Dr. Juan R. Céspedes, Ph.D. - Communism, Fascism, Nazism

8/3/2019 Dr. Juan R. Cspedes, Ph.D. - Communism, Fascism, Nazism

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Dr. Juan R. Cspedes, Ph.D.

Lectures on Totalitarianism

Communism, Fascism, & Nazism:

A Synopsis

International Baccalaureate History Program

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COMMUNIST IDEOLOGY

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The International

Arise ye workers from your slumbers

Arise ye prisoners of want

For reason in revolt now thundersAnd at last ends the age of cant.

Away with all your superstitions

Servile masses arise, arise

We'll change henceforth the old tradition

And spurn the dust to win the prize.


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Refrain:

So comrades, come rally

And the last fight let us face

The Internationale unites the human race.

No more deluded by reaction

On tyrants only we'll make war

The soldiers too will take strike action

They'll break ranks and fight no more

And if those cannibals keep trying

To sacrifice us to their pride

They soon shall hear the bullets flyingWe'll shoot the generals on our own side.

No savior from on high delivers

No faith have we in prince or peer

Our own right hand the chains must shiver

Chains of hatred, greed and fear

E'er the thieves will out with their booty

And give to all a happier lot.Each at the forge must do their duty

And we'll strike while the iron is hot.

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The foundation of modern communist principles occurs in 1848, when

Germans Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels publish The Communist

Manifesto.


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As technology increased and industry expanded in nineteenth-century

Europe and America, it became clear that the general welfare of laborers

was not improving.

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Although the new democratic governments gave new rights to workers,

or "the proletariat," the capitalism that came with democracy had created

different means of oppression.

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By drawing on existing theories of materialism, labor, and historical

evolution, Marx and Engels were identify the reasons why the common

man was doomed to abject poverty throughout recorded history.

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In The Communist Manifesto

Marx and Engels argue that human history was best understood as

a continuing struggle between a small exploiting classthe owners

of the means of productionand a larger exploited class (laborersin factories and mills who often worked for starvation wages).

Dialectic of History: Thesis Antithesis Synthesis- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -

Throughout history, the exploiting class controlled the means of

production and profited by employing the labor of the masses. In the

capitalism that developed alongside democracy, they saw a progressive

concentration of the powers of production placed in the hands of a

privileged few.

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Although society was producing more goods and services, the general

welfare of the middle class, they believed, was declining. This disparity

in capitalistic societies predicted capitalism's doom.

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Over time, as the anticipated numbers of the middle class, or

"bourgeoisie," began to decrease, the conflicts between laborers and

capitalists would sharpen, and social revolution was inevitable.

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Marx and Engels wrote that the transfer of power from the few to the

many could only take place by force.

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The social revolution envisioned by Marx and Engels would begin with

a dictatorship of the proletariat. Once in possession of the means of

production, the dictatorship would devise the means for society toachieve the collective ownership of wealth.

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Once the transitional period had stabilized the state, the purest form ofcommunism would take shape. It would be a classless society in which

property and wealth were distributed equally and without the need for a

coercive government. This last stage of Marxian communism has, as of

this time in history, never been realized in any country.


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The Mind of Karl Marx

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A specter is haunting Europe - the specter of communism.

Capital is dead labor, which, vampire-like, lives only by sucking living

labor, and lives the more, the more labor it sucks.

Capital is reckless of the health or length of life of the laborer...

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Capitalist production, therefore, develops technology...only by sapping

the original sources of all wealth - the soil and the laborer.


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From each according to his abilities, to each according to his needs.

History is nothing but the activity of men in pursuit of their ends.

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Landlords, like all other men, love to reap where they never sowed.

Landlords, like all other men, love to reap where they never sowed.

Nothing can have value without being an object of utility.

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Dialectical MaterialismMan is only matter in motion.

Matter is the total explanation for space, nature, man: Religion is the impotence of the human mind to deal with

occurrences it cannot understand.

Religion is the opium of the masses.

The first requisite for the happiness of the people is the abolition of

religion.


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The meaning of peace is the absence of opposition to socialism.

The more the division of labor and the application of machinery extend,

the more does competition extend among the workers, the more do their

wages shrink together.

The more the division of labor and the application of machinery extend,

the more does competition extend among the workers, the more do their

wages shrink together.

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The oppressed are allowed once every few years to decide which

particular representatives of the oppressing class are to represent and

repress them.

The only antidote to mental suffering is physical pain.

The theory of Communism may be summed up in one sentence: Abolish

all private property.

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We should not say that one man's hour is worth another man's hour, but

rather that one man during an hour is worth just as much as another man

during an hour. Time is everything, man is nothing: he is at the mosttime's carcass.

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The Mind of Vladimir Ilyich Lenin


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A lie told often enough becomes the truth.

Freedom in capitalist society always remains about the same as it was inancient Greek republics: Freedom for slave owners.

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Give me four years to teach the children and the seed I have sown will

never be uprooted.

It is true that liberty is precious - so precious that it must be rationed.

One man with a gun can control 100 without one.

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The goal of socialism is communism.

The history of all countries shows that the working class exclusively by

its own effort is able to develop only trade-union consciousness.

Sometimes - history needs a push.

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There are no morals in politics; there is only expedience. A scoundrel

may be of use to us just because he is a scoundrel.

The way to crush the bourgeoisie is to grind them between the

millstones of taxation and inflation.

We need the real, nation-wide terror which reinvigorates the country and

through which the Great French Revolution achieved glory.


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FASCIST IDEOLOGY

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GiovinezzaHail, heroic people,

hail, immortal Motherland,

your sons were born again

with faith in the ideal.

Your warriors' valour,

your pioneers' virtue,

Alighieri's view,today shine in every heart.CHORUS:

Youth, Youth,

Spring of beauty,

your song rings and goes

through the sorrows of life!

For Benito Mussolini,

Eja eja alal.

For our beautiful Motherland,Eja eja alal.In the Italian borders,

Italians have been remade,

Mussolini has remade them

for tomorrow's war.


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For the glory of work,

for peace and for laurel,

to pillory those

who have disowned our Motherland.CHORUSThe poets and the artisans,

the lords and the countrymen,

with Italian pride

trust Mussolini.

There isn't any poor quarter,

which does not send its ranks,

which does not unfurl the redeeming

flags of Fascism.

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Fascism is a response to the "dangers" of both Marxist/communist

thought and unrestrained laissez-faire capitalism.

Fascism is the negation of that doctrine which formed the basis of

the so-called Scientific or Marxian Socialism.

~ Benito Mussolini

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Fascism was founded in 1919 by Benito Mussolini. The Italian name of

the movement, fascismo, is derived from fascio ("bundle, political

group") but also refers to the movement's emblem, the fasces, a bundle

of rods bound around a projecting axe-head that was carried before an

ancient Roman magistrate by an attendant as a symbol of authority and

power.

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The Principles of the Corporate State

Class collaboration is an alternative to class conflict. To its voters,fascism presented itself as a form of new and even revolutionary

conservatism that could reconcile the interests of the elite with those of

the common man.

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The nation is like a body, the body parts act in harmony with each other.

Under the corporate state, persons willingly submit to the authority of

those above them in exchange for the gratification they derive from

reaping the benefits of a productive society.


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For example, Japanese fascists believed that owners of stores and

workshops should exercise paternal authority over their assistants,

clerks, workers, servants, and tenants.

Subordinates were not permitted to organize themselves into unions, and

the small bosses assumed the leadership of town and village councils.

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In Italy, business owners, employees, trades-people, professionals, andother economic classes were organized into 22 guilds, or associations,

known as "corporations" according to their industries.

These groups were given representation in a legislative body known as

the Camera dei Fasci e delle Corporazioni.

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A Place in the Economy for Private Capital Under the Guidance of

the State

But when brought within the orbit of the State, Fascism recognizes the

real needs which gave rise to socialism and trade-unionism, giving them

due weight in the guild or corporative system in which divergent

interests are coordinated and harmonized in the unity of the State.

~ Benito Mussolini

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The corporate State considers that private enterprise in the sphere of

production is the most effective and useful [sic] instrument in the

interest of the nation. In view of the fact that private organization of

production is a function of national concern, the organizer of theenterprise is responsible to the State for the direction given to

production.

~ Benito Mussolini

- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -State intervention in economic production arises only when private

initiative is lacking or insufficient, or when the political interests of the

State are involved.


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~ Benito Mussolini

Thus, fascism attempted to be both conservative and radical. BenitoMussolini embraced this superficially-contradictory formulation, saying

"I am a reactionary and a revolutionary."

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.Fascism recognizes the real needs which gave rise to socialism and

trade unionism, giving them due weight in the guild or corporative

system in which divergent interests are coordinated and harmonized in

the unity of the State.

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The Mind of Benito Mussolini

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Fascism affirms the irremediable, fruitful and beneficent inequality

of men, who cannot be leveled by such a mechanical and extrinsic fact

as universal suffrage.


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Fascism believes neither in the possibility nor the utility of perpetualpeace. War alone brings up to its highest tension all human energy and

puts the stamp of nobility upon the peoples who have courage to meet

it.

Political doctrines pass; nations remain.

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Fascism wants man to be active and to engage in action with all hisenergiesIt conceives of life as a struggle in which it behooves a man

to win for himself a really worthy place, first of all by fitting himself

(physically, morally, intellectually) to become the implement required

for winning it. As for the individual, so for the nation, and so for

mankind.

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No action is exempt from moral judgment; no activity can be despoiled

of the value which a moral purpose confers on all things.The Fascist

disdains an easy" life.

the Fascist conception of life stresses the importance of the State and

accepts the individual only in so far as his interests coincide with those

of the State

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Flag high, ranks closed,

The S.A. marches with silent solid steps.

Comrades shot by the red front and reactionmarch in spirit with us in our ranks.

The street free for the brown battalions,

The street free for the Storm Troopers.


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Millions, full of hope, look up at the swastika;

The day breaks for freedom and for bread.

For the last time the call will now be blown;

For the struggle now we all stand ready.Soon will fly Hitler-flags over every street;

Slavery will last only a short time longer.

Flag high, ranks closed,

The S.A. marches with silent solid steps.

Comrades shot by the red front and reaction

march in spirit with us in our ranks.

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Nazism, the political movement led by Adolf Hitler in Germany, is

widely viewed as a form of fascism. The Nazis shared the extreme

nationalism, militarism, corporatism and anti-communism of the originalItalian Fascists.

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Hitler initially admired Mussolini, going as far as to copy the Roman

salute used by Italian Fascists. However, the Nazis added racism and

anti-Semitism to the original fascist ideas. The Italian Fascists were not

interested in racism at first; nevertheless, they eventually began to pass

anti-Semitic laws when pressured by their German allies.


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The Mind of Adolf Hitler

- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -All great movements are popular movements. They are the volcanic

eruptions of human passions and emotions, stirred into activity by the

ruthless Goddess of Distress or by the torch of the spoken word cast into

the midst of the people.

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Any alliance whose purpose is not the intention to wage war is senseless

and useless.

Anyone who sees and paints a sky green and fields blue ought to be

sterilized.

Hate is more lasting than dislike.

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By the skillful and sustained use of propaganda, one can make a people

see even heaven as hell or an extremely wretched life as paradise.

How fortunate for governments that the people they administer don't

think.

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Humanitarianism is the expression of stupidity and cowardice.

I use emotion for the many and reserve reason for the few.

It is not truth that matters, but victory.

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Struggle is the father of all things. It is not by the principles of humanity

that man lives or is able to preserve himself above the animal world, but

solely by means of the most brutal struggle.

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The very first essential for success is a perpetually constant and regular

employment of violence.

- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -Fascist Ultra-nationalism

Communist Internationalist

Fascist Authoritarian to totalitarian.


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Communist Totalitarian

Fascist Stated Anti-democratic

Communist Stated Democratic -- in practice undemocratic

Fascist Capital largely in private hands

Communist Capital in state hands

Fascist Racial hatred


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Communist Class hatred

Communist Collective leadership Cult of personality

Fascist Cult of personality syndicalism representation

Fascist scapegoats: foreigners or racial/ethnic group

Communist scapegoat: bourgeoisie/upper classes

Fascist xenophobia based on nationality/race

Communist xenophobia based on class/social standing


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Fascist religion emphasized or at least tolerated (if serves state)

Communist religion banned and persecuted

Fascist Sacrifice for the nation

Communist Sacrifice for the party

Communist/Fascist police state/repression to retain control

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"I leave you, hoping that the lamp of liberty will burn in your bosoms

until there shall no longer be a doubt that all men are created free and

equal." ~ Abraham Lincoln

(picture of Lincoln & his son)

Sources

Fascism, Noel O'Sullivan, l983 pg 138: referencing; Mussolini's Roman

Empire, by Mack Smith Penguin, ed., l979, first published in l976, pg

247.

The Doctrine of Fascism, by Benito Mussolini, 1935, Firenze: Vallecchi

Editore.

Fascism: Doctrine and Institutions, by Benito Mussolini, 1935, 'Ardita'

Publishers, Rome.

Translation of the 1932 Enciclopedia Italiana essay "Doctrines" by

Mussolini. This translation is by Mr. I. S. Munro, from "Fascism to

World-Power" (Alexander Maclehose, London, 1933). It is part of a


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1984 compilation book: Readings on Fascism and National Socialism;

Swallow Press, Athens, Ohio, 1984.

A Primer of Italian Fascism. Book by Jeffrey T. Schnapp, Olivia E.

Sears, Maria G. Stampino; University of Nebraska Press, 2000.

My Autobiography. Book by Benito Mussolini; Charles Scribner's Sons,

1928.

The Doctrine of Fascism, (Fascist government publication) 1935,

Fascism Doctrine and Institutions, by Benito Mussolini, Ardita

Publishers, Rome, pages 7-42.

Communism, Free Dictionary, http://legal-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/Communism

The Collected Works of Abraham Lincoln edited by Roy P. Basler,

Volume II, "Speech at Chicago, Illinois" (July 10, 1858), p. 502.

The Internationale, Written by: Eugne Pottier - Paris, June 1871, Music

by: Pierre Degeyter 1888

"Giovinezza" (The Youth, Words by: Salvator Gotta,Music by: Giuseppe

Blanc,In use: 1922-1943
https://portal-mail.dadeschools.net/exchweb/bin/redir.asp?URL=http://legal-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/Communismhttps://portal-mail.dadeschools.net/exchweb/bin/redir.asp?URL=http://legal-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/Communismhttps://portal-mail.dadeschools.net/exchweb/bin/redir.asp?URL=http://legal-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/Communismhttps://portal-mail.dadeschools.net/exchweb/bin/redir.asp?URL=http://legal-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/Communismhttps://portal-mail.dadeschools.net/exchweb/bin/redir.asp?URL=http://legal-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/Communism


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Horst Wessel Lied, also known as Flags on High, September 1929,

attributed to "Der Unbekannte SA-Mann" (the Unknown SA-Man).

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Dr. Juan R. Céspedes, Ph.D. - Communism, Fascism, Nazism

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