Donor Final

8/9/2019 Donor Final

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1

A R e p o r t R el ea s ed I n t er n a t i o n a l l y b y t h e Co m m i s s i o n o n P a r en t h o o d ’ s F u t u r e

A Ne w S t ud y o f Yo u ng A d u

l ts

Co nce i ved T h ro ug h

S pe r m Do na t io n

Eliz A bETh M A rq u A rDT, Nor v A l D. GlENN,

A N D K A r E N C l A r K, Co- i N v EST iG A To rS





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isbn: 1-931764-20-4

I A V1841 Bd, S 211

N Yk, NY 10023

: (212) 246-3942

Fx: (212) 541-6665

i n o @ a m e r i c a n v a l u e s . o r g

w w w . a m e r i c a n v a l u e s . o r g

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Dd Bk, Insiue or American Values

D B, Universiy o Chicago Diviniy School (Emerius)

D C, McGill Universiy (Canada)

K Ck, FamilyScholars.org, co-invesigaor

J Bk E, Universiy o Chicago Diviniy School

M G, Insiue or Marriage and Public Policy

N D. G, Universiy o exas a Ausin, co-invesigaor

R P. G, Princeon Universiy

A L H, Duke Universiy

P. Jk, Emory Universiy

K K K, Universiy o Colorado School o Medicine

Sz Y M, Rainbows Inc.

Ez Mqd, Insiue or American Values, co-invesigaor

M B. P, Cener o he American Experimen

Dd Pp, Rugers Universiy (Emerius)Sp G. P , Cener or Medical Humaniies, Compassionae

Care, and Bioehics a Sony Brook Universiy

D Q, Insiue o Marriage and Family Canada

L z, Wiherspoon Insiue

Dd Q, Iona Insiue (Ireland)

A Wx, Universiy o Pennsylvania Law School

W. Bdd Wx, Universiy o Virginia

J Wt, J., Emory UniversiyP Wd, Naional Associaion o Scholars

A bo u t t he

Co m m iss io

on Par enthood’s

Fu tu r e



Meethodlogy

and Limitations

5 15

27 37 51

77 82 119

21Executive Summary ^

Tanfgled WebsHow Do Donor

Offspring Fare?

Religion & Race:

The Surprising Case of

Today’s Donor Offspring

Is Donor Conception

“Just Like” Adoption?

IntrroductionI n t r o du c t i o n The Daddy Box

T a led W ebs Secrets & Anonymity

L i m i t at i o s

M et h odolo y & Tables & FiguresRecommendations

61 69 71Rights

Table of Contents

F i f t e en

M a j o r F in d

in g s

7





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T H E D A D D y BO x

‘‘’’ A ew monhs ago, Si’mone Braque,

41, o Sugar Land, exas, and imGullicksen, 41, o San Francisco, ound

each other on the Internet. Braquet was

searching or he sperm donor who’d

allowed her to become a single mom 10

years earlier. Gullicksen, an anonymous

donor intrigued by his own amily tree,

was looking or his “kids.” First there

were e-mails and phone calls. hen,

in March, Gullicksen lew o exas

o mee Braque and he child hey

created: a boy with bluish-green eyes

and sandy brown hair named McKay.

When Braque old her son ha she

had tracked down his donor dad, “he

lit up,” she says, then burst into tears.

For years, McKay had kept a “Daddy

Box” under his bed illed with special

handmade iems—a pained rock,

an angel ornamen wih his phoo ini. Finally, jus weeks beore his 10h

birthday, he had someone to give it to.

“I’ve always waned a dad,” he says.

— Nk , June 200813



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p . I’ d. … D I ? I p?”40 I , d d d

py : “Someimes I wonder i my aher is sanding righ in

on o me.”

F , d

p d . T -

y d p d

pd d k

td d U.S. d

. A -d U.S.

d d d d p,

p, - d

d d , , fd p d

d . B y

. A p fd

d d d p,

d. I d pp, d - d t , d d p, fd

p d dd .

T -k y U.S. D

S Ry, dd y dy d d Wdy

regstes



30

K. K d d -

, R, d f d d fd

p d d - xpd d

k . B d d

d 6,000 “” -,

d d p. (T d k p pp.)41

Wd d R K d D S R -

d j d d d -dd

t d d d d d d k

. K d

U.S. p d k d d-kd

y . (S y dy; dy

.)

T . A p d

C, Ck, “ p

‘’ d d p .”42

T p S M By C dd y “

z d d d

d [p] d d d -.”43

I B, UK D Lk p p dd Dp

H d “ d, d d d

d d - d k .”44 A -

d N Zd 2005. A d d

G k . A dd ,

k pp.

B p d d p U.S.— -

p d d — q unk

fd . F,

d, k d, dd p dd d. (A ’

p d k p ,

d d p , k d.) T

d’ d d ’ -

k d d. I ,



31

k x. T p . I’ p

d

dd. A , , d p, ,

p . I’ p

d . I’ p kp d

d d d d d d. F, “” d,

p p d ’ d d , ,

dz p d d d

DNA d d . G k

q , ’ k , d,

dd p d ,

d p k

x , ’ d d. H

fd , j, , d, d d () kd.

E d p d

py d’ p d k

kd k y ( d p d,

yy), t p, t d p

pp d’ k. M k, ’

d p p fd ,

d “kd-----d---”

d .F d d d d, d j

, “Ddd Bx” kp d d

fd d dp

– – k.

S kd, d d

d . F , pp

dpd dd y ,

, d k. B d

, , pp dz k ,

k .

“Exteme Fames”



32

d, d p k,

“d” p y – d py y, y

d. S p d

d (, -d, d; , , ), p k

p dd d d

, k d. H p ddd d d . W d-

fd d p ,

p q d d d ,

k d p k. Wd

K p D S Ry p

d fd 100 d, d p

d dz dd p dpd

U.S. d d.

A , dy, d p y pp

d ; ,

. Ty

d p pp pd y

dd x, k, p,

pd , ,

d y . W y pp dy

d d p d,

d -dz, dz, scores , hundreds , - –

p. T d d

d d. T .

T x d. T d.

J R d B p k

k d d d p

d . T d d

d 100 d 300 p.

45

Akd d , J pd: “Dzz. J dzz

… j dzz , k [] d d ,

d k , d k.”46

N d p k d k---



33

p f

. A Cd 2005, d p d

k. Sy Kz d p: “W dd :

p , d k 5 , ’

p 235 , kd.” O Pt

ddd: “I d d d , ’ xp. R, p .”47

T d p y

y p . A N G p : “I y

d , d I d I ! I d d I

d , I pp d I d I

k . I’ k d

dd d .”48

S d -. S : “T

d p pd d ’ ‘’

… d d I d k . H

? … N kd d d I

d I d. I d d .”49

T d d kd d-

d p d d

“x .” I y’ d y pp

d p, ky p

d p d t , d-d, d p kd p,

p p, d p dd -

d’ d . L dd

, d , k

pp, d’ d

d p.

I , f d p pd

d k pt p: who heir amilies are. I y, 43 p d p, pd

y 15 p dpd p d j x p d

y p, “I eel conused abou who is a

” – -d d



34

d d d dpd.50 A d ,

pd d, “ I am sill having problems puting my real

amily ogeher .”

T d p d j p

t dy d kp, pdy p . T , d . T

k d - –

d k d d -.

T . S d y

p. Ad d- p -

p d kd d. F xp, t,

-dd p d pp pp

d p , ’ k

fd pf d d

p. Add d p

d d - d d d

d, , y d k y

d’ -. T k d

dpd, -

p d

k-dd . M, p k

d , p d d d , d f

d d d

p d px . M d

kd . R d-

d , d d, d d

p d – d, d’ - y

d d k. T d dd

fd d t.D p N G k, “I ,

DNA d , ‘j

’?” A q, D S R

d p d d d’ -

incest Feas and lack

f Medca hsty



35

p dd ,

, p

d x .

I y, q kd

d p 15 d d p, 18

p d 15 “d k d ” d 15 p d

“d d’ .” (A

, 16 d 15 p d .) A,

46 p d p, 17 p dpd d d

j 6 p d y p, , “ When

I’ I v

be unknowingly related.”51 S, 43 p d d p,

d j 16 p dpd d d 9 p d y

p, , “I have eared having sexual relaions

k I .”52 A pp

d p dd d

d d p,

pd dpd.

Ok, f, d pd, ppd –

, d d x ? W,

. L B , d ,

pd d dpd d . T , ,d d – d d d .53

H d .

F td pp k d .54 Rz

d td - .

W d d k d,

pd p ,

k d . T d d d

p d. Ad , all o i pp. Ad, ’ . O

fd dy : A pd, a ull 20 percen

o donor ospring said ha, as aduls, hey hemselves had already donaed

heir own sperm or eggs or been a surrogae moher. T’ pd



36

0 p dpd d d p

d p – xd d.55 T

d p k d dpd

p d d. M –

52 p – d p, pd 36 p dpd

d d 34 p d p, d dd d .56

W d ? Sy y d p 2025,

y . I y fd

, ’ py d , , d

p. Y d y ,

p has no idea where he or she came om. T p

– d k p

d . T d

d t k d p. B 2025,

d k d d fd p.



37

I dd q k

d py d p.

W q , y

k

d - d d p – d fd-

p p

d d.

O f q “ A 25, v

in trouble with the law?” A 21 p d p –

f – d 57 , pd 18 p dpd

d 11 p d p. (p 1)

O x q “Have you ever elt unable to control your ?” A, f – 21

p – d p . T p 17 p

dpd d d 11 p d p.

Ad f kd, “Hv v -

ion or depression or oher menal healh problems?” I ,

dp k , 42 p

pd d . B

p, 31 p d d d d, d 28

p d p .58

F k f d -

, d, , j 16, d ’

d, dd F 1 (p. 115). F 1 k

d d d dpd fy

k d p

d , -

d . T d d d dpd

ky d y p p p . T d d k d

p p p ( dpd

p). Ad d d 1.5

k d p p

HO W DO DO nO R

O F FS P R I ng F A R E?

Menta heat, Addctn,

and Denqency



38

p ( dpd k

d p p ).

I p-dd p , d p

d d fd:

I’ve never even hough abou his beore I ook his survey, bu yes I

say depressed a lo, and would like o know more abou my donor’s amilyhealh.

I still have issues with this problem and am seeking proessional help. It

has helped me o become a sronger person bu has scared me emoionally.

Ad:

I CU MY SELF

O d d j

d d jy y

k d t p:

I was uncomorable wih he ac ha I was conceived his way a

rs. Bu hrough he suppor o my amily and he posiive environmen hey

provided, I urned ou ne.

Tis is a very sensiive subjec or me, doing his survey el like

herapy!

I hink everyhing was covered. I don’ eel like i is a big issue or me

anymore because I’m an adul wih a amily o my own.

I’s wha you choose o make o i.

Ad pk : I did no know unil 3 weeks ago ha any o his had happened. I los a

baby in my 6th month and my mother inadvertently told me o their conception

problems. Tis survey was acually a litle spooky.

O dy f xp

d p. W kd “D k

were conceived with use o a sperm donor?” – 54 p – .

W kd “H k - the act that you were conceived with a sperm donor?” -d

(34 p) d “ ,” d

(31 p) “ .” T

k -

Sca isatn



39

d’ d . A dpd, d p

k , “I v x ” –

-d d p d dpd

, pd -f d y -

p.59 O, p p d

p “I ’ .”y-f p y, pd 13 p dpd

d p d p.60

S p k

y y pp d asked q

xp. S d p d fd

p p, d d :

Tis survey made me eel sad and I am crying as I am typing this comment.

I would like o know oher people ha have been conceived by a sperm

donaion and le hem know ha hey’re no alone.

Tis is the rst time I have had anyone ask me questions o such personal

mater, bu I am O.K. wih i.

Yes, I thought this was very personal and it hurt a lot to give the inormation out.

Tis was a very personal and emotional survey. What could you possibly

ge om his ype [o survey]?

O d d d , d

.

Wow, I am jus blown away wih his experience. I am pleased o havebeen a par o his sudy. Tis is a subjec ha I really do no discuss openly

wih anyone excep very close amily or iends. I am hankul or my lie and

opporuniies I have. I do eel ha my parens’ divorce was perhaps my aul.

Bu I had a very srong and supporive moher and grandparens. Tank you

or his opporuniy.

I hope he inormaion gahered in his survey is published in a

book or magazine so we can all see wha oher people like mysel have had o

go hrough.M d p d , p k

, “ ,

y k ,” d “d

pp,” d “I k d p,” d .



40

U dd d p

missing – -

, , d -. B t

in . I pp p d

d kd .

Ly Sp M 1957. S dd’ fd p 35 d,

d y dd. Ly’ p

d “” p. “W I j ,”

d, “ … kd I d d .

I d ‘.’ T d d, k

.” Lk k, k d dd -

.

T y y p.

S k . M p d x

jk d , dd k

x. … T k p x I k

p d , ’ kd

py, I -

p d p d d kp

.

L p k d

. S, , “ d -

p , d d p kp . Pp

d k d’ d

.” O , “ d d k

, p, d pp.”

. Lk pp fd

d d, L k

. S d :

W p d d

p – pp ppd

– ,

d d. Y q

. Y d’ k d

, .

Famy insta ty



41

Lk L, V R, x, d-

p d d, d p

kp, d d . “I k p

y y d d,” y. “I

d d ’ p d

d d [ ] dp .” S d’ k d p.

“I k DI [d ] d

” d d

p , . “I k d

d.”

A . Gt p . Kp

d d . R d

p d d d .

T xp d

d d d k p

. Pp p, d.

M d d d pp

pk p’ d. I

dy d d p d p-

dd d xp. A F 4 (p. 117) ,

d x p d d p

k dd, 27 p p p dd pd 16, pd

14 p dpd d 25 p d

p.

W p d p p dd

d d, xp,

p, f . M d d

p d p ,

x d p d p d d – pd dp –

f d “d d”

. M d ,

q, d p d k



42

xpd p d d

d p, dpd. Y p d

d pp xpd p’ d pp

y more d y p. Ad,

, p d p p dd two

times dpd. B p p d k d d p dp

, , . T pt – he donor

conceived are wice as likely as hose who were adoped, and as likely as hose

raised by their biological parents, to have seen their parents divorce –

, d

p d d.61

M d p p’ d. S

q px.

“Ad” P, 1959.

H d 11 12

p d. T d

ddd “ pp .” H p, “I d

d d-d kd, d I

I’d p .” , ,

y pd, “O, I dy k . O p d .”

Ad’ , , d k

dd . Ad kd d d.T d p t

Ad’ . “M d p,

. My dd I

d .” T, “ d I x, d d

d dpd . H d I d y kd

d, . H d p d – 42 – I

13. M dd’ .” Lk k, d, “I’d I

d – Dd (“d #2”) .”

V M, A. B 1980, d

21 d d d. d

y, d, “W y y t px .



43

M d 70’ pp y

f. Up dd ,

y d, p, ., d y y

y (IVF), d qy p

f .” T dd d d

d . “I p d d . S d .” H

, , “I d d f d

I d 21 d. I j

d, d d . B

IVF pd x.”

“S ,” V , “I : 1) T d

yy, 2) M’ f d I

d y f, d 3) d

d d, I k dd.” “N ,”

k, “d p p?” A 29, V y

f .

O d d d xp p

d p. T

kd dd y d p

- p, p

- p d d k p,

p, d p d. A, ’ p d -d x, d p dpd

x, d p. A F 3 (p. 116) , 44 p

d d xpd “y ”

d 16, pd 22 p dpd.62

R d f , d -

p . F d d,

p d d k

, pp k – d – .

W y p, – (57 p)

– d p “I I

more han my amily ” – y



44

p p (29 p).63 Ad

pp d , d p

d .

F dd, d d

p d p.D py d pdd d -

d. D 1970 d 1980, p . A

dy’ d p d p, fd p

d p, x

d p.

I , 262 d d p

x d p, 113 , d 39

p. W f p

, 39 pd

p xp. M d p

p d pd, d

p k p p .64

Pp k similar p d p

( d p, , x p)

pp td d xp. T f d

d 2. (p. 109)

I p, 40 d 45 p y, “I d d .” 65

B 40 d 45 p “I d x

k I d .”

B 40 d 45 p “W I’ td

I d d k d.”

B 40 d 50 y “I y y d

p t I p.”

R pp pp “I d I p p d,

d/ d d .”

M “W I I

d d.”

Wtn te Spem Dn

Cnceed: offspng f hetesexa Maed

Cpes, Sn ge Mtes

y Cce, and lesan

Cpes



45

M y “I I dpd y d

.”

M “I d’ dd .”

B pp d. I , d -

d p

, d , p, p x .

M, pd -

x p, p

, d k

p – , , -

p do p d xp

d . One cauion is ha because here are 39 ospring o lesbian

couples in our sudy, or he mos par our ndings relaed o ha group can

only suggest how well or how poorly they are aring. (Other ofen-cited studies

o ospring o lesbian couples are also challenged by similarly small, or even

smaller, numbers.) However, in some cases where noed signifcance ess do

reveal signican dierences or he ospring o lesbian couples in our sudy.

F, ’ k . T d

p pp k

p : “I fd y d y p d’

k.” M (78 p) d ,

pd -d p d -x p.66

Rd “M p d I ,”

71 p , pd j d

(46 p) d -d

(65 p) d x p.67

Nx, ’ k p. T d

pp less likely d d

x p -, d . S, ’

– d j – do

pp :68



46

O-d (33 p) y “T

p .”

O-d (33 p) “W I d

d , k d.”

M d (36 p) “I y

xd d .” W d (38 p) “I I pp

k kd.”

N (46 p) “M p d I .”

M (59 p) “I d p

d’ d k .”

W d ( F 3, p.116), d

d pp k

d 16, pd d

d x d p.69 F f,

pp ,

kp d d d

, d . S,

(49 p) p

p p d

16, ’ .

H d xp, k ,

y pp d p ? A d , kd q

d p , , d .

3 (p. 111) p p pd pd

d, . T p kd

d d d x p-

, p, d . D f

. A, F 2 (p. 115) pd dd

- d .T f q , “A 25,

?” O d y p, y

11 p d y. By , y

d p d – 26 p – d



47

, d 20 p d d d x

p d . O , d d

pp pp d d

p. I p, 13 p

d d p p.70

T d q , “H pd d- dp p?” T

d dpd d – 43 p dpd

d y y pd d dp

p. T d d pp pp

k d p

’ pd d , d p

p d d , f

p dpd.71

T f q , “H

? J 11 p d

p d q. B ,

– 26 p – d d

d q. T , , p

also pp k d p

p p – -f, 21

p. (M, d d d x

p k d p p kd p, d d

, 17 p.) O, p

d d d p p

pd d p.72

z :

Sperm donor conceived persons om all three amily structures at birth –

heterosexual married parents, lesbian couples, or single mothers – share many

atiudes and experiences in common. Bu here are dierences. For example, compared o ohers who are

donor conceived, he donor conceived born o single mohers seem o be more

curious and more disressed abou heir origins. Tey are more han wice as

likely as those raised by their biological parents to have had problems with the



48

law, and more han wice as likely as hose raised by heir biological parens

o have sruggled wih subsance abuse.

Meanwhile, hose born o lesbian mohers seem o express somewha

less curiosiy and less disress abou heir origins. Sill, subsanial minoriies,

and someimes majoriies, o he donor conceived born o lesbian couples in

our study do express these troubled eelings, and more than hal o them report curiosiy abou heir biological aher and his amily. Tose born o lesbian

couples also appear nearly wice as likely as hose raised by heir biological

parens o say hey have sruggled wih subsance abuse.

Overall, alhough here are varieies o experiences wihin he donor

conceived, as a group the donor conceived are hurting more, are more conused,

eel more isolaed om heir amilies, and on some imporan measures have

worse oucomes, han hose raised by heir biological parens, and no groups

o donor ospring appear o be exemped om hese possible risks.

O d k , d,

d d d d pk . T d

xp d p , p. S q

d d . S . M d

d p . A p f

ky p xp . M,

, d’ k

. B d p pd . T’ f.

I q k pd 15 d

d d, d d p

d “p” (28 p 15, 26 p ); “” (19

p , 20 p ); “pd” (12 p , 16 p

); “d” (16 p , 15 p ), d f

y y p p

“ d” (37 p , 43 p ).F p-dd q d ,

p d p :

I am proud o being who I am, and graeul or having such a

magnicen amily.

And sme a e…fne



49

Being ha I am a donor child I believe ha my mom and my dad are

my real amily. Tey raised me and cared or me my whole lie and I love them

more han anyhing.

COMFORABLE

I had a very happy childhood with my two mothers, we continue to have

a grea relaionship. I have no problem being a donor child.

I think that even though you were not conceived in a traditional way the

love that you receive when you get into the world can make all o the dierence

in he way you eel abou yoursel.

I hink hose parens are more imp[oran] who gave birh o he baby

and ake care o her raher han donor.

I was very comorable and cool.

My moms are boh awesome and have done a grea job raising us.

I’m lucky!

My lie has been good so ar!

Sperm donaing is a grea hing. I helps ou amilies.

I hink having he donor opion is grea, here are a lo o good people

ou here who really wan kids.

W d d . W -

– kd kd – d , ’ d

. B do no discoun .

R p “f” d , d k, , d . O d

p d k d

d d p. T fd d

p k, p, p d- p, d

d p.





51

Spd t k d p d

d .

A B , d p L y pd,

“W kp, d p

d . T d p d , p don’ .”73

A L Sp d , “I

I p d . M d

I k dd d . D ’ pd

d, I y j: ‘I k ’ d

, k F Kx.’”74 A pp d “I’

d p , d p…

y.”75 S d “Sy d … [] d

, d d.”76

My pk qy d py

dd p p d

. “W I d dd

[y ] fd d ,

d ,” d f

k By S. “… T y k t

.”77

D p Sz A pd, “T ‘A d d d , ’

t.’ B, ’ d t. L

. I’ ,

pp. T t j .”78

F Kx, , t, “” p:

d p k

.

O d k d k -

. A d p (47 p) , “I worry that my

v I

.” T p 27 p dpd

d 18 p d p.79 N d

d d k d

S EC R E TS &

A nO n y M I T y

‘‘’’ It changes your character, when

you’re always deceiving people.

I ’s dreadul.

– I, d d -

d

B 60 ,

d Ospring ,

dy y By

S



52

p , abou our imes

as likely o agree srongly.

S, 43 p d p, pd 22 p d

15 p, p, d dp p,

“I worry that my ather might have lied to me about impor-

an maters when I was growing up.”80 Cpd d y p, d p k

. I p dd p d, d

p d, “[I am] currenly no on seeing or speaking erms wih amily

because o his.”

A fd d d, S , k:

…d d dd. E I d

p, I t p. I

dppd p – d kp

, d d d d

I d fd d .

D p dd . A

k p k d. F , d

p d qd d

p d d. A p d

d

d. I p p d “d” p

d y, d q

d. Ad d p d

pd, dfd y q

“d” d.

A d d p k U.S. d, “[W

yy], y’ y , y d

pp I k q, … ‘D I

, d d, ?’”81

A d dd p U.S. d, p, . F ,

p d d dd

p d. T Sp Bk C

p “ID ” p,

Endng Annyms

Dnatn?



53

1983, d p d p

d p d 18 y d.82 O p k

xp ID k d,

, , pd d -d

d pdd p.

T p U.S. p k d y dy y . Y

d p z U.S., A S

Rpd Md, d p p

d d d, d

d- p

d k, d k , d

d d’ . I U.S., y d

d d, p, d d- p.

I ,

t p. I y B, Sd,

N, Nd, Szd, d p A d N

Zd d d. C

d .83 I Cd, -

d k .84 Ad k

p d UN C R Cd, -

fd 1989 d d z xp U.S. d

S, “ d … , q d, p,

k d d p.”85 p d

k UN d d’

d . T “ k” p k

pp dd p.86

I d yy y,

y d q p k

p d d 15 18 d. I

d p d p

p fd d .

I B, d yy d,



54

pp d d d d p

p U.K. S d

p d Sd.87 Exp d

“p k” p – d, y, dd x

d , p

x d . E N H S jd , k p

d d, d xp

p d d “G ” (“” B

d ).

B ppd? I .

I , pp -18 p d k

, B p p d, d

p d. (E

B, d , B

p Sp, Ep, R .) L

Wj, N G D UK, pd

2009 d p d “

UP yy,” d ’

f (p t ).88

I d, , q

d d p d d d-

. T p q y dy z kd p .

S ddd .

N t y , y y d,

d d d d d p

does p d d, d

.

P d . Pp p

, d k d ,

d d d d d’ k

p p. O pp k d dd,

Tt Te ng



55

d “d” k ’ –

d . B dd p d d

pp d , , d

pd d dd p d

kp – d p d

– p d d pp: H- p.

E d d t k,

p d fd . S

d’ – , dp, d –

d. O d d,

d d . I

( , p p dd

) dp , p kd

d , , d p k

. Ad ’ y d-

p d p d

p , p d

pj, p , ,

p.

Sd d “ d ”

d pp pd p

d.89 A z pdd p .90

I d, d p p p d

d p p. B p 485 d

p only includes people who know their status. I p-

p d d p, d d

k p d d, df d fd

d p p no p .

W p q d p: “Parents vary widely in whether and how they tell their children that they were conceived

with donor sperm. Tinking careully, which o the ollowing catego-

?” T p:

My parent(s) were always open with me about how I was conceived: 59 p

My paren(s) kep he ac o my donor concepion a secre – I only



56

learned in an accidenal or unplanned way: 20 p

My parent(s) intentionally revealed the acts o my donor conception to

me someime beore I was 12 years old: 7 p

My parent(s) intentionally revealed the acts o my donor conception to

me someime afer I was 12 years old: 9 p

A , (59 p) d p dp y p . A 16 p d p-

p d’ , dd

y d (7 p)

(9 p) d 12 d. A , f (20

p) p d kp , d

fd d pd . B d p

fd

xp d, 9 p

d , ddd 20 p p d

kp , q p

dd d .

A, , d, , ID , k d,

– , d , d

d p. I d, p q ’

ppd y. T q : I y

p d p, d p isel p?

A xp dy, d d pp

“d d p” . Ad-

, ’ d p d

p d . I p d

d , , d f. U ,

p no d.

L’ k d. A j q p d d

d d y, y d p

dy (47 p) , “I y y d

p t I p,” d 43 p

. A d p

is Sececy

te Man Pem?



57

p p pp

d .91

W kd d p p

d p p. I , q

:

Some experts say that donor conception is ne or children so

an early age. Oher expers say ha donor concepion can be hard

or children, but telling children the truth early on makes it easier or

the children. Still other experts say that donor conception is hard or

v . D k…

T p d p:

Donor concepion is ne or children so long as parens ell children he

ruh abou heir concepion om an early age: 44 p

Donor conception can be hard or children, but telling children the truth

early on makes i easier or he children: 36 p

Donor conception is hard or children even i their parents tell them the

ruh: 11 p

O d d d dd, z p – 44

p – y d p ,

p d . B z p – 36

p – d p p

. Ad y – 11 p – y dp d kd p d . T

d p – 47 p –

j d p isel , p

d .

D Ad A p: “E dd

d’ p dy , d

kp…T p p d

p.” E B : “T pp [ p].”

B d p C Wpp d:

Cd d d d f

d , d d dpd

d p d d



58

d . D p pd

‘’ ‘’ d p

pp . I d

d p .

W kd d . Lk 4 (p. 112) ,

d p p kp ( d p fd d pd

), pp – 51 p – p ,

d – 36 p – p d ,

d 29 p p d p . T d

f d k.

S, d t p d kp

, d p p p

( 304 d p

d) pd kd . Cpd

d y p, d d

p p f k

d (18 p, pd 11

p d p) d p p

(20 p, pd 11 p d p).

T d d 4. (p. 112)

S d p -

d p. W , k 5 (p. 113) , k d d

p d . I

py d p xp

d d .

B, y, 18-25 y d pdd y

k d xp-

xp, 36-45

k .

T d d p pk

d ,

d p d . S d

p y y k. B,

, y p d p y d



59

no pp d d p, d d

p d p d d

, pd d p.

O, d d pp “d d

p” . R, fd p

d d, , p d, d df . B p d pp

p , , d k

d d d k

p.





61

In our survey, the majority of grown donor ospring

xpd f pp p’ k

everyhing .

W kd d d p :

o have non-identiying inormation about their sperm donor:

68 p d d, 78 p dpd, d 73 p

d p .

o know the identity o the donor: 67 p d d, 52

p dpd, d 52 p d p .

o have the opportunity to orm some kind o relationship with

the donor: 63 p d d, 48 p dpd, d 47

p d p .

T k x - -

ceived with the same donor: 64 p d d, 62 p

dpd, d 62 p d p .

T k - v

donor: 62 p d d, 54 p dpd, d 55

p d p .

o have the opportunity as children to orm some kind o rela-

tionship with hal-siblings conceived with the same donor: 62 p

d d, 49 p dpd, d 52 p d

p .

Sp, d d -

dpd d d p

q -d

p d. B k ideniy

p d d p relaionship

, dpd d d p ,

d d pp .M, k x d

-, p d pp ,

d p p

’ d x. Ad

R Ig H TS

Te C d’s

rgt t Knw



62

, k identity -

d p d relationship ,

pp dpd d d p k-

, -d d d pp

.

I pp p ppx -d p- p d p pp p pp

d p d’ k y.

I U.S. , d y , d p

y none . R , U.S. d d

d’ d p k dy

. I , pf, U.S. d d

d x dd xp p d- p,

d, d d deny d, ,

k . I d

j d p , $3.3 U.S.

d d pdd d, p,

d .

I p-dd q , d p

d p f d’ k:

I deniely hink ha all sperm and egg donors should be easily acces-

sible and he children should defniely have he choice o fnd ou who hey

are and be able o conac hem. I hink i is someone’s righ o know where and who hey come om, o

know heir ideniy.

I hink ha children have a righ o know ANYHING in his siua-

ion. Also, he sperm donor should be old when hey have conceived a child,

and asked i hey would like a relaionship.

I is imporan o know your ideniy.

B p d pd. W j d p f pp d’ k, f j-

pp, , k

pp p d p d pd

.

Te rgts f

Wd-be Paent s



63

F , d p

p d p. W kd, “ What is your opinion o the

?” 61 p , pd

39 p dpd d d 38 p d y -

p.92 F k d p d pd

, k k p :93

I k v : 76 p d

d, 52 p dpd, d 54 p d -

p .94

Articial reproductive technologies are good or children because

: 76 p d d, 65 p

dpd, d 61 p d p .95

Our society should encourage people to donate their sperm or

eggs to other people who want them: 73 p d d, 50

p dpd, d 42 p d p

.96

Health insurance plans and government policies should make

i easier or people o have babies wih donaed sperm or eggs: 76

p d d, 60 p dpd, d 54 p

d p .97

I p , j dd d –d -q – pp

d pd , d d

p, d pp d p p

d . I these U.S. ,

d d d .

S d p d p-dd q d

d

pd , d d p: Everyone has he righ o ollow heir own pahs in lie wihou judg-

mens om ohers.

Everyone out there deserves to have the opportunity to be a parent, even

i hey have o do i by sperm donaion, as long as hey don’ have a criminal

hisory o crimes agains children.



64

Everyone should have he righ o donors.

I hink every person has he righ o conceive a child and i he person

canno do his naurally hey should use all he ways.

I hink people should be ee o do whaever hey wan o do. I don’

condone cloning o human beings. Bu however a person decides o have a

child, i should be a blessing.Very imporan or Gay and Lesbian amilies o have equal righs as

ohers. Please be air o hem.

I hink ha donor concepion is a wonderul hing and I hink every

person ha really wans o have a baby and believes ha she or he wans o

be a paren and would be a good paren should have he righ o have a baby

and sperm donors should be widely acceped in his day and age.

A d td, d p

ky d d own p

, d

d . O f p already dd p

, dpd

d p d d .

B y k ,

p? I p , “Rv

be ofered o people who don’ have any oher way o have a baby ,”

j – 64 p – d p , pd j 24

p dpd d 24 p d p.98 E d p p

d pd . B j d

p ’ j f.

H d p, p, d’

k ( pp d d U.S.

) and d- p’ y pd

, , ( d U.S. )? D d p kd d-d

Wd W, d k p

k f d d

d? M.

B ’ p p px f

S W at’s up?



65

pp. W d p q pp d -

p — d pp p

dpd d p — pp

q xp, k . F

xp, y ky pd y y

d “dd” – d y is d. F- p d p, pd 24

p dp d 21 p d p,

“I v

v .”99

T d p d

d p. F- p, pd 30 p dpd

d d 38 p d y p, “I

is wrong o deliberaely conceive a aherless child.”100 Sy, 42

p, pd 35 d 41 p, p, d

dp p, “I is wrong o deliberaely

conceive a motherless child.”101 , 102 F, -d d

p (37 p), pd 19 p dpd d d 25

p d y p, “I I had a riend

v , I

hernot to do it.”103 A, ’ z d d-

d d , ’

f p d d.O xp d pp k

p d p d p. A 60

p p d p d

d- p . A d y p

k j k, ,

p k . A p

40 p d p j p

p d ’ , ’ d, dd . A p

p p pp p d

p. I d kd p, d d

k d .



66

Y, , p 60 p d

p y ky – p

qf d’ k d

d -- 40 p d y . I

p d p

p d wihin d d p. I d, –

, , p, , d k

dd, dq, d dp – ,

, p td d p.104

H d ? T p xp.

F d d p, q d p

x. “D -

p I ,” d d p

. S . W A

d Myy Wk

d p d’

—py — dy

d, “D’ t. I .”105 B

. I’ p d d pp

k , dd . q

d p, , d d d-

pp k . Ad, d p d d , k, k , y,

I d’ .

I p d p k y

d d ( , , kd d p

d p) d p d p-

. W “p”? R d

p , p d k p d

d-d. W d d p p

d d , d

18 45 d p p p

de rigueur , y d dy



67

d p p d p .106 W

p d q

p d d ’ d

… , p p td

p, dp .

I’ y p dp. E pp. M

p k k. A d

d d p d

k . G , pp

’ p fd dy d p

d p less ky

d’ xp p

p.

I , kd d p , pp,

pp p d p. W 61

p y y , 26 p y y

pp, p y y pp , d p y “d’

k.” W kd d pp

xp p. O d

p, j 14 p y y d no y xp

p d p “ .” B ,

pp , 46 p d d no xp d p “ .” I

d, the donor ospring who oppose donor conception are more than three

imes as likely o repor ha hey do eel hey can express heir views in

sociey a large, compared o hose who say hey avor i .

F, d p j d p

p d d, d

p d. S y, “A d , p. Y d d ...” D

Ad , “T d. I p, d -

p j.” “Ad” , “M

d. S ’. I ’ .... j ‘.’

is Tee a

rgt t a C d?



68

I d d

d k. W , d’

.”

C Wpp d :

T d pd d

p, d H R. T p d -

dy , xp y pd d

d p.

S, J R “T

d x p…

d [p] d x -

p, d f .”



69

W p d d p d

, d p? M

, y kd? S d

, pd - ?

S p- ?

I’ xpd p. fd

d’ d d -

p ( d, pp 18 45 d 2008)

d C d C d, d -pd

d p d p, p

Hp.

W kd pd “ W

?” d “ W ?” T-x

p d p d d C, pd

22 p dp d 28 p d -

p.107 (B , p dp

– d py dp – ky

y y d d P d.) T fd

p k C pp d

.

A d, d p k C d. A d d p – 32 p – C-

p d. B , C-d

p dp d p pp

C .108 A d, 15 p

dp d 19 p d

p C d.109

F, d – 32 p – d p

P d, d -q p

p d “.” (Sx p d p

y J.) S y d p d

, j d -

pd C .

Donor Of f s pr ing

C a s e o f T o da y ’ s

R elig ion & R ace:T he Su r pr ising



70

P d p’ -p C

d . A dd q-

q d , q : “A ,

y, Hp , Mx, P R, C,

Sp kd?” A -f – 20 p –

d p d y Hp,110 pd j x p dp d p d y

p.111

T d p py pd

. W 69 p d y ,

14 p d y k, 13 p d y A,

d p d y “ xd .” I dy

d p p more y d

p dpd d y p.112

d’ d p p k p ,

, d d – p px

xp d y p y

A d.



71

A pd d d kd

d d , d -

q: “H p d – ’

j k dp?” A

d y dy d

p d dp j d

“d” .113 T -

p pp dp, pp

d p .

T are d p d dp-

, d. Ad, , dp d d p d pp

y dy d py p

.

W d d d p d,

“j k” dp, y y y xp

dpd pp. O dd dpd pp pk

p pd d k

.114 T d pk

d “ pp” dpp. I U.S. d , dp d

p . Kp d

p p f pp . Op

dp , p dp

d, d p. T

d p d dp

k .115

I k dpd pp d d d pp k , dp d d

q y Why? Wy dd y

p? Why did hey no wan me? K y

d p d d p,

I s Don or Con ce ption “J u st Lik e” A do ption?



72

d t p k p

d pp dd no . I dp,

d d d

d p d. Pp y

d y,

p d , pd q . O pp d d d d d

p. W d p, ,

d d z

d d k d k

k d.

Ad d p d, “j k”

dp, f fd

dp, d d. I p, d

d pd p ddd ,

p, p p.

d, p dp,

dp d, d -

dp, p q d, dp

, , d , d .

Pp p d d p-

d dp : Adp , p-d ,

y y d p dy- ( , dy d) d y

d , . I dp, pp p

pk, . S p

. T d. Q f.

Y x . Y d. W q p-

y y y no d. I

p d d: P

d. W d p, q absoluely none o ha .

Idd d d dd kd q y

k p d. T d’ d

d. N d. I y py y d ,



73

I dy, d p y d

dp d d p. I p ,

“I is beter o adop han o use donaed sperm or eggs o have a

child ,” d p – 48 p – .117 Adp

more k – 56 p . Ad d

y p – 49 p.118 I d,

p, d- dp d d p d , d-

p d, d k dp

dd p .

T d :

• Adoption functions as an institution, the purpose of which is to nd

p d d . D p

k, pp d d

.116

• Adopted children are generally conceived unintentionally. Donor con-

d d d .

• Few adoptive parents in the current era would dream of keeping theird’ dp d. B p d -

p – d p d – d.

• Adopted children might wrestle with the sometimes painful knowledge

p, , d d

. A , k p dpd

d . B , d d d

k p are also y

dd p p.

T p d d p

p, p d.

d’ f. I p

p d ? J , d . O

d p d ? M ’ f, .

T d : A d qd

p. B pd dp, p d

x.



74

I , d p xpdd p:

I do wish more people would adopt, because there are so many children

conceived naurally ha need good homes.

Tere are enough people in the world, the world cannot handle any more

o humaniy’s desrucion o he world. Tink adopion rs.

Parens who would like o have kids bu canno conceive should adop because he world is already over populaed and here should be equal op-

poruniy o all heerosexual and homosexual parens. Tere’s nohing wrong

having wo mohers or ahers.

DON’ DO I. ADOP!!!

I eel ha more … should consider he opion o adoping, as here are

many unwaned children in he world, and seeing one’s own genes in a child is

no as imporan as saving a lie.

O dy d y d d

p d dp. A p, d p

dpd: , -

d, d d . (Ad p,

dp d p

–d p d p d -

p , d’ k.) T

d p k dpd d

dd d dqy d, k dpd, f d dp .

S xp d d dp

d t d d. W d d

d d d

p, dp pd

16. T dp’ p d d p,

x d p d d d

d. Ad, -f d dpd x, d p xpd -

y 16, y 40 p d p

x, d p xpd . (S

F 3, p. 117) T d dp



75

xp d (d p

p d p , xp

p dp d).

B t dpd k j

, , t,

p, p d -. I k dp f d d

k dp. A d d dp.

Pp k . Adpd d . T

, d p k

xp. I d, dp ar k d

d d

d . T ar k p d

d .119 S dp dp

d d

d . B d dp

p.

Adp d, p, d . B -

p dp, d x

dp, , d dp’

d j p p d

p.

S, q pd - -, , d p no “j k” dp.





77

Bd , p, p dy d

d p, dp, d p d -

p, d d

U.S. d d d.

to leaders in the law:

T U.S. d d B, Sd, Ny,

Nd, Szd, d , d d p

d p d . R d ppd

p d fd k,

.

I Cd M S’ -

d, d dfd, pd-

p d dfd, pd- d y

d.120

I d z p-

p “dd” p. Y d

p “” p

pp . F d p, d “” pd,

, p p p. M,

p pp d p 100

p dd – , d p – p

, , p d xp

, , d . C p

d d pp d “ p-

d,” p “

pd” d d121 , d

q pp.

R eco m me nda t io ns

End annyms

dnatn.

Ptect te gt f

cden t e n

fm dentfed,

ntampeed-wt egg

and spem.

in fam y aw,

ecgnze tat te

ae f “ ntentna

paentd” s actay

cntested, wt tte

empca ass ts fa

t sppt te dea tat

ntentna paentd

s gd f cden.



78

Adp d-d k fd p

d d . T d dp p p

d d p, d

dp p, dtd p dd xp

p d, kp d k

p, d p p k.D p, , p k dd

p d d . T

pp p. T q p

d. T d d d k

d k d -. T

pp p d p d

“j k” dp. I , k dp.

to leaders in health policy and practice:

Md d d p, d d- d

d p, d p, d d d xp

k xp d p.

S d p p

d, , d p’ p

, A S Rpd Md -

d t -f p p d.

I Ud S d

d p . A , ,

d p p d. W

p pd d p p

y d, d dz

dd k -, p d

d’ d d’ , d

p d k qd k d d

kp p d d d dp ? T q d

d. I ’ pd d

p , , d k f d

p pp.

reqe cnseng.

Set mts n te

nme f ffspng

n t any ne dn.

Pedatcans

and te eat

pfessnas

mst cnfnt te

mpcatns f

teatng cden

cnceed tg

annyms dnatns.

T te ext ent tat dn

cnceptn ccs, te

state sd teat dn

cnceptn ke a dptn.



79

to parents and would-be parents:

P d p d

d .

W y ypz p y d d

d. W k d d

dd p ,

p d, pp, d

d . P d dp, p,

pp, p, , d

k d. T y y y d

x d

ppy dd

p.

to leaders in the media and popular culture:

I x Hd d

j (J Lpz, J A, d

J M) d d

p. W, d, d pd d d pd

f d pd

d p.

T U.S. d p d d t j d d d d d p.

Ty d py p

p d- p, d d

kd. T d d

p . Sk . ell heir sories.

to researchers and funders:

I U.S. d d j, -, -

d p - d p

dd, dd, d d.

F paents:

Te te tt.

F wd-e paents:

Edcate ysef

fy a nd cnsde nt

cnceng a cd wt

dnated spem eggs.

Make at fm

te pnt f ew

f dn ffspng.

lanc te

gd standad

eseac pjects.

Pnt and adcastmeda mst d ette

stes tat ncde

te ces f dn ff-

spng temsees.



80

to religious leaders:

S d ddd px f

pd d d. M . T

d j, , p, p

pp d p d

d d . O fd dy f d p d d d

d d d. T d

. W d ?

to all of us:

T p d pd p

d d z j k y p. T p-

p j p , d pp

p , d, p, d d- p

.

S d d pp k jk k

p . T . B j ppp

pp p p k jk

y, ppp d

d d p. Jk k ,

, d . I d, d’ .

E d -

, d , , pp p

d f . I

d d “”

p p p

( , d p). I , p d

k “A d ?” “I d

?” A f , , d p

d p d .

W q: D d

d ?

Dn ffspng ae n

te pews. Wat d y

ae t say t tem?

recgnze

tat epdcte

tecnges ceate

pepe, nt jst aes.

it’s nt fn ny.

We mst ae a n

acte pc deate

e wete t s

etca f te state t

sppt te deeate

cnceptn f c den

w w nee ae te

cance t e ased y

te gca paents.



81

Af d-d k .

E d, , , d

DNA p dy p. B

d p dd . A

d . Rpd-

ppd y p U.S. y d , (d j d

p d). S Jp d A k

p , B-

d p pp d

d .

O d , p, d p -

pp f pd -

. B , -dpd

pd – d p

d – pp y . N

pd k d d p

dd , p d k.

A , d d d

dd p d

nex d.

Eeate dn

cnceed adts as

eades n natna

and ntenatna

deates at te wde

aay f tecnges

n se, nw and n te

fte.



82

D d ?

Dn

cnceed Adpted rased y

Stngy

agee

Smewat

agee

Smewat

dsagee

Stngy

dsagee

Dn’t knw

Dn


Stngy

agee

Smewat

agee

Smewat

dsagee

Stngy

dsagee

Dn’t knw

i tn k eey pesn

as a gt t a cd.

if i ad a f end w

wanted t se a spem

dn t ae a ay,

i wd encage e

nt t d t.

S u m ma r y o f t he Da ta

in percen tag es

Ta b le 1:



83

Dn


Stngy

agee

Smewat

agee

Smewat

dsagee Stngy

dsagee

Dn’t knw

Dn


Stngy agee

Smewat

agee

Smewat

dsagee

Stngy

dsagee

Dn’t knw

Dn


Stngy

agee

Smewat

agee

Smewat

dsagee Stngy

dsagee

Dn’t knw

Atf ca epdcte

tecnges ae gd

f cden ecase te

cden ae wanted.

o scety sd

encage pepe t

dnate te spem

eggs t te pepe

w want te m.

it s ette t adpt

tan t se dnated

spem eggs t ae

a cd.



84

Dn


Stngy

agee

Smewat

agee

Smewat

dsagee

Stngy

dsagee

Dn’t knw

Dn


Stngy agee

Smewat

agee

Smewat

dsagee

Stngy

dsagee

Dn’t knw

Dn


Stngy

agee

Smewat

agee

Smewat

dsagee

Stngy

dsagee

Dn’t knw

it s wng f

pepe t pde te

spem eggs f a

fee t tes w ws

t ae cden.

repdcte cnn g

sd e ffeed

t pepe w dn’t

ae any te way

t ae a ay.

heat nsance

pans and genment

pces sd make

t ease f pepe t

ae aes wt dnat-

ed spem eggs.



85

Dn


Stngy

agee

Smewat

agee

Smewat

dsagee

Stngy

dsagee

Dn’t knw

Dn


Stngy agee

Smewat

agee

Smewat

dsagee

Stngy

dsagee

Dn’t knw

it s wng t

deeatey cncee

a fateess cd.

it s wng t

deeatey cncee

a mteess cd.



86

Dn

cnceed

My paent(s) wee aways pen wt me at

w i was cnceed

My paent(s) kept te fact f my dn cncep-

tn a secet – i ny eaned n an accdenta

npanned way

My paent(s) ntentnay eeaed te factsf my dn cnceptn t me smetme efe

i was 12 yeas d

My paent(s) ntentnay eeaed te facts f my

dn cnceptn t me afte i was 12 yeas d

Nne f te ae

Pefe nt t answe

Dn

cnceed

10 ynge

11-15

16-20

oe 20

Pefe nt t answe

Paents ay wdey n

wete and w tey

te te cden tat

tey wee cnceed

wt dn spem.

Tnk ng caefy,

wc f te fw ng

categes est de-

sces y?

of tse w eaned n

accdenta/ npanned

way: At wat a ge dd

y ea n?



87

Dn

cnceed

2

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

13

14

15

16

17

18

20

ode tan 20

of tse wse paents

ntentnay eeaed:

Wat age wee y

wen y paent(s)

td y tat y wee

cnceed wt te se

f a spem dn? Y

est estmate s f ne.



88

Dn

cnceed

Stngy agee

Smewat agee

Smewat dsagee

Stngy dsagee

Dn’t knw

Dn

cnceed

Stngy agee

Smewat agee

Smewat dsagee

Stngy dsagee

Dn’t knw

Dn

cnceed

Stngy agee

Smewat agee

Smewat dsagee

Stngy dsagee

Dn’t knw

Te ccmstances

f my cnceptn

te me.

My spem dn

s af f w i am.

i fnd mysef

wndeng wat

my spem dn’s

famy s ke.



89

Dn

cnceed

Stngy agee

Smewat agee

Smewat dsagee

Stngy dsagee

Dn’t knw

Dn

cnceed

Stngy agee

Smewat agee

Smewat dsagee

Stngy dsagee

Dn’t knw

Dn

cnceed

Stngy agee

Smewat agee

Smewat dsagee

Stngy dsagee

Dn’t knw

i smetmes wnde

f my spem dn’s

paents wd want t

knw me.

i ae wed tat f

i ty t get me nf-

matn at ae

a eatnsp wt my

spem dn, my mte

and / te fate w

ased me wd fee an-

gy t.

it tes me tat

mney was excanged

n de t cncee me.



90

Dn

cnceed Adpted

Stngy agee

Smewat agee

Smewat dsagee

Stngy dsagee

Dn’t knw

Dn

cnceed Adpted

Stngy agee

Smewat agee

Smewat dsagee

Stngy dsagee

Dn’t knw

Dn

cnceed Adpted

Stngy agee

Smewat agee

Smewat dsagee

Stngy dsagee

Dn’t knw

it ts wen i

ea te pepe tak

at te geneagca

ackgnd.

i ng t knw me

at my etnc

natna ackgnd.

Wen i see fends wt

te gca fates

and mtes, t makes

me fee sad.



91

Dn

cnceed

Dn

Seed Ge

Cntt f genetc matea

Fend

unce/Speca unce

Fate

Fst Fate

Secnd Fate

ote Fate

Dad/Daddy

bgca Fate

Genetc Fate

Nata Fate

bt Fate

has a negate asscatn/cnntatn <

ote

Pefe nt t answe

Wc wd(s)

tem(s) est de sce

wat te pase “spem

dn” means t y?

(ceck a t at appy)



92

Dn

cnceed

Speca

C

Emaassed

Nt a g dea

Feak f nate

Afad at nt knwng my medca sty

Cs

Angy

Pd

Wed at my fte cden’s eat feengs

la expement

Aandned

Wanted

lney

Cnfsed

Depessed <

ote

Pefe nt t answe

At age 15 wat feengs

est desce w y

fet at eng a dn

cnceed pesn?



93

Dn

cnceed

Speca

C

Emaassed

Nt a g dea

Feak f nate

Afad at nt knwng my medca sty

Cs

Angy

Pd

Wed at my cent

fte cden’s eat feengs

la expement

Aandned

Wanted

lney

Cnfsed

Depessed <

ote

Pefe nt t answe

At te age y a e nw,

w d y fee at

eng a dn cnceed

pesn?



94

Dn

cnceed

Seea tmes a day

Maye nce eac day

A few tmes a week

Maye nce a mnt

Maye eey few mnts

Amst nee

Nne at a

Pefe nt t answe

Dn


Stngy

agee

Smewat

agee

Smewat

dsagee

Stngy

dsagee

Dn’t knw

hw ften d y fnd

ysef tn kn g at

dn cnceptn?

Gwng p, i sme-

tmes fet ke an t-

sde n my wn me.



95

Dn


Stngy

agee

Smewat

agee

Smewat

dsagee

Stngy

dsagee

Dn’t knw

Dn


Stngy agee

Smewat

agee

Smewat

dsagee

Stngy

dsagee

Dn’t knw

Dn


Stngy

agee

Smewat

agee

Smewat

dsagee

Stngy

dsagee

Dn’t knw

i fee cnfsed at

w s a mem e f my

famy a nd w s nt.

i wy tat my

mte mgt ae ed

t me at mptant

mattes wen i was

gwn g p.

i wy tat my

fate mgt ae ed

t me at mptant

mattes wen i was

gwn g p.



96

Dn


Stngy

agee

Smewat

agee

Smewat

dsagee

Stngy

dsagee

Dn’t knw

Dn


Stngy agee

Smewat

agee

Smewat

dsagee

Stngy

dsagee

Dn’t knw

Dn


Stngy

agee

Smewat

agee

Smewat

dsagee

Stngy

dsagee

Dn’t knw

Wen i s ee smene

w esemes me i

ften wnde f we

ae eated.

Wen i’m mantca y

attacted t smene i

ae wed tat we

cd e nknwngy

eated.

i ae feaed ang

sexa eatns

nknwngy wt

smene i a m

eated t.



97

Dn


Yes <

N

Dn’t Knw

<

Pefe nt

t answe

< <

Dn


Yes

N

Dn’t Knw

Pefe nt

t answe

<

Dn


Yes

N

Dn’t Knw

Dn


Yes

N

Dn’t Knw

hae y ee dnated

spem, eggs, een a

sgate mte?

Wd y cn sde

dnatng spem, eggs,

eng a sgate

mte?

D y fee dncnceed pesns

ae te gt:

T ae nn-dentfy ng

nfmatn at te

spem dn?

D y fee dn

cnceed pesns ae

te gt: T knw te

dentty f te dn?



98

Dn


Yes

N

Dn’t Knw

Dn


Yes

N

Dn’t Knw

Dn


Yes

N

Dn’t Knw

Dn


Yes

N

Dn’t Knw

D y fee dn

cnceed pesns ae

te gt: T ae te

pptnty t fm

sme knd f eatn-

sp wt t e dn?

D y fee dn

cnceed pesns ae

te gt: T knw

at te exstence and

nme f af-sngs

cnceed wt te

same dn?

D y fee dn

cnceed pesns ae

te gt: T knw te

dentty f a f-sngs

cnceed wt te

same dn?

D y fee dn

cnceed pesns ae

te gt: T ae te

pptnty as cden

t fm sme knd f

eatnsp wt af-

sngs cnceed wt

te same dn?



99

Dn

cnceed

Yes

N

i aeady ae a eatnsp wt my dn

Dn’t Knw

Pefe nt t answe

Dn

cnceed

Yes

N

Dn’t Knw

Dn


Stngy fa

Smewat fa

Nete fa

ppse

Smewat ppse

Stngy ppse

Dn’t Knw

Pefe nt

t answe <

D y want a

eatnsp wt

y spe m dn?

of tse w sad yes:

D y fee t’s kay n

scety at age f yt say tat y want a

eatnsp wt y

spem dn?

Wat s y pnn

f te pactce f dn

cnceptn?



100

Dn


Yes

N

Dn’t Knw

Pefe nt

t answe

Dn


Yes

N

Dn’t Knw

Pefe nt

t answe

Dn

cnceed Adpted

rased

y

Donor conception is ne f cdens ng as paents te cden te

tt at te cnceptn fm an

eay age

Dn cnceptn can e ad f

cden, t teng cden te

tt eay n makes t ease f

te cden

Dn cnceptn s ad f cden

een f te paents te tem te

tt

Smetng ese/nne f te ae

Pefe nt t answe

of tse w fa:

D y fee t’s kay

f y t say n scety

at age tat y fa

te pactce f dn

cnceptn?

of tse w ppse:

D y fee t’s kay f

y t say n scety at

age tat y ppsete pactce f dn

cnceptn?

Sme expets say tat

dn cnceptn s f ne

f cden s ng as

paents te cden

te tt at te

cnceptn fm a n

eay age. ote expets

say tat dn cncep-

tn can e ad f

cden, t teng

cden te tt eay

n makes t ease f

te cden. St te

expets say t at dn

cnceptn s ad f

cden een f te

paents te tem te

tt. D y tnk…



101

Dn

cnceed

Yes

N

Pefe nt t answe

Dn

cnceed

vey Cmftae

Smewat cmftae

Smewat ncmftae

vey ncmftae

i dn’t tak t anyne ese at t

Pefe nt t answe

Dn

cnceed

Yes

N

Dn’t Knw

Pefe nt t answe

D y knw te

pepe w wee

cnceed wt se

f a spem dn?

hw d y fee takn g

t nn-famy memes

at te fact tat y

wee cnceed wt a

spem dn? D y

fee…

hae y feengs

at te pactce

f dn cnceptn

canged e tme?



102

Dn

cnceed

Me pste at

te pactce f dn cnceptn

Me negate at

te pactce f dn cnceptn

Nne f te ae

Pefe nt t answe

Dn


Yes

N

Dn’t Knw

< Pefe nt

t answe

Dn


Yes

N

Dn’t Knw Pefe nt

t answe <

Dn


Yes

N

Dn’t Knw < <

Pefe ntt answe

hae y ecme:

hae y ee

een pesced

medcatn f

depessn

te mentaeat pems?

hae y ee fet

nae t cnt y

se f ac te

sstances?

At any tme efe

age 25, wee y ee

n te wt te aw?



103

Dn


Ptestant

Catc

Jews

ote

Nne Pefe nt

t answe

Dn


Ptestant

Catc

Jews

ote

Nne Pefe nt

t answe

Dn

cnceed Adpted

rased

y

vey egs

Smewat egs

Nt ey egs

Nt egs at a

Pefe nt t answe

Wat e gn f any

wee y ased n?

Wat s y e gs

pefeence tday?

hw egs d y

centy cnsde

ysef t e?



104

Dn

cnceed Adpted

rased

y

Mst pepe can e tsted

Y can’t e t caef n fe

Nne f te ae

Pefe nt t answe

Dn


Stngy

agee

Smewatagee

Smewat

dsagee

Stngy

dsagee

Dn’t Knw

Dncnceed Adpted rased y

Stngy

agee

Smewat

agee

Smewat

dsagee

Stngy

dsagee

Dn’t Knw

in genea, wd y

say mst pepe can e

tsted y can’t e

t caef n fe?

i fee tat i can

depend n my fends

me tan my fam y.

i ae expeenced

many sses n my fe.



105

Dn


Stngy

agee

Smewat

agee

Smewat

dsagee

Stngy

dsagee

Dn’t Knw

Dn


Stngy agee

Smewat

agee

Smewat

dsagee

Stngy

dsagee

Dn’t Knw

Dn


Yes

N

Dn’t Knw/ efsed

i dn’t fee tat anyne

eay ndestands me.

My sptaty as

een stengt ened y

adesty n my fe.

Ae y, ysef,

f hspanc gn

descent, sc as

Mexcan, Pet rcan,

sme te Spans

ackgnd?



106

Dn


Wte hspanc

back hspanc

Smetng ese

Dn


Wte

back

Asan

ote mxed ace

Dn’t knw

Pefe nt t answe <

Dn


Nn hspanc wte

Nn hspanc ack

Nn hspanc te

Wte hspanc back hspanc

ote hspanc

Ae y wte h spanc,

ack h spanc, sme

te ace?

Wat s y ace?

Ae y …

Wat s y ace?



107

Dn


Fa ew aeage

bew aeage

Aeage

Ae aeage

Fa ae aeage

Pefe nt t answe

Dn


Nne, Gade 1-8

hg Sc incmpete

(Gades 9-11) hg Sc Gadate

(Grade 12 or GED certicate)

bsness, tecnca, ca-

tna sc afte g sc

Sme Cege, n 4 yea

degee

Cege Gadate (b.S., b.A. ,

te 4-Yea degee)

Pst-Gadate tanng

pfessna scng afte

cege

Dn’t Knw <

Tnk ng at te

tme wen y wee 16

yeas d, cmpaed

wt Amecan fam es

n genea ten, wd

y say y fa my

ncme was

Wat s te gest

ee f edcatn y

mte cmpeted?





109

Wee Spem Dn

Cnceed W Ageed

(Stngy Sme wat)

wt Seected

Statements,y Famy

Stcte at bt

lesan

cpes

(N=39)

Maed

etesexa

paents

(N=262)

Snge

mte

(N=113)

Te ccmstances f my cncep-

tn te me.

My spem dn s af f w i

am.

I nd myself wondering what my

spem dn’s famy s ke.

i smetmes wnde f my spem

dn’s famy wd want t

knw me.

i ae wed tat f i ty t get

me nfmatn at ae

a eatnsp wt my spem d-

n, my mte and/ te fate

w ased me wd fee angy

t.

it tes me tat mney was ex-canged n de t cncee me. it ts wen i ea te pepe

tak at te geneagca

ackgnd.

i ng t knw me at my

etnc natna ackgnd.

Wen i see fends wt te

gca fates and mtes, t

makes me fee sad.

Gwng p, i smetmes fet ke

an tsde n my wn me.

i fee cnfsed at w s a

meme f my famy and w s

nt.

i wy tat my mte mgt

ae ed t me at mptant

mattes wen i was gwng p.

i wy tat my fate mgt

ae ed t me at mptant

mattes wen i was gwng p.

Wen i see smene w esem-

es me, i ften wnde f we ae

eated.

Wen i’m mantcay attacted

t smene i ae wed tat

we cd e nknwngy eated.

i ae feaed ang sexa ea-

tns nknwngy wt smene

i am eated t.

Pe rce n tag e o f

R es po nde n ts W ho

Ta b le 2:



110

lesan

cpes

(N=39)

Maed

etesexa

paents

(N=262)

Snge

mte

(N=113)

i fee tat i can depend n my

fends me tan my famy.

i ae expeenced many sses nmy fe. i dn’t fee tat anyne eay

ndestands me.

it s wng f pepe t pde

te spem eggs f a fee t

tes w ws t ae cden.

it s ette t adpt tan t se

dnated spem eggs t ae a

cd.

o scety sd encage

pepe t dnate te spem

eggs t te pepe w want

tem.

Articial reproductive technolo-

ges ae gd f cden ecase

te cden ae wanted.

if i ad a fend w wanted t

se a spem dn t ae a ay,

i wd encage e nt t d t.

i tnk eey pesn as a gt t

a cd.

it s wng t deeatey cn-

cee a fateess cd.

it s wng t deeatey cn-

cee a mteess cd.

repdcte cnng sd e

ffeed t pepe w dn’t ae

any te way t ae a ay.

heat nsance pans and g-

enment pces sd make t

ease f pepe t ae aes

wt dnated spem eggs.

Sf d d x p p < .05

(-d ) Sf d p < .05 (-d )



111

Amng dn cnceed

Dn

cnceed

(N=485)

Adpted

(N=562)

rased y

gca

paents

(N=563)

lesan

mtes

(N=39)

Maed

ete-

sexa

paents

(N=262)

Snge

mte

(N=113)

Pems wt te aw

Menta

eat pemsd d

Sstance

ase pems

noes:

N d d. P p.

Sf d d p p < .001 (-d )

Sf d d p p < .01 (-d )

Sf d d p p < .05 (-d )

d Sf d dpd p < .001 (-d )

Sf d dpd p < .05 (-d )

Sfy d d d p < .05 (-

d )

(1) Ad p d d dd p

p .

(2) A p p d d

d q pd , dq, d dd

d d , pd pd d-

p (.., x d p) kd “d’

k,” “p ,” .

(3) R p p pd f d

p z (n=39) p, d.

(4) S f y y 1 d p

“d’ k” d “p ” dd 1.

Pe rce n tag e o f


Ta b le 3:

repted Eac f Tee

Cndtns, by og n



112

Amng dn cnceed

rased

y

gca

paents

(N=563)

Adpted

(N=562)

Paents

aways pen

at

cnceptn

(N=304)

Paents kept

cnceptn

a secet

(N=120)

Paents

eeaed

cnceptn

at age 12

ynge

(N=35)

Paents

eeaed

cnceptn

at age 13

de

(N=52)

Pems wt te aw

Menta eat pems d

Sstance ase pems d

N: N d d. P p.

Sf d d p p < .001 (-d ) Sf d d p p < .01 (-d ) Sf d d p p < .05 (-d )d Sf d dpd p < .001 (-d ) Sf d dpd p < .05 (-d ) Sf d d d, p kp p < .001 (-d )

Sf d d d, p kp p < .05 (-d )

Pe rce n tag e o f


Ta b le 4:

repted Eac f Tee

Cndtns, by ogn &

by hw Tey Fnd ot

At Te og n



113

Pe rce n tag e o f


Ta b le 5:18-25

(N=154)

26-35

(N=228)

36-45

(N=103)

Te ccmstances f my cncep-

tn te me.

My spem dn s af f w i am.

I nd myself wondering what my

spem dn’s famy s ke.

i smetmes wnde f my spem

dn’s famy wd want t knw

me.

i ae wed tat f i ty t get

me nfmatn at ae a

eatnsp wt my spem dn,

my mte and/ te fate w

ased me wd fee angy t.

it tes me tat mney was ex-canged n de t cncee me. it ts wen i ea te pepe

tak at te geneagca ack-

gnd.

i ng t knw me at my et-

nc natna ackgnd.

Wen i see fends wt te

gca fates and mtes, t

makes me fee sad.

Gwng p, i smetmes fet ke an

tsde n my wn me.

i fee cnfsed at w s a mem-

e f my famy and w s nt.

i wy tat my mte mgt ae

ed t me at mptant mattes

wen i was gwng p.

i wy tat my fate mgt ae

ed t me at mptant mattes

wen i was gwng p.

Wen i see smene w esemes

me, i ften wnde f we ae eated.

Wen i’m mantcay attacted

t smene i ae wed tat we

cd e nknwngy eated.

i ae feaed ang sexa

eatns nknwngy wt

smene i am eated t.

Wee Spem Dn

Cnceed W Ageed

(Stngy Smewat) wt Seected Statements,

y Age



114

18-25

(N=154)

26-35

(N=228)

36-45

(N=103)

i fee tat i can depend n my

fends me tan my famy.

i ae expeenced many sses nmy fe.

i dn’t fee tat anyne eay n-

destands me.

it s wng f pepe t pde

te spem eggs f a fee t t-

es w ws t ae cden.

it s ette t adpt tan t se d-

nated spem eggs t ae a cd.

o scety sd encage pepe

t dnate te spem eggs tte pepe w want tem.

Articial reproductive technologies

ae gd f cden ecase te

cden ae wanted.

if i ad a fend w wanted t se a

spem dn t ae a ay, i wd

encage e nt t d t.

i tnk eey pesn as a gt t

a cd.

it s wng t deeatey cncee

a fateess cd. it s wng t deeatey cncee

a mteess cd.

repdcte cnng sd e f-

feed t pepe w dn’t ae any

te way t ae a ay.

heat nsance pans and g-

enment pces sd make t

ease f pepe t ae aes wt

dnated spem eggs.

Sf d 26-35 p < .05 (-d ) Sf d 36-45 p < .05 (-d )



115

*** Sf d d p p < .001 (-d )

** Sf d d p p < .01 (-d )

Rd p p.

*** Sf d d p p < .001 (-d )

** Sf d d p p < .01 (-d )* Sf d d p p < .05 (-d )

Rd p p.

odds rats Pedctng

Tee Cndtns,

y ogn, Cnt ng

f Age, Gende, race,

Sjecte Famy

incme at Age 16, and

Mte’s Edcatn

odds rats Pedctng

Tee Cndtns,

y ogn a nd Famy

Stcte, Cntng

f Age, Gende, race,

Sjecte Famy incme at Age 16, and

Mte’s Edcatn

Dn Cnceed

Spem dn cnceed,

esan mtes

Adpted

Spem dn cnceed,

maed etesexa paents

rased y gca paents

Spem dn cnceed,

snge mtes

rased y gca paents

o d d s r a t i

Cndtns

2. 0 3

* * *

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* * 2. 0 5

* * *

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Fig ure 1:

F i u re 2:



116

noes:

Sp d d d d p p < .01 (-d ).

Sp d d d dpd p < .001 (-d ).

Adpd d d p p < .001 (-d ).

noes:

N d f p < .05 (-d ).

Fge 3a:

Pecentage f

respndents W

had one Me

Famy Tanstns

between bt/

Adptn a nd Age 16,

y og n

n (p d d) = 481

n (dpd) = 562

n (d p) = 562

Fge 3:

Pecentage f Spem

Dn Cnceed W

had one Me Famy

Tanstns between

bt/Adptn and Age

16, y Famy Stct eat bt/Adptn

n ( ) = 39

n ( ) = 112

n (x d p) = 262

2 2 %

3 5 %

rased y

gca paents

Adpted

4 4 %

Spem dn

cnceed

3 6 %

4 9 %

3 9 %

lesan mtes Snge mte hetesexa

maed paents

Fig ure 3a:

Fig ure 3 b:



117

noes:

Sp d d d dpd p < .001 (-d ).

Rd p d dpd p < .001 (-d ).

noes:

Sp d d d dpd p < .001 (-d ).

Rd p d dpd p < .001 (-d ).

2 1 %

3 2 %

rased y

gca paents

Adpted

3 9 %

Spem dn

cnceed

1 4 %

2 5 %

rased y

gca paents

Adpted

2 7 %

Spem dn

cnceed

Fge 3c:

Pecentage f

respndents Wt

Maed hetesexa

Paents at bt/Adp-

tn W had one

Me Famy Tans-

tns between bt /

Adptn a nd Age 16,

y og n

n (p d d) = 262

n (dpd) = 519

n (d p) = 505

Fge 4:

Pecentage f

respndents Wt

Maed hetesexa

Paents at bt/Adp-

tn Wse PaentsDced y A ge 16,

y og n

n (p d d) = 262

n (dpd) = 519

n (d p) = 505

Fig ure 3c:

Fig ure 4:





119

summary

A SRBI dd S Id, Kp, W-

B, d S J Exp Ad Cd

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S”). T d pd I A-

V. D d 1,687

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d p

d, d 485 k d p;

563 d d p; d 562

d dpd. T d dd J 10 J 28, 2008. D d d x

pdd .

design and data collection procedures

G p d p A pp-

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I d dp p d d d ,

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d d qk d

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18-45 S Sp I’ (SSI) SSp W

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& L i m i ta t io ns Me t hodo log

y

Pt Stdy

Sey n identty,

Kns p, We-beng

and Sca Jstce

Expeence f

Adts Cnceed

wt Dn Spem



12 0

main study design

T d dd 1,680 pd

y pd 18-45. T pd d d-

d p:

Sp D Cd Op: =560

Adpd Op: =560

Rd B P Op: =560

A SRBI d dy qf Sp D

p 1.3% d xpd p

p Sp D p.

contact procedures a nd screening

Rpd SSI’ SSp W P

pp . A k, -pd

d . A 670,524 p

d. T dd d .

A 48,637 dd d y. O ,

45,765 fd Sp D Op, Adpd, Rd

B P Op. T d

p.

Frequency Percent

Sperm Donor Offspring .%

Adopted Offspring .%

Bio Parents Offspring .%

Total .%

System Missing .%

.%

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p. O d-y d pd



121

f. O 726 pd fd Sp D-

p, 574 (79%) pd d 562 (77%)

dd “d” z p-d: dd dd

d - (pd

q). M d- -

q, Adpdd Rd B P Op d .

ssi survey spot web panel

T p zd d S Sp I-

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p d d d pp-p, ,

d x k. P pd kd j p d

p y pp d p.

P dd d p y

(.., p 6 ). S

Sp z 30-p p xp d

p . W p

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limitations

I d p d p

dy, pyd dy y y p, py p, 18-45-y-d Ud

S J 2008. T p A d

p -d p, d k

A . W k .

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p, d k p d

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pd d k p d , d k

d .

A d p d

p pp k p d



12 2

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d k

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pd’ kd .

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pp .

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p p xp, d j

. F d d tp d p

pp . N, d

j kd p d p. I

d d p p

d d, dpd, d p d

xp p d d.



12 3

C Ay, “Dp y? W Dyd 1.

d,” imes Online , UK, A 17, 2005.

“2. Ad Rpd y S R: Py D,”

National Summary and Fertility Clinic Reports (A: C D

C d P, 2007).

A PBS p “A Exp” d -3.: “1884: I f dd f d,

Pdp py W P p’ y y

j p d d d

; . P

d, d

d y .” S h : w w w. b s .o rg wg b h

a m e r i c a n e e r i e n c e b a b i e s i m e l i n e .

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p pp p – FDA d

d p Ep p t d

d pd p U.S., f p

Ep p U.S. d p.

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d..

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d k S Gk Cd U d . Gk’ pp d : h : w w w.

s i s . c a m . a c . u a b o u e o l e g o l o m b o _ a -

ers.h. H “Ep Sd Ad Rpd” d

100 d d d d

2 d. A p, 8.6 p d

p. Gk’ k d

xp d, d d

d d p d d d, p-dd x

d . Bd d, Gk y

d d,

dd p p d d

E nd no tes



12 4

k d pk . Gk

p Wd K D S R d

d d. A -

k J S U C D

d Sp Bk C (p : h : w w w.

h e s e r m b a n o c a . o r g a g e s a g e . h a g e i = 9 ) .M k pfy y d

d d p p-d d (

d Sp Bk C pd 1980). A

, k A.J. d. Axd MW,

P Md, Ly Sp, d Mkk Mt

d d, d q

d pd d p’ p d.

D p B Cdy d d

p d p 100. Wk

Ct Pt U V d Jd S

N Yk U, d d d

p, p d p

d .

T dpd Ez Mqd,7. Te Revoluion in

Parenthood: Te Emerging Global Clash Between Adult Rights and Children’s

Needs (N Yk: I A V, 2006).

T dd A SRBI p 18-45 8.d pdd S Sp I

p. S d d.

A dd 77 p d “d’ k” q “W9.

p d d y p? T , y

f d d p

d?” d pdd “y” p q “D y

p d d p-

?” T p 77 p dd p. (T , , p z p

p x pj.)

A p d p p -10.

d, dd, -d. T dpd p dpd



12 5

d. T p z

p d d d p

d 485 p d k d d d

dd 77 p pd d d,

562 p. A d ddd yz

p p 485 p d y k, d pd, d d.

S d d d .11.

Ez Mqd d - py Fy 12.

E p-d pd Chicago ribune M 15, 2005.

T q d pd .

Cd K, “A Sp Bz O,”13. Newsweek , J 2, 2008.

T d 114. (p. 82) ,

d ( “ q”).

Qd S, “’Sp Bk B’ M Dd”,15.

N Fd I, Fatherhood oday , p 4, 7,

2, p 2003. S dd B B, “W

– p d,” Ad P, J 30 2002; Y S.

W, “P.A. dd p d,” Mercury News ,

J 20, 2002; C, “Sp k d’ ,”

KPIX C 5, F 1 2002; d A, “ Dd,” d

ww w.a re n s l ac e. co m Ap 1 2002.

“I k I ,” BBC N, Ap 26, 2005,16. d.

Jd G, “Sp d’ p p,”17. Chicago

ribune , J 19, 2005, d

Sy (Fz) D d D A,18. Te Ospring Speak: Repor on

he 2000 Inernaional Conerence o Donor Ospring (Repor o Healh

Canada) , 13.

Cd Sk, “S ,”19. Vancouver Sun (Cd), Ap

22, 2006.“K dy p pzz,”20. Te Sun-Herald (A),

N 3, 2007.

N P, “I d I d’ k 21.

,” Daily Mail (UK), F 8, 2007.



12 6

Atd [M] Lz, 46, d d k x22.

B R, F., qd B Sd, “W’ Y Ddd?” US

News and World Repor , F 13, 2006.

C Wpp, “W d: dd d -23.

p,” Ax MW, d., Who Am I? Experiences o Donor

Concepion (Wk, UK: Id Ed , 2006), 18-19.“’F ’ dfd,”24. Te Independen , Ap 24, 2000.

K Ck, “M p d,”25. Washingon

Pos , D 17, 2006.

S tp://kd.p./26.

Q d p d 27.

dd Ez Mqd p. F

p f d . O pd

f . S kd pd f . I

f pd, q k d

f d.

Wpp, 19.28.

Wpp, 29.29.

L W. Sp,30. Sperm Donor Ospring: Identity and Other Experiences

(BkS P, 2007).

Sp, 2.31.

Ad p qd Sp, 47.32.

k Ok,33. Te Japan imes Online , “L L,” A 28, 2005.tp://.k./d/0401.pp d J 21,34.

2005. T d , A G, pp -

x p, dd t p pd

.

Sf, p < .00135.

Sf, p < .00136.

A p f d , p < .00137.

A H, “H, I’ Y S. O F D 150,”38. New Yorkimes , N 20, 2005.

F S B, ...39.

Cd Sk, “S ,”40. Vancouver Sun (Cd),

Ap 22, 2006.



127

S p d Cd U.S., Cd 41.

k d A k K’.

h : w w w . c r y o b a n . c o m s i b l i n g _ r e g i s r y 2 a s 1 .42.

cm, d A 8, 2005.

tp://t..pp./., d A 8, 2005.43.

tp://.kdk..k/, d A 8, 2005.44.“I d 300 ,”45. Te Guardian (UK), N

14, 2008.

S p p d “Mp,” y p 46.

B, F 22, 2004, Sixy Minues (A).

47. Te Ospring Speak , 47.

Pd F S B, Ap 28, 2005.48.

Id.49.

A p f d , p < .00150.

A p f d , p < .00151.

A p f d , p < .00152.

“Pd d,” BBC N, J 11, 2008; “Uk53.

d, k ,” CNN./Ep, J 11, 2008; “

pd k,” Te Sun , J 12, 2008.

Idd, k-p d k 54.

p p “” d x t dd k

y d . T p, k “ x

t,” dd dp d y d dd d.

D p d d y d dpd,55.

p < .001; dpd d d y fy d,

p = .608

D p d d y d dpd,56.

p < .001; dpd d d y fy d,

p = .539

N dd 57. k t d. F , p xpd

p d d pd xpd xp-

.

I , dpd pd 58.



12 8

y . W ’ p

p k dd d d. R p

d p dpd d p k

k d. S xp Adopion USA:

A Charbook Based on he 2007 Naional Survey o Adopive Parens , -

U.S. Dp Hd H S. B d d xp d

fd .

D p d dpd f d d -59.

, p < .001; dpd d d p f d,

p = .617

D p fy d dpd d d y 60.

, p <.001; dpd d d y fy

d, p=.094

F 361. (p. 117)

p x d p p ( d

d, dpd, d d p). F

3 d d (k F 4) d

.

T dd q “Dd62.

/dp d 16?” I

pdd , qd (

d, k p p, , p, pt p, d, )

p p (..,

, x d p, p, )

y y d d d p y

/dp.

Sf d, p < .00163.

S xp Ct Pt, “Cd L64.

d G P,” Current Directions in Psychological Science , . 15. . 5.,241-4. I Pt’ d, d Add H d,

- p p

d d . Bd p, Pt

d dd “ q p



12 9

d p’ p y d

d .” (p. 242)

T d 265. (p. 109). T d

p pd 1 (p. 82)

d 414 p pd -

, 485 d p k d p p d 1.

T d d p d 66.

d p x p f.

T p f.67.

T d 268. (p. 109).

G z p p, 69.

d f.

A 370.(

p. 111)

, p p

d f d p.

T z d p k

d f.

B d p x p d 71.

fy d dpd. T

p k.

A 372. (p. 111) , d pd pp

f, xp d p -

. D z y p ppd.

L , “T DI Op’ q dd73.

d , “W A M?”, d R

Sy, Ld, M 28, 2000, d zd y C

Rpd E (CORE), dd Te Ospring Speak , 91.

L Sp, “T DI Op’ q d-74.

d d , “W A M?”, d

R S, Ld, M 28, 2000, d zd C Rpd E, dd Te Ospring Speak , 91.

Dd Gz,75. Te Ospring Speak , 12.

J S Bd,76. Te Ospring Speak , 12.



130

By S k ’ d d77.

d d , Te Ospring Speak , 11-12.

Sz A,78. Te Ospring Speak , 12.

A p f d , p < .00179.

D p fy d d y d80.

dpd, p < .001; dpd f d d -, p < .05. W d d, 10 p (4 39)

p p d “d’ k/ ” ,

pd 12 p d d 5 p

d x d p.

Sp Fd, d pd “M I Sp D-81.

” PBS’ Religion and Ethics Newsweekly , WNE-V, 8/25/06, d

N R. C, est ube Families: Why the Fertility Market Needs Legal

Regulaion (N Yk: N Yk U P, 2009), 120.

J S, “Ad p-dy p d: p82.

12-17 y d,” Human Reproducion 20 (2004). 239-252; J

E. S, M Rd, d Pp R. S, “C

A d Id-R Sp D: Rp d D

C,” Reproducive echnologies 10 (2000): 50; d C,

120; T Sp Bk C, “Id-R P,” www.

he se rm ban o ca .or g ir ele as e. hm l, d C, 118.

“O d Sp D Ld – C. A d d83.

k p 18,”(h:www. av no. comen-cr oaiaov a-an-s er m-

o na io n- o -b e- le ga li se --- _261279)

tp://.ddp./d_DCA_.84.

tp://..//.85.

Dd V, p pp N Yk U, 86.

“T Ip Hdk C k

d ‘p’ f

p.” S “P Pp,” Philosophy and Public Aairs , 36, 3, 221-322, 2008.

F xp, “I 2006 pd j p d87.

d Bd, p -

j q. T pd,



131

NHS d p p ,” Ld M,

“W k p d ,” Te Scosman , N

12, 2008.

S “L Wj, C N G D , -88.

/p ‘d’ p,” ww w. n g . c o.u ; d

HFEA’ d ww w.h e a .g ov.u 34 11 .h m l d ww w.h e a . g o v .u 3 4 1 2 . h m l .

S xp Y. W d A. Ld, “N-A (ID-R)89.

D Sp N Pd C W W A Ud

Ad Rpd,” Fertility & Sterility 84, pp. 1 (2005): S204, S205,

d C, 122. O d d pp d K MD,

G Bk, J E. S, d R D. N, “S

D: H P App T Cd T Ty

W Cd W D G,” Fertility & Sterility 87 (2007): 524;

P H, S C. Kk, d Rd B. B, “D

D A P W W Rd D O: A

P Sd,” Fertility & Sterility 87 (2007): 288, 289; d E.

Lt, K. D, R. C, S. Gk, “S-Ad Cd

D I: A Sdy P’ D Pt,” Human

Reproduction 20 (2005): 810; ASRM E Ct, “I D

Op T Cp G D,” Fertility & Sterility

81 (2004): 527, d C 122-3. M , “E D

d py y p p,”h : w w w . i v n e w s i r e c . c o m = 4 6 4 .

A D Cp Nk UK fd k d 90.

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How I Began: Te Sory o Donor Inseminaion , k 5-8 y d

pdd A k z; d Sometimes It



132

akes 3 o Make a Baby: Explaining Egg Donation to Young Children. I

U.S., D S R FAQ’ p d

q , “ W B M Cd S

D-Cd?” (T : “I’ .”)

W z d d p dd fd91.

.D p d d dpd, p < .001; dpd92.

d , p = .981

O , p d d – p93.

p, , d x d p –

d p, 2 (p. 109).

D p d d dpd, p < .001; dpd94.

d , p = .367

D p d d dpd, p < .001; dpd95.

d , p = .131

D p d d dpd, p < .001; dpd96.

d , p < .01

D p d d dpd, p < .001; dpd97.

d , p < .05

D p d d dpd, p < .001; dpd98.

d , p = .699

A 299. (p. 109) , p d d

d; D p d d dpd, p< .001; dpd d , p = .374

D p d , p < .05; d p d-100.

dpd, p < .001; dpd d , p < .01

A 2101. (p. 109) , p p pp

k , “I d d,”

p x d p ky

. Iy, p p pp ky

, “I d d” d

d. A t -d p p

d d, -q

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133

D p d , p = .869; d d102.

dpd, p < .05; dpd d , p < .05

D p d d dpd, p < .001; dpd103.

d , p < .05

A d p xp-104.

d p xp , ,, k d not p d xp

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.

D p d , p < .01; d d 107.

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T 156 p d y p d108.

C, 33 p d C. T 122

dpd p d C, 46 p

d C. T 174 p d d p

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T p dpd d p d d

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p < .05 (-d ). T p p d d f d dpd p < .001 (-d ).

D p d d dpd, p < .001; dpd109.

d , p = .068

66 p d p d Hp, 110.

20 p d k Hp.

D p d d dpd, p < .001; dpd111.

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p p.



13 4

W d’ k d p d dpd p 112.

q k d p

k. S

p’ d y, d

p p ’

d. S k d p p .

S, xp, AF., “ 113.

p d y d dp,

, , d ;” M S. M

“D D: Cd D E & Sp” “

p d d,

d d d p p p

y d dp” (h:www.reconce-

i o n . c o m a r i c l e s a l e r n a i v e - a m i l y - b u i l i n g

o n o r - e c i s i o n s - 13 1 2 ); d Pdp F Pd’ ,

“d p d d

dp, y, d , d x

p,” (tp://.ppd./).

S xp Dd M. Bdzk, M D. S, d R114.

Mz H, Being Adoped: Te Lielong Search or Sel (N Yk:

A Bk/Dd, 1992). H d dp

U.S. d d E. W Cp, Family Maters: Secrecyand Disclosure in he Hisory o Adopion (Cd: Hd U-

y P, 1998); K W, Adopion, Ideniy and Kinship: Te

Debae Over Sealed Birh Records (N H: Y Uy P,

1997); Ad P, Adopion Naion: How he Adopion Revoluion

is ransorming America (N Yk: B Bk, 2000); R J. S

d Hd A, Adopion Across Borders: Serving he Children in

ransracial and Intercountry Adoptions (N Yk: R d Ltfd

P, 2000); d B M, Strangers and Kin: Te AmericanWay o Adopion (Cd: Hd U P, 2002).

d p xp dp,115.

E B. Dd Adp I d p

. S .dp..



135

Mqd d k k B D Wd116.

.

A d d, p d x p117.

k . S 2 (p. 109).

D p d , p = .485; d p118.

d dpd, p < .01; dpd d ,p < .05

I p p dpd d f 119.

q p d – p d

d – d d

; , d

d d p .

S d p dd120.

2006 d p Cd’ p My L,

d M S, Te Ehical Imaginaion: Journeys o he

Human Spiri (: H A P, 2006).

Ad d “” pd 121.

pd d “d” d d “pd”

p. B x d d d

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. Ty pd py p , d ,

y p, pd

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d d . S tp://.p.

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