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A sensor is a device that measures aphysical quantity and converts it into a signalwhich can be read by an observer or by aninstrument.

For example, a mercury-in-glassthermometer converts the measuredtemperature into expansion and contractionof a liquid which can be read on a calibrated

glass tube. A thermocouple converts temperature to an

output voltage which can be read bya voltmeter.

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A good sensor obeys the following rules:

Is sensitive to the measured property

Is insensitive to any other property likely to

be encountered in its application

Does not influence the measured property

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MEASURAND PressureCONVERSION Physical transformation

SENSOR MATERIAL Liquid

APPLICATION Automotive

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A pressure sensor measures pressure, typically of

gases or liquids.

Pressure is an expression of the force required to

stop a fluid from expanding, and is usually stated in

terms of force per unit area.

A pressure sensor usually acts as a transducer; it

generates a signal as a function of the pressure

imposed.

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Automotive- Pressure sensors can be placed on the bottom of a silo or tank

in order to monitor how full or empty it is by measuring &

monitoring the pressure while knowing the volume & liquid density.

Utilizing digital display controller, PLC, computer, or data

acquisition sensor, you can measure and control the weight of the

amount dispensed and/or the flow of liquid during the automation

process.

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- American Sensor Technologies, Inc. can package its

AST3100 pressure sensor for automotive applications including

Formula One, NASCAR, and LeMans. This series is compact and

lightweight. It will withstand the high vibration, high ambient

temperatures and any salt or water spray conditions of the

engine bay.

- The AST3100 series pressure sensors are digitally

compensated to gauge, compound gauge or absolute pressure

ranges depending on the application. AST can also offercustom configurations to satisfy any mechanical or electrical

requirements for OEM applications.

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Hydraulic systems

Using pressure sensors will also allow the operator to fully control the

mechanical devices and apply known high force or load effortlessly. Thepressure sensor can also be used to monitor the hydraulic fluid level for

preventive maintenance. If and when the fluid pressure begins to reach an

unsafe level, the user would be notified.

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Physical transformation ( Underwater explosion phenomena)

- Currently, underwater shock wave is measured by pressure sensor,

using tourmaline.

- However, this method cannot sustain underwater shock pressure higher

than 20 MPa. To realize a pressure sensor which can sustain underwater shockpressure higher than 100 MPa, we developed a pressure sensor using

fluoropolymer as the sensing element.

- To understand the destructive effects of underwater explosion

phenomena, it is necessary to accurately measure bubble pulse, as well as

underwater shock waves. Precise measurements of peak pressure and

impulse of bubble pulse, as well as underwater shock waves, were performedby pressure sensor using fluoropolymer.

- The experimental results show that the peak pressure of bubble pulse

is about 1530% of the peak pressure of the shock wave, but the impulse ofbubble pulse is about 1.52.5 times bigger than that of shock wave, within

the measured scaled distance range.

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MEASURAND Biochemical

CONVERSION PHENOMENA Electrochemical

MATERIAL Biologically Active Material

FIELDS OF APPLICATION Health/Medical

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Consists of two components:

bioreceptor

transducer

Bioreceptor

is a biomolecule that recognizes the target

analyte whereas the

Transducer

converts the recognition event into a measurable

signal. The uniqueness of a biosensor is that the

two components are integrated into one single

sensor

Biosensor = bioreceptor + transducer

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Biosensors are most often used to detect

molecules of biological origin, based on

specific interactions.

This medical telesensor chip on a

Fingertip can measure and transmitbody temperature

Schematic of a microcantilever sensor,

which can be adapted to detect physical,

chemical, or biological activity

Schematic diagram of

a biosensor device

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A biosensor is a device which consists of a

biologically or biophysically-derived sensing

element (usually named bio receptor) integrated

with a physical transducer that transforms a

measurand into an output signal

convert a biochemical signal into a quantifiable electrical signal

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Conventional Transducers- one type of transducers for

converting the action of the bioreceptor molecule intomeasurable signal:

Electrochemical

translate a chemical event to an electrical event bymeasuring current passed (amperometric = most common),

potential change between electrodes, etc.

Oxidation reaction of the reduced chemical species Cred:

AMPEROMETRY (based on H2O2 or O2 measurement)

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Exampl : Gl s s s r as xi ati fper xi e (most ommer ial evi es)

gl oseoxi ase (GOD)

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Biosensors are chemical sensors that takeadvantage of the high selectivity and sensitivityof a biologically active material.

It is well known that the resonant frequency ofan oscillating piezoelectric crystal can beaffected by a change in mass at the crystalsurface.

Piezoelectric immunosensors are able to measurea small change in mass. This paper describes theconstruction of an antibody-based piezoelectricsensor capable of detecting mycobacterialantigen in diluted cultures of attenuated M.tuberculosis.

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Artificial

Pancreas

Insulin

Therapy

Diabetes

generally recognized that

measurements of blood gases,

ions and metabolites are often

essential and allow a betterestimation of the metabolic

state of a patient

Example:Patients frequently show rapid

variations in biochemical levels

that require an urgent remedialaction.

HEALTH

CAREMeasurement

of

Metabolites

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MEASURAND Sensor Technology: Distance

CONVERSION PHENOMENA Chemicaltransformation

MATERIAL Organic: Piezoelectric Crystal(Electrostriction)

FIELDS OF APPLICATION medicine

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Ultrasonic sensors generate high frequency sound waves

and evaluate the echo which is received back by the sensor.

To fulfill this function device is the ultrasonic sensor,

customarily referred to as ultrasonic transducer, or

ultrasonic probe.Sensors calculate the time interval between sending the

signal and receiving the echo to determine the distance to

an object.

What it is?

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generates sound

waves in the

ultrasonic range

turning

electricalenergy into

sound

Upon receiving

the echo

turn the soundwaves intoelectrical

energy

measured and

displayed

use a transducer

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Ultrasonic vibration frequency is more than

20000Hz sound

its frequency of vibration per second is high,

exceeding the upper limit of human hearingmeasuring speed or direction a device uses

multiple detectors and calculates the speed

from the relative distances to particulates in

the air or water

distance

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piezoelectric crystal (electrostriction)

composed of a reversible ultrasonic sensors

converted into electrical energy to mechanical

vibration and ultrasonic wave generation receives the ultrasound and be converted into

electrical energy

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Piezoelectric transducers are now made of

ceramic as the material

easier to produce in various shapes, low

voltage, and efficient piezoelectricproperties.

Ceramic piezoelectric transducers can also

withstand temperatures up to 300C

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Medical ultrasonic transducers (probes) come in

a variety of different shapes and sizes .

use in making pictures of different parts of the

body. transducer may be passed over the surface of the

body or inserted into a body opening such as the

rectum or vagina.

Use in medicine

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advantages of

ultrasonics

Measures and

detects distancesto moving objects

Impervious to

target materials,surface and color

Solid-state units have

virtually unlimited,maintenance-free

lifespan

Detects smallobjects over long

operating

distances

Ultrasonic sensors are

not affected by dust,

dirt or high-moistureenvironments

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Parking Radar system is a systemthat very useful in our daily life.This system can help many people by

act as their eyes while they cannotsee any obstacle behind their car.

System is a safety device thataccurately detects all objects, aschildren, toys, pets, another autos,etc. that are behind your vehiclewhile you back up. The beeping aswell as LCD display inside the carwarns the driver of the danger and

prevents a potential accident.

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Depending on the speed of the vehicle and the

distance to the obstacle, the system will warn

the driver by visual and/or audible means

about the risk of collision.

The feedback to the driver will generallyindicate the direction and proximity of the

obstacle. Warnings are deactivated when the

vehicle exceeds a certain speed, and can be

switched off for situations such as stopand

go traffic.

The frequency of the beep indicates distance

from an obstruction, with the beeps becoming

faster the closer the vehicle moves to an

object. A continuous tone may be heard when

the vehicle is extremely close, often warning a

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Sensors calculate the time interval

between sending the signal and

receiving the echo to determine the

distance to an object.

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The piezoelectric effect occurs only

in non conductive materials.

Piezoelectric materials can be divided

in 2 main groups: crystals andceramics. The most wellknown

piezoelectric material is quartz

(SiO2).

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Transducer generates sound waves in the

ultrasonic range, above 20,000 hertz, by

turning electrical energy into sound, then

upon receiving the echo turn the sound

waves into electrical energy which can be

measured and displayed.

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Automotive

Intelligent Parking Assist System

~The initial version of the IntelligentParking Assist System, launched in

2003, was designed for reverse

parallel parking.

~Driver intervention was notrequired, as the system estimated

the size of the parking space.

~Done by an onboard computer which

used a camera built into the forward