in  India, nothing would have happened to him).   

• There were  also more  than 400  letters written  to the  judge  on  behalf  of Gupta which  included  Bill Gate and Kofi Annan.  

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REASONS FOR DOWNFALL OF RAJAT GUPTA

  

Domination  of  

Personal Ethics  over 

   Professional Ethics. 

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WHAT IS PERSONAL ETHICS ? • Ethics means  study of Good & Bad,  right & wrong, just & unjust.  

• Greek word “Ethos” – refers to character.  

• Personal  Ethics  –  A  code  of  conduct  for  personal behavior. Driving force – based on what he considers good.  

• A moral code based on generally accepted standards.  

•  But it may conflict with societal ethics/public good. 

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ETHICS SCALE   

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BUSINESS ETHICS/PROFESSIONAL ETHICS

• It  is Ethics of   Business/Profession,  study of what  is good  or  bad,  right  &  wrong,  just  &  unjust,  fair  & unfair  in  the  business/profession  as  against  in personal life.   

• Code  of  conduct/best  practice  for businessman/professional  for  carrying  on business/profession  consistent  with  what  others follow in the industry for achieving the pre‐set goals. 

 

• Different from Personal Ethics.   

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PROFESSIONAL ETHICS OF MANAGER

• Professional  Ethics  in  Bhagwat  Geeta:  Krishna  said “manager  should  look  at  the  task  set  for  himself, more  for  its  satisfaction,  the  fulfillment  that  gives, rather than for personal gain or profit”.  

• Elliot  Jacques,  American  scholar  called  professional manager as  “Property‐less Manager”, who manages the company successfully, but does not own any part of  it  as  personal  property.  Does  his  job  not  for personal gain, but for satisfaction he derives. 

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Inter-dependence and influence of:

 

• Personal Ethics.  

• Business Ethics.  

• Good Corporate Governance.   

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Inter-dependence and influence of: Contd….

 

• Corporate Governance  is operational  framework  for carrying  on  the  business  in  Corporate  Business Organisation.   

• Business  Ethics  (includes  Professional  Ethics)  is philosophical  justification  of  good  Corporate Governance.  

• Personal  Ethics  of  the  promoter  influences/flavours Business Ethics and Corporate Governances.  

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MODERN BUSINESS ETHICS

• Rules  &  Regulations  by  which  business  in corporate organization is carried on, directed and controlled  by  the  Board  of  Directors  for promoting  &  protecting  the  interest  of  Various stake‐holders which should be. 

 

• Fair, • Transparent • Accountability.  

 

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Aims and Objectives of Good Corporate Governance

 

• Enhancement of long‐term shareholders value, and  

• To protect interests of other stake‐holders like:     (a) Customers (b) Suppliers (c) Creditors      (d) Depositors (e) Employees (f) Government      (g) Society and (h) Environment     

 

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FALL OF RAJAT GUPTA • Gupta's  case  is  the  failure  of  Professional  Ethics  by Professional Manager mainly caused by  influence of Personal Ethics.   

• Gupta  has  mixed  up  his  Personal  Ethics  with Professional Ethics/Business Ethics.   

• Federal Jury felt that Gupta was driven by his greed. Even Preet Bharara, Indian origin Federal Prosecutor, felt  sorry  for  him  and  said  “Gupta  achieved remarkable  success  and  stature, but he  threw  it  all away”. 

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FALL OF RAJAT GUPTA Contd….

 

• In 2009, Gupta’s friend Raj Rajaratnam,  Hedge Fund Manager,  co‐founder  of  Galleon  Group  LLC  was sentenced  to  11  years  for  Insider  Trading,  mainly helped by friends like Gupta.   

• He  poked  fun  at  Gupta  for  his  greed  saying  Gupta wanted to make millions MORE without much work.  

•  There  is  a  speculation  that  Gupta  wanted  Raj Rajaratam to help his Equity Fund: New Silk Route.  

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FALL OF RAJAT GUPTA Contd….

 

• Gupta may have been  influenced by his  friend Raj Rajaratnam,  but  Gupta,  the  role  model  for  all professionals in the world, should have realised the tenets of his Professional Ethics.  

• It appears what underlined his  friendship with Raj is  greed  and  barren  selfish  motive.  Like Ramalingam  Raju  of  Satyam  Computers,  Gupta wanted MORE, this is  sheer greed in personal life.  

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WHAT ARE THE LESSONS FOR US ?

• The  need  of  the  hour  in  corporate  world  is  to understand  and  realise  the  distinction  and interdependence  of  PERSONAL  ETHICS, BUSINESS/PROFESSIONAL  ETHICS AND  CORPORATE GOVERNANCE. 

 

• All directors/professionals have clear and sacrosanct duties  of  Board  Room  Secrets  and  confidentiality. Gupta  virtually  provided  open  line  into  the  Board Rooms  he  sat  as  Director  to  his  benefactor  and business partner Raj Rajaratnam.     January 25, 2013 23 

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WHAT ARE THE LESSONS FOR US ? Contd….

• Others  guilty  of  professional misconduct    in  recent times are: Ramalingam Raju, Suresh Kalmadi, CEO of Reebok, Raj  Rajaratnam and Raja in 2G case.  

• What    is  important  is your determination and ability to  discriminate  Personal  Ethics/Interest  and Professional Ethics/Business  Ethics regardless of lure and temptation of Personal Ethics.  

• Never  allow  Personal  Ethics  to  dominate  the Professional Ethics.  

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WHAT ARE THE LESSONS FOR US ? Contd….

 

• Please  understand  Personal  Ethics  need  not necessarily be rooted in total selflessness or "only giving  ",  it  could be dominated   by  self  interest, tempered/influenced by public good.  

 

• It  is  always  a  big  challenge  when  you  start believing  that  you  are  so  brilliant,  so  powerful and behave like you are above law, to adhere to your Professional Ethics.  

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APPEAL OF RAJAT – Latest News • Immediately  after  sentencing  in  October,  Rajat  had filed Appeal to US Second Circuit Court of Appeal also for Interim Relief.  

• On December 5, 2012, 2‐Judge Panel granted Stay out of Prison on a US $10 million Bond until the Appeal is disposed off.  

•  Otherwise his prison was to commence on January 8, 2013.   

• Hearing of Appeal may commence  from April, and  it may take a year.   

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WHAT UNITED STATES GOVT. ASKED THE APPEAL COURT?

• US Government asked the Court to slap a maximum penalty of US $ 15 million.  

• Permanently  bar  Rajat  from  serving  as  Director  of any publicly  traded  company  for his  terrible breach of Trust by indulging in Insider Trading.  

• Goldman  Sachhs  sought  from  Rajat  reimbursement for  US  $6.9 million  spent  by  them  as  legal  fees  in defending him. 

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Ram Mallar © Mallarr Law Associates LLP

Professor of Law & Governance

Email: [email protected] Website: www.mlallp.com

Blog: rammallar.blogspot.com Phone: +91 22 24328413

Prof

. Ram

Malla

r


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