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Durham Cathedral Cloister
The order and the SanctuaryRomanesque
Fig 153a Aachen Cathedral, 792-805
Romanesque
Western Europe in the 11th – 12th centuries developed a style which critics of the 19th century would call ROMANesque
Fig 153b Aachen Cathedral Interior, 792-805
Romanesque takes its roots from the Ancient Roman style of construction incorporating heavily the Roman Vault in its design
Fig 153b Aachen Cathedral Interior, 792-805
Romanesque’s fortress-like appearance can be attributed to the 700 years of turmoil that occurred in Europe
Fig 153c Aachen Cathedral Interior, 792-805
“... the course of the several centuries that preceeded the millenium, those barbarian hordes we saw in the Dark Ages devastating cities and destroying culture had undergone a transformation… – Medieval Christendom”
Nuttgens
Fig 153c Aachen Cathedral Interior, 792-805
Charlemagne (or Charles the Great)
He conquered vast territories and brought a semblance of administrative
and cultural order to Europe.
Charles the Great
He set about to revive the Roman Empire and on Christmas Day, 800 AD, he was crowned Emperor of the West in Rome
THE CORONATION OF CHARLEMAGNE (Carolinian
Monarch)
Carolingian Restoration
Charlemagne saw his return to the days of the Roman Empire as embracing the triumph of the Church. He saw religion not only as a means of personal salvation but as an instrument to transform society.
Charles the Great
Module #5b: Mediterranean in Early Middle Ages 11
Charlemagne Palace and Chapel, Aachen, Germany
Charlemagnes’s Cathedral at Aachen: best example of Carolingian Architecture
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rSiD5Jinpuw&feature=related
Charlemagne Palace Chapel
Aachen Cathedral cut-
through Section & Interior, 792-
805
16-sided outer polygonInner octagon supporting a dome
Aachen Cathedral resembles, in plan, St. Vitale in Ravenna but the interior emphasis on sturdy piers
and complex spaces make it a new creation.
Aachen Cathedral St. Vitale in Ravenna
Romanesque Architecture has a unique feature that cannot be seen in the original Ancient Roman Architecture nor in its revival during the renaissance…
San Miniato al Monte, Florence
Distinctive character of the Romanseque Style as seen in the Corinthian column in San Miniato al Monte, Florence and in the Cathedral at Pisa
San Miniato al Monte, Florence
Cathedral at Pisa
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GUo5Ss46TKw&NR=1
Baptistry, Cathedral & Leaning Tower at Pisa
Baptistry, Cathedral & Leaning Tower at Pisa
Cathedral & Leaning Tower at Pisa
Cathedral’s Interior at Pisa
Durham CathedralRomanesque architecture know as Norman Style12th century
Durham Cathedral is the greatest Norman building in England
Durham Cathedral
Durham Cathedral, InteriorDistinctive influential Romanesque form established by the Normans
Durham Cathedral Sketches / Sections
Durham Cathedral
• Whiteshire, England
Anglo-Saxon Church of St. Lawrence, Bradford-on-Avon, Whiteshire 10th-11th
Distinguished building built with a high standard of quality and skillIt exhibits a well-cut ashlar stonework (could have been reused Roman masonry) which is not equaled until the eleventh century churches
http://www.britannia.com/church/saxchurch/bradford2.html
Church of St. Lawrence, Plan
It has a small nave, eastern chancel, north porticus and traces of a south porticus
Church of St. Lawrence, Elevation
Anglo-Saxon Church of St. Lawrence, Blind Arcading Bradford-on-Avon, Whiteshire 10th-11th
St. James, Santiago de Compostela, Spain, 1078-1122
Passion for Pilgrimage
Wider Naves and Broader TranseptsThese accommodated large pilgrimages gather for the daily rituals and processions
St. James, Santiago de Compostela, Spain, 1078-1122
Plan
Krak des Chevaliers, Syria, c1142-1220
The Crusaders and the Holy Land
Krak des Chevaliers, Syria, c1142-1220“The Bone in the Saracen’s Throat”
Krak des Chevaliers, Syria c1142-1220
Krak des Chevaliers, Syria, c1142-1220
Crusader fortress in SyriaKrak from Syriac’s Karac meaning fortress
Krak des Chevaliers, Syria, c1142-1220
Krak des Chevaliers, Syria, c1142-1220
• The Abbey was a key structure in the spread of devotion
• Often located just outside the city gates
• It provided work, medical care, education, a place to stay for pilgrims and even sanctuary for criminals
• Demonstrated the supremacy of the churchAbbey of St. Gall, Switzerland
Plan
• Plan of Abbey church is usually cruciform in shape
• The Altar located at the east to capture the rays of the morning sun
• The main door is at the west
Abbey of St. Gall, SwitzerlandPlan
Earliest known drawing (Plan)of a great abbey: Abbey of St. Gall, Switzerland in the year 820
Workshops often happen in an Abbey where craftsmen experimented on building techniques and
got their inspirations that blossomed into the Romanesque Style
Module #5b: Mediterranean in Early Middle Ages 42
Monasteries• Plans developed to keep
resident monks and transient worshippers apart.
abbey: Plan of abbey of St. Germain-des-Prés, Paris, 13th cent. A, church; B, cloister; C,
city gate; E, chapter house; F, chapel; G, refectory; H, cellars and presses; I, abbot’s
lodging; K, ditches; L, gardens
Evolution of the Church form• Churches were rectangular halls with or without
and apse, and with or without transepts.
basilica: Typical plan. A, apse; B, B’, secondary apse; C, high altar; D, bishop’s throne; G, transept;
H, nave; J, J’, aisles
• The altar was at times built over a crypt
• In a pilgrim church, this will have a chevet (crypt)and ambulatory with chapels behind the altar
Worms Cathedral, Germany c1016
• The pile-up roof with its semi-conical caps emphasizes the location of the altar as seen from the exterior
• The Worms Cathedral in Germany showing the twin towers of the western apse
Worms Cathedral, Germanyc1016
Worms Cathedral, Germany c1016
Worms Cathedral, Germanyc1016
Gislebertus, Sculture of the Three Magi Sleeping, Autun Cathedral, France c1120-40
• Christ in judgment• West front façade
richly sculpted from a Christ-figure on the tympanum typical of Romanesque Architecture
Autun Cathedral, France c1120-40
Autun Cathedral, France c1120-40
Autun Cathedral, France c1120-40 Nave
Autun Cathedral, France c1120-40 Nave
Notre-Dame, la GrandeMassive sunken portals Poitiers, France, 1130-4
Notre-Dame, la Grande, Poitiers, France, 1130-48
Notre-Dame, la Grande, Poitiers, France, 1130-48
Notre-Dame, la Grande, Poitiers, France, 1130-48
Plan
• Three tiered sculpture works of saints, prophets, creatures and foliage. With the bottom tier showing the life of Jesus
Barrel-vaulted nave with no clerestory
Notre-Dame, la Grande, Poitiers, France, Barrel vault1130-48
Notre-Dame, la Grande, Poitiers, France, 1130-48Detail
Notre-Dame, la Grande, Poitiers, France, 1130-48
Detail
Notre-Dame, la Grande, Poitiers, France, 1130-48
Detail
San Miniato al Monte 1018 - 62
FlorenceBrick with Marble facing, typical material used in Italian churches in the Romanesque style
Floor Plan: San Miniato al Monte, Florence
Massive and long stretches of stone-works - characterizes Romanesque ArchitectureAshlar for churches and roughstone on castles
• The semicircular shape, round-headed arch and its extension, barrel vault borrowed from Ancient Roman Architecture are classic features of the Romanesque Church
St. Sernin Toulouse, FrancePilgrim church enroute to Santiago de Compostela1080-1120
Tunnel-vaulted Nave
• These rounded shapes are not only seen in three dimensional structures but can also be seen in the floor plans and decorations used during the period
St. Sernin Toulouse, France1080-1120
Worms Cathedral, Nave Germanyc1016
• The barrel vault is the structural basis of the Romanesque Architecture
• Barrel vaults are heavy thus requiring massive walls and buttressing
Durham Cathedral, InteriorRibbed Vaults emphasizing the groinsNaves or aisles are divided into square compartments by diaphragm arches
• The workmanship of the masons on the roughstones on castles identifies the workshops where they were trained
• Skills in stonework are of great importance during this period
Rochester Castle, Kent c.1130
• Plain or carved masonry, few window openings are features that makes the Romanesque style fortress-like
Rochester Castle, Kent c.1130
Tower Houses, San Gimignano, Italy
Towers built by feuding families in Italian city states.
Tower Houses, San Gimignano, Italy
Solid at the base with single apartments on the upper floors
Tower Houses, San Gimignano, Italy
Tower Houses, San Gimignano, Italy
Warning bell at the top
Coffee Break