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A R e p o r t R el ea s ed I n t er n a t i o n a l l y b y t h e Co m m i s s i o n o n P a r en t h o o d ’ s F u t u r e
A Ne w S t ud y o f Yo u ng A d u
l ts
Co nce i ved T h ro ug h
S pe r m Do na t io n
Eliz A bETh M A rq u A rDT, Nor v A l D. GlENN,
A N D K A r E N C l A r K, Co- i N v EST iG A To rS
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isbn: 1-931764-20-4
I A V1841 Bd, S 211
N Yk, NY 10023
: (212) 246-3942
Fx: (212) 541-6665
i n o @ a m e r i c a n v a l u e s . o r g
w w w . a m e r i c a n v a l u e s . o r g
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Dd Bk, Insiue or American Values
D B, Universiy o Chicago Diviniy School (Emerius)
D C, McGill Universiy (Canada)
K Ck, FamilyScholars.org, co-invesigaor
J Bk E, Universiy o Chicago Diviniy School
M G, Insiue or Marriage and Public Policy
N D. G, Universiy o exas a Ausin, co-invesigaor
R P. G, Princeon Universiy
A L H, Duke Universiy
P. Jk, Emory Universiy
K K K, Universiy o Colorado School o Medicine
Sz Y M, Rainbows Inc.
Ez Mqd, Insiue or American Values, co-invesigaor
M B. P, Cener o he American Experimen
Dd Pp, Rugers Universiy (Emerius)Sp G. P , Cener or Medical Humaniies, Compassionae
Care, and Bioehics a Sony Brook Universiy
D Q, Insiue o Marriage and Family Canada
L z, Wiherspoon Insiue
Dd Q, Iona Insiue (Ireland)
A Wx, Universiy o Pennsylvania Law School
W. Bdd Wx, Universiy o Virginia
J Wt, J., Emory UniversiyP Wd, Naional Associaion o Scholars
A bo u t t he
Co m m iss io
on Par enthood’s
Fu tu r e
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Meethodlogy
and Limitations
5 15
27 37 51
77 82 119
21Executive Summary ^
Tanfgled WebsHow Do Donor
Offspring Fare?
Religion & Race:
The Surprising Case of
Today’s Donor Offspring
Is Donor Conception
“Just Like” Adoption?
IntrroductionI n t r o du c t i o n The Daddy Box
T a led W ebs Secrets & Anonymity
L i m i t at i o s
M et h odolo y & Tables & FiguresRecommendations
61 69 71Rights
Table of Contents
F i f t e en
M a j o r F in d
in g s
7
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E x EC u T I v E
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T H E D A D D y BO x
‘‘’’ A ew monhs ago, Si’mone Braque,
41, o Sugar Land, exas, and imGullicksen, 41, o San Francisco, ound
each other on the Internet. Braquet was
searching or he sperm donor who’d
allowed her to become a single mom 10
years earlier. Gullicksen, an anonymous
donor intrigued by his own amily tree,
was looking or his “kids.” First there
were e-mails and phone calls. hen,
in March, Gullicksen lew o exas
o mee Braque and he child hey
created: a boy with bluish-green eyes
and sandy brown hair named McKay.
When Braque old her son ha she
had tracked down his donor dad, “he
lit up,” she says, then burst into tears.
For years, McKay had kept a “Daddy
Box” under his bed illed with special
handmade iems—a pained rock,
an angel ornamen wih his phoo ini. Finally, jus weeks beore his 10h
birthday, he had someone to give it to.
“I’ve always waned a dad,” he says.
— Nk , June 200813
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“I have worried ha i I ry o ge more inormaion abou or have
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p) pd f dpd d (19 p),
“ When I see riends wih heir biological ahers and mohers,
k .”35 S, d p
(53 p, pd 29 p dpd d), “It
hurs when I hear oher people alk abou heir genealogical back-
ground.”36 B p – d d d dpd – y
k d dd p p
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d p. S d d
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“ When I see someone who resembles me I ofen wonder i we are
.” (45 p dpd d d 14 p d
p .)37
T New York imes d d p
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lss f bgca
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p .’38
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y y y []
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p . I’ d. … D I ? I p?”40 I , d d d
py : “Someimes I wonder i my aher is sanding righ in
on o me.”
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p d . T -
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td d U.S. d
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T -k y U.S. D
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regstes
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p d d - xpd d
k . B d d
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.)
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d . F , pp
dpd dd y ,
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, , pp dz k ,
k .
“Exteme Fames”
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d, d p k,
“d” p y – d py y, y
d. S p d
d (, -d, d; , , ), p k
p dd d d
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fd d p ,
p q d d d ,
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K p D S Ry p
d fd 100 d, d p
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U.S. d d.
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d ; ,
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dd x, k, p,
pd , ,
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k d d d p
d . T d d
d 100 d 300 p.
45
Akd d , J pd: “Dzz. J dzz
… j dzz , k [] d d ,
d k , d k.”46
N d p k d k---
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p f
. A Cd 2005, d p d
k. Sy Kz d p: “W dd :
p , d k 5 , ’
p 235 , kd.” O Pt
ddd: “I d d d , ’ xp. R, p .”47
T d p y
y p . A N G p : “I y
d , d I d I ! I d d I
d , I pp d I d I
k . I’ k d
dd d .”48
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d p pd d ’ ‘’
… d d I d k . H
? … N kd d d I
d I d. I d d .”49
T d d kd d-
d p d d
“x .” I y’ d y pp
d p, ky p
d p d t , d-d, d p kd p,
p p, d p dd -
d’ d . L dd
, d , k
pp, d’ d
d p.
I , f d p pd
d k pt p: who heir amilies are. I y, 43 p d p, pd
y 15 p dpd p d j x p d
y p, “I eel conused abou who is a
” – -d d
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d d d dpd.50 A d ,
pd d, “ I am sill having problems puting my real
amily ogeher .”
T d p d j p
t dy d kp, pdy p . T , d . T
k d - –
d k d d -.
T . S d y
p. Ad d- p -
p d kd d. F xp, t,
-dd p d pp pp
d p , ’ k
fd pf d d
p. Add d p
d d - d d d
d, , y d k y
d’ -. T k d
dpd, -
p d
k-dd . M, p k
d , p d d d , d f
d d d
p d px . M d
kd . R d-
d , d d, d d
p d – d, d’ - y
d d k. T d dd
fd d t.D p N G k, “I ,
DNA d , ‘j
’?” A q, D S R
d p d d d’ -
incest Feas and lack
f Medca hsty
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p dd ,
, p
d x .
I y, q kd
d p 15 d d p, 18
p d 15 “d k d ” d 15 p d
“d d’ .” (A
, 16 d 15 p d .) A,
46 p d p, 17 p dpd d d
j 6 p d y p, , “ When
I’ I v
be unknowingly related.”51 S, 43 p d d p,
d j 16 p dpd d d 9 p d y
p, , “I have eared having sexual relaions
k I .”52 A pp
d p dd d
d d p,
pd dpd.
Ok, f, d pd, ppd –
, d d x ? W,
. L B , d ,
pd d dpd d . T , ,d d – d d d .53
H d .
F td pp k d .54 Rz
d td - .
W d d k d,
pd p ,
k d . T d d d
p d. Ad , all o i pp. Ad, ’ . O
fd dy : A pd, a ull 20 percen
o donor ospring said ha, as aduls, hey hemselves had already donaed
heir own sperm or eggs or been a surrogae moher. T’ pd
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0 p dpd d d p
d p – xd d.55 T
d p k d dpd
p d d. M –
52 p – d p, pd 36 p dpd
d d 34 p d p, d dd d .56
W d ? Sy y d p 2025,
y . I y fd
, ’ py d , , d
p. Y d y ,
p has no idea where he or she came om. T p
– d k p
d . T d
d t k d p. B 2025,
d k d d fd p.
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I dd q k
d py d p.
W q , y
k
d - d d p – d fd-
p p
d d.
O f q “ A 25, v
in trouble with the law?” A 21 p d p –
f – d 57 , pd 18 p dpd
d 11 p d p. (p 1)
O x q “Have you ever elt unable to control your ?” A, f – 21
p – d p . T p 17 p
dpd d d 11 p d p.
Ad f kd, “Hv v -
ion or depression or oher menal healh problems?” I ,
dp k , 42 p
pd d . B
p, 31 p d d d d, d 28
p d p .58
F k f d -
, d, , j 16, d ’
d, dd F 1 (p. 115). F 1 k
d d d dpd fy
k d p
d , -
d . T d d d dpd
ky d y p p p . T d d k d
p p p ( dpd
p). Ad d d 1.5
k d p p
HO W DO DO nO R
O F FS P R I ng F A R E?
Menta heat, Addctn,
and Denqency
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p ( dpd k
d p p ).
I p-dd p , d p
d d fd:
I’ve never even hough abou his beore I ook his survey, bu yes I
say depressed a lo, and would like o know more abou my donor’s amilyhealh.
I still have issues with this problem and am seeking proessional help. It
has helped me o become a sronger person bu has scared me emoionally.
Ad:
I CU MY SELF
O d d j
d d jy y
k d t p:
I was uncomorable wih he ac ha I was conceived his way a
rs. Bu hrough he suppor o my amily and he posiive environmen hey
provided, I urned ou ne.
Tis is a very sensiive subjec or me, doing his survey el like
herapy!
I hink everyhing was covered. I don’ eel like i is a big issue or me
anymore because I’m an adul wih a amily o my own.
I’s wha you choose o make o i.
Ad pk : I did no know unil 3 weeks ago ha any o his had happened. I los a
baby in my 6th month and my mother inadvertently told me o their conception
problems. Tis survey was acually a litle spooky.
O dy f xp
d p. W kd “D k
were conceived with use o a sperm donor?” – 54 p – .
W kd “H k - the act that you were conceived with a sperm donor?” -d
(34 p) d “ ,” d
(31 p) “ .” T
k -
Sca isatn
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d’ d . A dpd, d p
k , “I v x ” –
-d d p d dpd
, pd -f d y -
p.59 O, p p d
p “I ’ .”y-f p y, pd 13 p dpd
d p d p.60
S p k
y y pp d asked q
xp. S d p d fd
p p, d d :
Tis survey made me eel sad and I am crying as I am typing this comment.
I would like o know oher people ha have been conceived by a sperm
donaion and le hem know ha hey’re no alone.
Tis is the rst time I have had anyone ask me questions o such personal
mater, bu I am O.K. wih i.
Yes, I thought this was very personal and it hurt a lot to give the inormation out.
Tis was a very personal and emotional survey. What could you possibly
ge om his ype [o survey]?
O d d d , d
.
Wow, I am jus blown away wih his experience. I am pleased o havebeen a par o his sudy. Tis is a subjec ha I really do no discuss openly
wih anyone excep very close amily or iends. I am hankul or my lie and
opporuniies I have. I do eel ha my parens’ divorce was perhaps my aul.
Bu I had a very srong and supporive moher and grandparens. Tank you
or his opporuniy.
I hope he inormaion gahered in his survey is published in a
book or magazine so we can all see wha oher people like mysel have had o
go hrough.M d p d , p k
, “ ,
y k ,” d “d
pp,” d “I k d p,” d .
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U dd d p
missing – -
, , d -. B t
in . I pp p d
d kd .
Ly Sp M 1957. S dd’ fd p 35 d,
d y dd. Ly’ p
d “” p. “W I j ,”
d, “ … kd I d d .
I d ‘.’ T d d, k
.” Lk k, k d dd -
.
T y y p.
S k . M p d x
jk d , dd k
x. … T k p x I k
p d , ’ kd
py, I -
p d p d d kp
.
L p k d
. S, , “ d -
p , d d p kp . Pp
d k d’ d
.” O , “ d d k
, p, d pp.”
. Lk pp fd
d d, L k
. S d :
W p d d
p – pp ppd
– ,
d d. Y q
. Y d’ k d
, .
Famy insta ty
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Lk L, V R, x, d-
p d d, d p
kp, d d . “I k p
y y d d,” y. “I
d d ’ p d
d d [ ] dp .” S d’ k d p.
“I k DI [d ] d
” d d
p , . “I k d
d.”
A . Gt p . Kp
d d . R d
p d d d .
T xp d
d d d k p
. Pp p, d.
M d d d pp
pk p’ d. I
dy d d p d p-
dd d xp. A F 4 (p. 117) ,
d x p d d p
k dd, 27 p p p dd pd 16, pd
14 p dpd d 25 p d
p.
W p d p p dd
d d, xp,
p, f . M d d
p d p ,
x d p d p d d – pd dp –
f d “d d”
. M d ,
q, d p d k
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xpd p d d
d p, dpd. Y p d
d pp xpd p’ d pp
y more d y p. Ad,
, p d p p dd two
times dpd. B p p d k d d p dp
, , . T pt – he donor
conceived are wice as likely as hose who were adoped, and as likely as hose
raised by their biological parents, to have seen their parents divorce –
, d
p d d.61
M d p p’ d. S
q px.
“Ad” P, 1959.
H d 11 12
p d. T d
ddd “ pp .” H p, “I d
d d-d kd, d I
I’d p .” , ,
y pd, “O, I dy k . O p d .”
Ad’ , , d k
dd . Ad kd d d.T d p t
Ad’ . “M d p,
. My dd I
d .” T, “ d I x, d d
d dpd . H d I d y kd
d, . H d p d – 42 – I
13. M dd’ .” Lk k, d, “I’d I
d – Dd (“d #2”) .”
V M, A. B 1980, d
21 d d d. d
y, d, “W y y t px .
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M d 70’ pp y
f. Up dd ,
y d, p, ., d y y
y (IVF), d qy p
f .” T dd d d
d . “I p d d . S d .” H
, , “I d d f d
I d 21 d. I j
d, d d . B
IVF pd x.”
“S ,” V , “I : 1) T d
yy, 2) M’ f d I
d y f, d 3) d
d d, I k dd.” “N ,”
k, “d p p?” A 29, V y
f .
O d d d xp p
d p. T
kd dd y d p
- p, p
- p d d k p,
p, d p d. A, ’ p d -d x, d p dpd
x, d p. A F 3 (p. 116) , 44 p
d d xpd “y ”
d 16, pd 22 p dpd.62
R d f , d -
p . F d d,
p d d k
, pp k – d – .
W y p, – (57 p)
– d p “I I
more han my amily ” – y
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p p (29 p).63 Ad
pp d , d p
d .
F dd, d d
p d p.D py d pdd d -
d. D 1970 d 1980, p . A
dy’ d p d p, fd p
d p, x
d p.
I , 262 d d p
x d p, 113 , d 39
p. W f p
, 39 pd
p xp. M d p
p d pd, d
p k p p .64
Pp k similar p d p
( d p, , x p)
pp td d xp. T f d
d 2. (p. 109)
I p, 40 d 45 p y, “I d d .” 65
B 40 d 45 p “I d x
k I d .”
B 40 d 45 p “W I’ td
I d d k d.”
B 40 d 50 y “I y y d
p t I p.”
R pp pp “I d I p p d,
d/ d d .”
M “W I I
d d.”
Wtn te Spem Dn
Cnceed: offspng f hetesexa Maed
Cpes, Sn ge Mtes
y Cce, and lesan
Cpes
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M y “I I dpd y d
.”
M “I d’ dd .”
B pp d. I , d -
d p
, d , p, p x .
M, pd -
x p, p
, d k
p – , , -
p do p d xp
d . One cauion is ha because here are 39 ospring o lesbian
couples in our sudy, or he mos par our ndings relaed o ha group can
only suggest how well or how poorly they are aring. (Other ofen-cited studies
o ospring o lesbian couples are also challenged by similarly small, or even
smaller, numbers.) However, in some cases where noed signifcance ess do
reveal signican dierences or he ospring o lesbian couples in our sudy.
F, ’ k . T d
p pp k
p : “I fd y d y p d’
k.” M (78 p) d ,
pd -d p d -x p.66
Rd “M p d I ,”
71 p , pd j d
(46 p) d -d
(65 p) d x p.67
Nx, ’ k p. T d
pp less likely d d
x p -, d . S, ’
– d j – do
pp :68
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O-d (33 p) y “T
p .”
O-d (33 p) “W I d
d , k d.”
M d (36 p) “I y
xd d .” W d (38 p) “I I pp
k kd.”
N (46 p) “M p d I .”
M (59 p) “I d p
d’ d k .”
W d ( F 3, p.116), d
d pp k
d 16, pd d
d x d p.69 F f,
pp ,
kp d d d
, d . S,
(49 p) p
p p d
16, ’ .
H d xp, k ,
y pp d p ? A d , kd q
d p , , d .
3 (p. 111) p p pd pd
d, . T p kd
d d d x p-
, p, d . D f
. A, F 2 (p. 115) pd dd
- d .T f q , “A 25,
?” O d y p, y
11 p d y. By , y
d p d – 26 p – d
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, d 20 p d d d x
p d . O , d d
pp pp d d
p. I p, 13 p
d d p p.70
T d q , “H pd d- dp p?” T
d dpd d – 43 p dpd
d y y pd d dp
p. T d d pp pp
k d p
’ pd d , d p
p d d , f
p dpd.71
T f q , “H
? J 11 p d
p d q. B ,
– 26 p – d d
d q. T , , p
also pp k d p
p p – -f, 21
p. (M, d d d x
p k d p p kd p, d d
, 17 p.) O, p
d d d p p
pd d p.72
z :
Sperm donor conceived persons om all three amily structures at birth –
heterosexual married parents, lesbian couples, or single mothers – share many
atiudes and experiences in common. Bu here are dierences. For example, compared o ohers who are
donor conceived, he donor conceived born o single mohers seem o be more
curious and more disressed abou heir origins. Tey are more han wice as
likely as those raised by their biological parents to have had problems with the
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law, and more han wice as likely as hose raised by heir biological parens
o have sruggled wih subsance abuse.
Meanwhile, hose born o lesbian mohers seem o express somewha
less curiosiy and less disress abou heir origins. Sill, subsanial minoriies,
and someimes majoriies, o he donor conceived born o lesbian couples in
our study do express these troubled eelings, and more than hal o them report curiosiy abou heir biological aher and his amily. Tose born o lesbian
couples also appear nearly wice as likely as hose raised by heir biological
parens o say hey have sruggled wih subsance abuse.
Overall, alhough here are varieies o experiences wihin he donor
conceived, as a group the donor conceived are hurting more, are more conused,
eel more isolaed om heir amilies, and on some imporan measures have
worse oucomes, han hose raised by heir biological parens, and no groups
o donor ospring appear o be exemped om hese possible risks.
O d k , d,
d d d d pk . T d
xp d p , p. S q
d d . S . M d
d p . A p f
ky p xp . M,
, d’ k
. B d p pd . T’ f.
I q k pd 15 d
d d, d d p
d “p” (28 p 15, 26 p ); “” (19
p , 20 p ); “pd” (12 p , 16 p
); “d” (16 p , 15 p ), d f
y y p p
“ d” (37 p , 43 p ).F p-dd q d ,
p d p :
I am proud o being who I am, and graeul or having such a
magnicen amily.
And sme a e…fne
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Being ha I am a donor child I believe ha my mom and my dad are
my real amily. Tey raised me and cared or me my whole lie and I love them
more han anyhing.
COMFORABLE
I had a very happy childhood with my two mothers, we continue to have
a grea relaionship. I have no problem being a donor child.
I think that even though you were not conceived in a traditional way the
love that you receive when you get into the world can make all o the dierence
in he way you eel abou yoursel.
I hink hose parens are more imp[oran] who gave birh o he baby
and ake care o her raher han donor.
I was very comorable and cool.
My moms are boh awesome and have done a grea job raising us.
I’m lucky!
My lie has been good so ar!
Sperm donaing is a grea hing. I helps ou amilies.
I hink having he donor opion is grea, here are a lo o good people
ou here who really wan kids.
W d d . W -
– kd kd – d , ’ d
. B do no discoun .
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p d k d
d d p. T fd d
p k, p, p d- p, d
d p.
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Spd t k d p d
d .
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“W kp, d p
d . T d p d , p don’ .”73
A L Sp d , “I
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d, I y j: ‘I k ’ d
, k F Kx.’”74 A pp d “I’
d p , d p…
y.”75 S d “Sy d … [] d
, d d.”76
My pk qy d py
dd p p d
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[y ] fd d ,
d ,” d f
k By S. “… T y k t
.”77
D p Sz A pd, “T ‘A d d d , ’
t.’ B, ’ d t. L
. I’ ,
pp. T t j .”78
F Kx, , t, “” p:
d p k
.
O d k d k -
. A d p (47 p) , “I worry that my
v I
.” T p 27 p dpd
d 18 p d p.79 N d
d d k d
S EC R E TS &
A nO n y M I T y
‘‘’’ It changes your character, when
you’re always deceiving people.
I ’s dreadul.
– I, d d -
d
B 60 ,
d Ospring ,
dy y By
S
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p , abou our imes
as likely o agree srongly.
S, 43 p d p, pd 22 p d
15 p, p, d dp p,
“I worry that my ather might have lied to me about impor-
an maters when I was growing up.”80 Cpd d y p, d p k
. I p dd p d, d
p d, “[I am] currenly no on seeing or speaking erms wih amily
because o his.”
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p, I t p. I
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d
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yy], y’ y , y d
pp I k q, … ‘D I
, d d, ?’”81
A d dd p U.S. d, p, . F ,
p d d dd
p d. T Sp Bk C
p “ID ” p,
Endng Annyms
Dnatn?
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1983, d p d p
d p d 18 y d.82 O p k
xp ID k d,
, , pd d -d
d pdd p.
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d p z U.S., A S
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pp d d d d p
p U.K. S d
p d Sd.87 Exp d
“p k” p – d, y, dd x
d , p
x d . E N H S jd , k p
d d, d xp
p d d “G ” (“” B
d ).
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, B p p d, d
p d. (E
B, d , B
p Sp, Ep, R .) L
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UP yy,” d ’
f (p t ).88
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d d p d d d-
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S ddd .
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does p d d, d
.
P d . Pp p
, d k d ,
d d d d d’ k
p p. O pp k d dd,
Tt Te ng
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d “d” k ’ –
d . B dd p d d
pp d , , d
pd d dd p d
kp – d p d
– p d d pp: H- p.
E d d t k,
p d fd . S
d’ – , dp, d –
d. O d d,
d d . I
( , p p dd
) dp , p kd
d , , d p k
. Ad ’ y d-
p d p d
p , p d
pj, p , ,
p.
Sd d “ d ”
d pp pd p
d.89 A z pdd p .90
I d, d p p p d
d p p. B p 485 d
p only includes people who know their status. I p-
p d d p, d d
k p d d, df d fd
d p p no p .
W p q d p: “Parents vary widely in whether and how they tell their children that they were conceived
with donor sperm. Tinking careully, which o the ollowing catego-
?” T p:
My parent(s) were always open with me about how I was conceived: 59 p
My paren(s) kep he ac o my donor concepion a secre – I only
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56
learned in an accidenal or unplanned way: 20 p
My parent(s) intentionally revealed the acts o my donor conception to
me someime beore I was 12 years old: 7 p
My parent(s) intentionally revealed the acts o my donor conception to
me someime afer I was 12 years old: 9 p
A , (59 p) d p dp y p . A 16 p d p-
p d’ , dd
y d (7 p)
(9 p) d 12 d. A , f (20
p) p d kp , d
fd d pd . B d p
fd
xp d, 9 p
d , ddd 20 p p d
kp , q p
dd d .
A, , d, , ID , k d,
– , d , d
d p. I d, p q ’
ppd y. T q : I y
p d p, d p isel p?
A xp dy, d d pp
“d d p” . Ad-
, ’ d p d
p d . I p d
d , , d f. U ,
p no d.
L’ k d. A j q p d d
d d y, y d p
dy (47 p) , “I y y d
p t I p,” d 43 p
. A d p
is Sececy
te Man Pem?
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p p pp
d .91
W kd d p p
d p p. I , q
:
Some experts say that donor conception is ne or children so
an early age. Oher expers say ha donor concepion can be hard
or children, but telling children the truth early on makes it easier or
the children. Still other experts say that donor conception is hard or
v . D k…
T p d p:
Donor concepion is ne or children so long as parens ell children he
ruh abou heir concepion om an early age: 44 p
Donor conception can be hard or children, but telling children the truth
early on makes i easier or he children: 36 p
Donor conception is hard or children even i their parents tell them the
ruh: 11 p
O d d d dd, z p – 44
p – y d p ,
p d . B z p – 36
p – d p p
. Ad y – 11 p – y dp d kd p d . T
d p – 47 p –
j d p isel , p
d .
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d’ p dy , d
kp…T p p d
p.” E B : “T pp [ p].”
B d p C Wpp d:
Cd d d d f
d , d d dpd
d p d d
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d . D p pd
‘’ ‘’ d p
pp . I d
d p .
W kd d . Lk 4 (p. 112) ,
d p p kp ( d p fd d pd
), pp – 51 p – p ,
d – 36 p – p d ,
d 29 p p d p . T d
f d k.
S, d t p d kp
, d p p p
( 304 d p
d) pd kd . Cpd
d y p, d d
p p f k
d (18 p, pd 11
p d p) d p p
(20 p, pd 11 p d p).
T d d 4. (p. 112)
S d p -
d p. W , k 5 (p. 113) , k d d
p d . I
py d p xp
d d .
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k d xp-
xp, 36-45
k .
T d d p pk
d ,
d p d . S d
p y y k. B,
, y p d p y d
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no pp d d p, d d
p d p d d
, pd d p.
O, d d pp “d d
p” . R, fd p
d d, , p d, d df . B p d pp
p , , d k
d d d k
p.
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In our survey, the majority of grown donor ospring
xpd f pp p’ k
everyhing .
W kd d d p :
o have non-identiying inormation about their sperm donor:
68 p d d, 78 p dpd, d 73 p
d p .
o know the identity o the donor: 67 p d d, 52
p dpd, d 52 p d p .
o have the opportunity to orm some kind o relationship with
the donor: 63 p d d, 48 p dpd, d 47
p d p .
T k x - -
ceived with the same donor: 64 p d d, 62 p
dpd, d 62 p d p .
T k - v
donor: 62 p d d, 54 p dpd, d 55
p d p .
o have the opportunity as children to orm some kind o rela-
tionship with hal-siblings conceived with the same donor: 62 p
d d, 49 p dpd, d 52 p d
p .
Sp, d d -
dpd d d p
q -d
p d. B k ideniy
p d d p relaionship
, dpd d d p ,
d d pp .M, k x d
-, p d pp ,
d p p
’ d x. Ad
R Ig H TS
Te C d’s
rgt t Knw
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, k identity -
d p d relationship ,
pp dpd d d p k-
, -d d d pp
.
I pp p ppx -d p- p d p pp p pp
d p d’ k y.
I U.S. , d y , d p
y none . R , U.S. d d
d’ d p k dy
. I , pf, U.S. d d
d x dd xp p d- p,
d, d d deny d, ,
k . I d
j d p , $3.3 U.S.
d d pdd d, p,
d .
I p-dd q , d p
d p f d’ k:
I deniely hink ha all sperm and egg donors should be easily acces-
sible and he children should defniely have he choice o fnd ou who hey
are and be able o conac hem. I hink i is someone’s righ o know where and who hey come om, o
know heir ideniy.
I hink ha children have a righ o know ANYHING in his siua-
ion. Also, he sperm donor should be old when hey have conceived a child,
and asked i hey would like a relaionship.
I is imporan o know your ideniy.
B p d pd. W j d p f pp d’ k, f j-
pp, , k
pp p d p d pd
.
Te rgts f
Wd-be Paent s
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F , d p
p d p. W kd, “ What is your opinion o the
?” 61 p , pd
39 p dpd d d 38 p d y -
p.92 F k d p d pd
, k k p :93
I k v : 76 p d
d, 52 p dpd, d 54 p d -
p .94
Articial reproductive technologies are good or children because
: 76 p d d, 65 p
dpd, d 61 p d p .95
Our society should encourage people to donate their sperm or
eggs to other people who want them: 73 p d d, 50
p dpd, d 42 p d p
.96
Health insurance plans and government policies should make
i easier or people o have babies wih donaed sperm or eggs: 76
p d d, 60 p dpd, d 54 p
d p .97
I p , j dd d –d -q – pp
d pd , d d
p, d pp d p p
d . I these U.S. ,
d d d .
S d p d p-dd q d
d
pd , d d p: Everyone has he righ o ollow heir own pahs in lie wihou judg-
mens om ohers.
Everyone out there deserves to have the opportunity to be a parent, even
i hey have o do i by sperm donaion, as long as hey don’ have a criminal
hisory o crimes agains children.
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Everyone should have he righ o donors.
I hink every person has he righ o conceive a child and i he person
canno do his naurally hey should use all he ways.
I hink people should be ee o do whaever hey wan o do. I don’
condone cloning o human beings. Bu however a person decides o have a
child, i should be a blessing.Very imporan or Gay and Lesbian amilies o have equal righs as
ohers. Please be air o hem.
I hink ha donor concepion is a wonderul hing and I hink every
person ha really wans o have a baby and believes ha she or he wans o
be a paren and would be a good paren should have he righ o have a baby
and sperm donors should be widely acceped in his day and age.
A d td, d p
ky d d own p
, d
d . O f p already dd p
, dpd
d p d d .
B y k ,
p? I p , “Rv
be ofered o people who don’ have any oher way o have a baby ,”
j – 64 p – d p , pd j 24
p dpd d 24 p d p.98 E d p p
d pd . B j d
p ’ j f.
H d p, p, d’
k ( pp d d U.S.
) and d- p’ y pd
, , ( d U.S. )? D d p kd d-d
Wd W, d k p
k f d d
d? M.
B ’ p p px f
S W at’s up?
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pp. W d p q pp d -
p — d pp p
dpd d p — pp
q xp, k . F
xp, y ky pd y y
d “dd” – d y is d. F- p d p, pd 24
p dp d 21 p d p,
“I v
v .”99
T d p d
d p. F- p, pd 30 p dpd
d d 38 p d y p, “I
is wrong o deliberaely conceive a aherless child.”100 Sy, 42
p, pd 35 d 41 p, p, d
dp p, “I is wrong o deliberaely
conceive a motherless child.”101 , 102 F, -d d
p (37 p), pd 19 p dpd d d 25
p d y p, “I I had a riend
v , I
hernot to do it.”103 A, ’ z d d-
d d , ’
f p d d.O xp d pp k
p d p d p. A 60
p p d p d
d- p . A d y p
k j k, ,
p k . A p
40 p d p j p
p d ’ , ’ d, dd . A p
p p pp p d
p. I d kd p, d d
k d .
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Y, , p 60 p d
p y ky – p
qf d’ k d
d -- 40 p d y . I
p d p
p d wihin d d p. I d, –
, , p, , d k
dd, dq, d dp – ,
, p td d p.104
H d ? T p xp.
F d d p, q d p
x. “D -
p I ,” d d p
. S . W A
d Myy Wk
d p d’
—py — dy
d, “D’ t. I .”105 B
. I’ p d d pp
k , dd . q
d p, , d d d-
pp k . Ad, d p d d , k, k , y,
I d’ .
I p d p k y
d d ( , , kd d p
d p) d p d p-
. W “p”? R d
p , p d k p d
d-d. W d d p p
d d , d
18 45 d p p p
de rigueur , y d dy
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d p p d p .106 W
p d q
p d d ’ d
… , p p td
p, dp .
I’ y p dp. E pp. M
p k k. A d
d d p d
k . G , pp
’ p fd dy d p
d p less ky
d’ xp p
p.
I , kd d p , pp,
pp p d p. W 61
p y y , 26 p y y
pp, p y y pp , d p y “d’
k.” W kd d pp
xp p. O d
p, j 14 p y y d no y xp
p d p “ .” B ,
pp , 46 p d d no xp d p “ .” I
d, the donor ospring who oppose donor conception are more than three
imes as likely o repor ha hey do eel hey can express heir views in
sociey a large, compared o hose who say hey avor i .
F, d p j d p
p d d, d
p d. S y, “A d , p. Y d d ...” D
Ad , “T d. I p, d -
p j.” “Ad” , “M
d. S ’. I ’ .... j ‘.’
is Tee a
rgt t a C d?
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I d d
d k. W , d’
.”
C Wpp d :
T d pd d
p, d H R. T p d -
dy , xp y pd d
d p.
S, J R “T
d x p…
d [p] d x -
p, d f .”
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W p d d p d
, d p? M
, y kd? S d
, pd - ?
S p- ?
I’ xpd p. fd
d’ d d -
p ( d, pp 18 45 d 2008)
d C d C d, d -pd
d p d p, p
Hp.
W kd pd “ W
?” d “ W ?” T-x
p d p d d C, pd
22 p dp d 28 p d -
p.107 (B , p dp
– d py dp – ky
y y d d P d.) T fd
p k C pp d
.
A d, d p k C d. A d d p – 32 p – C-
p d. B , C-d
p dp d p pp
C .108 A d, 15 p
dp d 19 p d
p C d.109
F, d – 32 p – d p
P d, d -q p
p d “.” (Sx p d p
y J.) S y d p d
, j d -
pd C .
Donor Of f s pr ing
C a s e o f T o da y ’ s
R elig ion & R ace:T he Su r pr ising
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P d p’ -p C
d . A dd q-
q d , q : “A ,
y, Hp , Mx, P R, C,
Sp kd?” A -f – 20 p –
d p d y Hp,110 pd j x p dp d p d y
p.111
T d p py pd
. W 69 p d y ,
14 p d y k, 13 p d y A,
d p d y “ xd .” I dy
d p p more y d
p dpd d y p.112
d’ d p p k p ,
, d d – p px
xp d y p y
A d.
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A pd d d kd
d d , d -
q: “H p d – ’
j k dp?” A
d y dy d
p d dp j d
“d” .113 T -
p pp dp, pp
d p .
T are d p d dp-
, d. Ad, , dp d d p d pp
y dy d py p
.
W d d d p d,
“j k” dp, y y y xp
dpd pp. O dd dpd pp pk
p pd d k
.114 T d pk
d “ pp” dpp. I U.S. d , dp d
p . Kp d
p p f pp . Op
dp , p dp
d, d p. T
d p d dp
k .115
I k dpd pp d d d pp k , dp d d
q y Why? Wy dd y
p? Why did hey no wan me? K y
d p d d p,
I s Don or Con ce ption “J u st Lik e” A do ption?
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d t p k p
d pp dd no . I dp,
d d d
d p d. Pp y
d y,
p d , pd q . O pp d d d d d
p. W d p, ,
d d z
d d k d k
k d.
Ad d p d, “j k”
dp, f fd
dp, d d. I p, d
d pd p ddd ,
p, p p.
d, p dp,
dp d, d -
dp, p q d, dp
, , d , d .
Pp p d d p-
d dp : Adp , p-d ,
y y d p dy- ( , dy d) d y
d , . I dp, pp p
pk, . S p
. T d. Q f.
Y x . Y d. W q p-
y y y no d. I
p d d: P
d. W d p, q absoluely none o ha .
Idd d d dd kd q y
k p d. T d’ d
d. N d. I y py y d ,
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I dy, d p y d
dp d d p. I p ,
“I is beter o adop han o use donaed sperm or eggs o have a
child ,” d p – 48 p – .117 Adp
more k – 56 p . Ad d
y p – 49 p.118 I d,
p, d- dp d d p d , d-
p d, d k dp
dd p .
T d :
• Adoption functions as an institution, the purpose of which is to nd
p d d . D p
k, pp d d
.116
• Adopted children are generally conceived unintentionally. Donor con-
d d d .
• Few adoptive parents in the current era would dream of keeping theird’ dp d. B p d -
p – d p d – d.
• Adopted children might wrestle with the sometimes painful knowledge
p, , d d
. A , k p dpd
d . B , d d d
k p are also y
dd p p.
T p d d p
p, p d.
d’ f. I p
p d ? J , d . O
d p d ? M ’ f, .
T d : A d qd
p. B pd dp, p d
x.
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I , d p xpdd p:
I do wish more people would adopt, because there are so many children
conceived naurally ha need good homes.
Tere are enough people in the world, the world cannot handle any more
o humaniy’s desrucion o he world. Tink adopion rs.
Parens who would like o have kids bu canno conceive should adop because he world is already over populaed and here should be equal op-
poruniy o all heerosexual and homosexual parens. Tere’s nohing wrong
having wo mohers or ahers.
DON’ DO I. ADOP!!!
I eel ha more … should consider he opion o adoping, as here are
many unwaned children in he world, and seeing one’s own genes in a child is
no as imporan as saving a lie.
O dy d y d d
p d dp. A p, d p
dpd: , -
d, d d . (Ad p,
dp d p
–d p d p d -
p , d’ k.) T
d p k dpd d
dd d dqy d, k dpd, f d dp .
S xp d d dp
d t d d. W d d
d d d
p, dp pd
16. T dp’ p d d p,
x d p d d d
d. Ad, -f d dpd x, d p xpd -
y 16, y 40 p d p
x, d p xpd . (S
F 3, p. 117) T d dp
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xp d (d p
p d p , xp
p dp d).
B t dpd k j
, , t,
p, p d -. I k dp f d d
k dp. A d d dp.
Pp k . Adpd d . T
, d p k
xp. I d, dp ar k d
d d
d . T ar k p d
d .119 S dp dp
d d
d . B d dp
p.
Adp d, p, d . B -
p dp, d x
dp, , d dp’
d j p p d
p.
S, q pd - -, , d p no “j k” dp.
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77
Bd , p, p dy d
d p, dp, d p d -
p, d d
U.S. d d d.
to leaders in the law:
T U.S. d d B, Sd, Ny,
Nd, Szd, d , d d p
d p d . R d ppd
p d fd k,
.
I Cd M S’ -
d, d dfd, pd-
p d dfd, pd- d y
d.120
I d z p-
p “dd” p. Y d
p “” p
pp . F d p, d “” pd,
, p p p. M,
p pp d p 100
p dd – , d p – p
, , p d xp
, , d . C p
d d pp d “ p-
d,” p “
pd” d d121 , d
q pp.
R eco m me nda t io ns
End annyms
dnatn.
Ptect te gt f
cden t e n
fm dentfed,
ntampeed-wt egg
and spem.
in fam y aw,
ecgnze tat te
ae f “ ntentna
paentd” s actay
cntested, wt tte
empca ass ts fa
t sppt te dea tat
ntentna paentd
s gd f cden.
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78
Adp d-d k fd p
d d . T d dp p p
d d p, d
dp p, dtd p dd xp
p d, kp d k
p, d p p k.D p, , p k dd
p d d . T
pp p. T q p
d. T d d d k
d k d -. T
pp p d p d
“j k” dp. I , k dp.
to leaders in health policy and practice:
Md d d p, d d- d
d p, d p, d d d xp
k xp d p.
S d p p
d, , d p’ p
, A S Rpd Md -
d t -f p p d.
I Ud S d
d p . A , ,
d p p d. W
p pd d p p
y d, d dz
dd k -, p d
d’ d d’ , d
p d k qd k d d
kp p d d d dp ? T q d
d. I ’ pd d
p , , d k f d
p pp.
reqe cnseng.
Set mts n te
nme f ffspng
n t any ne dn.
Pedatcans
and te eat
pfessnas
mst cnfnt te
mpcatns f
teatng cden
cnceed tg
annyms dnatns.
T te ext ent tat dn
cnceptn ccs, te
state sd teat dn
cnceptn ke a dptn.
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79
to parents and would-be parents:
P d p d
d .
W y ypz p y d d
d. W k d d
dd p ,
p d, pp, d
d . P d dp, p,
pp, p, , d
k d. T y y y d
x d
ppy dd
p.
to leaders in the media and popular culture:
I x Hd d
j (J Lpz, J A, d
J M) d d
p. W, d, d pd d d pd
f d pd
d p.
T U.S. d p d d t j d d d d d p.
Ty d py p
p d- p, d d
kd. T d d
p . Sk . ell heir sories.
to researchers and funders:
I U.S. d d j, -, -
d p - d p
dd, dd, d d.
F paents:
Te te tt.
F wd-e paents:
Edcate ysef
fy a nd cnsde nt
cnceng a cd wt
dnated spem eggs.
Make at fm
te pnt f ew
f dn ffspng.
lanc te
gd standad
eseac pjects.
Pnt and adcastmeda mst d ette
stes tat ncde
te ces f dn ff-
spng temsees.
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80
to religious leaders:
S d ddd px f
pd d d. M . T
d j, , p, p
pp d p d
d d . O fd dy f d p d d d
d d d. T d
. W d ?
to all of us:
T p d pd p
d d z j k y p. T p-
p j p , d pp
p , d, p, d d- p
.
S d d pp k jk k
p . T . B j ppp
pp p p k jk
y, ppp d
d d p. Jk k ,
, d . I d, d’ .
E d -
, d , , pp p
d f . I
d d “”
p p p
( , d p). I , p d
k “A d ?” “I d
?” A f , , d p
d p d .
W q: D d
d ?
Dn ffspng ae n
te pews. Wat d y
ae t say t tem?
recgnze
tat epdcte
tecnges ceate
pepe, nt jst aes.
it’s nt fn ny.
We mst ae a n
acte pc deate
e wete t s
etca f te state t
sppt te deeate
cnceptn f c den
w w nee ae te
cance t e ased y
te gca paents.
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81
Af d-d k .
E d, , , d
DNA p dy p. B
d p dd . A
d . Rpd-
ppd y p U.S. y d , (d j d
p d). S Jp d A k
p , B-
d p pp d
d .
O d , p, d p -
pp f pd -
. B , -dpd
pd – d p
d – pp y . N
pd k d d p
dd , p d k.
A , d d d
dd p d
nex d.
Eeate dn
cnceed adts as
eades n natna
and ntenatna
deates at te wde
aay f tecnges
n se, nw and n te
fte.
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82
D d ?
Dn
cnceed Adpted rased y
Stngy
agee
Smewat
agee
Smewat
dsagee
Stngy
dsagee
Dn’t knw
Dn
cnceed Adpted rased y
Stngy
agee
Smewat
agee
Smewat
dsagee
Stngy
dsagee
Dn’t knw
i tn k eey pesn
as a gt t a cd.
if i ad a f end w
wanted t se a spem
dn t ae a ay,
i wd encage e
nt t d t.
S u m ma r y o f t he Da ta
in percen tag es
Ta b le 1:
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83
Dn
cnceed Adpted rased y
Stngy
agee
Smewat
agee
Smewat
dsagee Stngy
dsagee
Dn’t knw
Dn
cnceed Adpted rased y
Stngy agee
Smewat
agee
Smewat
dsagee
Stngy
dsagee
Dn’t knw
Dn
cnceed Adpted rased y
Stngy
agee
Smewat
agee
Smewat
dsagee Stngy
dsagee
Dn’t knw
Atf ca epdcte
tecnges ae gd
f cden ecase te
cden ae wanted.
o scety sd
encage pepe t
dnate te spem
eggs t te pepe
w want te m.
it s ette t adpt
tan t se dnated
spem eggs t ae
a cd.
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84
Dn
cnceed Adpted rased y
Stngy
agee
Smewat
agee
Smewat
dsagee
Stngy
dsagee
Dn’t knw
Dn
cnceed Adpted rased y
Stngy agee
Smewat
agee
Smewat
dsagee
Stngy
dsagee
Dn’t knw
Dn
cnceed Adpted rased y
Stngy
agee
Smewat
agee
Smewat
dsagee
Stngy
dsagee
Dn’t knw
it s wng f
pepe t pde te
spem eggs f a
fee t tes w ws
t ae cden.
repdcte cnn g
sd e ffeed
t pepe w dn’t
ae any te way
t ae a ay.
heat nsance
pans and genment
pces sd make
t ease f pepe t
ae aes wt dnat-
ed spem eggs.
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85
Dn
cnceed Adpted rased y
Stngy
agee
Smewat
agee
Smewat
dsagee
Stngy
dsagee
Dn’t knw
Dn
cnceed Adpted rased y
Stngy agee
Smewat
agee
Smewat
dsagee
Stngy
dsagee
Dn’t knw
it s wng t
deeatey cncee
a fateess cd.
it s wng t
deeatey cncee
a mteess cd.
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86
Dn
cnceed
My paent(s) wee aways pen wt me at
w i was cnceed
My paent(s) kept te fact f my dn cncep-
tn a secet – i ny eaned n an accdenta
npanned way
My paent(s) ntentnay eeaed te factsf my dn cnceptn t me smetme efe
i was 12 yeas d
My paent(s) ntentnay eeaed te facts f my
dn cnceptn t me afte i was 12 yeas d
Nne f te ae
Pefe nt t answe
Dn
cnceed
10 ynge
11-15
16-20
oe 20
Pefe nt t answe
Paents ay wdey n
wete and w tey
te te cden tat
tey wee cnceed
wt dn spem.
Tnk ng caefy,
wc f te fw ng
categes est de-
sces y?
of tse w eaned n
accdenta/ npanned
way: At wat a ge dd
y ea n?
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87
Dn
cnceed
2
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
20
ode tan 20
of tse wse paents
ntentnay eeaed:
Wat age wee y
wen y paent(s)
td y tat y wee
cnceed wt te se
f a spem dn? Y
est estmate s f ne.
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88
Dn
cnceed
Stngy agee
Smewat agee
Smewat dsagee
Stngy dsagee
Dn’t knw
Dn
cnceed
Stngy agee
Smewat agee
Smewat dsagee
Stngy dsagee
Dn’t knw
Dn
cnceed
Stngy agee
Smewat agee
Smewat dsagee
Stngy dsagee
Dn’t knw
Te ccmstances
f my cnceptn
te me.
My spem dn
s af f w i am.
i fnd mysef
wndeng wat
my spem dn’s
famy s ke.
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89
Dn
cnceed
Stngy agee
Smewat agee
Smewat dsagee
Stngy dsagee
Dn’t knw
Dn
cnceed
Stngy agee
Smewat agee
Smewat dsagee
Stngy dsagee
Dn’t knw
Dn
cnceed
Stngy agee
Smewat agee
Smewat dsagee
Stngy dsagee
Dn’t knw
i smetmes wnde
f my spem dn’s
paents wd want t
knw me.
i ae wed tat f
i ty t get me nf-
matn at ae
a eatnsp wt my
spem dn, my mte
and / te fate w
ased me wd fee an-
gy t.
it tes me tat
mney was excanged
n de t cncee me.
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90
Dn
cnceed Adpted
Stngy agee
Smewat agee
Smewat dsagee
Stngy dsagee
Dn’t knw
Dn
cnceed Adpted
Stngy agee
Smewat agee
Smewat dsagee
Stngy dsagee
Dn’t knw
Dn
cnceed Adpted
Stngy agee
Smewat agee
Smewat dsagee
Stngy dsagee
Dn’t knw
it ts wen i
ea te pepe tak
at te geneagca
ackgnd.
i ng t knw me
at my etnc
natna ackgnd.
Wen i see fends wt
te gca fates
and mtes, t makes
me fee sad.
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91
Dn
cnceed
Dn
Seed Ge
Cntt f genetc matea
Fend
unce/Speca unce
Fate
Fst Fate
Secnd Fate
ote Fate
Dad/Daddy
bgca Fate
Genetc Fate
Nata Fate
bt Fate
has a negate asscatn/cnntatn <
ote
Pefe nt t answe
Wc wd(s)
tem(s) est de sce
wat te pase “spem
dn” means t y?
(ceck a t at appy)
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92
Dn
cnceed
Speca
C
Emaassed
Nt a g dea
Feak f nate
Afad at nt knwng my medca sty
Cs
Angy
Pd
Wed at my fte cden’s eat feengs
la expement
Aandned
Wanted
lney
Cnfsed
Depessed <
ote
Pefe nt t answe
At age 15 wat feengs
est desce w y
fet at eng a dn
cnceed pesn?
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93
Dn
cnceed
Speca
C
Emaassed
Nt a g dea
Feak f nate
Afad at nt knwng my medca sty
Cs
Angy
Pd
Wed at my cent
fte cden’s eat feengs
la expement
Aandned
Wanted
lney
Cnfsed
Depessed <
ote
Pefe nt t answe
At te age y a e nw,
w d y fee at
eng a dn cnceed
pesn?
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94
Dn
cnceed
Seea tmes a day
Maye nce eac day
A few tmes a week
Maye nce a mnt
Maye eey few mnts
Amst nee
Nne at a
Pefe nt t answe
Dn
cnceed Adpted rased y
Stngy
agee
Smewat
agee
Smewat
dsagee
Stngy
dsagee
Dn’t knw
hw ften d y fnd
ysef tn kn g at
dn cnceptn?
Gwng p, i sme-
tmes fet ke an t-
sde n my wn me.
8/9/2019 Donor Final
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95
Dn
cnceed Adpted rased y
Stngy
agee
Smewat
agee
Smewat
dsagee
Stngy
dsagee
Dn’t knw
Dn
cnceed Adpted rased y
Stngy agee
Smewat
agee
Smewat
dsagee
Stngy
dsagee
Dn’t knw
Dn
cnceed Adpted rased y
Stngy
agee
Smewat
agee
Smewat
dsagee
Stngy
dsagee
Dn’t knw
i fee cnfsed at
w s a mem e f my
famy a nd w s nt.
i wy tat my
mte mgt ae ed
t me at mptant
mattes wen i was
gwn g p.
i wy tat my
fate mgt ae ed
t me at mptant
mattes wen i was
gwn g p.
8/9/2019 Donor Final
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96
Dn
cnceed Adpted rased y
Stngy
agee
Smewat
agee
Smewat
dsagee
Stngy
dsagee
Dn’t knw
Dn
cnceed Adpted rased y
Stngy agee
Smewat
agee
Smewat
dsagee
Stngy
dsagee
Dn’t knw
Dn
cnceed Adpted rased y
Stngy
agee
Smewat
agee
Smewat
dsagee
Stngy
dsagee
Dn’t knw
Wen i s ee smene
w esemes me i
ften wnde f we
ae eated.
Wen i’m mantca y
attacted t smene i
ae wed tat we
cd e nknwngy
eated.
i ae feaed ang
sexa eatns
nknwngy wt
smene i a m
eated t.
8/9/2019 Donor Final
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97
Dn
cnceed Adpted rased y
Yes <
N
Dn’t Knw
<
Pefe nt
t answe
< <
Dn
cnceed Adpted rased y
Yes
N
Dn’t Knw
Pefe nt
t answe
<
Dn
cnceed Adpted rased y
Yes
N
Dn’t Knw
Dn
cnceed Adpted rased y
Yes
N
Dn’t Knw
hae y ee dnated
spem, eggs, een a
sgate mte?
Wd y cn sde
dnatng spem, eggs,
eng a sgate
mte?
D y fee dncnceed pesns
ae te gt:
T ae nn-dentfy ng
nfmatn at te
spem dn?
D y fee dn
cnceed pesns ae
te gt: T knw te
dentty f te dn?
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98
Dn
cnceed Adpted rased y
Yes
N
Dn’t Knw
Dn
cnceed Adpted rased y
Yes
N
Dn’t Knw
Dn
cnceed Adpted rased y
Yes
N
Dn’t Knw
Dn
cnceed Adpted rased y
Yes
N
Dn’t Knw
D y fee dn
cnceed pesns ae
te gt: T ae te
pptnty t fm
sme knd f eatn-
sp wt t e dn?
D y fee dn
cnceed pesns ae
te gt: T knw
at te exstence and
nme f af-sngs
cnceed wt te
same dn?
D y fee dn
cnceed pesns ae
te gt: T knw te
dentty f a f-sngs
cnceed wt te
same dn?
D y fee dn
cnceed pesns ae
te gt: T ae te
pptnty as cden
t fm sme knd f
eatnsp wt af-
sngs cnceed wt
te same dn?
8/9/2019 Donor Final
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99
Dn
cnceed
Yes
N
i aeady ae a eatnsp wt my dn
Dn’t Knw
Pefe nt t answe
Dn
cnceed
Yes
N
Dn’t Knw
Dn
cnceed Adpted rased y
Stngy fa
Smewat fa
Nete fa
ppse
Smewat ppse
Stngy ppse
Dn’t Knw
Pefe nt
t answe <
D y want a
eatnsp wt
y spe m dn?
of tse w sad yes:
D y fee t’s kay n
scety at age f yt say tat y want a
eatnsp wt y
spem dn?
Wat s y pnn
f te pactce f dn
cnceptn?
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100
Dn
cnceed Adpted rased y
Yes
N
Dn’t Knw
Pefe nt
t answe
Dn
cnceed Adpted rased y
Yes
N
Dn’t Knw
Pefe nt
t answe
Dn
cnceed Adpted
rased
y
Donor conception is ne f cdens ng as paents te cden te
tt at te cnceptn fm an
eay age
Dn cnceptn can e ad f
cden, t teng cden te
tt eay n makes t ease f
te cden
Dn cnceptn s ad f cden
een f te paents te tem te
tt
Smetng ese/nne f te ae
Pefe nt t answe
of tse w fa:
D y fee t’s kay
f y t say n scety
at age tat y fa
te pactce f dn
cnceptn?
of tse w ppse:
D y fee t’s kay f
y t say n scety at
age tat y ppsete pactce f dn
cnceptn?
Sme expets say tat
dn cnceptn s f ne
f cden s ng as
paents te cden
te tt at te
cnceptn fm a n
eay age. ote expets
say tat dn cncep-
tn can e ad f
cden, t teng
cden te tt eay
n makes t ease f
te cden. St te
expets say t at dn
cnceptn s ad f
cden een f te
paents te tem te
tt. D y tnk…
8/9/2019 Donor Final
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101
Dn
cnceed
Yes
N
Pefe nt t answe
Dn
cnceed
vey Cmftae
Smewat cmftae
Smewat ncmftae
vey ncmftae
i dn’t tak t anyne ese at t
Pefe nt t answe
Dn
cnceed
Yes
N
Dn’t Knw
Pefe nt t answe
D y knw te
pepe w wee
cnceed wt se
f a spem dn?
hw d y fee takn g
t nn-famy memes
at te fact tat y
wee cnceed wt a
spem dn? D y
fee…
hae y feengs
at te pactce
f dn cnceptn
canged e tme?
8/9/2019 Donor Final
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102
Dn
cnceed
Me pste at
te pactce f dn cnceptn
Me negate at
te pactce f dn cnceptn
Nne f te ae
Pefe nt t answe
Dn
cnceed Adpted rased y
Yes
N
Dn’t Knw
< Pefe nt
t answe
Dn
cnceed Adpted rased y
Yes
N
Dn’t Knw Pefe nt
t answe <
Dn
cnceed Adpted rased y
Yes
N
Dn’t Knw < <
Pefe ntt answe
hae y ecme:
hae y ee
een pesced
medcatn f
depessn
te mentaeat pems?
hae y ee fet
nae t cnt y
se f ac te
sstances?
At any tme efe
age 25, wee y ee
n te wt te aw?
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103
Dn
cnceed Adpted rased y
Ptestant
Catc
Jews
ote
Nne Pefe nt
t answe
Dn
cnceed Adpted rased y
Ptestant
Catc
Jews
ote
Nne Pefe nt
t answe
Dn
cnceed Adpted
rased
y
vey egs
Smewat egs
Nt ey egs
Nt egs at a
Pefe nt t answe
Wat e gn f any
wee y ased n?
Wat s y e gs
pefeence tday?
hw egs d y
centy cnsde
ysef t e?
8/9/2019 Donor Final
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104
Dn
cnceed Adpted
rased
y
Mst pepe can e tsted
Y can’t e t caef n fe
Nne f te ae
Pefe nt t answe
Dn
cnceed Adpted rased y
Stngy
agee
Smewatagee
Smewat
dsagee
Stngy
dsagee
Dn’t Knw
Dncnceed Adpted rased y
Stngy
agee
Smewat
agee
Smewat
dsagee
Stngy
dsagee
Dn’t Knw
in genea, wd y
say mst pepe can e
tsted y can’t e
t caef n fe?
i fee tat i can
depend n my fends
me tan my fam y.
i ae expeenced
many sses n my fe.
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105
Dn
cnceed Adpted rased y
Stngy
agee
Smewat
agee
Smewat
dsagee
Stngy
dsagee
Dn’t Knw
Dn
cnceed Adpted rased y
Stngy agee
Smewat
agee
Smewat
dsagee
Stngy
dsagee
Dn’t Knw
Dn
cnceed Adpted rased y
Yes
N
Dn’t Knw/ efsed
i dn’t fee tat anyne
eay ndestands me.
My sptaty as
een stengt ened y
adesty n my fe.
Ae y, ysef,
f hspanc gn
descent, sc as
Mexcan, Pet rcan,
sme te Spans
ackgnd?
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106
Dn
cnceed Adpted rased y
Wte hspanc
back hspanc
Smetng ese
Dn
cnceed Adpted rased y
Wte
back
Asan
ote mxed ace
Dn’t knw
Pefe nt t answe <
Dn
cnceed Adpted rased y
Nn hspanc wte
Nn hspanc ack
Nn hspanc te
Wte hspanc back hspanc
ote hspanc
Ae y wte h spanc,
ack h spanc, sme
te ace?
Wat s y ace?
Ae y …
Wat s y ace?
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107
Dn
cnceed Adpted rased y
Fa ew aeage
bew aeage
Aeage
Ae aeage
Fa ae aeage
Pefe nt t answe
Dn
cnceed Adpted rased y
Nne, Gade 1-8
hg Sc incmpete
(Gades 9-11) hg Sc Gadate
(Grade 12 or GED certicate)
bsness, tecnca, ca-
tna sc afte g sc
Sme Cege, n 4 yea
degee
Cege Gadate (b.S., b.A. ,
te 4-Yea degee)
Pst-Gadate tanng
pfessna scng afte
cege
Dn’t Knw <
Tnk ng at te
tme wen y wee 16
yeas d, cmpaed
wt Amecan fam es
n genea ten, wd
y say y fa my
ncme was
Wat s te gest
ee f edcatn y
mte cmpeted?
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109
Wee Spem Dn
Cnceed W Ageed
(Stngy Sme wat)
wt Seected
Statements,y Famy
Stcte at bt
lesan
cpes
(N=39)
Maed
etesexa
paents
(N=262)
Snge
mte
(N=113)
Te ccmstances f my cncep-
tn te me.
My spem dn s af f w i
am.
I nd myself wondering what my
spem dn’s famy s ke.
i smetmes wnde f my spem
dn’s famy wd want t
knw me.
i ae wed tat f i ty t get
me nfmatn at ae
a eatnsp wt my spem d-
n, my mte and/ te fate
w ased me wd fee angy
t.
it tes me tat mney was ex-canged n de t cncee me. it ts wen i ea te pepe
tak at te geneagca
ackgnd.
i ng t knw me at my
etnc natna ackgnd.
Wen i see fends wt te
gca fates and mtes, t
makes me fee sad.
Gwng p, i smetmes fet ke
an tsde n my wn me.
i fee cnfsed at w s a
meme f my famy and w s
nt.
i wy tat my mte mgt
ae ed t me at mptant
mattes wen i was gwng p.
i wy tat my fate mgt
ae ed t me at mptant
mattes wen i was gwng p.
Wen i see smene w esem-
es me, i ften wnde f we ae
eated.
Wen i’m mantcay attacted
t smene i ae wed tat
we cd e nknwngy eated.
i ae feaed ang sexa ea-
tns nknwngy wt smene
i am eated t.
Pe rce n tag e o f
R es po nde n ts W ho
Ta b le 2:
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110
lesan
cpes
(N=39)
Maed
etesexa
paents
(N=262)
Snge
mte
(N=113)
i fee tat i can depend n my
fends me tan my famy.
i ae expeenced many sses nmy fe. i dn’t fee tat anyne eay
ndestands me.
it s wng f pepe t pde
te spem eggs f a fee t
tes w ws t ae cden.
it s ette t adpt tan t se
dnated spem eggs t ae a
cd.
o scety sd encage
pepe t dnate te spem
eggs t te pepe w want
tem.
Articial reproductive technolo-
ges ae gd f cden ecase
te cden ae wanted.
if i ad a fend w wanted t
se a spem dn t ae a ay,
i wd encage e nt t d t.
i tnk eey pesn as a gt t
a cd.
it s wng t deeatey cn-
cee a fateess cd.
it s wng t deeatey cn-
cee a mteess cd.
repdcte cnng sd e
ffeed t pepe w dn’t ae
any te way t ae a ay.
heat nsance pans and g-
enment pces sd make t
ease f pepe t ae aes
wt dnated spem eggs.
Sf d d x p p < .05
(-d ) Sf d p < .05 (-d )
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111
Amng dn cnceed
Dn
cnceed
(N=485)
Adpted
(N=562)
rased y
gca
paents
(N=563)
lesan
mtes
(N=39)
Maed
ete-
sexa
paents
(N=262)
Snge
mte
(N=113)
Pems wt te aw
Menta
eat pemsd d
Sstance
ase pems
noes:
N d d. P p.
Sf d d p p < .001 (-d )
Sf d d p p < .01 (-d )
Sf d d p p < .05 (-d )
d Sf d dpd p < .001 (-d )
Sf d dpd p < .05 (-d )
Sfy d d d p < .05 (-
d )
(1) Ad p d d dd p
p .
(2) A p p d d
d q pd , dq, d dd
d d , pd pd d-
p (.., x d p) kd “d’
k,” “p ,” .
(3) R p p pd f d
p z (n=39) p, d.
(4) S f y y 1 d p
“d’ k” d “p ” dd 1.
Pe rce n tag e o f
R es po nde n ts W ho
Ta b le 3:
repted Eac f Tee
Cndtns, by og n
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112
Amng dn cnceed
rased
y
gca
paents
(N=563)
Adpted
(N=562)
Paents
aways pen
at
cnceptn
(N=304)
Paents kept
cnceptn
a secet
(N=120)
Paents
eeaed
cnceptn
at age 12
ynge
(N=35)
Paents
eeaed
cnceptn
at age 13
de
(N=52)
Pems wt te aw
Menta eat pems d
Sstance ase pems d
N: N d d. P p.
Sf d d p p < .001 (-d ) Sf d d p p < .01 (-d ) Sf d d p p < .05 (-d )d Sf d dpd p < .001 (-d ) Sf d dpd p < .05 (-d ) Sf d d d, p kp p < .001 (-d )
Sf d d d, p kp p < .05 (-d )
Pe rce n tag e o f
R es po nde n ts W ho
Ta b le 4:
repted Eac f Tee
Cndtns, by ogn &
by hw Tey Fnd ot
At Te og n
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113
Pe rce n tag e o f
R es po nde n ts W ho
Ta b le 5:18-25
(N=154)
26-35
(N=228)
36-45
(N=103)
Te ccmstances f my cncep-
tn te me.
My spem dn s af f w i am.
I nd myself wondering what my
spem dn’s famy s ke.
i smetmes wnde f my spem
dn’s famy wd want t knw
me.
i ae wed tat f i ty t get
me nfmatn at ae a
eatnsp wt my spem dn,
my mte and/ te fate w
ased me wd fee angy t.
it tes me tat mney was ex-canged n de t cncee me. it ts wen i ea te pepe
tak at te geneagca ack-
gnd.
i ng t knw me at my et-
nc natna ackgnd.
Wen i see fends wt te
gca fates and mtes, t
makes me fee sad.
Gwng p, i smetmes fet ke an
tsde n my wn me.
i fee cnfsed at w s a mem-
e f my famy and w s nt.
i wy tat my mte mgt ae
ed t me at mptant mattes
wen i was gwng p.
i wy tat my fate mgt ae
ed t me at mptant mattes
wen i was gwng p.
Wen i see smene w esemes
me, i ften wnde f we ae eated.
Wen i’m mantcay attacted
t smene i ae wed tat we
cd e nknwngy eated.
i ae feaed ang sexa
eatns nknwngy wt
smene i am eated t.
Wee Spem Dn
Cnceed W Ageed
(Stngy Smewat) wt Seected Statements,
y Age
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114
18-25
(N=154)
26-35
(N=228)
36-45
(N=103)
i fee tat i can depend n my
fends me tan my famy.
i ae expeenced many sses nmy fe.
i dn’t fee tat anyne eay n-
destands me.
it s wng f pepe t pde
te spem eggs f a fee t t-
es w ws t ae cden.
it s ette t adpt tan t se d-
nated spem eggs t ae a cd.
o scety sd encage pepe
t dnate te spem eggs tte pepe w want tem.
Articial reproductive technologies
ae gd f cden ecase te
cden ae wanted.
if i ad a fend w wanted t se a
spem dn t ae a ay, i wd
encage e nt t d t.
i tnk eey pesn as a gt t
a cd.
it s wng t deeatey cncee
a fateess cd. it s wng t deeatey cncee
a mteess cd.
repdcte cnng sd e f-
feed t pepe w dn’t ae any
te way t ae a ay.
heat nsance pans and g-
enment pces sd make t
ease f pepe t ae aes wt
dnated spem eggs.
Sf d 26-35 p < .05 (-d ) Sf d 36-45 p < .05 (-d )
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115
*** Sf d d p p < .001 (-d )
** Sf d d p p < .01 (-d )
Rd p p.
*** Sf d d p p < .001 (-d )
** Sf d d p p < .01 (-d )* Sf d d p p < .05 (-d )
Rd p p.
odds rats Pedctng
Tee Cndtns,
y ogn, Cnt ng
f Age, Gende, race,
Sjecte Famy
incme at Age 16, and
Mte’s Edcatn
odds rats Pedctng
Tee Cndtns,
y ogn a nd Famy
Stcte, Cntng
f Age, Gende, race,
Sjecte Famy incme at Age 16, and
Mte’s Edcatn
Dn Cnceed
Spem dn cnceed,
esan mtes
Adpted
Spem dn cnceed,
maed etesexa paents
rased y gca paents
Spem dn cnceed,
snge mtes
rased y gca paents
o d d s r a t i
Cndtns
2. 0 3
* * *
1. 4 9
* * 2. 0 5
* * *
1. 8 7
* * * 2.
2 9 *
* *
1. 8 4
* *
1. 0
0
1. 0
0
1. 0
0
Pems
wt aw
Menta eat
pems
Sstance ase
pems
o d d s r a t i
Cndtns
1. 0 7
1. 6 0 1.
9 1 * *
2. 4 6
* *
1. 3 8
1. 3 0
2. 2 5
2. 7 7 *
* *
1. 7 8
*
1
. 0 0
1
. 0 0
1
. 0 0
Pems
wt aw
Menta eat
pems
Sstance ase
pems
Fig ure 1:
F i u re 2:
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116
noes:
Sp d d d d p p < .01 (-d ).
Sp d d d dpd p < .001 (-d ).
Adpd d d p p < .001 (-d ).
noes:
N d f p < .05 (-d ).
Fge 3a:
Pecentage f
respndents W
had one Me
Famy Tanstns
between bt/
Adptn a nd Age 16,
y og n
n (p d d) = 481
n (dpd) = 562
n (d p) = 562
Fge 3:
Pecentage f Spem
Dn Cnceed W
had one Me Famy
Tanstns between
bt/Adptn and Age
16, y Famy Stct eat bt/Adptn
n ( ) = 39
n ( ) = 112
n (x d p) = 262
2 2 %
3 5 %
rased y
gca paents
Adpted
4 4 %
Spem dn
cnceed
3 6 %
4 9 %
3 9 %
lesan mtes Snge mte hetesexa
maed paents
Fig ure 3a:
Fig ure 3 b:
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117
noes:
Sp d d d dpd p < .001 (-d ).
Rd p d dpd p < .001 (-d ).
noes:
Sp d d d dpd p < .001 (-d ).
Rd p d dpd p < .001 (-d ).
2 1 %
3 2 %
rased y
gca paents
Adpted
3 9 %
Spem dn
cnceed
1 4 %
2 5 %
rased y
gca paents
Adpted
2 7 %
Spem dn
cnceed
Fge 3c:
Pecentage f
respndents Wt
Maed hetesexa
Paents at bt/Adp-
tn W had one
Me Famy Tans-
tns between bt /
Adptn a nd Age 16,
y og n
n (p d d) = 262
n (dpd) = 519
n (d p) = 505
Fge 4:
Pecentage f
respndents Wt
Maed hetesexa
Paents at bt/Adp-
tn Wse PaentsDced y A ge 16,
y og n
n (p d d) = 262
n (dpd) = 519
n (d p) = 505
Fig ure 3c:
Fig ure 4:
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119
summary
A SRBI dd S Id, Kp, W-
B, d S J Exp Ad Cd
D Sp (d “D Op
S”). T d pd I A-
V. D d 1,687
y p . T p d 562 d
d p
d, d 485 k d p;
563 d d p; d 562
d dpd. T d dd J 10 J 28, 2008. D d d x
pdd .
design and data collection procedures
G p d p A pp-
, qf d p xpd .
I d dp p d d d ,
A SRBI dd p d. A d
d d qk d
. T d 31,020 dd-
18-45 S Sp I’ (SSI) SSp W
P. O pd 2 d, 1,511 pd.
-f, 1.6%, pd, pd d
d. Bd , p pp
d dpd d -
d N Yk Cy dd .
& L i m i ta t io ns Me t hodo log
y
Pt Stdy
Sey n identty,
Kns p, We-beng
and Sca Jstce
Expeence f
Adts Cnceed
wt Dn Spem
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12 0
main study design
T d dd 1,680 pd
y pd 18-45. T pd d d-
d p:
Sp D Cd Op: =560
Adpd Op: =560
Rd B P Op: =560
A SRBI d dy qf Sp D
p 1.3% d xpd p
p Sp D p.
contact procedures a nd screening
Rpd SSI’ SSp W P
pp . A k, -pd
d . A 670,524 p
d. T dd d .
A 48,637 dd d y. O ,
45,765 fd Sp D Op, Adpd, Rd
B P Op. T d
p.
Frequency Percent
Sperm Donor Offspring .%
Adopted Offspring .%
Bio Parents Offspring .%
Total .%
System Missing .%
.%
N pd d pd .
N 6 p dppd fd
p. O d-y d pd
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121
f. O 726 pd fd Sp D-
p, 574 (79%) pd d 562 (77%)
dd “d” z p-d: dd dd
d - (pd
q). M d- -
q, Adpdd Rd B P Op d .
ssi survey spot web panel
T p zd d S Sp I-
’ SSp. T p 3,400 d
p d d d pp-p, ,
d x k. P pd kd j p d
p y pp d p.
P dd d p y
(.., p 6 ). S
Sp z 30-p p xp d
p . W p
, d d pd.
limitations
I d p d p
dy, pyd dy y y p, py p, 18-45-y-d Ud
S J 2008. T p A d
p -d p, d k
A . W k .
F, p p -
p, d k p d
p y y y. S d
pd d k p d , d k
d .
A d p d
p pp k p d
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12 2
p. I p d p
d k
d dp p(). F d
k dy d p p d d
pd’ kd .
H, d dy pp d
pp .
L, d - d pd kd
p p xp, d j
. F d d tp d p
pp . N, d
j kd p d p. I
d d p p
d d, dpd, d p d
xp p d d.
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12 3
C Ay, “Dp y? W Dyd 1.
d,” imes Online , UK, A 17, 2005.
“2. Ad Rpd y S R: Py D,”
National Summary and Fertility Clinic Reports (A: C D
C d P, 2007).
A PBS p “A Exp” d -3.: “1884: I f dd f d,
Pdp py W P p’ y y
j p d d d
; . P
d, d
d y .” S h : w w w. b s .o rg wg b h
a m e r i c a n e e r i e n c e b a b i e s i m e l i n e .
U y y U.S. d p 4.
Ep p k – D p k, Cy,
p pp p – FDA d
d p Ep p t d
d pd p U.S., f p
Ep p U.S. d p.
S tp://.f..k/k/dy-k/d--5.
d..
T -k d pfy d p 6.
d k S Gk Cd U d . Gk’ pp d : h : w w w.
s i s . c a m . a c . u a b o u e o l e g o l o m b o _ a -
ers.h. H “Ep Sd Ad Rpd” d
100 d d d d
2 d. A p, 8.6 p d
p. Gk’ k d
xp d, d d
d d p d d d, p-dd x
d . Bd d, Gk y
d d,
dd p p d d
E nd no tes
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12 4
k d pk . Gk
p Wd K D S R d
d d. A -
k J S U C D
d Sp Bk C (p : h : w w w.
h e s e r m b a n o c a . o r g a g e s a g e . h a g e i = 9 ) .M k pfy y d
d d p p-d d (
d Sp Bk C pd 1980). A
, k A.J. d. Axd MW,
P Md, Ly Sp, d Mkk Mt
d d, d q
d pd d p’ p d.
D p B Cdy d d
p d p 100. Wk
Ct Pt U V d Jd S
N Yk U, d d d
p, p d p
d .
T dpd Ez Mqd,7. Te Revoluion in
Parenthood: Te Emerging Global Clash Between Adult Rights and Children’s
Needs (N Yk: I A V, 2006).
T dd A SRBI p 18-45 8.d pdd S Sp I
p. S d d.
A dd 77 p d “d’ k” q “W9.
p d d y p? T , y
f d d p
d?” d pdd “y” p q “D y
p d d p-
?” T p 77 p dd p. (T , , p z p
p x pj.)
A p d p p -10.
d, dd, -d. T dpd p dpd
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12 5
d. T p z
p d d d p
d 485 p d k d d d
dd 77 p pd d d,
562 p. A d ddd yz
p p 485 p d y k, d pd, d d.
S d d d .11.
Ez Mqd d - py Fy 12.
E p-d pd Chicago ribune M 15, 2005.
T q d pd .
Cd K, “A Sp Bz O,”13. Newsweek , J 2, 2008.
T d 114. (p. 82) ,
d ( “ q”).
Qd S, “’Sp Bk B’ M Dd”,15.
N Fd I, Fatherhood oday , p 4, 7,
2, p 2003. S dd B B, “W
– p d,” Ad P, J 30 2002; Y S.
W, “P.A. dd p d,” Mercury News ,
J 20, 2002; C, “Sp k d’ ,”
KPIX C 5, F 1 2002; d A, “ Dd,” d
ww w.a re n s l ac e. co m Ap 1 2002.
“I k I ,” BBC N, Ap 26, 2005,16. d.
Jd G, “Sp d’ p p,”17. Chicago
ribune , J 19, 2005, d
Sy (Fz) D d D A,18. Te Ospring Speak: Repor on
he 2000 Inernaional Conerence o Donor Ospring (Repor o Healh
Canada) , 13.
Cd Sk, “S ,”19. Vancouver Sun (Cd), Ap
22, 2006.“K dy p pzz,”20. Te Sun-Herald (A),
N 3, 2007.
N P, “I d I d’ k 21.
,” Daily Mail (UK), F 8, 2007.
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12 6
Atd [M] Lz, 46, d d k x22.
B R, F., qd B Sd, “W’ Y Ddd?” US
News and World Repor , F 13, 2006.
C Wpp, “W d: dd d -23.
p,” Ax MW, d., Who Am I? Experiences o Donor
Concepion (Wk, UK: Id Ed , 2006), 18-19.“’F ’ dfd,”24. Te Independen , Ap 24, 2000.
K Ck, “M p d,”25. Washingon
Pos , D 17, 2006.
S tp://kd.p./26.
Q d p d 27.
dd Ez Mqd p. F
p f d . O pd
f . S kd pd f . I
f pd, q k d
f d.
Wpp, 19.28.
Wpp, 29.29.
L W. Sp,30. Sperm Donor Ospring: Identity and Other Experiences
(BkS P, 2007).
Sp, 2.31.
Ad p qd Sp, 47.32.
k Ok,33. Te Japan imes Online , “L L,” A 28, 2005.tp://.k./d/0401.pp d J 21,34.
2005. T d , A G, pp -
x p, dd t p pd
.
Sf, p < .00135.
Sf, p < .00136.
A p f d , p < .00137.
A H, “H, I’ Y S. O F D 150,”38. New Yorkimes , N 20, 2005.
F S B, ...39.
Cd Sk, “S ,”40. Vancouver Sun (Cd),
Ap 22, 2006.
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127
S p d Cd U.S., Cd 41.
k d A k K’.
h : w w w . c r y o b a n . c o m s i b l i n g _ r e g i s r y 2 a s 1 .42.
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14, 2008.
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p = .617
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130
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133
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Mz H, Being Adoped: Te Lielong Search or Sel (N Yk:
A Bk/Dd, 1992). H d dp
U.S. d d E. W Cp, Family Maters: Secrecyand Disclosure in he Hisory o Adopion (Cd: Hd U-
y P, 1998); K W, Adopion, Ideniy and Kinship: Te
Debae Over Sealed Birh Records (N H: Y Uy P,
1997); Ad P, Adopion Naion: How he Adopion Revoluion
is ransorming America (N Yk: B Bk, 2000); R J. S
d Hd A, Adopion Across Borders: Serving he Children in
ransracial and Intercountry Adoptions (N Yk: R d Ltfd
P, 2000); d B M, Strangers and Kin: Te AmericanWay o Adopion (Cd: Hd U P, 2002).
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