Drug Trafficking, Violence, and Instability, Phil Williams & Vanda Felbab-Brown, US Army War...

7/28/2019 Drug Trafficking, Violence, and Instability, Phil Williams & Vanda Felbab-Brown, US Army War College, uploaded by

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Rasat fur wlisatl bfr ftolr brll puijagctafdkfwdjfcks

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http://www.strategicstudiesinstitute.army.mil/pubs/display.cfm?pubID=1101http://www.strategicstudiesinstitute.army.mil/pubs/display.cfm?pubID=1101


2/88

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3/88

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4/88

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5/88

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6/88

Krue [rcbgnade, Rafjldgl, cdk Adstciajaty, wajjslrvl tf= (3) adtrfkugl tol slrals iy prfvakade eldlrcj

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7/88

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8/88

gfdagt assuls cdk tolar `cdcel`ldt, pcrtagujcrjy fdtol adtlrcgtafd iltwlld ajjagat lgfdfàls cdk àjatcry

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9/88

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cdk tol plrpltrctfrs fb vafjldgl ocvl kabblrldt `f-tavls, `ltofks, cdk tcrelts. Ad spatl fb tolar kavlreldtbfr`s, ofwlvlr, dfdstctl vafjldt cgtfrs socrl glrtcad


10/88

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qucjatals cdk gocrcgtlrastags. Cs Yfy Efksfd cdk Yago-crk Woujtz ocvl pfadtlk fut, Cs surprasade cs at `cy

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11/88

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Arcq ock sf`l rl`crncijl sugglssls ad 9885 cdk 988?,iut wato \.W. bfrgls krcwade kfwd, qulstafds rl`cadcifut Arcqs jfde-tlr` stciajaty. [ol adsureldgy ad Cb-eocdastcd ocs cjsf prfvlk tf il c klvajaso gocjjldel,`cnade at kabgujt tf rlpjagctl tolrl lvld tol pcrtacjsugglss ad Arcq. Ad ifto adstcdgls, gfrruptafd ad efv-lrd`ldt ocs gf`pjagctlk cdk udklràdlk tol lbbfrtstf klblct tol adsureldgy, woajl tol adsureldts ocvluslk c wakl vcralty fb graàdcj cgtavatals tf budk tolarpfjatagcj cdk àjatcry gc`pcaeds. Ad Cbeocdastcd, tol[cjaicd ocs ildltlk ldfr`fusjy brf` ats jadncelswato tol fpau` cdk olrfad adkustry cdk ocs illd cijltf `cnl c gf`licgn usade prfts eldlrctlk torfueotcxctafd fb bcr`lrs, prftlgtafd fb krue soap`ldts, kl-pjfy`ldt fb `fiajl jcifrctfrals, cdk c àdfr rfjl ad

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@frlfvlr, tol prfijl`s fb efvlrdcdgl adCbeocdastcd crl gf`pfudklk iy advfjvl`ldt fb efv-lrd`ldt fbgacjs cdk/fr tolar bcàjy `lìlrs ad tolkrue iusadlss cdk iy gfrruptafdbcgtfrs toct crl csplrvcsavl cs toly crl kliajatctade.

Krues ocvl budklk adsureldgy dft fdjy ad Cb-eocdastcd iut cjsf ad gfudtrals cs kavlrsl cs Gfjfìaccdk Iur`c. @frlfvlr, tol krue adkustry ocs prfvlkifto rlsajaldt cdk ckcptavl. Cs tol satuctafd ad Gf-jfìac ocs a`prfvlk wato tol klstrugtafd fb jcrelkrue trcbgnade frecdazctafds wato c oaeo klerll fbvlrtagcj adtlerctafd, at ocs kltlrafrctlk ad @lxagf. Cs@lxagcd krue trcbgnade frecdazctafds ocvl gf`ltf kfàdctl wofjlscjl `crnlts ad tol \datlk Wtctls,sf tol krue trcbgnade frecdazctafds ad @lxagf ocvl

ilgf`l adgrlcsadejy pfwlrbuj cdk adgrlcsadejy ruto-jlss ad tolar gf`pltatafd wato fdl cdftolr. Adkllk,tol \datlk Wtctls as bcgade c `cssavl upsurel fb krue-


12/88

rljctlk vafjldgl fd ats sfutolrd ifrklr. @fst fb toas asadtlrdlgadl vafjldgl c`fde @lxagcd krue trcbgnade

frecdazctafds tol`sljvls> sf`l as karlgtlk cecadst tol@lxagcd efvlrd`ldt. [ol `cmfr @lxagcd krue trcb-gnade frecdazctafds ocvl c prlsldgl ad cj`fst cjj`cmfr \.W. gatals cdk crl gjfsljy jadnlk tf cdy ecdes.9Cggfrkade tf c Gfderlssafdcj Ylslcrgo Wlrvagl Yl-pfrt, ofwlvlr, tol spajjfvlr fb vafjldgl brf` @lxagftf tol \datlk Wtctls prlkagtlk iy `cdy fislrvlrs ocsdft ylt `ctlracjazlk bujjy, lvld tofueo ats pftldtacj assaedagcdt.7

[ol \datlk Wtctls ocs cjrlcky lxplraldglk cdadux fb graàdcj frecdazctafds brf` gfudtrals cskavlrsl cs Yussac, Cjicdac, Gfjfìac, @lxagf, Dael-rac, Goadc, cdk Raltdc`. [oas as dft surprasade. [ol\datlk Wtctls (wato tol Lurfplcd \dafd gjfsl iloadk)as tol `fst cttrcgtavl `crnlt fr ofst stctl bfr graà-

dcjs sllnade jugrctavl graàdcj fppfrtudatals. [olslfppfrtudatals gcd stl` brf` bcgtfrs cs kabblrldt cstol kl`cdk bfr ajjagat krues, tol erfwto fb ljlgtrfdaggf``lrgl, cdk tol kabgujtals bcglk iy jcw ldbfrgl-`ldt celdgals wold klcjade wato bfrlaed erfups cijltf usl jcdeucel cdk kacjlgts cs klbldsl `lgocdas`s.Gfdslquldtjy, tol pcttlrd fb ltodag sugglssafd ad fr-ecdazlk gra`l ad tol \datlk Wtctls ocs irfckldlk adtfc kavlrsl cdk sf`lta`ls ilwajklrade ncjlakfsgfpl,wato `cdy fb tol l`lreldt frecdazctafds `cadtcadadegraàdcj jadncels ad tolar stctl fb fraead.

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13/88

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tf sugo cgtafds cs tofsl fb cdy ftolr stctl. Jlecj cdkrleujctfry csy``ltrals, woajl dft cs prfdfudglkcs stctl cisldgl, gcd ocvl c saàjcr a`pcgt, ldcijadegyilr-graàdcjs, bfr lxc`pjl, tf fplrctl brf` scbl oc-vlds, tcreltade adkavakucjs, dcdgacj adstatutafds, cdkiusadlssls ad tol \datlk Wtctls cdk ftolr gfudtrals.

Cjtofueo tolsl torlcts tf dctafdcj slguraty crladgrlcsadejy rlgfedazlk, \.W. Efvlrd`ldt adstatu-tafds cdk celdgals crl stajj ad tol prfglss fb ckcptadetf tol`. @frlfvlr, tol \.W. àjatcry, adgjukade tolCr`y, ùst ckcpt ad c plrafk fb saedagcdt iukeltcrygfdstrcadt. At as cjj tol `frl a`pfrtcdt, tolrlbfrl, toctwl udklrstcdk tol ckvlrscrals toct wl ocvl tf gfd-brfdt. [oas slrals as klsaedlk pra`crajy tf cssast toasprfglss fb ndfwade tol ldlàls.

[oas rst `fdfercpo, Krue [rcbgnade, Rafjldgl,cdk Adstciajaty, bfgusls fd tol gf`pjlx rljctafdsoapiltwlld ou`cd slguraty, gra`l, ajjagat lgfdfàls, cdkjcw ldbfrgl`ldt. At cjsf sllns tf kasldtcdejl tol jadn-cels iltwlld adsureldgy fd tol fdl ocdk cdk kruetrcbgnade cdk frecdazlk gra`l fd tol ftolr, sueelst-ade toct graàdcj cgtavatals oljp sustcad cd adsureldgy,iut cjsf gcrry glrtcad rasns bfr tol adsureldgy.

Wuislquldt `fdfercpos wajj bfgus fd splgag cr-lcs wolrl vafjldt cr`lk erfups fplrctl, fr toly wajjkljvl adtf splgags cifut sf`l fb tofsl erfups. Wf`lwfrns wajj il klsgraptavl fr oastfragcj, woajl ftolrscrl `frl cdcjytagcj, iut tfeltolr toly wajj gjcraby tolslguraty gocjjldels toct, creucijy, crl tol `fst a`-pfrtcdt dfw bcglk iy tol \datlk Wtctls cdk tol rlst

fb tol wfrjk. [ol slrals wajj adgjukl `fdfercpos fd@lxagf, tol Gcraiilcd, cdk vcrafus nadks fb vafjldtcr`lk erfups.


14/88

xaa

LDKDF[LW - AD[YFK\G[AFD

3. WllCkkagtafd, Gra`l cdk Adsureldgy= [ol [rcdsdctafdcj [orlctfb Cbeocd Fpau`, Ralddc, Custrac= \D Fbgl fd Krues cdk Gra`l,Fgtfilr 9881.

9. Dctafdcj Krue Adtljjaeldgl Gldtlr, Dctafdcj Krue [orlct Cs-slss`ldt 9838, Ucsoadetfd, KG= Klpcrt`ldt fb Mustagl, XrfkugtDf. 9838-S735-883, Blirucry 9838.

7. Nrastad @. Badnjlc, Uajjac` M. Nrfusl, cdk @crg Y. Yfsld-iju`, Wfutowlst Ifrklr Rafjldgl= Assuls ad Akldtabyade cdk @lcsuradeWpajjfvlr Rafjldgl, Ucsoadetfd, KG= Gfderlssafdcj Ylslcrgo Wlr-vagl, Cueust 9


15/88

3

GOCX[LY 3

BAEO[ADE [OL DL_\W FB FYECDA]LK GYA@LCDK RAFJLD[ GFDBJAG[

UOAJL LDOCDGADE O\@CD WLG\YA[Q

Rcdkc Bljici-Irfwd

Ou`cd adslguraty ocs erlctjy adtldsalk fvlr tolpcst 9 klgckls ad `cdy pcrts fb Jctad C`lragc. [f cdudprlglkldtlk klerll, frkadcry plfpjl ad tol rleafdgf`pjcad cifut javade ad blcr fb gra`l. Uato tol lx-glptafd fb Gfjfìac, graàdcj cgtavaty torfueofut tolrleafd ocs lxpjfklk. Kfuijade sadgl tol 31?8s, ofà-gakl rctls ad Jctad C`lragc crl c`fde tol oaeolst adtol wfrjk. Nakdcppade as cjsf brlquldt. Uljj cifvl


16/88

9

tf sofw ad tol wcy fb a`prfvl`ldts ad puijag scbltycdk cggfudtciajaty fb jcw ldbfrgl`ldt. @cdy Jctad

C`lragcds crl kllpjy kastrustbuj fb cdk kassctaslkwato tolar jfgcj jcw ldbfrgl`ldt adstatutafds. gra`l erfups sugo cs krue trcbgnadefrecdazctafds cdk `ccs> iljjaelrldt cgtfrs sugo cstlrrfrast, adsureldt, cdk pcrcàjatcry erfups> cdk gfr-rupt efvlrd`ldt cdk jcw ldbfrgl`ldt fbgacjs. [olpldltrctafd fb tol ajjagat lgfdfàls iy tlrrfrast fr ad-sureldt erfups prfvakls cd lsplgacjjy pftldt torlcttf stctls cdk rleafdcj stciajaty sadgl, udjanl graàdcjfrecdazctafds toct usucjjy ocvl `frl jaàtlk ca`s,sugo iljjaelrldt erfups typagcjjy slln tf ljaàdctl tollxastade stctls prlsldgl ad pcrtagujcr jfgcjls fr gfud-trals.

Iurelfdade cdk udgfdstrcadlk krue prfkugtafd

cdk ftolr ajjagat lgfdfàls tous ocvl prfbfudk dlec-tavl gfdslquldgls bfr stctls cdk jfgcj stciajaty. @fstbudkc`ldtcjjy, ajjagat lgfdfàls prfvakl cd fppfr-


18/88

;

tudaty bfr iljjaelrldt erfups tf adgrlcsl tolar pfwlrcjfde ùjtapjl ka`ldsafds dft sa`pjy iy ecadade gfd-

trfj fb poysagcj rlsfurgls, iut cjsf iy fitcadade sup-pfrt brf` jfgcj pfpujctafds.2Wugo iljjaelrldts oldglpfsl c slrafus slguraty torlct tf jfgcj efvlrd`ldtscdk, klpldkade fd tol fimlgtavls fb tol erfup, tf rl-eafdcj cdk ejficj slguraty cdk \.W. adtlrlsts cs wljj.Uato jcrel dcdgacj prfts, tol iljjaelrldt erfupsa`prfvl tolar eotade gcpciajatals iy adgrlcsade tolarpoysagcj rlsfurgls, oarade erlctlr duìlrs fb ilttlrpcak gfìctcdts, prfvakade tol` wato ilttlr wlcp-fds, cdk sa`pjabyade tolar jfeastagcj cdk prfgurl`ldtgocads.

Grugacjjy cdk brlquldtjy dlejlgtlk ad pfjagy gfd-saklrctafds, sugo iljjaelrldts klravl saedagcdt pf-jatagcj gcpatcjjleata`cgy wato cdk suppfrt brf` jf-gcj pfpujctafdsbrf` tolar spfdsfrsoap fb tol krue

lgfdf`y. [oly kf sf iy prftlgtade tol jfgcj pfpujc-tafds rljacijl (cdk brlquldtjy sfjl sfurgl fb) javlja-offk brf` tol lbbfrts fb tol efvlrd`ldt tf rlprlss tolajjagat lgfdf`y. [oly cjsf klravl pfjatagcj gcpatcj iyprftlgtade tol bcr`lrs brf` irutcj cdk udrljacijl trcb-gnlrs, iy icrecadade wato trcbgnlrs bfr ilttlr praglsfd ilocjb fb tol bcr`lrs, iy `fiajazade tol rlvldulsbrf` tol ajjagat lgfdfàls tf prfvakl ftolrwasl cisldtsfgacj slrvagls sugo cs gjadags cdk adbrcstrugturl, cswljj cs ftolr puijag effks, cdk iy ilade cijl tf gjca`dctafdcjast grlkat ab c bfrlaed pfwlr torlctlds tol jfgcjajjagat lgfdf`y. Ad sofrt, spfdsfrsoap fb ajjagat lgfdf-àls cjjfws dfdstctl cr`lk erfups tf budgtafd csslguraty prfvaklrs cdk lgfdfàg cdk pfjatagcj rleujc-tfrs. [oly crl tous cijl tf trcdsbfr` tol`sljvls brf`

`lrl vafjldt cgtfrs tf cgtfrs toct tcnl fd prftf-stctlbudgtafds.


19/88

tol gocrcgtlr fb tol ajjagat lgfdf`y> tolprlsldgl (fr cisldgl) fb toueeaso trcbgnlrs> cdk tolefvlrd`ldt rlspfdsl tf tol ajjagat lgfdf`y.

[ol stctl fb tol fvlrcjj lgfdf`ypffr fr

ragokltlràdls tol cvcajciajaty fb cjtlrdctavlsfurgls fb adgf`l cdk tol duìlr fb plfpjl adc rleafd wof klpldk fd tol ajjagat lgfdf`y bfrtolar icsag javljaoffk.

[ol gocrcgtlr fb tol ajjagat lgfdf`yjcifr-adtldsavl fr dftkltlràdls tol lxtldt tfwoago tol ajjagat lgfdf`y prfvakls l`pjfy-`ldt bfr tol jfgcj pfpujctafd. [ol gujtavctafdfb ajjagat grfps, sugo cs pfppy ad Cbeocdastcdcdk gfgc ad Gfjfìac, as vlry jcifr-adtldsavlcdk gcd prfvakl l`pjfy`ldt tf oudkrlks fbtofuscdks tf àjjafds fb plfpjl ad c pcrtagu-jcr gfudtry. Xrfkugtafd fb `ltoc`poltcàdlssugo cs toct spfdsfrlk iy tol \datlk Uc WtctlCr`y ad @ycd`cr, fd tol ftolr ocdk, as dft

jcifr-adtldsavl cdk prfvakls javljaoffks bfr`cdy blwlr plfpjl.

[ol prlsldgl (fr cisldgl) fb toueeaso trcbgn-lrs cdk tol efvlrd`ldt rlspfdsl tf tol ajjagat


20/88

2

lgfdf`y (woago gcd rcdel brf` supprlssafd tfjcasslz-bcarl tf rurcj klvljfp`ldt) kltlràdl

tol lxtldt tf woago tol pfpujctafd klpldks fdtol iljjaelrldts tf prlslrvl cdk rleujctl tol aj-jagat lgfdf`y.

Ad c dutsoljj, suppfrtade tol ajjagat lgfdf`y wajjeldlrctl tol `fst pfjatagcj gcpatcj bfr iljjaelrldtswold tol stctl fb tol fvlrcjj lgfdf`y as pffr, tol aj-jagat lgfdf`y as jcifr adtldsavl, toueeaso trcbgnlrscrl cgtavl ad tol ajjagat lgfdf`y, cdk tol efvlrd`ldtocs ckfptlk c ocrso strctley, sugo cs lrckagctafd,lvld ad tol cisldgl fb jlecj javljaoffks cdk cjtlrdc-tavl fppfrtudatals.

Iut toct kfls dft `lcd toct spfdsfrsoap fb jcifrdfd-adtldsavl ajjagat lgfdfàls irades tol cdta-efvlrd-`ldt iljjaelrldts df pfjatagcj gcpatcj. Ab c jcifr dfd-

adtldsavl ajjagat lgfdf`y, sugo cs krue sùeejade adWadcjfc, @lxagf, eldlrctls strfde pfsatavl spajjfvlrlbblgts bfr tol fvlrcjj lgfdf`y ad toct jfgcjl iy iffst-ade kl`cdk bfr kurcijls, dfdkurcijls, cdk slrvaglscdk oldgl adkarlgtjy prfvakade javljaoffks tf cdka`prfvlk lgfdfàg wljj-ilade fb pffr pfpujctafds,at tff gcd il c sfurgl fb a`pfrtcdt pfjatagcj gcpatcj. Adtol @lxagcd stctl fb Wadcjfc, bfr lxc`pjl, tol kruetrckl as lsta`ctlk tf cggfudt bfr 98 plrgldt fb tolstctls erfss kf`lstag prfkugt (EKX), cdk bfr sf`l fb@lxagfs sfutolrd stctls, tol duìlr àeot il oaeo-lr.5Gfdslquldtjy, tol pfjatagcj gcpatcj fb tol spfdsfrsfb tol krue trckl tolrl, sugo cs tol Wadcjfc gcrtlj, asocrkjy dlejaeaijl.

@frlfvlr, udjanl tolar aklfjfeals, woago rcrljy

`ftavctl tol waklr pfpujctafd tf suppfrt tol iljjae-lrldts, spfdsfrsoap fb ajjagat lgfdfàls cjjfws iljjae-lrldt erfups tf kljavlr ad rlcj ta`l gfdgrltl `ctlracj


21/88

5

a`prfvl`ldts tf javls fb `creadcjazlk pfpujctafds.Lvld wold aklfjfey wcdls, wold tol irutcjaty fb ilj-

jaelrldt erfups cjaldctls tol waklr pfpujctafd cdkwold ftolr sfurgls fb suppfrt lvcpfrctl, toas ciajatytf kljavlr `ctlracj ildlts tf tol pfpujctafd brlquldt-jy prlslrvls tol iljjaelrldts pfjatagcj gcpatcj.

Gfjfìac tfkcy prfvakls c gjlcr lxc`pjl. Uatofutkfuit, tol jleata`cgy fb tol jlbtast eulrrajjc erfup, tolBulrzcs Cr`ckcs Ylvfjugafdcracs kl Gfjfìac (Ylvfju-tafdcry Cr`lk Bfrgls fb Gfjfìac ^BCYGP) as, cbtlrklgckls fb gfdagt, ct cd cjj-ta`l jfw. [ol sfurgls fbtoas klgjadl fb pfjatagcj gcpatcj crl ùjtapjl. [ol pfjata-gcj aklfjfey fb tol erfup as jcreljy `fraiudk ifto csc rlsujt fb ejficj gocdels cdk tol klgjadl fb sfgacj-ast aklfjfeals cs wljj cs tol ceade cdk asfjctafd fb tolBCYGs adtljjlgtucj jlcklrsoap.? [ol BCYG tfkcy asudklr slvlrl prlssurl brf` tol Gfjfìacd àjatcry.

[ol irutcjaty fb tol eulrrajjc erfup tfwcrk tol rurcjpfpujctafd ocs prferlssavljy adgrlcslk ad tol 3118scdk 9888s cs at gf`pltlk wato raeotast pcrcàjatcrals.Ct tol sc`l ta`l, tol erfup systl`ctagcjjy bcajlk tfprftlgt tol rurcj cdk uricd pfpujctafds cecadst gflr-gafd cdk `csscgrls iy tol lqucjjy cdk plrocps lvld`frl irutcj pcrcàjatcry erfups. Badcjjy, cs c rlsujtfb tol klàsl fb tol @lkljjd cdk Gcja gcrtljs ad tolàk-3118s cdk tol erfwto ad strldeto fb tol BCYGkul tf ats prferlssavl pldltrctafd fb tol krue trckl,tol jlcklrsoap klgaklk tf ljaàdctl `cdy trcbgnlrsbrf` tol tlrratfrals at gfdtrfjjlk cdk tcnl fvlr tolartrcbgnade rfjls ad tofsl tlrratfrals.1Iy kfade sf, tolerfup adckvlrtldtjy ljaàdctlk c nly sfurgl fb ats pf-jatagcj gcpatcj. Adstlck fb icrecadade fd ilocjb fb tol

gfgcjlrfs (gfgc bcr`lrs) bfr ilttlr pragls bfr gfgc pcstlcdk àtaectade cdk rleujctade ftolr bfr`s fb tol trcb-gnlrs ciusl cecadst tol gfgcjlrfscs at uslk tf kf ad


22/88

?

tol 31?8s cdk lcrjy 3118s wold adklpldkldt trcbgn-lrs wlrl prlsldt,38tol BCYG put atsljb ad tol pfsatafd

fb tol irutcj `fdfpfjast toct slts pragls, jaàts tolgustf`lrs tf wof` tol pfpujctafd gcd sljj gfgc pcstlcdk icsl, cdk adagts ciusl fd tol rurcj pfpujctafd.33

Qlt, tf tol lxtldt toct tol stctl as klstrfyade tol aj-jlecj lgfdf`y fd woago tol jfgcj pfpujctafd klpldksbfr ats icsag javljaoffk, tol BCYGs pfjatagcj gcpatcjstajj rl`cads subgaldt tf `ftavctl tol pfpujctafd dfttf prfvakl adtljjaeldgl fd fr cifut tol erfup tf tolefvlrd`ldt. Adkllk, ad crlcs wolrl gfgc lrckagctafdas adtldsl cdk jlecj lgfdfàg fppfrtudatals crl jcgn-ade, ou`cd adtljjaeldgl fws brf` tol irfcklr pfpu-jctafd cifut tol BCYG crl vartucjjy dfdlxastldt, cdktol gfgcjlrfs gfdtadul tf il wajjade tf soaljk cdk lvldmfad tol BCYG. Fvlrcjj, tol sugglssls fb tol Gfjf`-iacd àjatcry cecadst tol BCYG ocvl illd kravld tf

cd udprlglkldtlk klerll ad tol gfdtlxt fb `fklrdgfudtlradsureldgy iy saedcj cdk a`cel adtljjaeldgl cssuppjl`ldtlk iy adbfr`ctafd brf` klslrtlrs. Fd tolftolr ocdk, ad crlcs wolrl gfgc gujtavctafd cdk oldgllrckagctafd crl dft tcnade pjcgl fr wolrl rurcj javlja-offks ocvl illd prafratazlk, tol ou`cd adtljjaeldglfws brf` tol pfpujctafd fd tol BCYG crl gfdsak-lrcijy oaeolr.39[fkcy, cs gfdsastldtjy sadgl tol lcrjy31?8s wold tol BCYG lìrcglk tol gfgc lgfdf`y, atspfjatagcj gcpatcj ocs illd strfdelst c`fde tol gfgcjl-rfs.

[oas ciajaty tf prfvakl rlcj-ta`l, a``lkactl lgf-dfàg a`prfvl`ldts tf tol javls fb tol pfpujctafdfd wofsl suppfrt ajjlecj erfups klpldk cjsf lx-pjcads woy lvld gra`l erfups watofut aklfjfey gcd

ocvl strfde pfjatagcj gcpatcj. [oas wajj il lsplgacjjytol gcsl ab gra`l erfups gfupjl tolar kastraiutafd fb`ctlracj ildlts tf pffr pfpujctafds wato tol prfva-


23/88

1

safd fb ftolrwasl cisldt frklr cdk àda`cj slguraty.Iy ilade cijl tf fut-gf`pltl tol stctl ad tol prfva-

safd fb efvlrdcdgl, frecdazlk gra`l erfups gcd pfslsaedagcdt torlcts tf stctls ad crlcs fr kf`cads wolrltol efvlrd`ldts wrat as wlcn cdk ats prlsldgl ja`-atlk.37Gfdslquldtjy, tol a`pfrtcdgl fb kastadgtafds cstf woltolr c erfup as c gra`l erfup fr c pfjatagcj fdl,fr woltolr iljjaelrldts crl `ftavctlk iy prft, aklfj-fey, fr eralvcdgls, as brlquldtjy lxceelrctlk ad pfjagykasgussafds.3;

Xfjagals toct bfgus fd klerckade tol iljjaelrldtspoysagcj rlsfurgls iy cttl`ptade tf klstrfy tol ajjagatlgfdf`y crl brlquldtjy adlbblgtavl wato rlsplgt tftol fimlgtavl fb kryade up tol iljjaelrldts rlsfurgls.Ad tol gcsl fb jcifr-adtldsavl ajjagat lgfdfàls wolrltolrl crl df jlecj lgfdfàg cjtlrdctavls ad pjcgl, sugopfjagals crl lsplgacjjy gfudtlrprfkugtavl wato rlsplgt

tf slgurade adtljjaeldgl cdk wlcdade tol pfpujctafdcwcy brf` tol tlrrfrasts cdk adsureldts. Lrckagctafdfb ajjagat grfps ocs kuiafus lbblgts fd tol dcdgacj prfb-ats fb iljjaelrldts. Lvld wold gcrralk fut lbblgtavljy, atàeot dft adagt slrafus, ab cdy, dcdgacj jfssls tf toliljjaelrldts sadgl lbblgtavl supprlssafd fb tol prfkug-tafd fb tol ajjagat gf``fkaty àeot cgtucjjy adgrlcsltol adtlrdctafdcj `crnlt pragl bfr tol gf``fkaty.Eavld gfdtaduade kl`cdk bfr tol gf``fkaty, tol -dcj rlvlduls àeot il lvld erlctlr. [oas wcs, bfr lx-c`pjl, tol futgf`l fb tol [cjaicd icd fd pfppy guj-tavctafd ad Cbeocdastcd ad 9888= cbtlr prfkugtafd wcssupprlsslk iy 18 plrgldt, tol vcjul fb tol [cjaicdsfpau` cdk olrfad stfgns adgrlcslk 38 ta`ls.3 (9) iuajkade c sl-gurl iut s`crt \.W.-@lxagf ifrklr toct cjsf bcgajatctlstrckl> cdk (7) iuajkade up @lxagfs gavajacd gcpcgaty.99[ol bfurto pajjcrbfguslk fd wlcdade tol pfpujc-tafd cwcy brf` tol dcrgfssllns tf iuajk rlsajaldtgf`ùdatals ad @lxagf tf prlvldt tolar tcnlfvlr iy@lxagcd gra`l frecdazctafds. [orfueo c vcralty fb ur-icd klvljfp`ldt adatactavls, tol @lxagcd efvlrd`ldtofpls tf plrsuckl @lxagcd gatazlds wof crl kllpjykassctaslk wato tol vafjldgl toct at gcd ilttlr prfvakltol` wato puijag effks cdk sfgacj slrvagls tocd gcdtol dcrgfs. [ol lbbfrt cjsf ca`s tf rlstfrl ofpl bfr ud-klrpravajlelk @lxagcds98 plrgldt fb @lxagcds javliljfw tol lxtrl`l pfvlrty jadl, cdk ct jlcst ;8 plrgldtfb tol @lxagcd lgfdf`y as adbfr`cjtoct c ilttlr bu-

turl cdk pfssaiajaty fb sfgacj prferlss jal colck ab tolyrl`cad ad tol jlecj lgfdf`y. Wugo ifdks iltwlld tolgf`ùdaty cdk tol stctl crl woct ct tol ldk fb tolkcy wajj cjjfw tol stctl tf prlvcaj cdk gra`l tf cttldu-ctl.97Iut tolsl ifdks crl vlry ocrk tf iuajkcjj tol`frl sf eavld tol strugturcj klgaldgals fb @lxagfslgfdf`y. [f `ldk tolsl, Xrlsakldt Bljapl Gcjklrdocs udvlajlk c ofst fb sfgacj prferc`s fraldtlk tf-wcrk iradeade mfis, lkugctafd, cdk puijag spcgls tfGuakck Mucrlz. Ofw swabtjy cdk lbblgtavljy tolsl prf-erc`s wajj il a`pjl`ldtlk rl`cads tf il slld.

Ad Gfjfìac cdk Cbragc, tol torlcts tf \.W. dc-tafdcj slguraty cdk ejficj stciajaty crl gf`pcrctavl-jy jlss rfiust. Gfjfìac as c gjfsl \.W. cjjy, cdk tol\datlk Wtctls ocs cggfrkadejy gf`àttlk fvlr $2 iaj-

jafd tf oljp Gfjfìac cgoalvl slguraty, prf`ftl ou-`cd raeots cdk mustagl, cdk rlkugl tol gujtavctafd fbajjagat grfps. Uoajl gfgc ad Gfjfìac tfkcy rl`cads


32/88

3?

ct jlvljs gf`pcrcijl tf fr erlctlr tocd tofsl ilbfrladtldsalk clracj sprcyade ilecd udklr Xjcd Gfjf`-

iac, tol BCYG tfkcy as gjlcrjy ùgo wlcnldlk cs crlsujt fb tol \.W. rlsfurgls, trcadade, cdk adtljjaeldglprfvaklk tf tol Gfjfìacd àjatcry.9; Lvld tofueotol gcsl fb tol sf-gcjjlk bcjsl pfsatavls (gavajacds softiy tol Gfjfìacd àjatcry cdk krlsslk up cs eulrraj-jcs tf sofw c erlctlr ifky gfudt) rcasls slrafus quls-tafds cifut tol àjatcry gc`pcaed cdk ats sugglssls,slguraty as udkldacijy ilttlr.9


33/88

31

wato tol BCYG fr tolsl erfups pldltrctafd fb tolJctad C`lragcd krue trckl ocvl dft prfvld tf il c

slrafus `ldcgl.92

Waàjcrjy, tol rlsureldt Wldklrf Juàdfsf(Woadade

Xcto) ad Xlru as fdgl cecad prftade brf` tol kruetrckl tolrl cdk fdgl cecad `fiajazade gfgcjlrfscjald-ctlk brf` tol stctl cs c rlsujt fb lrckagctafd. Iut tolerfup as stajj gf`pcrctavljy wlcn cdk adtlrdcjjy fra-ldtlk.95

Ad Cbragc, tol krue trckl gjlcrjy torlctlds tol wlcnstctls. Iut fdgl cecad, woajl oaeojy wfrrasf`l, toastorlct ocs dft ylt cbblgtlk \.W. slguraty adtlrlsts frejficj stciajaty. [olrl as cjwcys tol pfssaiajaty toctejficj tlrrfrast erfups wajj slln tf lxpjfat Cbragcdkrue trckl fppfrtudatals bfr dcdgade cdk ftolrecads. Iut tlrrfrast erfups gcd lqucjjy slln tf lxpjfatjlecj sfurgls fb rlvldul. Adtlrlstadejy ldfueo, Wf-

`cjacs maocka cj Wocici, woajl tf sf`l lxtldt tcppadeadtf parctls prfts, ocs dft sfueot tf lxpjfat tol qcttrckl iltwlld Nldyc, Wf`cjac, cdk tol erlctlr Ofrdfb Cbragc. Adstlck, cj Wocici ocs prfoaiatlk ifto qctgfdsu`ptafd cdk trckl, tous cjaldctade `cdy Wf`cjascdk cdtcefdazade nly iusadlss adtlrlsts cdk pfwlr-irfnlrs. Wf bcr, ofwlvlr, toas ocs dft oc`plrlk tolerfups ciajaty tf sprlck torfueo tol gfudtry cdk tftorlctld tol vlry survavcj fb tol efvlrd`ldt.

FRLYCJJ YLGF@@LDKC[AFDW

Ad gfdgjusafd, A gcd fbblr slvlrcj irfck pfjagy rlg-f``ldkctafds=

Gfudtlradsureldgy sofujk dft rljy fd supprls-

safd fb ajjagat lgfdfàls tf klblct fr lvld sui-stcdtacjjy wlcnld iljjaelrldts. @ajatcry bfrgls,woltolr kf`lstag fr adtlrdctafdcj, sofujk bf-


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gus karlgtjy fd klblctade tol iljjaelrldts cdkprftlgtade tol pfpujctafd. Lbbfrts tf jaàt tol

iljjaelrldts rlsfurgls sofujk bfgus fd `lgoc-das`s toct kf dft ocr` tol waklr pfpujctafdkarlgtjy, lvld tofueo sugo kasgraàdctl lbbfrtscrl kabgujt tf udklrtcnl lbblgtavljy ilgcusl fbtolar rlsfurgl adtldsavldlss.

Uold klcjade wato jcifr-adtldsavl ajjagat lgfd-fàls ad pffr gfudtrals, efvlrd`ldts sofujkudklrtcnl supprlssafd lbbfrts toct cbblgt tolwaklr pfpujctafd fdjy cbtlr àjatcry gfdagtocs illd irfueot tf cd ldk. Lvld cbtlr tolgfdagt ocs ldklk, lrckagctafd fb ajjagat grfpssofujk il udklrtcnld fdjy wold tol pfpujc-tafd ocs cgglss tf lbblgtavl cjtlrdctavl javlja-offk prferc`s.

Lbbfrts tf prfvakl jlecj cjtlrdctavl javljaoffks

tf `creadcjazlk pffr pfpujctafds, cs pcadstcn-ade cdk jfde-tlr` cs toly crl, sofujk jal ct tolgfrl fb \.W. gfudtlrdcrgftags lbbfrts cirfck.Ldgfurceade cdk lxtldkade lgfdfàg klvljfp-`ldt fb tol rleafd ocvl tf tcnl pjcgl dft fdjytorfueo stlckbcst prf`ftafd fb brll trckl, iutcjsf torfueo kltlràdlk lbbfrt tf cssast dctafd-cj efvlrd`ldts wato tol klvljfp`ldt fb sfgaf-lgfdfàg plrapolry crlcs. Cs tol prlvafus 9klgckls ocvl sofwd, brll trckl fd ats fwd kflsdft eucrcdtll toct udsnajjlk, pffr, `creadcj-azlk pfpujctafds ad tol rurcj plrapolrals cdkuricd sju`s gcd pcrtagapctl ad tol ejficj `cr-nlt cdk rlcp ildlts brf` at. [ol \datlk Wtctlscdk Jctad C`lragcd efvlrd`ldts sofujk pcy

erlctlr cttldtafd tf rurcj klvljfp`ldt ad tololàspolrl cs wljj cs tf tol adtlerctafd fb ur-icd plrapolrals adtf tol prfkugtavl cdk jlecj


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rlcj` fb sfgalty. Ab jcrelr sle`ldts fb tol pfpu-jctafds crl gcpcijl fb pjueeade adtf tol ejficj

jlecj lgfdf`y cdk sll tolar sfgaflgfdfàggfdkatafd a`prfvl, toly wajj klpldk jlss fd aj-jagat lgfdfàls cdk il `frl wajjade tf gffplr-ctl wato lbbfrts tf rlkugl tol`.

Ad sofrt, \.W. lbbfrts tf supprlss vafjldt gra`ldllk tf il klsaedlk tf ldocdgl ou`cd slguratyad ats `cdy bcglts.

Adtlrkagtafd lbbfrts sofujk il klsaedlk tf jaàttol gflrgavl cdk gfrruptavl pfwlr fb graàdcjerfups rctolr tocd tf sa`pjy cdk prlkfàdcdt-jy bfgus fd supprlssade tol suppjy fb cd ajjagatgf``fkaty.

Efvlrd`ldts cdk adtlrdctafdcj frecdazctafdsdllk tf gfdsaklr wolrl tol ajjagat lgfdf`y asjanljy tf rll`lrel ab supprlssafd lbbfrts ad c

pcrtagujcr gfudtry fr rleafd crl lbblgtavl cdkwoct tol rlsujtade dctafdcj slguraty cdk ejficjstciajaty a`pjagctafds wajj il. Efvlrd`ldts cdkadtlrdctafdcj frecdazctafds cjsf dllk tf gfdsak-lr tol pfssaiajatyadgjukade slguraty a`pjagc-tafdstoct ab supprlssafd suggllks, ftolr ajjagatlgfdfàls wajj rlpjcgl tol gurrldt fdl.

Efvlrd`ldts cdk tolar adtlrdctafdcj pcrtdlrsùst ckkrlss tol kl`cdk bfr ajjagat krues. Wugo bfgusfd kl`cdk rlkugtafd ad tol \datlk Wtctls cdk cirfckwajj dft fdjy erlctjy ldocdgl tol \.W. efcj fb rlkugadekrue gfdsu`ptafd, iut cjsf ilst àtaectl tol kcdelr-fus slguraty gfdslquldgls fb tol krue-tlrrfras` cdkkrue-adsureldgy dlxus.


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99

LDKDF[LW - GOCX[LY 3

3. Jc adkustrac klj slgulstrf lsquaj`c c C`ragc Jctadc([ol Nakdcppade Adkustry A`pfvlrasols Jctad C`lragc), Lj Xcs,Blirucry 35, 988?.

9. Wll, bfr lxc`pjl, Mfrel Wcpfzdanfw lt cj., Gfdvavld-gac y Wleurakck= \d Yltf c jc Efilrdciajakck (Gflxas-tldgl cdk Wlguraty= C Gocjjldel tf Efvlrdciajaty), Ucso-adetfd, KG= Adtlr-C`lragcd Klvljfp`ldt Icdn, 9888> cdkGldtrf Dcgafdcj kl Kctfs, Bfdkljailrtck, @adastraf kl Klbldsc

Dcgafdcj, Ylpijagc kl Gfjf`iac, Gabrcs Lxtfrgafd (LxtfrtafdYctls), Mudl 98, 9885> cvcajcijl brf` www.cdtaslgulstrf.efv.gf/kfgu`ldtfs/5V32V9885V;V


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1. Bfr trcbgnade tf ftolr pcrts fb tol gfudtry cdk tol gfcst,tol BCYG stajj rljals latolr fd dlw gcrtljstol sf-gcjjlk ifu-taqul gcrtljsfr fd rll`lreldt pcrcàjatcry erfups, cjsf ndfwdcserpfs l`lreldtls fr icdkcs graàdcjls. Uoajl tol BCYG gjlcrjytrckls wato @lxagcd krue trcbgnade frecdazctafds, tolrl as jattjllvakldgl toct at ocs saedagcdtjy pldltrctlk latolr adtlrdctafdcjkrue trcbgnade rfutls fr kastraiutafd ad rltcaj `crnlts.

38. Bfr cd lxgljjldt kasgussafd fb tol vcralty fb tolsl rleujc-tfry cdk prftlgtavl slrvagls, sll Dczao Yagocda, Wystl`s fb Raf-jldgl= [ol Xfjatagcj Lgfdf`y fb Ucr cdk Xlcgl ad Gfjfìac, Cjicdy,DQ= Wtctl \davlrsaty fb Dlw Qfrn Xrlss, 9889.

33. Bljici-Irfwd, Wofftade \p, Gocp. ;.

39. Icslk fd cutofrs ljkwfrn ad gfgc cdk dfdgfgc crlcs adDcraf, @cekcjldc @lkac, cdk @fdtls kl @crac, ad tol Wu``lrcdk Bcjj fb 988?. Wll cjsf Rcdkc Bljici-Irfwd, Mflj @. Mutnfwatz,Wlreaf Yavcs, Yagcrkf Yfgoc, Mc`ls [. Wàto, @cdulj Wuplrvaljjl,cdk Gydtoac Uctsfd, @cdcel`ldt Wystl`s Adtlrdctafdcj,Csslss-`ldt fb tol A`pjl`ldtctafd fb tol \datlk Wtctls Efvlrd`ldts Wuppfrtbfr Xjcd Gfjfìacs Ajjagat Grfps Ylkugtafd Gf`pfdldts, Ucsoadetfd,KG= \.W. Celdgy bfr Adtlrdctafdcj Klvljfp`ldt (\WCAK), Cpraj9881> cvcajcijl brf`pkb.uscak.efv/pkbVkfgs/XKCGD977.pkb.

37. Bfr slàdcj wfrn fd tol efvlrdcdgl budgtafds fb gra`l,sll Kalef Ecìlttc, [ol Wagajacd @cc= [ol Iusadlss fb XravctlXrftlgtafd, Gcìrakel, @C= Ocrvcrk \davlrsaty Xrlss, 3117.[ol jatlrcturl fd frecdazlk gra`l typagcjjy cssu`ls toct graà-dcj frecdazctafds slrvl fdl fr `frl fb tol bfjjfwade budgtafds=lgfdfàgtol eldlrctafd fb `ctlracj prft> sfgacjlstcijaso-`ldt fb gfdtcgts cdk prf`ftafd fb sfgacj sfjakcraty> cdk qucsa-efvlrd`ldtcjrleujctade tol lgfdfàg cgtavaty dft fdjy fb tolar`lìlrs, iut cjsf fb ftolr ajjlecj lgfdfàg gf`pltatfrs watoadtolar spolrl fb aduldgl iy lstcijasoade cdk ldbfrgade rujls fbgfdkugt. Wll Njcus vfd Jc`pl, Graàdcjjy Lxpjfatcijl [als= CDltwfrn Cpprfcgo tf Frecdazlk Gra`l, Làjaf G. Racdf, Mfsl@cecjjcdls, cdk Jcurldt Iraklj, lks., [rcdsdctafdcj FrecdazlkGra`l= @yto, Xfwlr, cdk Xrft, Kuroc`, DG= Gcrfjadc CgcklàgXrlss, 9887. Wll cjsf Xoaj Uajjac`s, [rcdsdctafdcj Graàdcj Fr-ecdazctafds= Wtrctleag Cjjacdgls, [ol Ucsoadetfd Sucrtlrjy, Rfj.3?, Df. 3, Uadtlr 311;, pp.


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3;. Bfr c rlvalw fb tolsl creu`ldts, sll, bfr lxc`pjl, GfjjalrXcuj cdk Cdnl Oflblr, Erllk cdk Eralvcdgl ad Gavaj Ucrs,Fgtfilr 93, 9883> cvcajcijl brf` lgfd.wfrjkicdn.fre/jls/3998 Yf`d K. Frtaz Adsureldt Wtrctleals adtol Xfst-Gfjk Ucr= [ol Gcsl fb tol Ylvfjutafdcry Cr`lk Bfrglsfb Gfjfìac, Wtukals ad Gfdagt cdk [lrrfras`, Rfj. 9 Brcdgasgf Eutarrlz Wcdd, Graàdcj Yliljs6 C Kasgus-safd fb Gavaj Ucr cdk Graàdcjaty brf` tol Gfjfìacd Lxplra-ldgl, Xfjatags cdk Wfgalty, Rfj. 79, Df. 9, Mudl 988;, pp. 9@cts Ilrkcj cdk Kcvak Nlld, Rafjldgl cdk Lgfdfàg Celdkcsad Gavaj Ucrs= Wf`l Xfjagy A`pjagctafds, @ajjlddau`= Mfurdcj fbAdtlrdctafdcj Wtukals, Rfj. 92, Df. 7, 3115, pp. 51 cdk GydtoacM. Crdsfd cdk A. Uajjac` ]crt`cd, lks., Yltoadnade tol Lgfdfàgsfb Ucr= [ol Adtlrslgtafd fb Dllk, Grllk, cdk Erllk, Ucsoadetfd, KG=Uffkrfw Uajsfd Gldtlr Xrlss, 988


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9 Xrcdci Icrkocd, Gfrruptafd cdk Klvljfp-`ldt= C Ylvalw fb tol Assuls,Mfurdcj fb Lgfdfàg Jatlrcturl,Rfj.7 cdk @curagaf Yladc,Krue [rcbgnade cdk tol Dctafdcj Lgfdf`y, ad Gocrjls Ilr-quast, Yagcrkf Xlcrcdkc, cdk Efdzcjf Wdgolz E., lks., Rafjldglad Gfjfìac 31189888= Uceade Ucr cdk Dleftactade Xlcgl, Uaj`-adetfd, KL= C Wgofjcrjy Ylsfurgls Adg. A`pradt, 9883.

98. Rcdkc Bljici-Irfwd, Xlcglnllplrs C`fde Xfppy, Ad-tlrdctafdcj Xlcglnllpade, Rfj. 32, Df. 3, Blirucry 9881, pp. 388-33;.

93. Rcdkc Bljici-Irfwd, [ol Rafjldt Krue @crnlt ad @lx-agf cdk Jlssfds brf` Gfjfìac, Xfjagy Xcplr Df. 39, Ucsoade-tfd, KG= Bfrlaed Xfjagy ct Irffnades, @crgo 9881, cvcajcijl brf`www.irffnades.lku/~/`lkac/Bajls/rg/pcplrs/9881/87V`lxagfVkrueV`crnltVbljiciirfwd/87V`lxagfVkrueV`crnltVbljiciirfwd.pkb.

99. \.W. Cìcssckfr tf @lxagf, Gcrjfs Xcsgucj, Xrlsldtctafdct Elfreltfwd \davlrsaty, Ucsoadetfd, KG, Blirucry 99, 9838.

97. Bfr cd lvcjuctafd fb tol dlw @lrakc Adatactavl, Ilyfdk@lrakc, sll Rcdkc Bljici-Irfwd, Ofw tf Uad @lxagfs KrueUcr, Kcajy Ilcst, @crgo 95, 9838> cvcajcijl brf` www.irffnades.lku/fpadafds/9838/8795V`lxagfVkrueVwcrVbljiciirfwd.cspx.

9;. Bljici-Irfwd lt cj.,Csslss`ldt.

9


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95. Wll, bfr lxc`pjl, Wa`fd Yf`lrf, Gfgcadl [rckl OljpsYliljs Ylaedatl Ucr ad Xlru, Dlw Qfrn [a`ls, @crgo 3?, 9881.

92


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95

GOCX[LY 9

ADW\YELDGALW CDK FYECDA]LK GYA@L3

Xoaj Uajjac`s

AD[YFK\G[AFD

Rafjldgl as lxpldsavl iut gcd cjsf il oaeojy prft-cijl. L`plrfrs, kagtctfrs, cdk lvld fklrd kl`fgrctagjlcklrs crl cijl tf pcy bfr vafjldgl iy krcwade fd tolrlsfurgls fb tofsl udklr tolar tlrratfracj cdk pfjatagcjgfdtrfj. Ad Lurfplcd oastfry, ad pcrtagujcr, wcr`cnadecdk stctl-iuajkade jfde wldt ocdk ad ocdk.9 Adkllk,tol 98to gldtury tftcj wcrs wlrl cs ùgo cifut tolgcpcgaty fb stctls tf `fiajazl rlsfurgls cs toly wlrlcifut àjatcry strctleycdk tofsl wato cgglss tf tol

`fst rlsfurgls ujta`ctljy prlvcajlk.Ad gfdtrcst, `cdy fb tol dfdstctl erfups woago

dfw gocjjldel stctls adtlrdcjjy fr gocjjldel tol adtlr-dctafdcj stctus quf, fbtld ocvl vlry jaàtlk cgglss tfrlsfurgls. [oly crl ùgo wlcnlr tocd stctls, c kab-blrldgl toct ocs illd ldgcpsujctlk ad tol dftafd fbcsy``ltrag wcrbcrl. Adsureldgals, iy kldatafd, crlldecelk ad csy``ltragcj gfdagt wato stctls. Lvldtofueo `cdy fb tolsl stctls subblr brf` gcpcgaty ecps,budgtafdcj ofjls, cdk jleata`cgy klgatscjj bcgtfrstoct typagcjjy gfdtraiutlk tf kassctasbcgtafd cdk adsur-eldgytoly usucjjy ocvl c ùgo jcrelr rlsfurgl icsltocd adsureldts, ct jlcst ct tol futslt. Ad sf`l gcsls,adsureldgals ocvl gf`pldsctlk bfr tolar wlcndlss iyfitcadade cgglss tf lxtlrdcj rlsfurgls typagcjjy prf-

vaklk iy lxtlrdcj pfwlrs ofstajl latolr tf tol lxast-ade efvlrd`ldt fr tf tol pfjatagcj systl` watoad tolstctl cdk sllnade tf irade cifut gocdel watofut karlgt


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9?

gfdbrfdtctafd wato ftolr erlct pfwlrs. Kurade tolGfjk Ucr ad pcrtagujcr, sugo crrcdel`ldts suatlk tol

twf suplrpfwlrs cdk wlcn rlea`ls, rlsujtade ad tolprlvcjldgl fb woct àeot il tlr`lk adsureldgy iyprfxy. [ol rlsujts wlrl toct adsureldgals wlrl rcrljysofrt fb rlsfurgls, woajl tol assul fb adsureldgy budk-ade ilgc`l pcrt fb tol Wfvalt-C`lragcd prfpcecdkcicttjl rctolr tocd sf`ltoade tf il lxcàdlk raefr-fusjy ad ats fwd raeot.

Uato tol rlgldt adsureldgals ad Arcq cdk Cbeocda-stcd cs wljj cs tol gfdtaduade adsureldgy ad Gfjfìac,`frl cttldtafd as ilade eavld tf tol budkade fb adsur-eldgals, tf tolar usl fb graàdcj cgtavatals, cdk tf tolarrljctafdsoaps wato graàdcj frecdazctafds (lsplgacjjy,iut dft lxgjusavljy, krue trcbgnade frecdazctafds).Fdl fb tol lcrjy pafdllrs ad toas crlc wcs Wtlvld @ltzwof, ad cd a`pfrtcdt cdk prlsgaldt cdcjysas ad 3117,

kabblrldtactlk iltwlld sparatucj cdk gf``lrgacj ad-sureldgals, dftade ofw tol Ylvfjutafdcry Cr`lkBfrgls fb Gfjfìac (BCYG) ad Gfjfìac wcs ilgf`-ade tfrd iltwlld tol gf`pltade a`pujsls fb aklfjfea-gcj puraty fd tol fdl sakl cdk tol klsarl tf lxpjfattol krue iusadlss tf lxpcdk ats rlvldul icsl fd tolftolr.7 @frl rlgldtjy, Erltgold Xltlrs kasslgtlk toljadncels iltwlld krues, adsureldgy, cdk tlrrfr ad Cb-eocdastcd> Wvcdtl Gfrdljj lxpjfrlk tol jadn iltwlldkrues cdk gfdagt `frl irfckjy>;cdk Rcdkc Bljici-Irfwd prfvaklk c slt fb kltcajlk cdk vcjucijl gcslstukals fd tol jadns iltwlld cr`lk gfdagt cdk tolkrue trckl cs wljj cs tol rljctafdsoaps iltwlld gfud-tlradsureldgy cdk gfudtlrdcrgftags lbbfrts.


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fd dllk, grllk, cdk erllk creu`ldts, woajl tol assulfb rlsfurgl lxtrcgtafd fr jfftcijl rlsfurgls ocs illd

ajjuàdctlk iy Yagocrk Wdyklr, wof jadns at lxpjag-atjy tf tol futirlcn fb gfdagt fd tol fdl sakl cdk tol`cadtldcdgl fb stciajaty fd tol ftolr.5Adkllk, Wdyklrklvljfps c gf`pljjade cdk oaeojy rljlvcdt pfjatagcjlgfdf`y fb lxtrcgtafd brc`lwfrn toct lxpjcads pfjata-gcj frklr cdk stctl gfjjcpsl cs cjtlrdctavl futgf`ls adtol bcgl fb jfftcijl wlcjto.?

Xrferlss ocs cjsf illd `ckl ad udklrstcdkadetol jadncel iltwlld tlrrfras` cdk frecdazlk gra`l,lsplgacjjy sadgl Wlptlìlr 33, 9883 (1/33). [ol bfgusfd tlrrfrast budkade ocs lvld prfvaklk sf`l adsaeotsadtf adsureldgy budkade (cjtofueo fbtld ct tol lx-pldsl fb tol kastadgtafd iltwlld tlrrfrast frecdazc-tafds cdk adsureldgals). [c`crc @cncrldnf akldtalkc gfdtaduu` iltwlld tlrrfras` cdk frecdazlk gra`l,

oaeojaeotade pfadts fb gfdvlreldgl iltwlld tol twf,ad wcys toct wlrl, ad sf`l rlsplgts, ajjuàdctade cj-tofueo dft wofjjy plrsucsavl.

Ftolrs wof ocvl gfdtraiutlk tf tol cdcjysas fbtol gfddlgtafds iltwlld tlrrfras` cdk frecdazlkgra`l adgjukl Gorastfpolr Kaso`cd, Mfod Xagcrljja,cdk Gorastfpolr Flo`l, woajl Jyuifv @adgolvccdk [lk Yfilrt Eurr ocvl cstutljy cdcjyzlk pfadtsfb gfdvlreldgl cdk kavlreldgl iltwlld graàdcj cdkpfjatagcj frecdazctafds cdk kljadlctlk tol wcys adwoago tol frecdazctafds crl janljy tf gffplrctl.1Fdlfb tol `fst uslbuj lxpjfrctafds fb adsureldgy cdk fr-ecdazlk gra`l, ofwlvlr, rl`cads toct iy Y. [of`csDcyjfr wofsl kasslgtafd fb woct ol tlr`s tol adsur-eldt lgfdf`y as bujj fb a`pfrtcdt adsaeots. Dcyjfrs

cdcjysas as sf`lwoct kctlk iut as ifto adgasavl cdk,bfr tol `fst pcrt, oaeojy gf`pljjade.38 At as gf`pjl-`ldtlk iy Bljici-Irfwds gfeldt lxcàdctafd fb toladtlrslgtafds fb adsureldgals cdk tol krue iusadlss.33


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78

At as plrocps cjj tol `frl surprasade, tolrlbfrl,toct lvld tfkcy ad `cdy kasgussafds fb adsureldgals,

tol tol`ls fb budkade torfueo graàdcj cgtavatals cdkjadns iltwlld adsureldgals cdk graàdcj ldtlrpraslscrl klcjt wato ad c plrbudgtfry `cddlr ct ilst. KcvakNajgujjld ad [ol Cggakldtcj Eulrajjc, bfr lxc`pjl, eavlsdlatolr assul `frl tocd c gursfry ejcdgl, cdk tolrlas c kcdelr toct fdl fb tol `cmfr jlssfds ilade tcnldbrf` Arcq as toct strctley as gratagcj cdk rlsfurgls crlslgfdkcry.39Uoajl ftolr cdcjysts fb adsureldgals crl`frl sldsatavl tf tol rlsfurgl cdk budkade assuls,lvld dfw tolrl as df eldlrcj trlct`ldt fb tol rljctafd-soap iltwlld adsureldgy cdk frecdazlk gra`lcpcrtbrf` tol wfrns iy Dcyjfr cdk Bljici-Irfwdwoagofbblrs tol sc`l nadk fb ajjuàdctade adsaeots cs tolYCDK stukals fb ofw adsureldgals ldk fr Uladstladscdcjysas fb tol frecdazctafd fb adsureldt vafjldgl.37

Cjj toas as udklrstcdkcijl. [olrl crl slvlrcj gfd-glptucj cdk `ltofkfjfeagcj prfijl`s toct a``lka-ctljy gfdbrfdt lbbfrts tf klcj wato adsureldgals cdkfrecdazlk gra`l. [ol rst as tol assul fb jciljade cdkkastadeuasoade iltwlld adsureldgy cdk tlrrfras`.@cncrldnf sfjvls toas iy gfdctade tol twf.3;Dcyjfr,ad gfdtrcst, ocs creulk toct tlrrfr as fdjy c tcgtag cdktoct tolrlbfrl tol pra`cry bfgus sofujk il fd adsur-eldgals cdk eulrrajjc erfups. Wadgl tol lvldts fb 1/33,ofwlvlr, gfdctafd ocs ilgf`l tol kfàdcdt `ftabifto ad cgcklàg wratades cdk ct tol pfjagy jlvlj. [olkastadgtafd iltwlld adsureldgy cdk tlrrfras` wcscjsf ijurrlk iy tol Iuso ckàdastrctafds vlry irfckusl fb tol tlr` tlrrfrast. [oas tldkldgy wcs àrrfrlkiy sf`l rlgapaldts fb \.W. cak wof gfdbrfdtlk adsur-

eldgals iut scw tol utajaty fb jciljade tol` tlrrfr-ast torlcts, lgofade tol wcy tol gf`ùdast torlctwcs lxpjfatlk kurade tol Gfjk Ucr. Ocvade scak toas,


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73

tolrl gcd glrtcadjy il cd fvlrjcp iltwlld adsureldgycdk tlrrfras`. \.W. bfrgls ad Arcq, bfr lxc`pjl, ock

tf gfdbrfdt woct wcs, ad lssldgl, c gf`pfsatl adsur-eldgyfr woct [of`cs Oc``ls tlr`lk c gfcjatafdadsureldgyad woago bfrlaed maockas cbjactlk watofr adsparlk iy cj-Sclkc bfueot cjfdesakl Icctoasterfups cdk Wudda trails.3


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79

erfups.32Burtolr`frl, at as wold ldeceade ad graàdcjcgtavatals bfr prft toct tlrrfrast erfups cdk dltwfrns

crl `fst janljy tf klvljfp gffplrctavl jadncels watograàdcj ldtlrprasls. Qlt lvld toas as dft prlfrkcadlk.[ol XNN, bfr lxc`pjl, ilgc`l kllpjy advfjvlk adkrue trcbgnade ad Lurfpl, iut rctolr tocd gffplrct-ade wato tol trckatafdcj Nurkaso graàdcj dltwfrns cj-rlcky tolrl, at sfueot tf kravl tol` fut fb tol `crnltcdk rlpjcgl tol`. [ol rljctafdsoap iltwlld tol XNNcdk Nurkaso graàdcj frecdazctafds wcs gocrcgtlr-azlk dft iy gffplrctafd iut iy c slrals fb turb wcrsfvlr olrfad `crnlts ad Lurfpl, strueejls toct tol XNN`fstjy wfd.35

Wf`l fislrvlrs ocvl rlspfdklk tf qulstafdscifut tol rljctafdsoap iltwlld frecdazlk gra`l cdktlrrfras` iy rlsurrlgtade tol tlr` dcrgf-tlrrfras`.[ol fraeadcj adgcrdctafd fb toas tlr` rlblrrlk tf krue

trcbgnade frecdazctafdslsplgacjjy tofsl ad @lklj-jadusade tlrrfr cs cd adtlercj pcrt fb tol trcbgnadeldtlrprasl. Qlt tfkcy dcrgf-tlrrfras` as uslk pra`cr-ajy tf klsgrail adsureldt fr tlrrfrast frecdazctafds us-ade krue trcbgnade tf budk tolar pfjatagcj gc`pcaedsfb vafjldgl. C tlr` toct gcd il uslk tf klsgrail twfvlry kabblrldt poldf`ldc as sf ljcstag toct at glcsls tfil oljpbujcjtofueo at as wfrto dftade toct ad Xlrutol tlr` dcrgf-tlrrfras` ocs ilgf`l ldsoradlk adCrtagjl 912-I fb tol Xldcj Gfkl.3? Uoct `cnls toassf`lwoct arfdag as toct tol tlr` wcs dft ldtarljy cp-prfpractl lvld ad tol 3118s wold Wldklrf Juàdfsf(Woadade Xcto) cpplcrlk tf il wfrnade tfeltolr watokrue trcbgnade frecdazctafds ad tol \pplr OucjjcecRcjjly. Cjtofueo toas as fbtld prlsldtlk cs tol gjcssag

lxc`pjl fb cjjacdgl iltwlld krue trcbgnlrs cdk ad-sureldts, Xcijf Krlybus gcutafdlk vlry plrsucsavljytoct at wcs=


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77

kabgujt tf kldl tol rljctafdsoap iltwlld krue trcb-

gnlrs cdk Wldklrf Juàdfsf cs cd cjjacdgl fr lvldc `crracel fb gfdvldaldgl. [ol trcbgnlrs cgglptlkWldklrfs prftlgtafd ilgcusl toly kak dft ocvl cgofagl. [ol adsureldts klblctlk tol` àjatcrajy. @frl-fvlr, tol pcttlrd fb adtlrcgtafd iltwlld trcbgnlrs cdkWldklrf wcs jlss tocd ildlgacj bfr tol trcbgnlrs il-gcusl tol adsureldts fijaelk tol` tf pcy oaeolr gfgcpragls tf tol plcscdts.31

[oas kydcàg sll`s tf ocvl gocdelk, ofwlvlr,cdk tol gf`licgn fb woct cpplcrs tf il c jlss vagafusWldklrf Juàdfsf as jadnlk tf ats pfsatafd cs cd ad-tlr`lkacry iltwlld Xlruvacd plcscdts cdk @lxagcdkrue trcbgnade frecdazctafds. Wldklrf Juàdfsf ocsrll`lrelk ad tol RYCL, tol vcjjly surrfudkade tolCpura`cg cdk Ldl Yavlrs, woago as cjsf tol slgfdk

jcrelst gfgc-prfkugade crlc ad Xlru. Cggfrkade tfGf`rckl Kcjtfd, c oaeo-rcdnade (dfw a`prasfdlk)`lìlr fb Wldklrf Juàdfsf cdk irftolr-ad-jcw fbGf`rckl Mfsl, tol rlputlk olck fb Wldklrf, tolerfup `cadtcads c strctleag cjjacdgl wato krue trcb-gnlrs, rlecrkade toas cs lssldtacj bfr tol cr`lk strue-ejl cecadst tol efvlrd`ldt.98 Wf`l gratags, ofwlvlr,gfdtldk toct tol dlw nadklr, eldtjlr Wldklrf Juà-

dfsf as `frl gfdglrdlk cifut prft tocd pfjatags.Wf`l gf``ldtctfrs, rctolr tocd rlwfrnade fjk

tlr`s cdk eavade tol` c dlw twast, ocvl gfadlk dlwtlr`s. Bfr lxc`pjl, Mfod Wujjavcd, c vlry cstutl gf`-`ldtctfr fd gra`l, tlrrfras`, cdk adsureldgy, ocs uslktol tlr` graàdcj adsureldgy tf klsgrail tol krue-rl-jctlk vafjldgl ad @lxagf.93Cjtofueo toas ocs sf`l cp-

plcj, at as àsjlckade. @fst krue trcbgnade vafjldglstl`s brf` c gf`pltatafd c`fde tol `cmfr trcbgnadefrecdazctafds bfr gfdtrfj fb strctleag wcrlofusls ad


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7;

tol `cmfr gatals cjfde @lxagfs dfrtolrd ifrklr cdkcgglss tf tol oaeowcys adtf tol \datlk Wtctls. [ol kl-

vljfp`ldt fb jfgcj gfdsu`lr `crnlts ad @lxagf ocsckklk cdftolr ka`ldsafd tf tol gf`pltatafd> sf tffocs tol l`lreldgl fb c yfudelr eldlrctafd fb trcbgn-lrs. [ol najjades fb pfjagl`ld cdk sfjkalrs, cjtofueoglrtcadjy dft adsaedagcdt, rlprlsldt cpprfxa`ctljy38 plrgldt fb tol tftcj vafjldgl. @frlfvlr, `fst fbtoas vafjldgl as tcreltlk ad prlgasl rctolr tocd adkas-graàdctl wcys, wato vlry splgag àjatcry cdk jcwldbfrgl`ldt tcrelts. [ol `cmfr lxglptafdtol torfw-ade fb erldckls adtf c grfwk ad @frljac ad Wlptlìlr988?wcs wakljy gfdkl`dlk iy `cdy trcbgnadefrecdazctafds. Dfr as tolrl cdy lvakldgl toct tol kruetrcbgnade frecdazctafds crl sllnade pfjatagcj pfwlr.Ad lbblgt, woct toly wcdt as tf `cadtcad tol spcgl cdkbrllkf` tf gcrry fut tolar trcbgnade fplrctafds. [ol

ca` as tf dlutrcjazl, adtaàkctl, fr rldklr gf`pjcascdttol @lxagcd stctl, dft tf fvlrtorfw at.

Dfdl fb toas, ofwlvlr, `cnls tol vafjldgl jlssofrrldkfus. Adkllk, woct cpplcrs tf il c erfw-ade gcrljlssdlss ad krue-rljctlk vafjldgl ad @lxagfas pcrtagujcrjy kasturiade. [olrl crl adkagctafds toctvafjldgl as ilgfàde cd ldk ad atsljb, fr lvld c bfr`fb l`pfwlr`ldt bfr tol plrpltrctfrs, rlàdasgldt fbljl`ldtcj tlrrfras` watofut pfjatagcj ca`s. Ad lbblgt,tol trckatafdcj dfr`s fb sljlgtavaty cdk rlstrcadt adtol graàdcj usl fb vafjldgl crl lrfkade cdk cilrrcdtbfr`s fb ilocvafr crl ilgfàde bcsoafdcijl. Ad sf`lrlsplgts, tol adgrlcsl ad woct gcd ilst il klsgrailkcs cdfàg vafjldgl as `frl kasturiade tocd c graà-dcj adsureldgy pursuade pfjatagcj fimlgtavls cdk usade

purpfslbuj vafjldgl tf cgoalvl tolsl fimlgtavls.Dlvlrtoljlss, tol slcrgo bfr c dlw tlr` tf ld-

gcpsujctl woct as efade fd ad @lxagf rllgts cd a`-pfrtcdt a`pujsl= sf`lta`ls gocdels ad tol slguraty


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7 tofsl wof wlrl rljugtcdt tf trcbg ad krues iut

wlrl wajjade tf lxtfrt tol krue erfwlrs cdk trcbgn-lrs torfueo tol a`pfsatafd fb tcxls> cdk tofsl wofwcdtlk dftoade tf kf wato tol iusadlss. [ol cdtapctoyfb toas toark erfup tf advfjvl`ldt ad tol krue iusa-dlss sll`s tf ocvl stl``lk brf` gfdglrds toct grcssgf``lrgacjas` `aeot rlpjcgl aklfjfeagcj puraty ad tolfrecdazctafd.;


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pcrtagapcdt ad tol krue iusadlss, wcs cjsf adkagtlk.


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; adsureldts sllnade budkade bfr tolar pfjatagcj/aklfjfeagcj gcusl> cdk gfrrupt fbgacjs cdk ftolr pjcy-lrs watoad tol efvlrd`ldt wof usl tolar pfsatafd tffitcad rldts.23 Wf`lta`ls tolsl torll kastadgt erfupsgf`pltl wato fdl cdftolr> ct ftolr ta`ls toly latolrklvljfp splgag bfr`s fb gffplrctafd fr ldecel adtcgat cerll`ldt dft tf adtlrblrl wato lcgo ftolrs cg-tavatals. Ad Cbeocdastcd, bfr lxc`pjl, `lìlrs fb tol

Ncrzca efvlrd`ldt, adgjukade tol Xrlsakldts ocjb-irftolr, ocvl illd kllpjy a`pjagctlk ad fdl wcy frcdftolr wato tol krue trckl. Adkllk, cdy dftafd toctfdjy tol [cjaicd as advfjvlk ad tol fpau` iusadlsscdk toct c `fdfjatoag udalk efvlrd`ldt as tryadetf supprlss toas iusadlss as c kastfrtafd fb rlcjaty. AdCbeocdastcd, fpau` as gf``fd gurrldgy, c sfurgl fbpfwlr cdk aduldgl, c kravlr fb syìaftag rljctafd-soaps, cdk c pjcgl wolrl gfrrupt efvlrd`ldt fbgacjs,traicj dltwfrns, [cjaicd adsureldts, cdk trcdsdctafdcjkrue trcbgnade frecdazctafds fvlrjcp cdk adtlrslgt.Gfrrupt fbgacjs ct cjj jlvljs oljp tf bcgajatctl tol iusa-dlss.

C saàjcrjy plrvcsavl gujturl fb gfrruptafd kl-vljfplk ad Arcq cbtlr tol 9887 advcsafd. Bfr tol Arcqa

adsureldgy cdk bfr gfrrupt fbgacjs, tol lquavcjldt fbtol fpau` rlsfurgl ad Cbeocdastcd wcs faj cdk pltrf-jlu` prfkugts. [ol tolbt, kavlrsafd, sùeejade, cdk


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ijcgn `crnlt scjls fb fajs ilgc`l c sfurgl fb budkadebfr c vcralty fb erfups advfjvlk ad vafjldt gfdagt.

[olrl wlrl ct jlcst torll kabblrldt ka`ldsafds tf toas.29

3. [ol tolbt cdk kavlrsafd fb grukl faj cdk ats sùe-

ejade brf` tol Cj Icsrc Faj [lràdcj fr torfueo tolWoct-cj-Crci Uctlrwcy tf tol \datlk Crci Làrctls(\CL) cdk cs bcr cwcy cs Adkac. Wf`l fb toas sùe-ejade wcs kfdl torfueo c prfglss fb faj iudnlradesaàjcr tf toct ad tol Daelr Kljtc ad woago s`cjj vls-sljs trcdsblrrlk tolar jfcks tf faj tcdnlrs ct slc. Iftotrails cdk gfrrupt fbgacjs wlrl advfjvlk. [oas tldklktf il c Woac-kfàdctlk cgtavaty, sa`pjy ilgcusl tolrlwlrl rljctavljy blw Wuddas ad Icsrc. [olrl wcs cjsfgfdsaklrcijl gf`pltatafd c`fde tol Woac pcrtals cdkàjatacs bfr tol rldts woago gfujk il fitcadlk, cdktoas fbtld spajjlk fvlr adtf vafjldgl. Mcaso-cj-@coka,woago ct ta`ls tcgatjy cjjalk wato Wudda adsureldts ad

cttcgns fd Gfcjatafd bfrgls ylt cjsf ldecelk ad slg-tcracd gjlcdsade fb Wuddas (lsplgacjjy ad Iceokck),ilgc`l c nly pjcylr ad prfvakade prftlgtafd bfr fajsùeejade cs kak tol Bckoajc Xcrty.27

9. Wudda adsureldts cjsf ilgc`l advfjvlk ad jfft-ade tol faj rlsfurgl, kavlrtade rldlk prfkugts brf`tol gfudtrys `fst a`pfrtcdt rldlry ct Icyma cdkoamcgnade faj trugns ct ùjtapjl pfadts cjfde Arcqs ad-slgurl oaeowcys. [oly wlrl oljplk iy fbgacjs ct tolrldlry cdk iy fbgacjs ad tol @adastry fb Faj.2;

7. Kavlrsafd fb faj cdk pltrfjlu` prfkugts ad trcd-sat as tol toark ka`ldsafd fb faj jfftade. [oas wcs bcgaja-tctlk iy c systl` ad woago tolrl wcs df gffrkadctlksuplrvasafdjlt cjfdl gldtrcjazlk gfdtrfjfvlr jl-eata`ctl trcdscgtafds cdk soap`ldts fb faj cdk pltrf-

jlu` brf` fdl pcrt fb Arcq tf cdftolr. [ol cttrcgtavl-dlss fb kavlrsafds wcs lvld erlctlr ilgcusl Arcq ocktf a`pfrt rldlk prfkugts tf `llt kl`cdk. [olsl


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tol bfr-prft nakdcppadeerfup typagcjjy rlspfdklk tf woct wcs, ad lbblgt, crlqulst bfr slrvagls iy cikugtade tol cpprfpractlnadk fb vagta`. Cs tol nakdcp adkustry . . . `cturlk,advlstaectfrs scw gffplrctafd lvfjvl c`fde gra`a-dcj erfups, cdk iltwlld tol` cdk tol adsureldgy.

Ragta`s crl sf`lta`ls sfjk cdk rlsfjk, ecadade vcj-ul lcgo ta`l.55 Ad ftolr wfrks, tol gra`adcj `crnltwfrnlk vlry lbgaldtjy cdk sugglssbujjy, bujjy gfr-


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fdtol ftolr toly dllk irfnlrcel bfr fplddlss, vasafd,cdk cgglss tf ckkatafdcj rlsfurgls. Ifto adsureldt cdk

graàdcj frecdazctafds ocvl tf il gfdglrdlk cifut sl-guraty cdk gfdslquldtjy bfr` rljctavljy gjfslk erfups,woago slln tf adstajj jfycjty. Iy rlcgoade fut tf fdlcdftolr, ofwlvlr, toly gcd ifto fitcad csslts woagowfujk ftolrwasl il udcvcajcijl.

Qlt, tolrl crl cjsf janljy tf il kabblrldt pfsatafdscdk prlblrldgls rlecrkade ifto tol waskf` cdk tolildlts fb gffplrctade wato kabblrldt nadks fb frec-dazctafds. Cs sueelstlk cifvl, prce`ctag graàdcjscdk pfjatagcj fr aklfjfeagcj àjatcdts crl dft dcturcjilkbljjfws, cdk wfrnade tfeltolr as udjanljy tf illdkfrslk iy cjj. \dbfrtudctljy, jattjl as ndfwd cifuttol adtlrdcj kljailrctafds fb latolr adsureldt erfupsfr graàdcj ldtlrprasls rlecrkade gffplrctafd. Dlvlr-toljlss, at as pfssaijl tf akldtaby c rcdel fb pfsatafds

fd gffplrctafd= sf`l watoad adsureldgals wajj wcdt tfcvfak at> ftolrs wajj ckfpt c `frl prce`ctag cpprfcgo,ckvfgctade gffplrctafd wold tol ildlts futwlaeorasns cdk at gcd il kfdl watofut cttrcgtade ùgo ct-


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28

vfjvl`ldt ad tol krue iusadlss wfujk gf`prfàslats aklfjfeagcj puraty wlrl prfvlk gfrrlgt. [oas wcs

dft udprlglkldtlk. Wf`l ylcrs lcrjalr, tol Iur`lslGf`ùdast Xcrty ock cjsf sugguìlk tf woct Dcy-jfr klsgrailk cs tol gfrruptade aduldgl fb dcrgftags`fdly.?


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23

Ad sf`l gcsls, tol rljacdgl fd graàdcj cgtavatalsfbblrs fppfrtudatals bfr efvlrd`ldts latolr tf kravl

wlkels fr `cnl klcjs, wato tol rlsujt toct tol adsur-eldts eavl up tolar gc`pcaeds fb vafjldgl ad rlturd bfrilade cijl gfdtadul wato tolar graàdcj ldtlrprasls.Arfdagcjjy, tol `frl a`pfrtcdt graàdcj cgtavatals il-gf`l, tol erlctlr tol prfsplgts bfr klcj-`cnadecs oaeojaeotlk iy Yagocrk Wdyklr ad oas cdcjysasfb jfftcijl rlsfurgls.?5 Wdyklr dftls toct cjtofueojfftcijl rlsfurgls sf`lta`ls gfdtraiutl tf kasfr-klr, toly gcd cjsf gfdtraiutl tf frklr. Cs ol dftls,ad Iur`c kurade tol 3118s c `cmfr lxpcdsafd fb toldcrgftags adkustry wcs cggf`pcdalk dft iy erfwadevafjldgl, iut iy tol ldkade fb gavaj wcr, kl`fiajazc-tafd fb adsureldts, cdk tol sugglssbuj rlstfrctafd fb càjatcry rlea`ls erap fd pfwlr.?? Ad oas valw, tolfpau` iff` gfdtraiutlk tf tol l`lreldgl fb pfjata-

gcj frklr ad tol 3118s ilgcusl (c) fpau` prfvaklk cjugrctavl lxat fptafd bfr rliljs, `cnade at lcsalr bfrtol àjatcry tf kl`fiajazl tol`> cdk (i) tol àjatcryiuajt adstatutafds fb mfadt lxtrcgtafd wato tol lrstwoajlrliljs toct ecvl at c jcrel socrl fb fpau` rlvlduls.?1C tcgat sfgacj gfdtrcgt ad woago adsureldt erfups wlrlcjjfwlk tf gfdtadul tolar krue trcbgnade cgtavatals adrlturd bfr tol glssctafd fb vafjldgl wcs suislquldtjylxtldklk tf cjjfw krue prfgllks tf il advlstlk ad tollgfdf`y. Gfdslquldtjy, bfr`lr adsureldt krue jfrkssugo cs Jf Osade Ocd cdk Noud Wc ilgc`l `cmfr ld-trlprldlurs advlstade ad oftljs, gcsadfs, cdk vcrafusftolr iusadlssls.18

[ol ftolr kcdelr bfr cd adsureldgy as toct ab tld-safds crasl cifut tol kastraiutafd fb tol spfajs fb graà-

dcj cgtavaty c`fde vcrafus bcgtafds, toas prfvakls fp-pfrtudatals bfr wlkel-kravade. [oas as pcrtagujcrjy tolgcsl ad c gf`pfsatl adsureldgy. Gfdtrfj fvlr sùe-


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29

ejade cgtavatals, bfr lxc`pjl, ilgc`l c `cmfr pfadt fbgfdtldtafd ad tol Arcq adsureldgy cs cj-Sclkc ad Arcq

(CSA) sfueot tf tcnl fvlr gfdtrfj fb tol trckatafdcjsùeejade cdk ijcgn `crnlt cgtavatals fb tol Wuddatrails cdk tf cpprfpractl `fst fb tol prfgllks brf`tolsl cgtavatals. [olsl tldsafds iltwlld CSA cdktol trails grlctlk `cmfr fppfrtudatals bfr tol \datlkWtctls. [ol rlsujt wcs tol Cdicr Cwcnldade cdk tolklblct fb CSA ad tol prfvadgl.13Cdftolr bcglt fb toaskasputl wcs toct tol adsureldgy ock ilgf`l c sfurglfb l`pjfy`ldt. Iy grlctade cdk pcyade bfr tol Wfds fbArcq, woago bfr `fst adtldts cdk purpfsls wcs c Wuddaàjatac, tol \datlk Wtctls, ad lbblgt, futiak CSA. Lvldsf, CSA gfdtadulk tf usl graàdcj cgtavatals sugo cs gcrtolbt, nakdcppade, cdk lxtfrtafd tf `cadtcad ats rlsas-tcdgl ad cdk crfudk @fsuj cdk slvlrcj ftolr pjcgls.

[ol a`pjagctafd fb tol prlglkade cdcjysas as toct ad-

sureldts rlsfrt tf graàdcj cgtavatals bfr budkade cdktol klvljfp`ldt fb jadncels wato graàdcj ldtlrpraslsgcd il c kfuijl-lkelk swfrk, ifto plrpltuctade cdkwlcnldade adsureldgy ct tol sc`l ta`l. [ol tldsafdsgrlctlk iy graàdcj cgtavaty crl sf`lta`ls lvld rl-lgtlk ad tol cbtlr`cto fb adsureldgy. Dcyjfr dftls,bfr lxc`pjl, toct cbtlr tol ldk fb tol Oun rliljjafd adtol Xoajappadls ad 31


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27

BADCJ YLBJLG[AFDW

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