67
6/10/2011 1 © For internal circulation of BSNL only E3-E4 ELECRICAL Technical Gree Energy Sector in India Part-I
6102011 1copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
E3-E4 ELECRICAL
Technical
Gree Energy Sector in India
Part-I
6102011 2copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
WELCOME
bull This is a presentation for the E3-E4 (Electrical) Technical
Module for the Topic Green Energy Sector in India
Eligibility Those who have got the Upgradation to from
E3 to E4
bull This presentation is last updated on 10-06-2011
bull You can also visit the Digital library of BSNL to see this
topic
6102011 3copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
AGENDA
bull Concept of Renewable Energy
bull Government policies for Renewable Energy in India
bull New and Proposed Ventures in Renewable Energy in
India
bull Renewable Energy Sources-Estimated potential
capacities
bull Drivers of Renewable sector in India
bull Various forms of renewable energy sources for use in
BSNL
6102011 4copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
INDIAN CELLULAR INDUSTRY ndash
SNAPSHOT
4 7 13 33
51
97
158
347
441
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
400
450
500
2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 Jul-09
~ 441 Mn mobile subscribers as on
July 2009
Rs 150000 crores Investments
Lowest Tariffs in the World
Leading to lowest ARPUrsquos ie
subscriber bills
High minutes of use (MoU)
Telecom sector is also driving growth
in Manufacturing and RampD
For every 10 increase in mobile
penetration rate there is a 12
higher growth rate
COAI Projections - 893mn Wireless Subs by 2012 amp 1243 mn Wireless Subs by 2015
ldquoThe best is yet to berdquo
6102011 5copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
Need for Cell Sites
bull Wireless Communication from amp to Handset
bull A Cell Site receives and transmits signals on certain Frequencies tofrom
ndash Handsets in its area Nearby Cell Sites
bull Also when a person is moving ndash subscriber locationcall is handed over from one
cell site to another
bull As the number of users increase the cells become smaller thus increasing the
number of towers to cover the same area
bull Scarcity of Spectrum is also a big reason for decreasing the inter- site distance
and increasing the number of Towers
Cellular towers are key infrastructure element used to propagate
radio frequency signals which consumes loads of energy for
running
6102011 6copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
Energy Requirement
1 Global Number of mobile telephones currently is 41billion and is
expected to reach 5 billion by 2015 In India currently the mobile
subscriber base is 441 Million (Julylsquo09) and is expected to reach
more than 500 Million by 2010
2 More than 90 of the additions will come from emerging economies
globally with 60 to 80 of them located in rural areas
3 In India we expect that the number of new additional Base stations
neededto be set up by 2011 will exceed 200000 By the end of
Declsquo08 we have more than 22 Lacs BTS in India
Energy related expenditure accounts for nearly 70 of
total operating cost per cell site in the rural areas
6102011 7copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
Energy Requirement Continued
1 The Power requirement of a BTS currently varies from
1300 ndash 2500 watts
2 A large percentage of these deployments are still
indoor type needing air conditioning
3 Current SLAs (with operators) need shelter
temperature to be maintained between 22 ndash 300 C
range
6102011 8copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
4 Powering systems are based on grid supply as primary
source with diesel generators as stand by sources and
Storage batteries as secondary sources
5 In case of indoor shelters where specified temperature
needs to be maintained-
a DG set needs to be switched ―on to power the ACs
and maintain the temperature
b Battery Capacity is not fully utilized
6102011 9copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
Concerns
1 Base Stations are very power intensive
2 Diesel generators need regular maintenance
3 Diesel thefts are very prominent ndash they could be as
much as 20 diesel theft
4 Prices of petroleum products are continuously
increasing
6102011 10copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
5 Grid supplies in rural areas are often erratic and
unavailable requiring long runtime of DG sets
Therefore
bull Deploy as far as possible outdoor BTS equipment which
does not require Air Conditioning and intrinsically have
low power consumption
bull BTS with Standby Mode Systems that shut down TRXlsquos
during off-peak periods dynamically
6102011 11copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
Another Option is to adopt Alternative energy sources
for powering BTS
6102011 12copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
Current Power Scenario
Sector MW age
State Sector 7636467 525
Central Sector 4897099 340
Private Sector 2498775 135
Total 15032341
Total Installed Capacity
Fuel MW age
Total Thermal 9604474 646
Coal 7845888 533
Gas 1638561 105
Oil 119975 09
Hydro (Renewable) 3691676 247
Nuclear 412000 29
RES 1324241 77
Total 15032341
Renewable Energy
Sources(RES) include
SHP BG UampI and Wind
Energy
Abbreviation---
SHP= Small Hydro
Project
BG= Biomas Gasfier
BP= Biomass Power
U amp I=Urban amp
Industrial Water Power
RES=Renewable
Sources
Source- Ministry of Power
as on June 30 2009
Scope for
Renewable
energy option
6102011 13copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
A major issue for telecom companies is high operational
expenditure due to energy bills
Today the fuel cost incurred is around 17 of the total
expenditure on power for any telecom company
Today the power consumed to manage the telecom
tower is near 50-60 on the site of the operational
expense
Time to take it seriously now as Indias GDP is
expected to face a loss of around 9-13 by 2100 due to
global warmingGreen technology would help telcos in rural and semi
urban areas where power supply is still a big
challenge
Green Power is indispensable in India
6102011 14copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
Is essential
bull As the CAPEX for adopting alternative source of energy for
powering such sites will become sustainable though CAPEX
may be high initially
Also a number of technologies amongst alternative sources are
in different stages of evolution and would mature
These sources are CLEAN and GREEN
The operating costs are minimal and the Maintenance amp
replacement costs are very low compared to diesel ndash driven
sites
Adapting Alternative Sources of Energy for Powering BTS Sites
6102011 15copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
Alternative Sources of Energy Available
Technologies
1 SOLAR ndash DG HYBRID
2 WIND ndash DG HYBRID
3 SOLAR ndash WIND HYBRID
4 Biomass Gasifier
5 BIOFUELS blending with diesel -B20 grade
6 FUEL - CELLS
6102011 16copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
Concept of Renewable Energy
bull Renewable energy sources also called non-
conventional energy are sources that are continuously
replenished by natural processes For example solar
energy wind energy bio-energy - bio-fuels grown
sustain ably) hydropower etc are some of the
examples of renewable energy sources
bull Renewable energy sources are essentially flows of
energy whereas the fossil and nuclear fuels are in
essence stocks of energy
6102011 17copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
Government Policies for Renewable Energy
in India
Includes Subsidies and fiscal benefits which are
bull Income tax benefits
bull Accelerated depreciation for plant and machinery
bull Customs duty and duty free import concessions
bull Capital and interest subsidy
bull Other incentives for preparation of feasibility reports and
detailed project reports (DPR)
bull Preferential tariffs are being worked out at the state
government level most incentives are focused on
installed capacity as capital costs are typically high
6102011 18copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
bull RampD subsidy to the tune of 100 of project cost in
government RampD institutions and 50 in the case of
private institutions
bull Specific incentive scheme for solar power launched in
2008 expected to cost the government Rs 90 crore and
bring in private investment to the tune of Rs 1000 crore
Generation based incentive of Rs 12 per kilowatt from
solar photovoltaic cells
Generation based incentive of Rs 10 per kilowatt for
power generated through solar thermal power plants
6102011 19copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
bull Wind Energy schemes offers
10 year income tax exemption
80 accelerated depreciation
Sales tax and excise duty exemption
6102011 20copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
New and Proposed Ventures in Renewable
Energy in India
bull Signet Solar plans to invest US$2billion over 10 years
to set up three plants in India
bull Tata BP Solar a joint venture between the Tata Group
and BP Solar of UK expanded its Bengaluru plant with
additional investment of US$100 million
bull Moser Baer announced plans to build a plant
manufacturing solar energy products costing US$250
million with technology from Applied Materials Inc
bull US-based Cypress Semiconductor is considering a
US$50 million plant in Hyderabad with SunPower Corp
in which it is a majority stakeholder
6102011 21copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
bull SunTechnics Energy Bengaluru-based subsidiary of
SunTechnics Gmbh plans to expand its plant
bull Astonfield Renewable Resources (ARRL) has
announced a US$2 billion plan in India over next 2 years
in India with a focus on solar power ARRL is working
with governments in West Bengal Haryana Gujarat and
Bihar
bull Wind power equipment maker Suzlon is entering solar
energy sector in Gujarat and Rajasthan
6102011 22copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
bull LampT plans to enter solar power generation and also
extend its green technologies business to nuclear and
hydel power
bull Jyoti is looking at all renewable energy sources It is in
technology tie-ups with German and Dutch companies
for wind energy It plans to produce windmills without
gear box of 850 KW
6102011 23copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
Renewable Energy Sources ndash Estimated Potential
Capacities
6102011 24copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
Drivers of the Renewable Energy Sector in
India
bull Huge energy demand supply gap and untapped potential
of renewable energy
bull Environmental concern pressure on polluting firms by
stakeholders
bull Felt need to strengthen Indialsquos energy security
bull Rural electrification program that aims to power 100000
villages by 2012
6102011 25copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
Solar Energy
bull Solar energy is the mostreadily available and freesource of energy sinceprehistoric times
bull It is estimated that solarenergy equivalent to over15000 times the worldsannual commercial energyconsumption reaches theearth every year
6102011 26copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
bull India receives solar energy in the region of 5 to 7
kWhm2 for 300 to 330 days in a year This energy is
sufficient to set up 20 MW solar power plant per
square kilometre land area
6102011 27copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
6102011 28copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
bull Solar energy can be utilised through two different routes
as solar thermal route and solar electric (solar
photovoltaic) routes
bull Solar thermal route uses the suns heat to produce hot
water or air cook food drying materials etc
bull Solar photovoltaic uses sunlsquos heat to produce electricity
for lighting home and building running motors pumps
electric appliances and lighting
6102011 29copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
6102011 30copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
Solar Photovoltaic (PV)
bull PV cells are usually made of silicon an element that
naturally releases electrons when exposed to light
bull The magnitude of the electric current generated depends
on the intensity of the solar radiation exposed area of
the solar cell the type of material used in fabricating the
solar cell and ambient temperature
bull The silicon cell is covered with a grid of metal that directs
the electrons to flow in a path to create an electric
current
6102011 31copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
bull Typically one cell produces about 15
watts of power Individual cells are
connected together to form a solar
panel or module capable of
producing 3 to 110 Watts power
bull Panels can be connected together in
series and parallel to make a solar
array
bull Modules are usually designed to
supply electricity at 12 Volts PV
modules are rated by their peak Watt
output at solar noon on a clear day
6102011 32copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
PV tracking systems
bull Positioning of solar panels or collectors can greatly
influence the system output efficiency and
payback Tilting mechanisms provided to the collectors
need to be adjusted according to seasons (summer and
winter) to maximise the collector efficiency
bull PV tracking systems is an alternative to the fixed
stationary PV panels PV tracking systems are mounted
and provided with tracking mechanisms to follow the sun
as it moves through the sky These tracking systems run
entirely on their own power and can increase output by
40
6102011 33copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
Back-up systems
bull Back-up systems are necessary since PV systems only
generate electricity when the sun is shining The two
most common methods of backing up solar electric
systems are connecting the system to the utility grid or
storing excess electricity in batteries for use at night or
on cloudy days
6102011 34copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
bull Solar PV systems are found to be economical especially
in the hilly and far flung areas where conventional grid
power supply will be expensive to reach
6102011 35copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
6102011 36copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
bull The period four to five hours in late morning and early
afternoon (between 9 am to 3pm) is commonly called the
Solar Window During this time 80 of the total
collectable energy for the day falls on a solar collector
bull Therefore the collector should be free from shade during
this solar window throughout the year - Shading may
arise from buildings or trees to the south of the location
6102011 37copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
Performance
bull The performance of a solar cell is measured in terms of
its efficiency at converting sunlight into electricity Only
sunlight of certain energy will work efficiently to create
electricity and much of it is reflected or absorbed by the
material that make up the cell
bull Because of this a typical commercial solar cell has an
efficiency of 15mdashonly about one-sixth of the sunlight
striking the cell generates electricity Low efficiencies
mean that larger arrays are needed and higher
investment costs
6102011 38copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
Solar lantern
bull A typical solar lantern consists of a PV module of 8 Wp
to 10 Wp capacity a sealed maintenance-free battery
of 12 V 7 AH (ampere hours) capacity and a compact
fluorescent lamp (CFL) of 5 W or 7 W rating(cost- Rs
3000ndash3300)
bull A solar lantern is usually meant to provide light for three
to four hours daily and designed to have a three-day
autonomylsquo that is to function in this manner for three
days without sunlight
6102011 39copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
6102011 40copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
Solar street lighting system
bull A solar street-lighting system (SLS) is an outdoor lighting
unit used to illuminate a street or an open area A CFL is
fixed inside a luminaire which is mounted on a pole
bull The PV module is placed at the top of the pole and a
battery is placed in a box at the base of the pole
bull The module is mounted facing south so that it receives
solar radiation throughout the day without any shadow
falling on it
6102011 41copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
6102011 42copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
bull A typical street-lighting system consists of a PV module
of 74 Wp capacity a flooded leadndashacid battery of 12 V
75 AH capacity and a CFL of 11 W rating This system
is designed to operate from dusk to dawn (that is
throughout the night)
bull The cost of an SLS is about Rs 19 000
6102011 43copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
6102011 44copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
6102011 45copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
6102011 46copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
SPV-based Information display systems
bull Such systems are slowly replacing traditional neon tube-
based systemsthe latter are not only expensive but
also consume much more energy
bull For a typical LED information system of size about 1 times 2
m and consuming about 300 watts of energy an SPV
module of about 2 kWp capacity is required to enable it
to operate all through the night
bull For a 300-watt system requiring 15 hours of
operationthe approx cost can be about Rs 7 lakhs
6102011 47copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
Building-Integrated PV Systems
bull In a building-integrated photovoltaic (BIPV) system PV
panels are integrated into the roof or faccedilade of a
building
bull The SPV panels generate electricity during the daytime
which is used to meet a part of the electrical energy
needs of the building
bull Although the initial costs of a BIPV system are high
long-term savings result from a reduction in electricity
consumption
6102011 48copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
6102011 49copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
bull In order to encourage this application and to prepare
manufacturers and users the Ministry supports BIPV
projects by meeting 80 of the cost of PV modules
installed in the systems on government and semi
government buildings
6102011 50copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
Solar Water Pumps
bull In solar water pumping system
the pump is driven by motor
run by solar electricity instead
of conventional electricity
drawn from utility grid A SPV
water pumping system consists
of a photovoltaic array mounted
on a stand and a motor-pump
set compatible with the
photovoltaic array
Figure 126 Photovoltaic Water Pumping
6102011 51copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
Solar Water Heating Systems
bull A solar water heating system is a device that uses solar
energy to heat water for domestic commercial and
industrial needs Heating of water is the most common
application of solar energy in the world
bull A typical solar water heating system can save up to
1500 units of electricity every year for every 100 litres
per day of solar water heating capacity
6102011 52copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
6102011 53copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
6102011 54copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
6102011 55copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
Design
bull A solar water heating system consists of a flat plate
solar collector a storage tank kept at a height behind
the collector and connecting pipes
bull The system is generally installed on the roof or on open
ground with the collector facing the sun and connected
to a continuous water supply
6102011 56copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
bull A compact system can save up to 45 tonnes annually of
greenhouse gas emissions In order to achieve the aims
of the Kyoto protocol several countries are offering
subsidies to the end user
6102011 57copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
Types of thermal collector
bull There are three main kinds of solar thermal collectors in
common use
bull In order of increasing cost they are Formed Plastic
Collectors Flat Collectors and Evacuated Tube
Collectors
bull The efficiency of the system is directly related to heat
losses from the collector surface (efficiency being
defined as the proportion of heating energy that can be
usefully obtained from insulation) Heat losses are
predominantly governed by the thermal gradient
between the temperature of the collector surface and the
ambient temperature
6102011 58copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
bull Efficiency decreases when either the ambient
temperature falls or as the collector temperature
increases This decrease in efficiency can be mitigated
by increasing the insulation of the unit by sealing the unit
in glass eg flat collectors or providing a vacuum seal
eg evacuated tube collector The choice of collector is
determined by the heating requirements and
environmental conditions in which it is employed
6102011 59copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
bull The collector usually comprises copperglass tubes
welded to copper sheets (both coated with a highly
absorbing black coating) with a toughened glass sheet
on top and insulating material on the back
6102011 60copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
Solar Water Heater Installation
6102011 61copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
bull Water flows through the tubes absorbs solar heatand
is stored in a tank
bull The water stored in the tank remains hot overnight as
the storage tank is insulated and heat losses are small
bull Flat-plate solar collectors are manufactured in India
however the tubes for evacuated tube collectors are
imported
6102011 62copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
Domestic solar water heating
system
bull Most domestic solar water heaters are provided with
electrical back-up Electrical heating elements are
usually placed in the storage tank and can be switched
on during cloudy days
bull In some cases the solar-heated water is led into an
existing electric geyser the geyser needs to be
switched on only in cloudy conditions
bull Most domestic systems are in the capacity range of
100ndash500 litres of hot water per day
6102011 63copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
6102011 64copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
Advantages of solar water heaters
1048714 Hot water is available 24 hours a day depending on the
use and system capacity
1048714 A solar water heater pays back its cost in 3ndash4 years
1048714 Solar water heaters last a long time (15ndash20 years) and
require only simple maintenance
6102011 65copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
Cost
bull The smallest solar water heater available has a capacity
of 100 litres per day which is sufficient for a family of
four or five members It costs Rs 15 000 to Rs 18 000
and can save about 1500 units of electricity per year
bull Soft loans are available at an interest rate of 5 for
non-commercial users and 7 for commercial
organizations These loans are available for up to 85 of
the cost of the system and can be repaid over five
years
6102011 66copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
SUN will play a major role in defining
Indiarsquos ldquoEnergy Securityrdquo objective
6102011 67copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
6102011 2copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
WELCOME
bull This is a presentation for the E3-E4 (Electrical) Technical
Module for the Topic Green Energy Sector in India
Eligibility Those who have got the Upgradation to from
E3 to E4
bull This presentation is last updated on 10-06-2011
bull You can also visit the Digital library of BSNL to see this
topic
6102011 3copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
AGENDA
bull Concept of Renewable Energy
bull Government policies for Renewable Energy in India
bull New and Proposed Ventures in Renewable Energy in
India
bull Renewable Energy Sources-Estimated potential
capacities
bull Drivers of Renewable sector in India
bull Various forms of renewable energy sources for use in
BSNL
6102011 4copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
INDIAN CELLULAR INDUSTRY ndash
SNAPSHOT
4 7 13 33
51
97
158
347
441
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
400
450
500
2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 Jul-09
~ 441 Mn mobile subscribers as on
July 2009
Rs 150000 crores Investments
Lowest Tariffs in the World
Leading to lowest ARPUrsquos ie
subscriber bills
High minutes of use (MoU)
Telecom sector is also driving growth
in Manufacturing and RampD
For every 10 increase in mobile
penetration rate there is a 12
higher growth rate
COAI Projections - 893mn Wireless Subs by 2012 amp 1243 mn Wireless Subs by 2015
ldquoThe best is yet to berdquo
6102011 5copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
Need for Cell Sites
bull Wireless Communication from amp to Handset
bull A Cell Site receives and transmits signals on certain Frequencies tofrom
ndash Handsets in its area Nearby Cell Sites
bull Also when a person is moving ndash subscriber locationcall is handed over from one
cell site to another
bull As the number of users increase the cells become smaller thus increasing the
number of towers to cover the same area
bull Scarcity of Spectrum is also a big reason for decreasing the inter- site distance
and increasing the number of Towers
Cellular towers are key infrastructure element used to propagate
radio frequency signals which consumes loads of energy for
running
6102011 6copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
Energy Requirement
1 Global Number of mobile telephones currently is 41billion and is
expected to reach 5 billion by 2015 In India currently the mobile
subscriber base is 441 Million (Julylsquo09) and is expected to reach
more than 500 Million by 2010
2 More than 90 of the additions will come from emerging economies
globally with 60 to 80 of them located in rural areas
3 In India we expect that the number of new additional Base stations
neededto be set up by 2011 will exceed 200000 By the end of
Declsquo08 we have more than 22 Lacs BTS in India
Energy related expenditure accounts for nearly 70 of
total operating cost per cell site in the rural areas
6102011 7copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
Energy Requirement Continued
1 The Power requirement of a BTS currently varies from
1300 ndash 2500 watts
2 A large percentage of these deployments are still
indoor type needing air conditioning
3 Current SLAs (with operators) need shelter
temperature to be maintained between 22 ndash 300 C
range
6102011 8copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
4 Powering systems are based on grid supply as primary
source with diesel generators as stand by sources and
Storage batteries as secondary sources
5 In case of indoor shelters where specified temperature
needs to be maintained-
a DG set needs to be switched ―on to power the ACs
and maintain the temperature
b Battery Capacity is not fully utilized
6102011 9copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
Concerns
1 Base Stations are very power intensive
2 Diesel generators need regular maintenance
3 Diesel thefts are very prominent ndash they could be as
much as 20 diesel theft
4 Prices of petroleum products are continuously
increasing
6102011 10copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
5 Grid supplies in rural areas are often erratic and
unavailable requiring long runtime of DG sets
Therefore
bull Deploy as far as possible outdoor BTS equipment which
does not require Air Conditioning and intrinsically have
low power consumption
bull BTS with Standby Mode Systems that shut down TRXlsquos
during off-peak periods dynamically
6102011 11copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
Another Option is to adopt Alternative energy sources
for powering BTS
6102011 12copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
Current Power Scenario
Sector MW age
State Sector 7636467 525
Central Sector 4897099 340
Private Sector 2498775 135
Total 15032341
Total Installed Capacity
Fuel MW age
Total Thermal 9604474 646
Coal 7845888 533
Gas 1638561 105
Oil 119975 09
Hydro (Renewable) 3691676 247
Nuclear 412000 29
RES 1324241 77
Total 15032341
Renewable Energy
Sources(RES) include
SHP BG UampI and Wind
Energy
Abbreviation---
SHP= Small Hydro
Project
BG= Biomas Gasfier
BP= Biomass Power
U amp I=Urban amp
Industrial Water Power
RES=Renewable
Sources
Source- Ministry of Power
as on June 30 2009
Scope for
Renewable
energy option
6102011 13copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
A major issue for telecom companies is high operational
expenditure due to energy bills
Today the fuel cost incurred is around 17 of the total
expenditure on power for any telecom company
Today the power consumed to manage the telecom
tower is near 50-60 on the site of the operational
expense
Time to take it seriously now as Indias GDP is
expected to face a loss of around 9-13 by 2100 due to
global warmingGreen technology would help telcos in rural and semi
urban areas where power supply is still a big
challenge
Green Power is indispensable in India
6102011 14copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
Is essential
bull As the CAPEX for adopting alternative source of energy for
powering such sites will become sustainable though CAPEX
may be high initially
Also a number of technologies amongst alternative sources are
in different stages of evolution and would mature
These sources are CLEAN and GREEN
The operating costs are minimal and the Maintenance amp
replacement costs are very low compared to diesel ndash driven
sites
Adapting Alternative Sources of Energy for Powering BTS Sites
6102011 15copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
Alternative Sources of Energy Available
Technologies
1 SOLAR ndash DG HYBRID
2 WIND ndash DG HYBRID
3 SOLAR ndash WIND HYBRID
4 Biomass Gasifier
5 BIOFUELS blending with diesel -B20 grade
6 FUEL - CELLS
6102011 16copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
Concept of Renewable Energy
bull Renewable energy sources also called non-
conventional energy are sources that are continuously
replenished by natural processes For example solar
energy wind energy bio-energy - bio-fuels grown
sustain ably) hydropower etc are some of the
examples of renewable energy sources
bull Renewable energy sources are essentially flows of
energy whereas the fossil and nuclear fuels are in
essence stocks of energy
6102011 17copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
Government Policies for Renewable Energy
in India
Includes Subsidies and fiscal benefits which are
bull Income tax benefits
bull Accelerated depreciation for plant and machinery
bull Customs duty and duty free import concessions
bull Capital and interest subsidy
bull Other incentives for preparation of feasibility reports and
detailed project reports (DPR)
bull Preferential tariffs are being worked out at the state
government level most incentives are focused on
installed capacity as capital costs are typically high
6102011 18copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
bull RampD subsidy to the tune of 100 of project cost in
government RampD institutions and 50 in the case of
private institutions
bull Specific incentive scheme for solar power launched in
2008 expected to cost the government Rs 90 crore and
bring in private investment to the tune of Rs 1000 crore
Generation based incentive of Rs 12 per kilowatt from
solar photovoltaic cells
Generation based incentive of Rs 10 per kilowatt for
power generated through solar thermal power plants
6102011 19copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
bull Wind Energy schemes offers
10 year income tax exemption
80 accelerated depreciation
Sales tax and excise duty exemption
6102011 20copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
New and Proposed Ventures in Renewable
Energy in India
bull Signet Solar plans to invest US$2billion over 10 years
to set up three plants in India
bull Tata BP Solar a joint venture between the Tata Group
and BP Solar of UK expanded its Bengaluru plant with
additional investment of US$100 million
bull Moser Baer announced plans to build a plant
manufacturing solar energy products costing US$250
million with technology from Applied Materials Inc
bull US-based Cypress Semiconductor is considering a
US$50 million plant in Hyderabad with SunPower Corp
in which it is a majority stakeholder
6102011 21copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
bull SunTechnics Energy Bengaluru-based subsidiary of
SunTechnics Gmbh plans to expand its plant
bull Astonfield Renewable Resources (ARRL) has
announced a US$2 billion plan in India over next 2 years
in India with a focus on solar power ARRL is working
with governments in West Bengal Haryana Gujarat and
Bihar
bull Wind power equipment maker Suzlon is entering solar
energy sector in Gujarat and Rajasthan
6102011 22copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
bull LampT plans to enter solar power generation and also
extend its green technologies business to nuclear and
hydel power
bull Jyoti is looking at all renewable energy sources It is in
technology tie-ups with German and Dutch companies
for wind energy It plans to produce windmills without
gear box of 850 KW
6102011 23copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
Renewable Energy Sources ndash Estimated Potential
Capacities
6102011 24copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
Drivers of the Renewable Energy Sector in
India
bull Huge energy demand supply gap and untapped potential
of renewable energy
bull Environmental concern pressure on polluting firms by
stakeholders
bull Felt need to strengthen Indialsquos energy security
bull Rural electrification program that aims to power 100000
villages by 2012
6102011 25copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
Solar Energy
bull Solar energy is the mostreadily available and freesource of energy sinceprehistoric times
bull It is estimated that solarenergy equivalent to over15000 times the worldsannual commercial energyconsumption reaches theearth every year
6102011 26copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
bull India receives solar energy in the region of 5 to 7
kWhm2 for 300 to 330 days in a year This energy is
sufficient to set up 20 MW solar power plant per
square kilometre land area
6102011 27copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
6102011 28copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
bull Solar energy can be utilised through two different routes
as solar thermal route and solar electric (solar
photovoltaic) routes
bull Solar thermal route uses the suns heat to produce hot
water or air cook food drying materials etc
bull Solar photovoltaic uses sunlsquos heat to produce electricity
for lighting home and building running motors pumps
electric appliances and lighting
6102011 29copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
6102011 30copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
Solar Photovoltaic (PV)
bull PV cells are usually made of silicon an element that
naturally releases electrons when exposed to light
bull The magnitude of the electric current generated depends
on the intensity of the solar radiation exposed area of
the solar cell the type of material used in fabricating the
solar cell and ambient temperature
bull The silicon cell is covered with a grid of metal that directs
the electrons to flow in a path to create an electric
current
6102011 31copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
bull Typically one cell produces about 15
watts of power Individual cells are
connected together to form a solar
panel or module capable of
producing 3 to 110 Watts power
bull Panels can be connected together in
series and parallel to make a solar
array
bull Modules are usually designed to
supply electricity at 12 Volts PV
modules are rated by their peak Watt
output at solar noon on a clear day
6102011 32copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
PV tracking systems
bull Positioning of solar panels or collectors can greatly
influence the system output efficiency and
payback Tilting mechanisms provided to the collectors
need to be adjusted according to seasons (summer and
winter) to maximise the collector efficiency
bull PV tracking systems is an alternative to the fixed
stationary PV panels PV tracking systems are mounted
and provided with tracking mechanisms to follow the sun
as it moves through the sky These tracking systems run
entirely on their own power and can increase output by
40
6102011 33copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
Back-up systems
bull Back-up systems are necessary since PV systems only
generate electricity when the sun is shining The two
most common methods of backing up solar electric
systems are connecting the system to the utility grid or
storing excess electricity in batteries for use at night or
on cloudy days
6102011 34copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
bull Solar PV systems are found to be economical especially
in the hilly and far flung areas where conventional grid
power supply will be expensive to reach
6102011 35copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
6102011 36copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
bull The period four to five hours in late morning and early
afternoon (between 9 am to 3pm) is commonly called the
Solar Window During this time 80 of the total
collectable energy for the day falls on a solar collector
bull Therefore the collector should be free from shade during
this solar window throughout the year - Shading may
arise from buildings or trees to the south of the location
6102011 37copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
Performance
bull The performance of a solar cell is measured in terms of
its efficiency at converting sunlight into electricity Only
sunlight of certain energy will work efficiently to create
electricity and much of it is reflected or absorbed by the
material that make up the cell
bull Because of this a typical commercial solar cell has an
efficiency of 15mdashonly about one-sixth of the sunlight
striking the cell generates electricity Low efficiencies
mean that larger arrays are needed and higher
investment costs
6102011 38copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
Solar lantern
bull A typical solar lantern consists of a PV module of 8 Wp
to 10 Wp capacity a sealed maintenance-free battery
of 12 V 7 AH (ampere hours) capacity and a compact
fluorescent lamp (CFL) of 5 W or 7 W rating(cost- Rs
3000ndash3300)
bull A solar lantern is usually meant to provide light for three
to four hours daily and designed to have a three-day
autonomylsquo that is to function in this manner for three
days without sunlight
6102011 39copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
6102011 40copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
Solar street lighting system
bull A solar street-lighting system (SLS) is an outdoor lighting
unit used to illuminate a street or an open area A CFL is
fixed inside a luminaire which is mounted on a pole
bull The PV module is placed at the top of the pole and a
battery is placed in a box at the base of the pole
bull The module is mounted facing south so that it receives
solar radiation throughout the day without any shadow
falling on it
6102011 41copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
6102011 42copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
bull A typical street-lighting system consists of a PV module
of 74 Wp capacity a flooded leadndashacid battery of 12 V
75 AH capacity and a CFL of 11 W rating This system
is designed to operate from dusk to dawn (that is
throughout the night)
bull The cost of an SLS is about Rs 19 000
6102011 43copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
6102011 44copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
6102011 45copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
6102011 46copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
SPV-based Information display systems
bull Such systems are slowly replacing traditional neon tube-
based systemsthe latter are not only expensive but
also consume much more energy
bull For a typical LED information system of size about 1 times 2
m and consuming about 300 watts of energy an SPV
module of about 2 kWp capacity is required to enable it
to operate all through the night
bull For a 300-watt system requiring 15 hours of
operationthe approx cost can be about Rs 7 lakhs
6102011 47copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
Building-Integrated PV Systems
bull In a building-integrated photovoltaic (BIPV) system PV
panels are integrated into the roof or faccedilade of a
building
bull The SPV panels generate electricity during the daytime
which is used to meet a part of the electrical energy
needs of the building
bull Although the initial costs of a BIPV system are high
long-term savings result from a reduction in electricity
consumption
6102011 48copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
6102011 49copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
bull In order to encourage this application and to prepare
manufacturers and users the Ministry supports BIPV
projects by meeting 80 of the cost of PV modules
installed in the systems on government and semi
government buildings
6102011 50copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
Solar Water Pumps
bull In solar water pumping system
the pump is driven by motor
run by solar electricity instead
of conventional electricity
drawn from utility grid A SPV
water pumping system consists
of a photovoltaic array mounted
on a stand and a motor-pump
set compatible with the
photovoltaic array
Figure 126 Photovoltaic Water Pumping
6102011 51copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
Solar Water Heating Systems
bull A solar water heating system is a device that uses solar
energy to heat water for domestic commercial and
industrial needs Heating of water is the most common
application of solar energy in the world
bull A typical solar water heating system can save up to
1500 units of electricity every year for every 100 litres
per day of solar water heating capacity
6102011 52copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
6102011 53copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
6102011 54copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
6102011 55copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
Design
bull A solar water heating system consists of a flat plate
solar collector a storage tank kept at a height behind
the collector and connecting pipes
bull The system is generally installed on the roof or on open
ground with the collector facing the sun and connected
to a continuous water supply
6102011 56copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
bull A compact system can save up to 45 tonnes annually of
greenhouse gas emissions In order to achieve the aims
of the Kyoto protocol several countries are offering
subsidies to the end user
6102011 57copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
Types of thermal collector
bull There are three main kinds of solar thermal collectors in
common use
bull In order of increasing cost they are Formed Plastic
Collectors Flat Collectors and Evacuated Tube
Collectors
bull The efficiency of the system is directly related to heat
losses from the collector surface (efficiency being
defined as the proportion of heating energy that can be
usefully obtained from insulation) Heat losses are
predominantly governed by the thermal gradient
between the temperature of the collector surface and the
ambient temperature
6102011 58copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
bull Efficiency decreases when either the ambient
temperature falls or as the collector temperature
increases This decrease in efficiency can be mitigated
by increasing the insulation of the unit by sealing the unit
in glass eg flat collectors or providing a vacuum seal
eg evacuated tube collector The choice of collector is
determined by the heating requirements and
environmental conditions in which it is employed
6102011 59copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
bull The collector usually comprises copperglass tubes
welded to copper sheets (both coated with a highly
absorbing black coating) with a toughened glass sheet
on top and insulating material on the back
6102011 60copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
Solar Water Heater Installation
6102011 61copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
bull Water flows through the tubes absorbs solar heatand
is stored in a tank
bull The water stored in the tank remains hot overnight as
the storage tank is insulated and heat losses are small
bull Flat-plate solar collectors are manufactured in India
however the tubes for evacuated tube collectors are
imported
6102011 62copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
Domestic solar water heating
system
bull Most domestic solar water heaters are provided with
electrical back-up Electrical heating elements are
usually placed in the storage tank and can be switched
on during cloudy days
bull In some cases the solar-heated water is led into an
existing electric geyser the geyser needs to be
switched on only in cloudy conditions
bull Most domestic systems are in the capacity range of
100ndash500 litres of hot water per day
6102011 63copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
6102011 64copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
Advantages of solar water heaters
1048714 Hot water is available 24 hours a day depending on the
use and system capacity
1048714 A solar water heater pays back its cost in 3ndash4 years
1048714 Solar water heaters last a long time (15ndash20 years) and
require only simple maintenance
6102011 65copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
Cost
bull The smallest solar water heater available has a capacity
of 100 litres per day which is sufficient for a family of
four or five members It costs Rs 15 000 to Rs 18 000
and can save about 1500 units of electricity per year
bull Soft loans are available at an interest rate of 5 for
non-commercial users and 7 for commercial
organizations These loans are available for up to 85 of
the cost of the system and can be repaid over five
years
6102011 66copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
SUN will play a major role in defining
Indiarsquos ldquoEnergy Securityrdquo objective
6102011 67copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
6102011 3copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
AGENDA
bull Concept of Renewable Energy
bull Government policies for Renewable Energy in India
bull New and Proposed Ventures in Renewable Energy in
India
bull Renewable Energy Sources-Estimated potential
capacities
bull Drivers of Renewable sector in India
bull Various forms of renewable energy sources for use in
BSNL
6102011 4copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
INDIAN CELLULAR INDUSTRY ndash
SNAPSHOT
4 7 13 33
51
97
158
347
441
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
400
450
500
2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 Jul-09
~ 441 Mn mobile subscribers as on
July 2009
Rs 150000 crores Investments
Lowest Tariffs in the World
Leading to lowest ARPUrsquos ie
subscriber bills
High minutes of use (MoU)
Telecom sector is also driving growth
in Manufacturing and RampD
For every 10 increase in mobile
penetration rate there is a 12
higher growth rate
COAI Projections - 893mn Wireless Subs by 2012 amp 1243 mn Wireless Subs by 2015
ldquoThe best is yet to berdquo
6102011 5copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
Need for Cell Sites
bull Wireless Communication from amp to Handset
bull A Cell Site receives and transmits signals on certain Frequencies tofrom
ndash Handsets in its area Nearby Cell Sites
bull Also when a person is moving ndash subscriber locationcall is handed over from one
cell site to another
bull As the number of users increase the cells become smaller thus increasing the
number of towers to cover the same area
bull Scarcity of Spectrum is also a big reason for decreasing the inter- site distance
and increasing the number of Towers
Cellular towers are key infrastructure element used to propagate
radio frequency signals which consumes loads of energy for
running
6102011 6copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
Energy Requirement
1 Global Number of mobile telephones currently is 41billion and is
expected to reach 5 billion by 2015 In India currently the mobile
subscriber base is 441 Million (Julylsquo09) and is expected to reach
more than 500 Million by 2010
2 More than 90 of the additions will come from emerging economies
globally with 60 to 80 of them located in rural areas
3 In India we expect that the number of new additional Base stations
neededto be set up by 2011 will exceed 200000 By the end of
Declsquo08 we have more than 22 Lacs BTS in India
Energy related expenditure accounts for nearly 70 of
total operating cost per cell site in the rural areas
6102011 7copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
Energy Requirement Continued
1 The Power requirement of a BTS currently varies from
1300 ndash 2500 watts
2 A large percentage of these deployments are still
indoor type needing air conditioning
3 Current SLAs (with operators) need shelter
temperature to be maintained between 22 ndash 300 C
range
6102011 8copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
4 Powering systems are based on grid supply as primary
source with diesel generators as stand by sources and
Storage batteries as secondary sources
5 In case of indoor shelters where specified temperature
needs to be maintained-
a DG set needs to be switched ―on to power the ACs
and maintain the temperature
b Battery Capacity is not fully utilized
6102011 9copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
Concerns
1 Base Stations are very power intensive
2 Diesel generators need regular maintenance
3 Diesel thefts are very prominent ndash they could be as
much as 20 diesel theft
4 Prices of petroleum products are continuously
increasing
6102011 10copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
5 Grid supplies in rural areas are often erratic and
unavailable requiring long runtime of DG sets
Therefore
bull Deploy as far as possible outdoor BTS equipment which
does not require Air Conditioning and intrinsically have
low power consumption
bull BTS with Standby Mode Systems that shut down TRXlsquos
during off-peak periods dynamically
6102011 11copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
Another Option is to adopt Alternative energy sources
for powering BTS
6102011 12copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
Current Power Scenario
Sector MW age
State Sector 7636467 525
Central Sector 4897099 340
Private Sector 2498775 135
Total 15032341
Total Installed Capacity
Fuel MW age
Total Thermal 9604474 646
Coal 7845888 533
Gas 1638561 105
Oil 119975 09
Hydro (Renewable) 3691676 247
Nuclear 412000 29
RES 1324241 77
Total 15032341
Renewable Energy
Sources(RES) include
SHP BG UampI and Wind
Energy
Abbreviation---
SHP= Small Hydro
Project
BG= Biomas Gasfier
BP= Biomass Power
U amp I=Urban amp
Industrial Water Power
RES=Renewable
Sources
Source- Ministry of Power
as on June 30 2009
Scope for
Renewable
energy option
6102011 13copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
A major issue for telecom companies is high operational
expenditure due to energy bills
Today the fuel cost incurred is around 17 of the total
expenditure on power for any telecom company
Today the power consumed to manage the telecom
tower is near 50-60 on the site of the operational
expense
Time to take it seriously now as Indias GDP is
expected to face a loss of around 9-13 by 2100 due to
global warmingGreen technology would help telcos in rural and semi
urban areas where power supply is still a big
challenge
Green Power is indispensable in India
6102011 14copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
Is essential
bull As the CAPEX for adopting alternative source of energy for
powering such sites will become sustainable though CAPEX
may be high initially
Also a number of technologies amongst alternative sources are
in different stages of evolution and would mature
These sources are CLEAN and GREEN
The operating costs are minimal and the Maintenance amp
replacement costs are very low compared to diesel ndash driven
sites
Adapting Alternative Sources of Energy for Powering BTS Sites
6102011 15copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
Alternative Sources of Energy Available
Technologies
1 SOLAR ndash DG HYBRID
2 WIND ndash DG HYBRID
3 SOLAR ndash WIND HYBRID
4 Biomass Gasifier
5 BIOFUELS blending with diesel -B20 grade
6 FUEL - CELLS
6102011 16copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
Concept of Renewable Energy
bull Renewable energy sources also called non-
conventional energy are sources that are continuously
replenished by natural processes For example solar
energy wind energy bio-energy - bio-fuels grown
sustain ably) hydropower etc are some of the
examples of renewable energy sources
bull Renewable energy sources are essentially flows of
energy whereas the fossil and nuclear fuels are in
essence stocks of energy
6102011 17copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
Government Policies for Renewable Energy
in India
Includes Subsidies and fiscal benefits which are
bull Income tax benefits
bull Accelerated depreciation for plant and machinery
bull Customs duty and duty free import concessions
bull Capital and interest subsidy
bull Other incentives for preparation of feasibility reports and
detailed project reports (DPR)
bull Preferential tariffs are being worked out at the state
government level most incentives are focused on
installed capacity as capital costs are typically high
6102011 18copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
bull RampD subsidy to the tune of 100 of project cost in
government RampD institutions and 50 in the case of
private institutions
bull Specific incentive scheme for solar power launched in
2008 expected to cost the government Rs 90 crore and
bring in private investment to the tune of Rs 1000 crore
Generation based incentive of Rs 12 per kilowatt from
solar photovoltaic cells
Generation based incentive of Rs 10 per kilowatt for
power generated through solar thermal power plants
6102011 19copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
bull Wind Energy schemes offers
10 year income tax exemption
80 accelerated depreciation
Sales tax and excise duty exemption
6102011 20copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
New and Proposed Ventures in Renewable
Energy in India
bull Signet Solar plans to invest US$2billion over 10 years
to set up three plants in India
bull Tata BP Solar a joint venture between the Tata Group
and BP Solar of UK expanded its Bengaluru plant with
additional investment of US$100 million
bull Moser Baer announced plans to build a plant
manufacturing solar energy products costing US$250
million with technology from Applied Materials Inc
bull US-based Cypress Semiconductor is considering a
US$50 million plant in Hyderabad with SunPower Corp
in which it is a majority stakeholder
6102011 21copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
bull SunTechnics Energy Bengaluru-based subsidiary of
SunTechnics Gmbh plans to expand its plant
bull Astonfield Renewable Resources (ARRL) has
announced a US$2 billion plan in India over next 2 years
in India with a focus on solar power ARRL is working
with governments in West Bengal Haryana Gujarat and
Bihar
bull Wind power equipment maker Suzlon is entering solar
energy sector in Gujarat and Rajasthan
6102011 22copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
bull LampT plans to enter solar power generation and also
extend its green technologies business to nuclear and
hydel power
bull Jyoti is looking at all renewable energy sources It is in
technology tie-ups with German and Dutch companies
for wind energy It plans to produce windmills without
gear box of 850 KW
6102011 23copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
Renewable Energy Sources ndash Estimated Potential
Capacities
6102011 24copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
Drivers of the Renewable Energy Sector in
India
bull Huge energy demand supply gap and untapped potential
of renewable energy
bull Environmental concern pressure on polluting firms by
stakeholders
bull Felt need to strengthen Indialsquos energy security
bull Rural electrification program that aims to power 100000
villages by 2012
6102011 25copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
Solar Energy
bull Solar energy is the mostreadily available and freesource of energy sinceprehistoric times
bull It is estimated that solarenergy equivalent to over15000 times the worldsannual commercial energyconsumption reaches theearth every year
6102011 26copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
bull India receives solar energy in the region of 5 to 7
kWhm2 for 300 to 330 days in a year This energy is
sufficient to set up 20 MW solar power plant per
square kilometre land area
6102011 27copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
6102011 28copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
bull Solar energy can be utilised through two different routes
as solar thermal route and solar electric (solar
photovoltaic) routes
bull Solar thermal route uses the suns heat to produce hot
water or air cook food drying materials etc
bull Solar photovoltaic uses sunlsquos heat to produce electricity
for lighting home and building running motors pumps
electric appliances and lighting
6102011 29copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
6102011 30copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
Solar Photovoltaic (PV)
bull PV cells are usually made of silicon an element that
naturally releases electrons when exposed to light
bull The magnitude of the electric current generated depends
on the intensity of the solar radiation exposed area of
the solar cell the type of material used in fabricating the
solar cell and ambient temperature
bull The silicon cell is covered with a grid of metal that directs
the electrons to flow in a path to create an electric
current
6102011 31copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
bull Typically one cell produces about 15
watts of power Individual cells are
connected together to form a solar
panel or module capable of
producing 3 to 110 Watts power
bull Panels can be connected together in
series and parallel to make a solar
array
bull Modules are usually designed to
supply electricity at 12 Volts PV
modules are rated by their peak Watt
output at solar noon on a clear day
6102011 32copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
PV tracking systems
bull Positioning of solar panels or collectors can greatly
influence the system output efficiency and
payback Tilting mechanisms provided to the collectors
need to be adjusted according to seasons (summer and
winter) to maximise the collector efficiency
bull PV tracking systems is an alternative to the fixed
stationary PV panels PV tracking systems are mounted
and provided with tracking mechanisms to follow the sun
as it moves through the sky These tracking systems run
entirely on their own power and can increase output by
40
6102011 33copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
Back-up systems
bull Back-up systems are necessary since PV systems only
generate electricity when the sun is shining The two
most common methods of backing up solar electric
systems are connecting the system to the utility grid or
storing excess electricity in batteries for use at night or
on cloudy days
6102011 34copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
bull Solar PV systems are found to be economical especially
in the hilly and far flung areas where conventional grid
power supply will be expensive to reach
6102011 35copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
6102011 36copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
bull The period four to five hours in late morning and early
afternoon (between 9 am to 3pm) is commonly called the
Solar Window During this time 80 of the total
collectable energy for the day falls on a solar collector
bull Therefore the collector should be free from shade during
this solar window throughout the year - Shading may
arise from buildings or trees to the south of the location
6102011 37copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
Performance
bull The performance of a solar cell is measured in terms of
its efficiency at converting sunlight into electricity Only
sunlight of certain energy will work efficiently to create
electricity and much of it is reflected or absorbed by the
material that make up the cell
bull Because of this a typical commercial solar cell has an
efficiency of 15mdashonly about one-sixth of the sunlight
striking the cell generates electricity Low efficiencies
mean that larger arrays are needed and higher
investment costs
6102011 38copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
Solar lantern
bull A typical solar lantern consists of a PV module of 8 Wp
to 10 Wp capacity a sealed maintenance-free battery
of 12 V 7 AH (ampere hours) capacity and a compact
fluorescent lamp (CFL) of 5 W or 7 W rating(cost- Rs
3000ndash3300)
bull A solar lantern is usually meant to provide light for three
to four hours daily and designed to have a three-day
autonomylsquo that is to function in this manner for three
days without sunlight
6102011 39copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
6102011 40copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
Solar street lighting system
bull A solar street-lighting system (SLS) is an outdoor lighting
unit used to illuminate a street or an open area A CFL is
fixed inside a luminaire which is mounted on a pole
bull The PV module is placed at the top of the pole and a
battery is placed in a box at the base of the pole
bull The module is mounted facing south so that it receives
solar radiation throughout the day without any shadow
falling on it
6102011 41copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
6102011 42copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
bull A typical street-lighting system consists of a PV module
of 74 Wp capacity a flooded leadndashacid battery of 12 V
75 AH capacity and a CFL of 11 W rating This system
is designed to operate from dusk to dawn (that is
throughout the night)
bull The cost of an SLS is about Rs 19 000
6102011 43copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
6102011 44copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
6102011 45copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
6102011 46copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
SPV-based Information display systems
bull Such systems are slowly replacing traditional neon tube-
based systemsthe latter are not only expensive but
also consume much more energy
bull For a typical LED information system of size about 1 times 2
m and consuming about 300 watts of energy an SPV
module of about 2 kWp capacity is required to enable it
to operate all through the night
bull For a 300-watt system requiring 15 hours of
operationthe approx cost can be about Rs 7 lakhs
6102011 47copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
Building-Integrated PV Systems
bull In a building-integrated photovoltaic (BIPV) system PV
panels are integrated into the roof or faccedilade of a
building
bull The SPV panels generate electricity during the daytime
which is used to meet a part of the electrical energy
needs of the building
bull Although the initial costs of a BIPV system are high
long-term savings result from a reduction in electricity
consumption
6102011 48copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
6102011 49copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
bull In order to encourage this application and to prepare
manufacturers and users the Ministry supports BIPV
projects by meeting 80 of the cost of PV modules
installed in the systems on government and semi
government buildings
6102011 50copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
Solar Water Pumps
bull In solar water pumping system
the pump is driven by motor
run by solar electricity instead
of conventional electricity
drawn from utility grid A SPV
water pumping system consists
of a photovoltaic array mounted
on a stand and a motor-pump
set compatible with the
photovoltaic array
Figure 126 Photovoltaic Water Pumping
6102011 51copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
Solar Water Heating Systems
bull A solar water heating system is a device that uses solar
energy to heat water for domestic commercial and
industrial needs Heating of water is the most common
application of solar energy in the world
bull A typical solar water heating system can save up to
1500 units of electricity every year for every 100 litres
per day of solar water heating capacity
6102011 52copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
6102011 53copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
6102011 54copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
6102011 55copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
Design
bull A solar water heating system consists of a flat plate
solar collector a storage tank kept at a height behind
the collector and connecting pipes
bull The system is generally installed on the roof or on open
ground with the collector facing the sun and connected
to a continuous water supply
6102011 56copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
bull A compact system can save up to 45 tonnes annually of
greenhouse gas emissions In order to achieve the aims
of the Kyoto protocol several countries are offering
subsidies to the end user
6102011 57copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
Types of thermal collector
bull There are three main kinds of solar thermal collectors in
common use
bull In order of increasing cost they are Formed Plastic
Collectors Flat Collectors and Evacuated Tube
Collectors
bull The efficiency of the system is directly related to heat
losses from the collector surface (efficiency being
defined as the proportion of heating energy that can be
usefully obtained from insulation) Heat losses are
predominantly governed by the thermal gradient
between the temperature of the collector surface and the
ambient temperature
6102011 58copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
bull Efficiency decreases when either the ambient
temperature falls or as the collector temperature
increases This decrease in efficiency can be mitigated
by increasing the insulation of the unit by sealing the unit
in glass eg flat collectors or providing a vacuum seal
eg evacuated tube collector The choice of collector is
determined by the heating requirements and
environmental conditions in which it is employed
6102011 59copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
bull The collector usually comprises copperglass tubes
welded to copper sheets (both coated with a highly
absorbing black coating) with a toughened glass sheet
on top and insulating material on the back
6102011 60copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
Solar Water Heater Installation
6102011 61copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
bull Water flows through the tubes absorbs solar heatand
is stored in a tank
bull The water stored in the tank remains hot overnight as
the storage tank is insulated and heat losses are small
bull Flat-plate solar collectors are manufactured in India
however the tubes for evacuated tube collectors are
imported
6102011 62copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
Domestic solar water heating
system
bull Most domestic solar water heaters are provided with
electrical back-up Electrical heating elements are
usually placed in the storage tank and can be switched
on during cloudy days
bull In some cases the solar-heated water is led into an
existing electric geyser the geyser needs to be
switched on only in cloudy conditions
bull Most domestic systems are in the capacity range of
100ndash500 litres of hot water per day
6102011 63copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
6102011 64copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
Advantages of solar water heaters
1048714 Hot water is available 24 hours a day depending on the
use and system capacity
1048714 A solar water heater pays back its cost in 3ndash4 years
1048714 Solar water heaters last a long time (15ndash20 years) and
require only simple maintenance
6102011 65copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
Cost
bull The smallest solar water heater available has a capacity
of 100 litres per day which is sufficient for a family of
four or five members It costs Rs 15 000 to Rs 18 000
and can save about 1500 units of electricity per year
bull Soft loans are available at an interest rate of 5 for
non-commercial users and 7 for commercial
organizations These loans are available for up to 85 of
the cost of the system and can be repaid over five
years
6102011 66copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
SUN will play a major role in defining
Indiarsquos ldquoEnergy Securityrdquo objective
6102011 67copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
6102011 4copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
INDIAN CELLULAR INDUSTRY ndash
SNAPSHOT
4 7 13 33
51
97
158
347
441
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
400
450
500
2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 Jul-09
~ 441 Mn mobile subscribers as on
July 2009
Rs 150000 crores Investments
Lowest Tariffs in the World
Leading to lowest ARPUrsquos ie
subscriber bills
High minutes of use (MoU)
Telecom sector is also driving growth
in Manufacturing and RampD
For every 10 increase in mobile
penetration rate there is a 12
higher growth rate
COAI Projections - 893mn Wireless Subs by 2012 amp 1243 mn Wireless Subs by 2015
ldquoThe best is yet to berdquo
6102011 5copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
Need for Cell Sites
bull Wireless Communication from amp to Handset
bull A Cell Site receives and transmits signals on certain Frequencies tofrom
ndash Handsets in its area Nearby Cell Sites
bull Also when a person is moving ndash subscriber locationcall is handed over from one
cell site to another
bull As the number of users increase the cells become smaller thus increasing the
number of towers to cover the same area
bull Scarcity of Spectrum is also a big reason for decreasing the inter- site distance
and increasing the number of Towers
Cellular towers are key infrastructure element used to propagate
radio frequency signals which consumes loads of energy for
running
6102011 6copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
Energy Requirement
1 Global Number of mobile telephones currently is 41billion and is
expected to reach 5 billion by 2015 In India currently the mobile
subscriber base is 441 Million (Julylsquo09) and is expected to reach
more than 500 Million by 2010
2 More than 90 of the additions will come from emerging economies
globally with 60 to 80 of them located in rural areas
3 In India we expect that the number of new additional Base stations
neededto be set up by 2011 will exceed 200000 By the end of
Declsquo08 we have more than 22 Lacs BTS in India
Energy related expenditure accounts for nearly 70 of
total operating cost per cell site in the rural areas
6102011 7copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
Energy Requirement Continued
1 The Power requirement of a BTS currently varies from
1300 ndash 2500 watts
2 A large percentage of these deployments are still
indoor type needing air conditioning
3 Current SLAs (with operators) need shelter
temperature to be maintained between 22 ndash 300 C
range
6102011 8copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
4 Powering systems are based on grid supply as primary
source with diesel generators as stand by sources and
Storage batteries as secondary sources
5 In case of indoor shelters where specified temperature
needs to be maintained-
a DG set needs to be switched ―on to power the ACs
and maintain the temperature
b Battery Capacity is not fully utilized
6102011 9copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
Concerns
1 Base Stations are very power intensive
2 Diesel generators need regular maintenance
3 Diesel thefts are very prominent ndash they could be as
much as 20 diesel theft
4 Prices of petroleum products are continuously
increasing
6102011 10copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
5 Grid supplies in rural areas are often erratic and
unavailable requiring long runtime of DG sets
Therefore
bull Deploy as far as possible outdoor BTS equipment which
does not require Air Conditioning and intrinsically have
low power consumption
bull BTS with Standby Mode Systems that shut down TRXlsquos
during off-peak periods dynamically
6102011 11copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
Another Option is to adopt Alternative energy sources
for powering BTS
6102011 12copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
Current Power Scenario
Sector MW age
State Sector 7636467 525
Central Sector 4897099 340
Private Sector 2498775 135
Total 15032341
Total Installed Capacity
Fuel MW age
Total Thermal 9604474 646
Coal 7845888 533
Gas 1638561 105
Oil 119975 09
Hydro (Renewable) 3691676 247
Nuclear 412000 29
RES 1324241 77
Total 15032341
Renewable Energy
Sources(RES) include
SHP BG UampI and Wind
Energy
Abbreviation---
SHP= Small Hydro
Project
BG= Biomas Gasfier
BP= Biomass Power
U amp I=Urban amp
Industrial Water Power
RES=Renewable
Sources
Source- Ministry of Power
as on June 30 2009
Scope for
Renewable
energy option
6102011 13copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
A major issue for telecom companies is high operational
expenditure due to energy bills
Today the fuel cost incurred is around 17 of the total
expenditure on power for any telecom company
Today the power consumed to manage the telecom
tower is near 50-60 on the site of the operational
expense
Time to take it seriously now as Indias GDP is
expected to face a loss of around 9-13 by 2100 due to
global warmingGreen technology would help telcos in rural and semi
urban areas where power supply is still a big
challenge
Green Power is indispensable in India
6102011 14copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
Is essential
bull As the CAPEX for adopting alternative source of energy for
powering such sites will become sustainable though CAPEX
may be high initially
Also a number of technologies amongst alternative sources are
in different stages of evolution and would mature
These sources are CLEAN and GREEN
The operating costs are minimal and the Maintenance amp
replacement costs are very low compared to diesel ndash driven
sites
Adapting Alternative Sources of Energy for Powering BTS Sites
6102011 15copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
Alternative Sources of Energy Available
Technologies
1 SOLAR ndash DG HYBRID
2 WIND ndash DG HYBRID
3 SOLAR ndash WIND HYBRID
4 Biomass Gasifier
5 BIOFUELS blending with diesel -B20 grade
6 FUEL - CELLS
6102011 16copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
Concept of Renewable Energy
bull Renewable energy sources also called non-
conventional energy are sources that are continuously
replenished by natural processes For example solar
energy wind energy bio-energy - bio-fuels grown
sustain ably) hydropower etc are some of the
examples of renewable energy sources
bull Renewable energy sources are essentially flows of
energy whereas the fossil and nuclear fuels are in
essence stocks of energy
6102011 17copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
Government Policies for Renewable Energy
in India
Includes Subsidies and fiscal benefits which are
bull Income tax benefits
bull Accelerated depreciation for plant and machinery
bull Customs duty and duty free import concessions
bull Capital and interest subsidy
bull Other incentives for preparation of feasibility reports and
detailed project reports (DPR)
bull Preferential tariffs are being worked out at the state
government level most incentives are focused on
installed capacity as capital costs are typically high
6102011 18copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
bull RampD subsidy to the tune of 100 of project cost in
government RampD institutions and 50 in the case of
private institutions
bull Specific incentive scheme for solar power launched in
2008 expected to cost the government Rs 90 crore and
bring in private investment to the tune of Rs 1000 crore
Generation based incentive of Rs 12 per kilowatt from
solar photovoltaic cells
Generation based incentive of Rs 10 per kilowatt for
power generated through solar thermal power plants
6102011 19copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
bull Wind Energy schemes offers
10 year income tax exemption
80 accelerated depreciation
Sales tax and excise duty exemption
6102011 20copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
New and Proposed Ventures in Renewable
Energy in India
bull Signet Solar plans to invest US$2billion over 10 years
to set up three plants in India
bull Tata BP Solar a joint venture between the Tata Group
and BP Solar of UK expanded its Bengaluru plant with
additional investment of US$100 million
bull Moser Baer announced plans to build a plant
manufacturing solar energy products costing US$250
million with technology from Applied Materials Inc
bull US-based Cypress Semiconductor is considering a
US$50 million plant in Hyderabad with SunPower Corp
in which it is a majority stakeholder
6102011 21copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
bull SunTechnics Energy Bengaluru-based subsidiary of
SunTechnics Gmbh plans to expand its plant
bull Astonfield Renewable Resources (ARRL) has
announced a US$2 billion plan in India over next 2 years
in India with a focus on solar power ARRL is working
with governments in West Bengal Haryana Gujarat and
Bihar
bull Wind power equipment maker Suzlon is entering solar
energy sector in Gujarat and Rajasthan
6102011 22copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
bull LampT plans to enter solar power generation and also
extend its green technologies business to nuclear and
hydel power
bull Jyoti is looking at all renewable energy sources It is in
technology tie-ups with German and Dutch companies
for wind energy It plans to produce windmills without
gear box of 850 KW
6102011 23copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
Renewable Energy Sources ndash Estimated Potential
Capacities
6102011 24copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
Drivers of the Renewable Energy Sector in
India
bull Huge energy demand supply gap and untapped potential
of renewable energy
bull Environmental concern pressure on polluting firms by
stakeholders
bull Felt need to strengthen Indialsquos energy security
bull Rural electrification program that aims to power 100000
villages by 2012
6102011 25copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
Solar Energy
bull Solar energy is the mostreadily available and freesource of energy sinceprehistoric times
bull It is estimated that solarenergy equivalent to over15000 times the worldsannual commercial energyconsumption reaches theearth every year
6102011 26copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
bull India receives solar energy in the region of 5 to 7
kWhm2 for 300 to 330 days in a year This energy is
sufficient to set up 20 MW solar power plant per
square kilometre land area
6102011 27copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
6102011 28copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
bull Solar energy can be utilised through two different routes
as solar thermal route and solar electric (solar
photovoltaic) routes
bull Solar thermal route uses the suns heat to produce hot
water or air cook food drying materials etc
bull Solar photovoltaic uses sunlsquos heat to produce electricity
for lighting home and building running motors pumps
electric appliances and lighting
6102011 29copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
6102011 30copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
Solar Photovoltaic (PV)
bull PV cells are usually made of silicon an element that
naturally releases electrons when exposed to light
bull The magnitude of the electric current generated depends
on the intensity of the solar radiation exposed area of
the solar cell the type of material used in fabricating the
solar cell and ambient temperature
bull The silicon cell is covered with a grid of metal that directs
the electrons to flow in a path to create an electric
current
6102011 31copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
bull Typically one cell produces about 15
watts of power Individual cells are
connected together to form a solar
panel or module capable of
producing 3 to 110 Watts power
bull Panels can be connected together in
series and parallel to make a solar
array
bull Modules are usually designed to
supply electricity at 12 Volts PV
modules are rated by their peak Watt
output at solar noon on a clear day
6102011 32copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
PV tracking systems
bull Positioning of solar panels or collectors can greatly
influence the system output efficiency and
payback Tilting mechanisms provided to the collectors
need to be adjusted according to seasons (summer and
winter) to maximise the collector efficiency
bull PV tracking systems is an alternative to the fixed
stationary PV panels PV tracking systems are mounted
and provided with tracking mechanisms to follow the sun
as it moves through the sky These tracking systems run
entirely on their own power and can increase output by
40
6102011 33copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
Back-up systems
bull Back-up systems are necessary since PV systems only
generate electricity when the sun is shining The two
most common methods of backing up solar electric
systems are connecting the system to the utility grid or
storing excess electricity in batteries for use at night or
on cloudy days
6102011 34copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
bull Solar PV systems are found to be economical especially
in the hilly and far flung areas where conventional grid
power supply will be expensive to reach
6102011 35copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
6102011 36copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
bull The period four to five hours in late morning and early
afternoon (between 9 am to 3pm) is commonly called the
Solar Window During this time 80 of the total
collectable energy for the day falls on a solar collector
bull Therefore the collector should be free from shade during
this solar window throughout the year - Shading may
arise from buildings or trees to the south of the location
6102011 37copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
Performance
bull The performance of a solar cell is measured in terms of
its efficiency at converting sunlight into electricity Only
sunlight of certain energy will work efficiently to create
electricity and much of it is reflected or absorbed by the
material that make up the cell
bull Because of this a typical commercial solar cell has an
efficiency of 15mdashonly about one-sixth of the sunlight
striking the cell generates electricity Low efficiencies
mean that larger arrays are needed and higher
investment costs
6102011 38copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
Solar lantern
bull A typical solar lantern consists of a PV module of 8 Wp
to 10 Wp capacity a sealed maintenance-free battery
of 12 V 7 AH (ampere hours) capacity and a compact
fluorescent lamp (CFL) of 5 W or 7 W rating(cost- Rs
3000ndash3300)
bull A solar lantern is usually meant to provide light for three
to four hours daily and designed to have a three-day
autonomylsquo that is to function in this manner for three
days without sunlight
6102011 39copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
6102011 40copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
Solar street lighting system
bull A solar street-lighting system (SLS) is an outdoor lighting
unit used to illuminate a street or an open area A CFL is
fixed inside a luminaire which is mounted on a pole
bull The PV module is placed at the top of the pole and a
battery is placed in a box at the base of the pole
bull The module is mounted facing south so that it receives
solar radiation throughout the day without any shadow
falling on it
6102011 41copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
6102011 42copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
bull A typical street-lighting system consists of a PV module
of 74 Wp capacity a flooded leadndashacid battery of 12 V
75 AH capacity and a CFL of 11 W rating This system
is designed to operate from dusk to dawn (that is
throughout the night)
bull The cost of an SLS is about Rs 19 000
6102011 43copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
6102011 44copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
6102011 45copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
6102011 46copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
SPV-based Information display systems
bull Such systems are slowly replacing traditional neon tube-
based systemsthe latter are not only expensive but
also consume much more energy
bull For a typical LED information system of size about 1 times 2
m and consuming about 300 watts of energy an SPV
module of about 2 kWp capacity is required to enable it
to operate all through the night
bull For a 300-watt system requiring 15 hours of
operationthe approx cost can be about Rs 7 lakhs
6102011 47copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
Building-Integrated PV Systems
bull In a building-integrated photovoltaic (BIPV) system PV
panels are integrated into the roof or faccedilade of a
building
bull The SPV panels generate electricity during the daytime
which is used to meet a part of the electrical energy
needs of the building
bull Although the initial costs of a BIPV system are high
long-term savings result from a reduction in electricity
consumption
6102011 48copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
6102011 49copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
bull In order to encourage this application and to prepare
manufacturers and users the Ministry supports BIPV
projects by meeting 80 of the cost of PV modules
installed in the systems on government and semi
government buildings
6102011 50copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
Solar Water Pumps
bull In solar water pumping system
the pump is driven by motor
run by solar electricity instead
of conventional electricity
drawn from utility grid A SPV
water pumping system consists
of a photovoltaic array mounted
on a stand and a motor-pump
set compatible with the
photovoltaic array
Figure 126 Photovoltaic Water Pumping
6102011 51copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
Solar Water Heating Systems
bull A solar water heating system is a device that uses solar
energy to heat water for domestic commercial and
industrial needs Heating of water is the most common
application of solar energy in the world
bull A typical solar water heating system can save up to
1500 units of electricity every year for every 100 litres
per day of solar water heating capacity
6102011 52copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
6102011 53copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
6102011 54copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
6102011 55copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
Design
bull A solar water heating system consists of a flat plate
solar collector a storage tank kept at a height behind
the collector and connecting pipes
bull The system is generally installed on the roof or on open
ground with the collector facing the sun and connected
to a continuous water supply
6102011 56copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
bull A compact system can save up to 45 tonnes annually of
greenhouse gas emissions In order to achieve the aims
of the Kyoto protocol several countries are offering
subsidies to the end user
6102011 57copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
Types of thermal collector
bull There are three main kinds of solar thermal collectors in
common use
bull In order of increasing cost they are Formed Plastic
Collectors Flat Collectors and Evacuated Tube
Collectors
bull The efficiency of the system is directly related to heat
losses from the collector surface (efficiency being
defined as the proportion of heating energy that can be
usefully obtained from insulation) Heat losses are
predominantly governed by the thermal gradient
between the temperature of the collector surface and the
ambient temperature
6102011 58copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
bull Efficiency decreases when either the ambient
temperature falls or as the collector temperature
increases This decrease in efficiency can be mitigated
by increasing the insulation of the unit by sealing the unit
in glass eg flat collectors or providing a vacuum seal
eg evacuated tube collector The choice of collector is
determined by the heating requirements and
environmental conditions in which it is employed
6102011 59copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
bull The collector usually comprises copperglass tubes
welded to copper sheets (both coated with a highly
absorbing black coating) with a toughened glass sheet
on top and insulating material on the back
6102011 60copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
Solar Water Heater Installation
6102011 61copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
bull Water flows through the tubes absorbs solar heatand
is stored in a tank
bull The water stored in the tank remains hot overnight as
the storage tank is insulated and heat losses are small
bull Flat-plate solar collectors are manufactured in India
however the tubes for evacuated tube collectors are
imported
6102011 62copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
Domestic solar water heating
system
bull Most domestic solar water heaters are provided with
electrical back-up Electrical heating elements are
usually placed in the storage tank and can be switched
on during cloudy days
bull In some cases the solar-heated water is led into an
existing electric geyser the geyser needs to be
switched on only in cloudy conditions
bull Most domestic systems are in the capacity range of
100ndash500 litres of hot water per day
6102011 63copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
6102011 64copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
Advantages of solar water heaters
1048714 Hot water is available 24 hours a day depending on the
use and system capacity
1048714 A solar water heater pays back its cost in 3ndash4 years
1048714 Solar water heaters last a long time (15ndash20 years) and
require only simple maintenance
6102011 65copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
Cost
bull The smallest solar water heater available has a capacity
of 100 litres per day which is sufficient for a family of
four or five members It costs Rs 15 000 to Rs 18 000
and can save about 1500 units of electricity per year
bull Soft loans are available at an interest rate of 5 for
non-commercial users and 7 for commercial
organizations These loans are available for up to 85 of
the cost of the system and can be repaid over five
years
6102011 66copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
SUN will play a major role in defining
Indiarsquos ldquoEnergy Securityrdquo objective
6102011 67copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
6102011 5copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
Need for Cell Sites
bull Wireless Communication from amp to Handset
bull A Cell Site receives and transmits signals on certain Frequencies tofrom
ndash Handsets in its area Nearby Cell Sites
bull Also when a person is moving ndash subscriber locationcall is handed over from one
cell site to another
bull As the number of users increase the cells become smaller thus increasing the
number of towers to cover the same area
bull Scarcity of Spectrum is also a big reason for decreasing the inter- site distance
and increasing the number of Towers
Cellular towers are key infrastructure element used to propagate
radio frequency signals which consumes loads of energy for
running
6102011 6copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
Energy Requirement
1 Global Number of mobile telephones currently is 41billion and is
expected to reach 5 billion by 2015 In India currently the mobile
subscriber base is 441 Million (Julylsquo09) and is expected to reach
more than 500 Million by 2010
2 More than 90 of the additions will come from emerging economies
globally with 60 to 80 of them located in rural areas
3 In India we expect that the number of new additional Base stations
neededto be set up by 2011 will exceed 200000 By the end of
Declsquo08 we have more than 22 Lacs BTS in India
Energy related expenditure accounts for nearly 70 of
total operating cost per cell site in the rural areas
6102011 7copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
Energy Requirement Continued
1 The Power requirement of a BTS currently varies from
1300 ndash 2500 watts
2 A large percentage of these deployments are still
indoor type needing air conditioning
3 Current SLAs (with operators) need shelter
temperature to be maintained between 22 ndash 300 C
range
6102011 8copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
4 Powering systems are based on grid supply as primary
source with diesel generators as stand by sources and
Storage batteries as secondary sources
5 In case of indoor shelters where specified temperature
needs to be maintained-
a DG set needs to be switched ―on to power the ACs
and maintain the temperature
b Battery Capacity is not fully utilized
6102011 9copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
Concerns
1 Base Stations are very power intensive
2 Diesel generators need regular maintenance
3 Diesel thefts are very prominent ndash they could be as
much as 20 diesel theft
4 Prices of petroleum products are continuously
increasing
6102011 10copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
5 Grid supplies in rural areas are often erratic and
unavailable requiring long runtime of DG sets
Therefore
bull Deploy as far as possible outdoor BTS equipment which
does not require Air Conditioning and intrinsically have
low power consumption
bull BTS with Standby Mode Systems that shut down TRXlsquos
during off-peak periods dynamically
6102011 11copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
Another Option is to adopt Alternative energy sources
for powering BTS
6102011 12copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
Current Power Scenario
Sector MW age
State Sector 7636467 525
Central Sector 4897099 340
Private Sector 2498775 135
Total 15032341
Total Installed Capacity
Fuel MW age
Total Thermal 9604474 646
Coal 7845888 533
Gas 1638561 105
Oil 119975 09
Hydro (Renewable) 3691676 247
Nuclear 412000 29
RES 1324241 77
Total 15032341
Renewable Energy
Sources(RES) include
SHP BG UampI and Wind
Energy
Abbreviation---
SHP= Small Hydro
Project
BG= Biomas Gasfier
BP= Biomass Power
U amp I=Urban amp
Industrial Water Power
RES=Renewable
Sources
Source- Ministry of Power
as on June 30 2009
Scope for
Renewable
energy option
6102011 13copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
A major issue for telecom companies is high operational
expenditure due to energy bills
Today the fuel cost incurred is around 17 of the total
expenditure on power for any telecom company
Today the power consumed to manage the telecom
tower is near 50-60 on the site of the operational
expense
Time to take it seriously now as Indias GDP is
expected to face a loss of around 9-13 by 2100 due to
global warmingGreen technology would help telcos in rural and semi
urban areas where power supply is still a big
challenge
Green Power is indispensable in India
6102011 14copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
Is essential
bull As the CAPEX for adopting alternative source of energy for
powering such sites will become sustainable though CAPEX
may be high initially
Also a number of technologies amongst alternative sources are
in different stages of evolution and would mature
These sources are CLEAN and GREEN
The operating costs are minimal and the Maintenance amp
replacement costs are very low compared to diesel ndash driven
sites
Adapting Alternative Sources of Energy for Powering BTS Sites
6102011 15copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
Alternative Sources of Energy Available
Technologies
1 SOLAR ndash DG HYBRID
2 WIND ndash DG HYBRID
3 SOLAR ndash WIND HYBRID
4 Biomass Gasifier
5 BIOFUELS blending with diesel -B20 grade
6 FUEL - CELLS
6102011 16copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
Concept of Renewable Energy
bull Renewable energy sources also called non-
conventional energy are sources that are continuously
replenished by natural processes For example solar
energy wind energy bio-energy - bio-fuels grown
sustain ably) hydropower etc are some of the
examples of renewable energy sources
bull Renewable energy sources are essentially flows of
energy whereas the fossil and nuclear fuels are in
essence stocks of energy
6102011 17copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
Government Policies for Renewable Energy
in India
Includes Subsidies and fiscal benefits which are
bull Income tax benefits
bull Accelerated depreciation for plant and machinery
bull Customs duty and duty free import concessions
bull Capital and interest subsidy
bull Other incentives for preparation of feasibility reports and
detailed project reports (DPR)
bull Preferential tariffs are being worked out at the state
government level most incentives are focused on
installed capacity as capital costs are typically high
6102011 18copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
bull RampD subsidy to the tune of 100 of project cost in
government RampD institutions and 50 in the case of
private institutions
bull Specific incentive scheme for solar power launched in
2008 expected to cost the government Rs 90 crore and
bring in private investment to the tune of Rs 1000 crore
Generation based incentive of Rs 12 per kilowatt from
solar photovoltaic cells
Generation based incentive of Rs 10 per kilowatt for
power generated through solar thermal power plants
6102011 19copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
bull Wind Energy schemes offers
10 year income tax exemption
80 accelerated depreciation
Sales tax and excise duty exemption
6102011 20copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
New and Proposed Ventures in Renewable
Energy in India
bull Signet Solar plans to invest US$2billion over 10 years
to set up three plants in India
bull Tata BP Solar a joint venture between the Tata Group
and BP Solar of UK expanded its Bengaluru plant with
additional investment of US$100 million
bull Moser Baer announced plans to build a plant
manufacturing solar energy products costing US$250
million with technology from Applied Materials Inc
bull US-based Cypress Semiconductor is considering a
US$50 million plant in Hyderabad with SunPower Corp
in which it is a majority stakeholder
6102011 21copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
bull SunTechnics Energy Bengaluru-based subsidiary of
SunTechnics Gmbh plans to expand its plant
bull Astonfield Renewable Resources (ARRL) has
announced a US$2 billion plan in India over next 2 years
in India with a focus on solar power ARRL is working
with governments in West Bengal Haryana Gujarat and
Bihar
bull Wind power equipment maker Suzlon is entering solar
energy sector in Gujarat and Rajasthan
6102011 22copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
bull LampT plans to enter solar power generation and also
extend its green technologies business to nuclear and
hydel power
bull Jyoti is looking at all renewable energy sources It is in
technology tie-ups with German and Dutch companies
for wind energy It plans to produce windmills without
gear box of 850 KW
6102011 23copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
Renewable Energy Sources ndash Estimated Potential
Capacities
6102011 24copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
Drivers of the Renewable Energy Sector in
India
bull Huge energy demand supply gap and untapped potential
of renewable energy
bull Environmental concern pressure on polluting firms by
stakeholders
bull Felt need to strengthen Indialsquos energy security
bull Rural electrification program that aims to power 100000
villages by 2012
6102011 25copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
Solar Energy
bull Solar energy is the mostreadily available and freesource of energy sinceprehistoric times
bull It is estimated that solarenergy equivalent to over15000 times the worldsannual commercial energyconsumption reaches theearth every year
6102011 26copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
bull India receives solar energy in the region of 5 to 7
kWhm2 for 300 to 330 days in a year This energy is
sufficient to set up 20 MW solar power plant per
square kilometre land area
6102011 27copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
6102011 28copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
bull Solar energy can be utilised through two different routes
as solar thermal route and solar electric (solar
photovoltaic) routes
bull Solar thermal route uses the suns heat to produce hot
water or air cook food drying materials etc
bull Solar photovoltaic uses sunlsquos heat to produce electricity
for lighting home and building running motors pumps
electric appliances and lighting
6102011 29copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
6102011 30copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
Solar Photovoltaic (PV)
bull PV cells are usually made of silicon an element that
naturally releases electrons when exposed to light
bull The magnitude of the electric current generated depends
on the intensity of the solar radiation exposed area of
the solar cell the type of material used in fabricating the
solar cell and ambient temperature
bull The silicon cell is covered with a grid of metal that directs
the electrons to flow in a path to create an electric
current
6102011 31copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
bull Typically one cell produces about 15
watts of power Individual cells are
connected together to form a solar
panel or module capable of
producing 3 to 110 Watts power
bull Panels can be connected together in
series and parallel to make a solar
array
bull Modules are usually designed to
supply electricity at 12 Volts PV
modules are rated by their peak Watt
output at solar noon on a clear day
6102011 32copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
PV tracking systems
bull Positioning of solar panels or collectors can greatly
influence the system output efficiency and
payback Tilting mechanisms provided to the collectors
need to be adjusted according to seasons (summer and
winter) to maximise the collector efficiency
bull PV tracking systems is an alternative to the fixed
stationary PV panels PV tracking systems are mounted
and provided with tracking mechanisms to follow the sun
as it moves through the sky These tracking systems run
entirely on their own power and can increase output by
40
6102011 33copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
Back-up systems
bull Back-up systems are necessary since PV systems only
generate electricity when the sun is shining The two
most common methods of backing up solar electric
systems are connecting the system to the utility grid or
storing excess electricity in batteries for use at night or
on cloudy days
6102011 34copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
bull Solar PV systems are found to be economical especially
in the hilly and far flung areas where conventional grid
power supply will be expensive to reach
6102011 35copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
6102011 36copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
bull The period four to five hours in late morning and early
afternoon (between 9 am to 3pm) is commonly called the
Solar Window During this time 80 of the total
collectable energy for the day falls on a solar collector
bull Therefore the collector should be free from shade during
this solar window throughout the year - Shading may
arise from buildings or trees to the south of the location
6102011 37copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
Performance
bull The performance of a solar cell is measured in terms of
its efficiency at converting sunlight into electricity Only
sunlight of certain energy will work efficiently to create
electricity and much of it is reflected or absorbed by the
material that make up the cell
bull Because of this a typical commercial solar cell has an
efficiency of 15mdashonly about one-sixth of the sunlight
striking the cell generates electricity Low efficiencies
mean that larger arrays are needed and higher
investment costs
6102011 38copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
Solar lantern
bull A typical solar lantern consists of a PV module of 8 Wp
to 10 Wp capacity a sealed maintenance-free battery
of 12 V 7 AH (ampere hours) capacity and a compact
fluorescent lamp (CFL) of 5 W or 7 W rating(cost- Rs
3000ndash3300)
bull A solar lantern is usually meant to provide light for three
to four hours daily and designed to have a three-day
autonomylsquo that is to function in this manner for three
days without sunlight
6102011 39copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
6102011 40copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
Solar street lighting system
bull A solar street-lighting system (SLS) is an outdoor lighting
unit used to illuminate a street or an open area A CFL is
fixed inside a luminaire which is mounted on a pole
bull The PV module is placed at the top of the pole and a
battery is placed in a box at the base of the pole
bull The module is mounted facing south so that it receives
solar radiation throughout the day without any shadow
falling on it
6102011 41copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
6102011 42copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
bull A typical street-lighting system consists of a PV module
of 74 Wp capacity a flooded leadndashacid battery of 12 V
75 AH capacity and a CFL of 11 W rating This system
is designed to operate from dusk to dawn (that is
throughout the night)
bull The cost of an SLS is about Rs 19 000
6102011 43copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
6102011 44copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
6102011 45copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
6102011 46copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
SPV-based Information display systems
bull Such systems are slowly replacing traditional neon tube-
based systemsthe latter are not only expensive but
also consume much more energy
bull For a typical LED information system of size about 1 times 2
m and consuming about 300 watts of energy an SPV
module of about 2 kWp capacity is required to enable it
to operate all through the night
bull For a 300-watt system requiring 15 hours of
operationthe approx cost can be about Rs 7 lakhs
6102011 47copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
Building-Integrated PV Systems
bull In a building-integrated photovoltaic (BIPV) system PV
panels are integrated into the roof or faccedilade of a
building
bull The SPV panels generate electricity during the daytime
which is used to meet a part of the electrical energy
needs of the building
bull Although the initial costs of a BIPV system are high
long-term savings result from a reduction in electricity
consumption
6102011 48copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
6102011 49copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
bull In order to encourage this application and to prepare
manufacturers and users the Ministry supports BIPV
projects by meeting 80 of the cost of PV modules
installed in the systems on government and semi
government buildings
6102011 50copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
Solar Water Pumps
bull In solar water pumping system
the pump is driven by motor
run by solar electricity instead
of conventional electricity
drawn from utility grid A SPV
water pumping system consists
of a photovoltaic array mounted
on a stand and a motor-pump
set compatible with the
photovoltaic array
Figure 126 Photovoltaic Water Pumping
6102011 51copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
Solar Water Heating Systems
bull A solar water heating system is a device that uses solar
energy to heat water for domestic commercial and
industrial needs Heating of water is the most common
application of solar energy in the world
bull A typical solar water heating system can save up to
1500 units of electricity every year for every 100 litres
per day of solar water heating capacity
6102011 52copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
6102011 53copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
6102011 54copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
6102011 55copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
Design
bull A solar water heating system consists of a flat plate
solar collector a storage tank kept at a height behind
the collector and connecting pipes
bull The system is generally installed on the roof or on open
ground with the collector facing the sun and connected
to a continuous water supply
6102011 56copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
bull A compact system can save up to 45 tonnes annually of
greenhouse gas emissions In order to achieve the aims
of the Kyoto protocol several countries are offering
subsidies to the end user
6102011 57copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
Types of thermal collector
bull There are three main kinds of solar thermal collectors in
common use
bull In order of increasing cost they are Formed Plastic
Collectors Flat Collectors and Evacuated Tube
Collectors
bull The efficiency of the system is directly related to heat
losses from the collector surface (efficiency being
defined as the proportion of heating energy that can be
usefully obtained from insulation) Heat losses are
predominantly governed by the thermal gradient
between the temperature of the collector surface and the
ambient temperature
6102011 58copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
bull Efficiency decreases when either the ambient
temperature falls or as the collector temperature
increases This decrease in efficiency can be mitigated
by increasing the insulation of the unit by sealing the unit
in glass eg flat collectors or providing a vacuum seal
eg evacuated tube collector The choice of collector is
determined by the heating requirements and
environmental conditions in which it is employed
6102011 59copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
bull The collector usually comprises copperglass tubes
welded to copper sheets (both coated with a highly
absorbing black coating) with a toughened glass sheet
on top and insulating material on the back
6102011 60copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
Solar Water Heater Installation
6102011 61copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
bull Water flows through the tubes absorbs solar heatand
is stored in a tank
bull The water stored in the tank remains hot overnight as
the storage tank is insulated and heat losses are small
bull Flat-plate solar collectors are manufactured in India
however the tubes for evacuated tube collectors are
imported
6102011 62copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
Domestic solar water heating
system
bull Most domestic solar water heaters are provided with
electrical back-up Electrical heating elements are
usually placed in the storage tank and can be switched
on during cloudy days
bull In some cases the solar-heated water is led into an
existing electric geyser the geyser needs to be
switched on only in cloudy conditions
bull Most domestic systems are in the capacity range of
100ndash500 litres of hot water per day
6102011 63copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
6102011 64copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
Advantages of solar water heaters
1048714 Hot water is available 24 hours a day depending on the
use and system capacity
1048714 A solar water heater pays back its cost in 3ndash4 years
1048714 Solar water heaters last a long time (15ndash20 years) and
require only simple maintenance
6102011 65copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
Cost
bull The smallest solar water heater available has a capacity
of 100 litres per day which is sufficient for a family of
four or five members It costs Rs 15 000 to Rs 18 000
and can save about 1500 units of electricity per year
bull Soft loans are available at an interest rate of 5 for
non-commercial users and 7 for commercial
organizations These loans are available for up to 85 of
the cost of the system and can be repaid over five
years
6102011 66copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
SUN will play a major role in defining
Indiarsquos ldquoEnergy Securityrdquo objective
6102011 67copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
6102011 6copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
Energy Requirement
1 Global Number of mobile telephones currently is 41billion and is
expected to reach 5 billion by 2015 In India currently the mobile
subscriber base is 441 Million (Julylsquo09) and is expected to reach
more than 500 Million by 2010
2 More than 90 of the additions will come from emerging economies
globally with 60 to 80 of them located in rural areas
3 In India we expect that the number of new additional Base stations
neededto be set up by 2011 will exceed 200000 By the end of
Declsquo08 we have more than 22 Lacs BTS in India
Energy related expenditure accounts for nearly 70 of
total operating cost per cell site in the rural areas
6102011 7copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
Energy Requirement Continued
1 The Power requirement of a BTS currently varies from
1300 ndash 2500 watts
2 A large percentage of these deployments are still
indoor type needing air conditioning
3 Current SLAs (with operators) need shelter
temperature to be maintained between 22 ndash 300 C
range
6102011 8copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
4 Powering systems are based on grid supply as primary
source with diesel generators as stand by sources and
Storage batteries as secondary sources
5 In case of indoor shelters where specified temperature
needs to be maintained-
a DG set needs to be switched ―on to power the ACs
and maintain the temperature
b Battery Capacity is not fully utilized
6102011 9copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
Concerns
1 Base Stations are very power intensive
2 Diesel generators need regular maintenance
3 Diesel thefts are very prominent ndash they could be as
much as 20 diesel theft
4 Prices of petroleum products are continuously
increasing
6102011 10copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
5 Grid supplies in rural areas are often erratic and
unavailable requiring long runtime of DG sets
Therefore
bull Deploy as far as possible outdoor BTS equipment which
does not require Air Conditioning and intrinsically have
low power consumption
bull BTS with Standby Mode Systems that shut down TRXlsquos
during off-peak periods dynamically
6102011 11copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
Another Option is to adopt Alternative energy sources
for powering BTS
6102011 12copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
Current Power Scenario
Sector MW age
State Sector 7636467 525
Central Sector 4897099 340
Private Sector 2498775 135
Total 15032341
Total Installed Capacity
Fuel MW age
Total Thermal 9604474 646
Coal 7845888 533
Gas 1638561 105
Oil 119975 09
Hydro (Renewable) 3691676 247
Nuclear 412000 29
RES 1324241 77
Total 15032341
Renewable Energy
Sources(RES) include
SHP BG UampI and Wind
Energy
Abbreviation---
SHP= Small Hydro
Project
BG= Biomas Gasfier
BP= Biomass Power
U amp I=Urban amp
Industrial Water Power
RES=Renewable
Sources
Source- Ministry of Power
as on June 30 2009
Scope for
Renewable
energy option
6102011 13copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
A major issue for telecom companies is high operational
expenditure due to energy bills
Today the fuel cost incurred is around 17 of the total
expenditure on power for any telecom company
Today the power consumed to manage the telecom
tower is near 50-60 on the site of the operational
expense
Time to take it seriously now as Indias GDP is
expected to face a loss of around 9-13 by 2100 due to
global warmingGreen technology would help telcos in rural and semi
urban areas where power supply is still a big
challenge
Green Power is indispensable in India
6102011 14copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
Is essential
bull As the CAPEX for adopting alternative source of energy for
powering such sites will become sustainable though CAPEX
may be high initially
Also a number of technologies amongst alternative sources are
in different stages of evolution and would mature
These sources are CLEAN and GREEN
The operating costs are minimal and the Maintenance amp
replacement costs are very low compared to diesel ndash driven
sites
Adapting Alternative Sources of Energy for Powering BTS Sites
6102011 15copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
Alternative Sources of Energy Available
Technologies
1 SOLAR ndash DG HYBRID
2 WIND ndash DG HYBRID
3 SOLAR ndash WIND HYBRID
4 Biomass Gasifier
5 BIOFUELS blending with diesel -B20 grade
6 FUEL - CELLS
6102011 16copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
Concept of Renewable Energy
bull Renewable energy sources also called non-
conventional energy are sources that are continuously
replenished by natural processes For example solar
energy wind energy bio-energy - bio-fuels grown
sustain ably) hydropower etc are some of the
examples of renewable energy sources
bull Renewable energy sources are essentially flows of
energy whereas the fossil and nuclear fuels are in
essence stocks of energy
6102011 17copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
Government Policies for Renewable Energy
in India
Includes Subsidies and fiscal benefits which are
bull Income tax benefits
bull Accelerated depreciation for plant and machinery
bull Customs duty and duty free import concessions
bull Capital and interest subsidy
bull Other incentives for preparation of feasibility reports and
detailed project reports (DPR)
bull Preferential tariffs are being worked out at the state
government level most incentives are focused on
installed capacity as capital costs are typically high
6102011 18copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
bull RampD subsidy to the tune of 100 of project cost in
government RampD institutions and 50 in the case of
private institutions
bull Specific incentive scheme for solar power launched in
2008 expected to cost the government Rs 90 crore and
bring in private investment to the tune of Rs 1000 crore
Generation based incentive of Rs 12 per kilowatt from
solar photovoltaic cells
Generation based incentive of Rs 10 per kilowatt for
power generated through solar thermal power plants
6102011 19copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
bull Wind Energy schemes offers
10 year income tax exemption
80 accelerated depreciation
Sales tax and excise duty exemption
6102011 20copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
New and Proposed Ventures in Renewable
Energy in India
bull Signet Solar plans to invest US$2billion over 10 years
to set up three plants in India
bull Tata BP Solar a joint venture between the Tata Group
and BP Solar of UK expanded its Bengaluru plant with
additional investment of US$100 million
bull Moser Baer announced plans to build a plant
manufacturing solar energy products costing US$250
million with technology from Applied Materials Inc
bull US-based Cypress Semiconductor is considering a
US$50 million plant in Hyderabad with SunPower Corp
in which it is a majority stakeholder
6102011 21copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
bull SunTechnics Energy Bengaluru-based subsidiary of
SunTechnics Gmbh plans to expand its plant
bull Astonfield Renewable Resources (ARRL) has
announced a US$2 billion plan in India over next 2 years
in India with a focus on solar power ARRL is working
with governments in West Bengal Haryana Gujarat and
Bihar
bull Wind power equipment maker Suzlon is entering solar
energy sector in Gujarat and Rajasthan
6102011 22copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
bull LampT plans to enter solar power generation and also
extend its green technologies business to nuclear and
hydel power
bull Jyoti is looking at all renewable energy sources It is in
technology tie-ups with German and Dutch companies
for wind energy It plans to produce windmills without
gear box of 850 KW
6102011 23copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
Renewable Energy Sources ndash Estimated Potential
Capacities
6102011 24copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
Drivers of the Renewable Energy Sector in
India
bull Huge energy demand supply gap and untapped potential
of renewable energy
bull Environmental concern pressure on polluting firms by
stakeholders
bull Felt need to strengthen Indialsquos energy security
bull Rural electrification program that aims to power 100000
villages by 2012
6102011 25copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
Solar Energy
bull Solar energy is the mostreadily available and freesource of energy sinceprehistoric times
bull It is estimated that solarenergy equivalent to over15000 times the worldsannual commercial energyconsumption reaches theearth every year
6102011 26copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
bull India receives solar energy in the region of 5 to 7
kWhm2 for 300 to 330 days in a year This energy is
sufficient to set up 20 MW solar power plant per
square kilometre land area
6102011 27copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
6102011 28copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
bull Solar energy can be utilised through two different routes
as solar thermal route and solar electric (solar
photovoltaic) routes
bull Solar thermal route uses the suns heat to produce hot
water or air cook food drying materials etc
bull Solar photovoltaic uses sunlsquos heat to produce electricity
for lighting home and building running motors pumps
electric appliances and lighting
6102011 29copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
6102011 30copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
Solar Photovoltaic (PV)
bull PV cells are usually made of silicon an element that
naturally releases electrons when exposed to light
bull The magnitude of the electric current generated depends
on the intensity of the solar radiation exposed area of
the solar cell the type of material used in fabricating the
solar cell and ambient temperature
bull The silicon cell is covered with a grid of metal that directs
the electrons to flow in a path to create an electric
current
6102011 31copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
bull Typically one cell produces about 15
watts of power Individual cells are
connected together to form a solar
panel or module capable of
producing 3 to 110 Watts power
bull Panels can be connected together in
series and parallel to make a solar
array
bull Modules are usually designed to
supply electricity at 12 Volts PV
modules are rated by their peak Watt
output at solar noon on a clear day
6102011 32copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
PV tracking systems
bull Positioning of solar panels or collectors can greatly
influence the system output efficiency and
payback Tilting mechanisms provided to the collectors
need to be adjusted according to seasons (summer and
winter) to maximise the collector efficiency
bull PV tracking systems is an alternative to the fixed
stationary PV panels PV tracking systems are mounted
and provided with tracking mechanisms to follow the sun
as it moves through the sky These tracking systems run
entirely on their own power and can increase output by
40
6102011 33copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
Back-up systems
bull Back-up systems are necessary since PV systems only
generate electricity when the sun is shining The two
most common methods of backing up solar electric
systems are connecting the system to the utility grid or
storing excess electricity in batteries for use at night or
on cloudy days
6102011 34copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
bull Solar PV systems are found to be economical especially
in the hilly and far flung areas where conventional grid
power supply will be expensive to reach
6102011 35copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
6102011 36copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
bull The period four to five hours in late morning and early
afternoon (between 9 am to 3pm) is commonly called the
Solar Window During this time 80 of the total
collectable energy for the day falls on a solar collector
bull Therefore the collector should be free from shade during
this solar window throughout the year - Shading may
arise from buildings or trees to the south of the location
6102011 37copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
Performance
bull The performance of a solar cell is measured in terms of
its efficiency at converting sunlight into electricity Only
sunlight of certain energy will work efficiently to create
electricity and much of it is reflected or absorbed by the
material that make up the cell
bull Because of this a typical commercial solar cell has an
efficiency of 15mdashonly about one-sixth of the sunlight
striking the cell generates electricity Low efficiencies
mean that larger arrays are needed and higher
investment costs
6102011 38copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
Solar lantern
bull A typical solar lantern consists of a PV module of 8 Wp
to 10 Wp capacity a sealed maintenance-free battery
of 12 V 7 AH (ampere hours) capacity and a compact
fluorescent lamp (CFL) of 5 W or 7 W rating(cost- Rs
3000ndash3300)
bull A solar lantern is usually meant to provide light for three
to four hours daily and designed to have a three-day
autonomylsquo that is to function in this manner for three
days without sunlight
6102011 39copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
6102011 40copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
Solar street lighting system
bull A solar street-lighting system (SLS) is an outdoor lighting
unit used to illuminate a street or an open area A CFL is
fixed inside a luminaire which is mounted on a pole
bull The PV module is placed at the top of the pole and a
battery is placed in a box at the base of the pole
bull The module is mounted facing south so that it receives
solar radiation throughout the day without any shadow
falling on it
6102011 41copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
6102011 42copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
bull A typical street-lighting system consists of a PV module
of 74 Wp capacity a flooded leadndashacid battery of 12 V
75 AH capacity and a CFL of 11 W rating This system
is designed to operate from dusk to dawn (that is
throughout the night)
bull The cost of an SLS is about Rs 19 000
6102011 43copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
6102011 44copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
6102011 45copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
6102011 46copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
SPV-based Information display systems
bull Such systems are slowly replacing traditional neon tube-
based systemsthe latter are not only expensive but
also consume much more energy
bull For a typical LED information system of size about 1 times 2
m and consuming about 300 watts of energy an SPV
module of about 2 kWp capacity is required to enable it
to operate all through the night
bull For a 300-watt system requiring 15 hours of
operationthe approx cost can be about Rs 7 lakhs
6102011 47copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
Building-Integrated PV Systems
bull In a building-integrated photovoltaic (BIPV) system PV
panels are integrated into the roof or faccedilade of a
building
bull The SPV panels generate electricity during the daytime
which is used to meet a part of the electrical energy
needs of the building
bull Although the initial costs of a BIPV system are high
long-term savings result from a reduction in electricity
consumption
6102011 48copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
6102011 49copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
bull In order to encourage this application and to prepare
manufacturers and users the Ministry supports BIPV
projects by meeting 80 of the cost of PV modules
installed in the systems on government and semi
government buildings
6102011 50copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
Solar Water Pumps
bull In solar water pumping system
the pump is driven by motor
run by solar electricity instead
of conventional electricity
drawn from utility grid A SPV
water pumping system consists
of a photovoltaic array mounted
on a stand and a motor-pump
set compatible with the
photovoltaic array
Figure 126 Photovoltaic Water Pumping
6102011 51copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
Solar Water Heating Systems
bull A solar water heating system is a device that uses solar
energy to heat water for domestic commercial and
industrial needs Heating of water is the most common
application of solar energy in the world
bull A typical solar water heating system can save up to
1500 units of electricity every year for every 100 litres
per day of solar water heating capacity
6102011 52copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
6102011 53copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
6102011 54copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
6102011 55copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
Design
bull A solar water heating system consists of a flat plate
solar collector a storage tank kept at a height behind
the collector and connecting pipes
bull The system is generally installed on the roof or on open
ground with the collector facing the sun and connected
to a continuous water supply
6102011 56copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
bull A compact system can save up to 45 tonnes annually of
greenhouse gas emissions In order to achieve the aims
of the Kyoto protocol several countries are offering
subsidies to the end user
6102011 57copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
Types of thermal collector
bull There are three main kinds of solar thermal collectors in
common use
bull In order of increasing cost they are Formed Plastic
Collectors Flat Collectors and Evacuated Tube
Collectors
bull The efficiency of the system is directly related to heat
losses from the collector surface (efficiency being
defined as the proportion of heating energy that can be
usefully obtained from insulation) Heat losses are
predominantly governed by the thermal gradient
between the temperature of the collector surface and the
ambient temperature
6102011 58copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
bull Efficiency decreases when either the ambient
temperature falls or as the collector temperature
increases This decrease in efficiency can be mitigated
by increasing the insulation of the unit by sealing the unit
in glass eg flat collectors or providing a vacuum seal
eg evacuated tube collector The choice of collector is
determined by the heating requirements and
environmental conditions in which it is employed
6102011 59copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
bull The collector usually comprises copperglass tubes
welded to copper sheets (both coated with a highly
absorbing black coating) with a toughened glass sheet
on top and insulating material on the back
6102011 60copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
Solar Water Heater Installation
6102011 61copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
bull Water flows through the tubes absorbs solar heatand
is stored in a tank
bull The water stored in the tank remains hot overnight as
the storage tank is insulated and heat losses are small
bull Flat-plate solar collectors are manufactured in India
however the tubes for evacuated tube collectors are
imported
6102011 62copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
Domestic solar water heating
system
bull Most domestic solar water heaters are provided with
electrical back-up Electrical heating elements are
usually placed in the storage tank and can be switched
on during cloudy days
bull In some cases the solar-heated water is led into an
existing electric geyser the geyser needs to be
switched on only in cloudy conditions
bull Most domestic systems are in the capacity range of
100ndash500 litres of hot water per day
6102011 63copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
6102011 64copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
Advantages of solar water heaters
1048714 Hot water is available 24 hours a day depending on the
use and system capacity
1048714 A solar water heater pays back its cost in 3ndash4 years
1048714 Solar water heaters last a long time (15ndash20 years) and
require only simple maintenance
6102011 65copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
Cost
bull The smallest solar water heater available has a capacity
of 100 litres per day which is sufficient for a family of
four or five members It costs Rs 15 000 to Rs 18 000
and can save about 1500 units of electricity per year
bull Soft loans are available at an interest rate of 5 for
non-commercial users and 7 for commercial
organizations These loans are available for up to 85 of
the cost of the system and can be repaid over five
years
6102011 66copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
SUN will play a major role in defining
Indiarsquos ldquoEnergy Securityrdquo objective
6102011 67copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
6102011 7copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
Energy Requirement Continued
1 The Power requirement of a BTS currently varies from
1300 ndash 2500 watts
2 A large percentage of these deployments are still
indoor type needing air conditioning
3 Current SLAs (with operators) need shelter
temperature to be maintained between 22 ndash 300 C
range
6102011 8copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
4 Powering systems are based on grid supply as primary
source with diesel generators as stand by sources and
Storage batteries as secondary sources
5 In case of indoor shelters where specified temperature
needs to be maintained-
a DG set needs to be switched ―on to power the ACs
and maintain the temperature
b Battery Capacity is not fully utilized
6102011 9copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
Concerns
1 Base Stations are very power intensive
2 Diesel generators need regular maintenance
3 Diesel thefts are very prominent ndash they could be as
much as 20 diesel theft
4 Prices of petroleum products are continuously
increasing
6102011 10copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
5 Grid supplies in rural areas are often erratic and
unavailable requiring long runtime of DG sets
Therefore
bull Deploy as far as possible outdoor BTS equipment which
does not require Air Conditioning and intrinsically have
low power consumption
bull BTS with Standby Mode Systems that shut down TRXlsquos
during off-peak periods dynamically
6102011 11copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
Another Option is to adopt Alternative energy sources
for powering BTS
6102011 12copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
Current Power Scenario
Sector MW age
State Sector 7636467 525
Central Sector 4897099 340
Private Sector 2498775 135
Total 15032341
Total Installed Capacity
Fuel MW age
Total Thermal 9604474 646
Coal 7845888 533
Gas 1638561 105
Oil 119975 09
Hydro (Renewable) 3691676 247
Nuclear 412000 29
RES 1324241 77
Total 15032341
Renewable Energy
Sources(RES) include
SHP BG UampI and Wind
Energy
Abbreviation---
SHP= Small Hydro
Project
BG= Biomas Gasfier
BP= Biomass Power
U amp I=Urban amp
Industrial Water Power
RES=Renewable
Sources
Source- Ministry of Power
as on June 30 2009
Scope for
Renewable
energy option
6102011 13copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
A major issue for telecom companies is high operational
expenditure due to energy bills
Today the fuel cost incurred is around 17 of the total
expenditure on power for any telecom company
Today the power consumed to manage the telecom
tower is near 50-60 on the site of the operational
expense
Time to take it seriously now as Indias GDP is
expected to face a loss of around 9-13 by 2100 due to
global warmingGreen technology would help telcos in rural and semi
urban areas where power supply is still a big
challenge
Green Power is indispensable in India
6102011 14copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
Is essential
bull As the CAPEX for adopting alternative source of energy for
powering such sites will become sustainable though CAPEX
may be high initially
Also a number of technologies amongst alternative sources are
in different stages of evolution and would mature
These sources are CLEAN and GREEN
The operating costs are minimal and the Maintenance amp
replacement costs are very low compared to diesel ndash driven
sites
Adapting Alternative Sources of Energy for Powering BTS Sites
6102011 15copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
Alternative Sources of Energy Available
Technologies
1 SOLAR ndash DG HYBRID
2 WIND ndash DG HYBRID
3 SOLAR ndash WIND HYBRID
4 Biomass Gasifier
5 BIOFUELS blending with diesel -B20 grade
6 FUEL - CELLS
6102011 16copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
Concept of Renewable Energy
bull Renewable energy sources also called non-
conventional energy are sources that are continuously
replenished by natural processes For example solar
energy wind energy bio-energy - bio-fuels grown
sustain ably) hydropower etc are some of the
examples of renewable energy sources
bull Renewable energy sources are essentially flows of
energy whereas the fossil and nuclear fuels are in
essence stocks of energy
6102011 17copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
Government Policies for Renewable Energy
in India
Includes Subsidies and fiscal benefits which are
bull Income tax benefits
bull Accelerated depreciation for plant and machinery
bull Customs duty and duty free import concessions
bull Capital and interest subsidy
bull Other incentives for preparation of feasibility reports and
detailed project reports (DPR)
bull Preferential tariffs are being worked out at the state
government level most incentives are focused on
installed capacity as capital costs are typically high
6102011 18copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
bull RampD subsidy to the tune of 100 of project cost in
government RampD institutions and 50 in the case of
private institutions
bull Specific incentive scheme for solar power launched in
2008 expected to cost the government Rs 90 crore and
bring in private investment to the tune of Rs 1000 crore
Generation based incentive of Rs 12 per kilowatt from
solar photovoltaic cells
Generation based incentive of Rs 10 per kilowatt for
power generated through solar thermal power plants
6102011 19copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
bull Wind Energy schemes offers
10 year income tax exemption
80 accelerated depreciation
Sales tax and excise duty exemption
6102011 20copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
New and Proposed Ventures in Renewable
Energy in India
bull Signet Solar plans to invest US$2billion over 10 years
to set up three plants in India
bull Tata BP Solar a joint venture between the Tata Group
and BP Solar of UK expanded its Bengaluru plant with
additional investment of US$100 million
bull Moser Baer announced plans to build a plant
manufacturing solar energy products costing US$250
million with technology from Applied Materials Inc
bull US-based Cypress Semiconductor is considering a
US$50 million plant in Hyderabad with SunPower Corp
in which it is a majority stakeholder
6102011 21copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
bull SunTechnics Energy Bengaluru-based subsidiary of
SunTechnics Gmbh plans to expand its plant
bull Astonfield Renewable Resources (ARRL) has
announced a US$2 billion plan in India over next 2 years
in India with a focus on solar power ARRL is working
with governments in West Bengal Haryana Gujarat and
Bihar
bull Wind power equipment maker Suzlon is entering solar
energy sector in Gujarat and Rajasthan
6102011 22copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
bull LampT plans to enter solar power generation and also
extend its green technologies business to nuclear and
hydel power
bull Jyoti is looking at all renewable energy sources It is in
technology tie-ups with German and Dutch companies
for wind energy It plans to produce windmills without
gear box of 850 KW
6102011 23copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
Renewable Energy Sources ndash Estimated Potential
Capacities
6102011 24copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
Drivers of the Renewable Energy Sector in
India
bull Huge energy demand supply gap and untapped potential
of renewable energy
bull Environmental concern pressure on polluting firms by
stakeholders
bull Felt need to strengthen Indialsquos energy security
bull Rural electrification program that aims to power 100000
villages by 2012
6102011 25copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
Solar Energy
bull Solar energy is the mostreadily available and freesource of energy sinceprehistoric times
bull It is estimated that solarenergy equivalent to over15000 times the worldsannual commercial energyconsumption reaches theearth every year
6102011 26copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
bull India receives solar energy in the region of 5 to 7
kWhm2 for 300 to 330 days in a year This energy is
sufficient to set up 20 MW solar power plant per
square kilometre land area
6102011 27copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
6102011 28copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
bull Solar energy can be utilised through two different routes
as solar thermal route and solar electric (solar
photovoltaic) routes
bull Solar thermal route uses the suns heat to produce hot
water or air cook food drying materials etc
bull Solar photovoltaic uses sunlsquos heat to produce electricity
for lighting home and building running motors pumps
electric appliances and lighting
6102011 29copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
6102011 30copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
Solar Photovoltaic (PV)
bull PV cells are usually made of silicon an element that
naturally releases electrons when exposed to light
bull The magnitude of the electric current generated depends
on the intensity of the solar radiation exposed area of
the solar cell the type of material used in fabricating the
solar cell and ambient temperature
bull The silicon cell is covered with a grid of metal that directs
the electrons to flow in a path to create an electric
current
6102011 31copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
bull Typically one cell produces about 15
watts of power Individual cells are
connected together to form a solar
panel or module capable of
producing 3 to 110 Watts power
bull Panels can be connected together in
series and parallel to make a solar
array
bull Modules are usually designed to
supply electricity at 12 Volts PV
modules are rated by their peak Watt
output at solar noon on a clear day
6102011 32copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
PV tracking systems
bull Positioning of solar panels or collectors can greatly
influence the system output efficiency and
payback Tilting mechanisms provided to the collectors
need to be adjusted according to seasons (summer and
winter) to maximise the collector efficiency
bull PV tracking systems is an alternative to the fixed
stationary PV panels PV tracking systems are mounted
and provided with tracking mechanisms to follow the sun
as it moves through the sky These tracking systems run
entirely on their own power and can increase output by
40
6102011 33copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
Back-up systems
bull Back-up systems are necessary since PV systems only
generate electricity when the sun is shining The two
most common methods of backing up solar electric
systems are connecting the system to the utility grid or
storing excess electricity in batteries for use at night or
on cloudy days
6102011 34copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
bull Solar PV systems are found to be economical especially
in the hilly and far flung areas where conventional grid
power supply will be expensive to reach
6102011 35copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
6102011 36copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
bull The period four to five hours in late morning and early
afternoon (between 9 am to 3pm) is commonly called the
Solar Window During this time 80 of the total
collectable energy for the day falls on a solar collector
bull Therefore the collector should be free from shade during
this solar window throughout the year - Shading may
arise from buildings or trees to the south of the location
6102011 37copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
Performance
bull The performance of a solar cell is measured in terms of
its efficiency at converting sunlight into electricity Only
sunlight of certain energy will work efficiently to create
electricity and much of it is reflected or absorbed by the
material that make up the cell
bull Because of this a typical commercial solar cell has an
efficiency of 15mdashonly about one-sixth of the sunlight
striking the cell generates electricity Low efficiencies
mean that larger arrays are needed and higher
investment costs
6102011 38copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
Solar lantern
bull A typical solar lantern consists of a PV module of 8 Wp
to 10 Wp capacity a sealed maintenance-free battery
of 12 V 7 AH (ampere hours) capacity and a compact
fluorescent lamp (CFL) of 5 W or 7 W rating(cost- Rs
3000ndash3300)
bull A solar lantern is usually meant to provide light for three
to four hours daily and designed to have a three-day
autonomylsquo that is to function in this manner for three
days without sunlight
6102011 39copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
6102011 40copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
Solar street lighting system
bull A solar street-lighting system (SLS) is an outdoor lighting
unit used to illuminate a street or an open area A CFL is
fixed inside a luminaire which is mounted on a pole
bull The PV module is placed at the top of the pole and a
battery is placed in a box at the base of the pole
bull The module is mounted facing south so that it receives
solar radiation throughout the day without any shadow
falling on it
6102011 41copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
6102011 42copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
bull A typical street-lighting system consists of a PV module
of 74 Wp capacity a flooded leadndashacid battery of 12 V
75 AH capacity and a CFL of 11 W rating This system
is designed to operate from dusk to dawn (that is
throughout the night)
bull The cost of an SLS is about Rs 19 000
6102011 43copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
6102011 44copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
6102011 45copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
6102011 46copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
SPV-based Information display systems
bull Such systems are slowly replacing traditional neon tube-
based systemsthe latter are not only expensive but
also consume much more energy
bull For a typical LED information system of size about 1 times 2
m and consuming about 300 watts of energy an SPV
module of about 2 kWp capacity is required to enable it
to operate all through the night
bull For a 300-watt system requiring 15 hours of
operationthe approx cost can be about Rs 7 lakhs
6102011 47copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
Building-Integrated PV Systems
bull In a building-integrated photovoltaic (BIPV) system PV
panels are integrated into the roof or faccedilade of a
building
bull The SPV panels generate electricity during the daytime
which is used to meet a part of the electrical energy
needs of the building
bull Although the initial costs of a BIPV system are high
long-term savings result from a reduction in electricity
consumption
6102011 48copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
6102011 49copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
bull In order to encourage this application and to prepare
manufacturers and users the Ministry supports BIPV
projects by meeting 80 of the cost of PV modules
installed in the systems on government and semi
government buildings
6102011 50copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
Solar Water Pumps
bull In solar water pumping system
the pump is driven by motor
run by solar electricity instead
of conventional electricity
drawn from utility grid A SPV
water pumping system consists
of a photovoltaic array mounted
on a stand and a motor-pump
set compatible with the
photovoltaic array
Figure 126 Photovoltaic Water Pumping
6102011 51copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
Solar Water Heating Systems
bull A solar water heating system is a device that uses solar
energy to heat water for domestic commercial and
industrial needs Heating of water is the most common
application of solar energy in the world
bull A typical solar water heating system can save up to
1500 units of electricity every year for every 100 litres
per day of solar water heating capacity
6102011 52copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
6102011 53copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
6102011 54copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
6102011 55copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
Design
bull A solar water heating system consists of a flat plate
solar collector a storage tank kept at a height behind
the collector and connecting pipes
bull The system is generally installed on the roof or on open
ground with the collector facing the sun and connected
to a continuous water supply
6102011 56copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
bull A compact system can save up to 45 tonnes annually of
greenhouse gas emissions In order to achieve the aims
of the Kyoto protocol several countries are offering
subsidies to the end user
6102011 57copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
Types of thermal collector
bull There are three main kinds of solar thermal collectors in
common use
bull In order of increasing cost they are Formed Plastic
Collectors Flat Collectors and Evacuated Tube
Collectors
bull The efficiency of the system is directly related to heat
losses from the collector surface (efficiency being
defined as the proportion of heating energy that can be
usefully obtained from insulation) Heat losses are
predominantly governed by the thermal gradient
between the temperature of the collector surface and the
ambient temperature
6102011 58copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
bull Efficiency decreases when either the ambient
temperature falls or as the collector temperature
increases This decrease in efficiency can be mitigated
by increasing the insulation of the unit by sealing the unit
in glass eg flat collectors or providing a vacuum seal
eg evacuated tube collector The choice of collector is
determined by the heating requirements and
environmental conditions in which it is employed
6102011 59copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
bull The collector usually comprises copperglass tubes
welded to copper sheets (both coated with a highly
absorbing black coating) with a toughened glass sheet
on top and insulating material on the back
6102011 60copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
Solar Water Heater Installation
6102011 61copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
bull Water flows through the tubes absorbs solar heatand
is stored in a tank
bull The water stored in the tank remains hot overnight as
the storage tank is insulated and heat losses are small
bull Flat-plate solar collectors are manufactured in India
however the tubes for evacuated tube collectors are
imported
6102011 62copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
Domestic solar water heating
system
bull Most domestic solar water heaters are provided with
electrical back-up Electrical heating elements are
usually placed in the storage tank and can be switched
on during cloudy days
bull In some cases the solar-heated water is led into an
existing electric geyser the geyser needs to be
switched on only in cloudy conditions
bull Most domestic systems are in the capacity range of
100ndash500 litres of hot water per day
6102011 63copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
6102011 64copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
Advantages of solar water heaters
1048714 Hot water is available 24 hours a day depending on the
use and system capacity
1048714 A solar water heater pays back its cost in 3ndash4 years
1048714 Solar water heaters last a long time (15ndash20 years) and
require only simple maintenance
6102011 65copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
Cost
bull The smallest solar water heater available has a capacity
of 100 litres per day which is sufficient for a family of
four or five members It costs Rs 15 000 to Rs 18 000
and can save about 1500 units of electricity per year
bull Soft loans are available at an interest rate of 5 for
non-commercial users and 7 for commercial
organizations These loans are available for up to 85 of
the cost of the system and can be repaid over five
years
6102011 66copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
SUN will play a major role in defining
Indiarsquos ldquoEnergy Securityrdquo objective
6102011 67copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
6102011 8copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
4 Powering systems are based on grid supply as primary
source with diesel generators as stand by sources and
Storage batteries as secondary sources
5 In case of indoor shelters where specified temperature
needs to be maintained-
a DG set needs to be switched ―on to power the ACs
and maintain the temperature
b Battery Capacity is not fully utilized
6102011 9copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
Concerns
1 Base Stations are very power intensive
2 Diesel generators need regular maintenance
3 Diesel thefts are very prominent ndash they could be as
much as 20 diesel theft
4 Prices of petroleum products are continuously
increasing
6102011 10copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
5 Grid supplies in rural areas are often erratic and
unavailable requiring long runtime of DG sets
Therefore
bull Deploy as far as possible outdoor BTS equipment which
does not require Air Conditioning and intrinsically have
low power consumption
bull BTS with Standby Mode Systems that shut down TRXlsquos
during off-peak periods dynamically
6102011 11copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
Another Option is to adopt Alternative energy sources
for powering BTS
6102011 12copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
Current Power Scenario
Sector MW age
State Sector 7636467 525
Central Sector 4897099 340
Private Sector 2498775 135
Total 15032341
Total Installed Capacity
Fuel MW age
Total Thermal 9604474 646
Coal 7845888 533
Gas 1638561 105
Oil 119975 09
Hydro (Renewable) 3691676 247
Nuclear 412000 29
RES 1324241 77
Total 15032341
Renewable Energy
Sources(RES) include
SHP BG UampI and Wind
Energy
Abbreviation---
SHP= Small Hydro
Project
BG= Biomas Gasfier
BP= Biomass Power
U amp I=Urban amp
Industrial Water Power
RES=Renewable
Sources
Source- Ministry of Power
as on June 30 2009
Scope for
Renewable
energy option
6102011 13copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
A major issue for telecom companies is high operational
expenditure due to energy bills
Today the fuel cost incurred is around 17 of the total
expenditure on power for any telecom company
Today the power consumed to manage the telecom
tower is near 50-60 on the site of the operational
expense
Time to take it seriously now as Indias GDP is
expected to face a loss of around 9-13 by 2100 due to
global warmingGreen technology would help telcos in rural and semi
urban areas where power supply is still a big
challenge
Green Power is indispensable in India
6102011 14copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
Is essential
bull As the CAPEX for adopting alternative source of energy for
powering such sites will become sustainable though CAPEX
may be high initially
Also a number of technologies amongst alternative sources are
in different stages of evolution and would mature
These sources are CLEAN and GREEN
The operating costs are minimal and the Maintenance amp
replacement costs are very low compared to diesel ndash driven
sites
Adapting Alternative Sources of Energy for Powering BTS Sites
6102011 15copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
Alternative Sources of Energy Available
Technologies
1 SOLAR ndash DG HYBRID
2 WIND ndash DG HYBRID
3 SOLAR ndash WIND HYBRID
4 Biomass Gasifier
5 BIOFUELS blending with diesel -B20 grade
6 FUEL - CELLS
6102011 16copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
Concept of Renewable Energy
bull Renewable energy sources also called non-
conventional energy are sources that are continuously
replenished by natural processes For example solar
energy wind energy bio-energy - bio-fuels grown
sustain ably) hydropower etc are some of the
examples of renewable energy sources
bull Renewable energy sources are essentially flows of
energy whereas the fossil and nuclear fuels are in
essence stocks of energy
6102011 17copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
Government Policies for Renewable Energy
in India
Includes Subsidies and fiscal benefits which are
bull Income tax benefits
bull Accelerated depreciation for plant and machinery
bull Customs duty and duty free import concessions
bull Capital and interest subsidy
bull Other incentives for preparation of feasibility reports and
detailed project reports (DPR)
bull Preferential tariffs are being worked out at the state
government level most incentives are focused on
installed capacity as capital costs are typically high
6102011 18copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
bull RampD subsidy to the tune of 100 of project cost in
government RampD institutions and 50 in the case of
private institutions
bull Specific incentive scheme for solar power launched in
2008 expected to cost the government Rs 90 crore and
bring in private investment to the tune of Rs 1000 crore
Generation based incentive of Rs 12 per kilowatt from
solar photovoltaic cells
Generation based incentive of Rs 10 per kilowatt for
power generated through solar thermal power plants
6102011 19copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
bull Wind Energy schemes offers
10 year income tax exemption
80 accelerated depreciation
Sales tax and excise duty exemption
6102011 20copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
New and Proposed Ventures in Renewable
Energy in India
bull Signet Solar plans to invest US$2billion over 10 years
to set up three plants in India
bull Tata BP Solar a joint venture between the Tata Group
and BP Solar of UK expanded its Bengaluru plant with
additional investment of US$100 million
bull Moser Baer announced plans to build a plant
manufacturing solar energy products costing US$250
million with technology from Applied Materials Inc
bull US-based Cypress Semiconductor is considering a
US$50 million plant in Hyderabad with SunPower Corp
in which it is a majority stakeholder
6102011 21copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
bull SunTechnics Energy Bengaluru-based subsidiary of
SunTechnics Gmbh plans to expand its plant
bull Astonfield Renewable Resources (ARRL) has
announced a US$2 billion plan in India over next 2 years
in India with a focus on solar power ARRL is working
with governments in West Bengal Haryana Gujarat and
Bihar
bull Wind power equipment maker Suzlon is entering solar
energy sector in Gujarat and Rajasthan
6102011 22copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
bull LampT plans to enter solar power generation and also
extend its green technologies business to nuclear and
hydel power
bull Jyoti is looking at all renewable energy sources It is in
technology tie-ups with German and Dutch companies
for wind energy It plans to produce windmills without
gear box of 850 KW
6102011 23copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
Renewable Energy Sources ndash Estimated Potential
Capacities
6102011 24copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
Drivers of the Renewable Energy Sector in
India
bull Huge energy demand supply gap and untapped potential
of renewable energy
bull Environmental concern pressure on polluting firms by
stakeholders
bull Felt need to strengthen Indialsquos energy security
bull Rural electrification program that aims to power 100000
villages by 2012
6102011 25copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
Solar Energy
bull Solar energy is the mostreadily available and freesource of energy sinceprehistoric times
bull It is estimated that solarenergy equivalent to over15000 times the worldsannual commercial energyconsumption reaches theearth every year
6102011 26copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
bull India receives solar energy in the region of 5 to 7
kWhm2 for 300 to 330 days in a year This energy is
sufficient to set up 20 MW solar power plant per
square kilometre land area
6102011 27copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
6102011 28copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
bull Solar energy can be utilised through two different routes
as solar thermal route and solar electric (solar
photovoltaic) routes
bull Solar thermal route uses the suns heat to produce hot
water or air cook food drying materials etc
bull Solar photovoltaic uses sunlsquos heat to produce electricity
for lighting home and building running motors pumps
electric appliances and lighting
6102011 29copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
6102011 30copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
Solar Photovoltaic (PV)
bull PV cells are usually made of silicon an element that
naturally releases electrons when exposed to light
bull The magnitude of the electric current generated depends
on the intensity of the solar radiation exposed area of
the solar cell the type of material used in fabricating the
solar cell and ambient temperature
bull The silicon cell is covered with a grid of metal that directs
the electrons to flow in a path to create an electric
current
6102011 31copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
bull Typically one cell produces about 15
watts of power Individual cells are
connected together to form a solar
panel or module capable of
producing 3 to 110 Watts power
bull Panels can be connected together in
series and parallel to make a solar
array
bull Modules are usually designed to
supply electricity at 12 Volts PV
modules are rated by their peak Watt
output at solar noon on a clear day
6102011 32copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
PV tracking systems
bull Positioning of solar panels or collectors can greatly
influence the system output efficiency and
payback Tilting mechanisms provided to the collectors
need to be adjusted according to seasons (summer and
winter) to maximise the collector efficiency
bull PV tracking systems is an alternative to the fixed
stationary PV panels PV tracking systems are mounted
and provided with tracking mechanisms to follow the sun
as it moves through the sky These tracking systems run
entirely on their own power and can increase output by
40
6102011 33copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
Back-up systems
bull Back-up systems are necessary since PV systems only
generate electricity when the sun is shining The two
most common methods of backing up solar electric
systems are connecting the system to the utility grid or
storing excess electricity in batteries for use at night or
on cloudy days
6102011 34copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
bull Solar PV systems are found to be economical especially
in the hilly and far flung areas where conventional grid
power supply will be expensive to reach
6102011 35copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
6102011 36copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
bull The period four to five hours in late morning and early
afternoon (between 9 am to 3pm) is commonly called the
Solar Window During this time 80 of the total
collectable energy for the day falls on a solar collector
bull Therefore the collector should be free from shade during
this solar window throughout the year - Shading may
arise from buildings or trees to the south of the location
6102011 37copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
Performance
bull The performance of a solar cell is measured in terms of
its efficiency at converting sunlight into electricity Only
sunlight of certain energy will work efficiently to create
electricity and much of it is reflected or absorbed by the
material that make up the cell
bull Because of this a typical commercial solar cell has an
efficiency of 15mdashonly about one-sixth of the sunlight
striking the cell generates electricity Low efficiencies
mean that larger arrays are needed and higher
investment costs
6102011 38copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
Solar lantern
bull A typical solar lantern consists of a PV module of 8 Wp
to 10 Wp capacity a sealed maintenance-free battery
of 12 V 7 AH (ampere hours) capacity and a compact
fluorescent lamp (CFL) of 5 W or 7 W rating(cost- Rs
3000ndash3300)
bull A solar lantern is usually meant to provide light for three
to four hours daily and designed to have a three-day
autonomylsquo that is to function in this manner for three
days without sunlight
6102011 39copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
6102011 40copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
Solar street lighting system
bull A solar street-lighting system (SLS) is an outdoor lighting
unit used to illuminate a street or an open area A CFL is
fixed inside a luminaire which is mounted on a pole
bull The PV module is placed at the top of the pole and a
battery is placed in a box at the base of the pole
bull The module is mounted facing south so that it receives
solar radiation throughout the day without any shadow
falling on it
6102011 41copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
6102011 42copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
bull A typical street-lighting system consists of a PV module
of 74 Wp capacity a flooded leadndashacid battery of 12 V
75 AH capacity and a CFL of 11 W rating This system
is designed to operate from dusk to dawn (that is
throughout the night)
bull The cost of an SLS is about Rs 19 000
6102011 43copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
6102011 44copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
6102011 45copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
6102011 46copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
SPV-based Information display systems
bull Such systems are slowly replacing traditional neon tube-
based systemsthe latter are not only expensive but
also consume much more energy
bull For a typical LED information system of size about 1 times 2
m and consuming about 300 watts of energy an SPV
module of about 2 kWp capacity is required to enable it
to operate all through the night
bull For a 300-watt system requiring 15 hours of
operationthe approx cost can be about Rs 7 lakhs
6102011 47copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
Building-Integrated PV Systems
bull In a building-integrated photovoltaic (BIPV) system PV
panels are integrated into the roof or faccedilade of a
building
bull The SPV panels generate electricity during the daytime
which is used to meet a part of the electrical energy
needs of the building
bull Although the initial costs of a BIPV system are high
long-term savings result from a reduction in electricity
consumption
6102011 48copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
6102011 49copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
bull In order to encourage this application and to prepare
manufacturers and users the Ministry supports BIPV
projects by meeting 80 of the cost of PV modules
installed in the systems on government and semi
government buildings
6102011 50copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
Solar Water Pumps
bull In solar water pumping system
the pump is driven by motor
run by solar electricity instead
of conventional electricity
drawn from utility grid A SPV
water pumping system consists
of a photovoltaic array mounted
on a stand and a motor-pump
set compatible with the
photovoltaic array
Figure 126 Photovoltaic Water Pumping
6102011 51copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
Solar Water Heating Systems
bull A solar water heating system is a device that uses solar
energy to heat water for domestic commercial and
industrial needs Heating of water is the most common
application of solar energy in the world
bull A typical solar water heating system can save up to
1500 units of electricity every year for every 100 litres
per day of solar water heating capacity
6102011 52copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
6102011 53copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
6102011 54copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
6102011 55copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
Design
bull A solar water heating system consists of a flat plate
solar collector a storage tank kept at a height behind
the collector and connecting pipes
bull The system is generally installed on the roof or on open
ground with the collector facing the sun and connected
to a continuous water supply
6102011 56copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
bull A compact system can save up to 45 tonnes annually of
greenhouse gas emissions In order to achieve the aims
of the Kyoto protocol several countries are offering
subsidies to the end user
6102011 57copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
Types of thermal collector
bull There are three main kinds of solar thermal collectors in
common use
bull In order of increasing cost they are Formed Plastic
Collectors Flat Collectors and Evacuated Tube
Collectors
bull The efficiency of the system is directly related to heat
losses from the collector surface (efficiency being
defined as the proportion of heating energy that can be
usefully obtained from insulation) Heat losses are
predominantly governed by the thermal gradient
between the temperature of the collector surface and the
ambient temperature
6102011 58copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
bull Efficiency decreases when either the ambient
temperature falls or as the collector temperature
increases This decrease in efficiency can be mitigated
by increasing the insulation of the unit by sealing the unit
in glass eg flat collectors or providing a vacuum seal
eg evacuated tube collector The choice of collector is
determined by the heating requirements and
environmental conditions in which it is employed
6102011 59copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
bull The collector usually comprises copperglass tubes
welded to copper sheets (both coated with a highly
absorbing black coating) with a toughened glass sheet
on top and insulating material on the back
6102011 60copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
Solar Water Heater Installation
6102011 61copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
bull Water flows through the tubes absorbs solar heatand
is stored in a tank
bull The water stored in the tank remains hot overnight as
the storage tank is insulated and heat losses are small
bull Flat-plate solar collectors are manufactured in India
however the tubes for evacuated tube collectors are
imported
6102011 62copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
Domestic solar water heating
system
bull Most domestic solar water heaters are provided with
electrical back-up Electrical heating elements are
usually placed in the storage tank and can be switched
on during cloudy days
bull In some cases the solar-heated water is led into an
existing electric geyser the geyser needs to be
switched on only in cloudy conditions
bull Most domestic systems are in the capacity range of
100ndash500 litres of hot water per day
6102011 63copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
6102011 64copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
Advantages of solar water heaters
1048714 Hot water is available 24 hours a day depending on the
use and system capacity
1048714 A solar water heater pays back its cost in 3ndash4 years
1048714 Solar water heaters last a long time (15ndash20 years) and
require only simple maintenance
6102011 65copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
Cost
bull The smallest solar water heater available has a capacity
of 100 litres per day which is sufficient for a family of
four or five members It costs Rs 15 000 to Rs 18 000
and can save about 1500 units of electricity per year
bull Soft loans are available at an interest rate of 5 for
non-commercial users and 7 for commercial
organizations These loans are available for up to 85 of
the cost of the system and can be repaid over five
years
6102011 66copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
SUN will play a major role in defining
Indiarsquos ldquoEnergy Securityrdquo objective
6102011 67copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
6102011 9copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
Concerns
1 Base Stations are very power intensive
2 Diesel generators need regular maintenance
3 Diesel thefts are very prominent ndash they could be as
much as 20 diesel theft
4 Prices of petroleum products are continuously
increasing
6102011 10copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
5 Grid supplies in rural areas are often erratic and
unavailable requiring long runtime of DG sets
Therefore
bull Deploy as far as possible outdoor BTS equipment which
does not require Air Conditioning and intrinsically have
low power consumption
bull BTS with Standby Mode Systems that shut down TRXlsquos
during off-peak periods dynamically
6102011 11copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
Another Option is to adopt Alternative energy sources
for powering BTS
6102011 12copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
Current Power Scenario
Sector MW age
State Sector 7636467 525
Central Sector 4897099 340
Private Sector 2498775 135
Total 15032341
Total Installed Capacity
Fuel MW age
Total Thermal 9604474 646
Coal 7845888 533
Gas 1638561 105
Oil 119975 09
Hydro (Renewable) 3691676 247
Nuclear 412000 29
RES 1324241 77
Total 15032341
Renewable Energy
Sources(RES) include
SHP BG UampI and Wind
Energy
Abbreviation---
SHP= Small Hydro
Project
BG= Biomas Gasfier
BP= Biomass Power
U amp I=Urban amp
Industrial Water Power
RES=Renewable
Sources
Source- Ministry of Power
as on June 30 2009
Scope for
Renewable
energy option
6102011 13copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
A major issue for telecom companies is high operational
expenditure due to energy bills
Today the fuel cost incurred is around 17 of the total
expenditure on power for any telecom company
Today the power consumed to manage the telecom
tower is near 50-60 on the site of the operational
expense
Time to take it seriously now as Indias GDP is
expected to face a loss of around 9-13 by 2100 due to
global warmingGreen technology would help telcos in rural and semi
urban areas where power supply is still a big
challenge
Green Power is indispensable in India
6102011 14copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
Is essential
bull As the CAPEX for adopting alternative source of energy for
powering such sites will become sustainable though CAPEX
may be high initially
Also a number of technologies amongst alternative sources are
in different stages of evolution and would mature
These sources are CLEAN and GREEN
The operating costs are minimal and the Maintenance amp
replacement costs are very low compared to diesel ndash driven
sites
Adapting Alternative Sources of Energy for Powering BTS Sites
6102011 15copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
Alternative Sources of Energy Available
Technologies
1 SOLAR ndash DG HYBRID
2 WIND ndash DG HYBRID
3 SOLAR ndash WIND HYBRID
4 Biomass Gasifier
5 BIOFUELS blending with diesel -B20 grade
6 FUEL - CELLS
6102011 16copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
Concept of Renewable Energy
bull Renewable energy sources also called non-
conventional energy are sources that are continuously
replenished by natural processes For example solar
energy wind energy bio-energy - bio-fuels grown
sustain ably) hydropower etc are some of the
examples of renewable energy sources
bull Renewable energy sources are essentially flows of
energy whereas the fossil and nuclear fuels are in
essence stocks of energy
6102011 17copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
Government Policies for Renewable Energy
in India
Includes Subsidies and fiscal benefits which are
bull Income tax benefits
bull Accelerated depreciation for plant and machinery
bull Customs duty and duty free import concessions
bull Capital and interest subsidy
bull Other incentives for preparation of feasibility reports and
detailed project reports (DPR)
bull Preferential tariffs are being worked out at the state
government level most incentives are focused on
installed capacity as capital costs are typically high
6102011 18copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
bull RampD subsidy to the tune of 100 of project cost in
government RampD institutions and 50 in the case of
private institutions
bull Specific incentive scheme for solar power launched in
2008 expected to cost the government Rs 90 crore and
bring in private investment to the tune of Rs 1000 crore
Generation based incentive of Rs 12 per kilowatt from
solar photovoltaic cells
Generation based incentive of Rs 10 per kilowatt for
power generated through solar thermal power plants
6102011 19copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
bull Wind Energy schemes offers
10 year income tax exemption
80 accelerated depreciation
Sales tax and excise duty exemption
6102011 20copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
New and Proposed Ventures in Renewable
Energy in India
bull Signet Solar plans to invest US$2billion over 10 years
to set up three plants in India
bull Tata BP Solar a joint venture between the Tata Group
and BP Solar of UK expanded its Bengaluru plant with
additional investment of US$100 million
bull Moser Baer announced plans to build a plant
manufacturing solar energy products costing US$250
million with technology from Applied Materials Inc
bull US-based Cypress Semiconductor is considering a
US$50 million plant in Hyderabad with SunPower Corp
in which it is a majority stakeholder
6102011 21copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
bull SunTechnics Energy Bengaluru-based subsidiary of
SunTechnics Gmbh plans to expand its plant
bull Astonfield Renewable Resources (ARRL) has
announced a US$2 billion plan in India over next 2 years
in India with a focus on solar power ARRL is working
with governments in West Bengal Haryana Gujarat and
Bihar
bull Wind power equipment maker Suzlon is entering solar
energy sector in Gujarat and Rajasthan
6102011 22copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
bull LampT plans to enter solar power generation and also
extend its green technologies business to nuclear and
hydel power
bull Jyoti is looking at all renewable energy sources It is in
technology tie-ups with German and Dutch companies
for wind energy It plans to produce windmills without
gear box of 850 KW
6102011 23copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
Renewable Energy Sources ndash Estimated Potential
Capacities
6102011 24copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
Drivers of the Renewable Energy Sector in
India
bull Huge energy demand supply gap and untapped potential
of renewable energy
bull Environmental concern pressure on polluting firms by
stakeholders
bull Felt need to strengthen Indialsquos energy security
bull Rural electrification program that aims to power 100000
villages by 2012
6102011 25copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
Solar Energy
bull Solar energy is the mostreadily available and freesource of energy sinceprehistoric times
bull It is estimated that solarenergy equivalent to over15000 times the worldsannual commercial energyconsumption reaches theearth every year
6102011 26copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
bull India receives solar energy in the region of 5 to 7
kWhm2 for 300 to 330 days in a year This energy is
sufficient to set up 20 MW solar power plant per
square kilometre land area
6102011 27copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
6102011 28copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
bull Solar energy can be utilised through two different routes
as solar thermal route and solar electric (solar
photovoltaic) routes
bull Solar thermal route uses the suns heat to produce hot
water or air cook food drying materials etc
bull Solar photovoltaic uses sunlsquos heat to produce electricity
for lighting home and building running motors pumps
electric appliances and lighting
6102011 29copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
6102011 30copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
Solar Photovoltaic (PV)
bull PV cells are usually made of silicon an element that
naturally releases electrons when exposed to light
bull The magnitude of the electric current generated depends
on the intensity of the solar radiation exposed area of
the solar cell the type of material used in fabricating the
solar cell and ambient temperature
bull The silicon cell is covered with a grid of metal that directs
the electrons to flow in a path to create an electric
current
6102011 31copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
bull Typically one cell produces about 15
watts of power Individual cells are
connected together to form a solar
panel or module capable of
producing 3 to 110 Watts power
bull Panels can be connected together in
series and parallel to make a solar
array
bull Modules are usually designed to
supply electricity at 12 Volts PV
modules are rated by their peak Watt
output at solar noon on a clear day
6102011 32copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
PV tracking systems
bull Positioning of solar panels or collectors can greatly
influence the system output efficiency and
payback Tilting mechanisms provided to the collectors
need to be adjusted according to seasons (summer and
winter) to maximise the collector efficiency
bull PV tracking systems is an alternative to the fixed
stationary PV panels PV tracking systems are mounted
and provided with tracking mechanisms to follow the sun
as it moves through the sky These tracking systems run
entirely on their own power and can increase output by
40
6102011 33copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
Back-up systems
bull Back-up systems are necessary since PV systems only
generate electricity when the sun is shining The two
most common methods of backing up solar electric
systems are connecting the system to the utility grid or
storing excess electricity in batteries for use at night or
on cloudy days
6102011 34copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
bull Solar PV systems are found to be economical especially
in the hilly and far flung areas where conventional grid
power supply will be expensive to reach
6102011 35copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
6102011 36copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
bull The period four to five hours in late morning and early
afternoon (between 9 am to 3pm) is commonly called the
Solar Window During this time 80 of the total
collectable energy for the day falls on a solar collector
bull Therefore the collector should be free from shade during
this solar window throughout the year - Shading may
arise from buildings or trees to the south of the location
6102011 37copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
Performance
bull The performance of a solar cell is measured in terms of
its efficiency at converting sunlight into electricity Only
sunlight of certain energy will work efficiently to create
electricity and much of it is reflected or absorbed by the
material that make up the cell
bull Because of this a typical commercial solar cell has an
efficiency of 15mdashonly about one-sixth of the sunlight
striking the cell generates electricity Low efficiencies
mean that larger arrays are needed and higher
investment costs
6102011 38copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
Solar lantern
bull A typical solar lantern consists of a PV module of 8 Wp
to 10 Wp capacity a sealed maintenance-free battery
of 12 V 7 AH (ampere hours) capacity and a compact
fluorescent lamp (CFL) of 5 W or 7 W rating(cost- Rs
3000ndash3300)
bull A solar lantern is usually meant to provide light for three
to four hours daily and designed to have a three-day
autonomylsquo that is to function in this manner for three
days without sunlight
6102011 39copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
6102011 40copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
Solar street lighting system
bull A solar street-lighting system (SLS) is an outdoor lighting
unit used to illuminate a street or an open area A CFL is
fixed inside a luminaire which is mounted on a pole
bull The PV module is placed at the top of the pole and a
battery is placed in a box at the base of the pole
bull The module is mounted facing south so that it receives
solar radiation throughout the day without any shadow
falling on it
6102011 41copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
6102011 42copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
bull A typical street-lighting system consists of a PV module
of 74 Wp capacity a flooded leadndashacid battery of 12 V
75 AH capacity and a CFL of 11 W rating This system
is designed to operate from dusk to dawn (that is
throughout the night)
bull The cost of an SLS is about Rs 19 000
6102011 43copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
6102011 44copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
6102011 45copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
6102011 46copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
SPV-based Information display systems
bull Such systems are slowly replacing traditional neon tube-
based systemsthe latter are not only expensive but
also consume much more energy
bull For a typical LED information system of size about 1 times 2
m and consuming about 300 watts of energy an SPV
module of about 2 kWp capacity is required to enable it
to operate all through the night
bull For a 300-watt system requiring 15 hours of
operationthe approx cost can be about Rs 7 lakhs
6102011 47copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
Building-Integrated PV Systems
bull In a building-integrated photovoltaic (BIPV) system PV
panels are integrated into the roof or faccedilade of a
building
bull The SPV panels generate electricity during the daytime
which is used to meet a part of the electrical energy
needs of the building
bull Although the initial costs of a BIPV system are high
long-term savings result from a reduction in electricity
consumption
6102011 48copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
6102011 49copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
bull In order to encourage this application and to prepare
manufacturers and users the Ministry supports BIPV
projects by meeting 80 of the cost of PV modules
installed in the systems on government and semi
government buildings
6102011 50copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
Solar Water Pumps
bull In solar water pumping system
the pump is driven by motor
run by solar electricity instead
of conventional electricity
drawn from utility grid A SPV
water pumping system consists
of a photovoltaic array mounted
on a stand and a motor-pump
set compatible with the
photovoltaic array
Figure 126 Photovoltaic Water Pumping
6102011 51copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
Solar Water Heating Systems
bull A solar water heating system is a device that uses solar
energy to heat water for domestic commercial and
industrial needs Heating of water is the most common
application of solar energy in the world
bull A typical solar water heating system can save up to
1500 units of electricity every year for every 100 litres
per day of solar water heating capacity
6102011 52copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
6102011 53copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
6102011 54copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
6102011 55copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
Design
bull A solar water heating system consists of a flat plate
solar collector a storage tank kept at a height behind
the collector and connecting pipes
bull The system is generally installed on the roof or on open
ground with the collector facing the sun and connected
to a continuous water supply
6102011 56copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
bull A compact system can save up to 45 tonnes annually of
greenhouse gas emissions In order to achieve the aims
of the Kyoto protocol several countries are offering
subsidies to the end user
6102011 57copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
Types of thermal collector
bull There are three main kinds of solar thermal collectors in
common use
bull In order of increasing cost they are Formed Plastic
Collectors Flat Collectors and Evacuated Tube
Collectors
bull The efficiency of the system is directly related to heat
losses from the collector surface (efficiency being
defined as the proportion of heating energy that can be
usefully obtained from insulation) Heat losses are
predominantly governed by the thermal gradient
between the temperature of the collector surface and the
ambient temperature
6102011 58copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
bull Efficiency decreases when either the ambient
temperature falls or as the collector temperature
increases This decrease in efficiency can be mitigated
by increasing the insulation of the unit by sealing the unit
in glass eg flat collectors or providing a vacuum seal
eg evacuated tube collector The choice of collector is
determined by the heating requirements and
environmental conditions in which it is employed
6102011 59copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
bull The collector usually comprises copperglass tubes
welded to copper sheets (both coated with a highly
absorbing black coating) with a toughened glass sheet
on top and insulating material on the back
6102011 60copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
Solar Water Heater Installation
6102011 61copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
bull Water flows through the tubes absorbs solar heatand
is stored in a tank
bull The water stored in the tank remains hot overnight as
the storage tank is insulated and heat losses are small
bull Flat-plate solar collectors are manufactured in India
however the tubes for evacuated tube collectors are
imported
6102011 62copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
Domestic solar water heating
system
bull Most domestic solar water heaters are provided with
electrical back-up Electrical heating elements are
usually placed in the storage tank and can be switched
on during cloudy days
bull In some cases the solar-heated water is led into an
existing electric geyser the geyser needs to be
switched on only in cloudy conditions
bull Most domestic systems are in the capacity range of
100ndash500 litres of hot water per day
6102011 63copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
6102011 64copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
Advantages of solar water heaters
1048714 Hot water is available 24 hours a day depending on the
use and system capacity
1048714 A solar water heater pays back its cost in 3ndash4 years
1048714 Solar water heaters last a long time (15ndash20 years) and
require only simple maintenance
6102011 65copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
Cost
bull The smallest solar water heater available has a capacity
of 100 litres per day which is sufficient for a family of
four or five members It costs Rs 15 000 to Rs 18 000
and can save about 1500 units of electricity per year
bull Soft loans are available at an interest rate of 5 for
non-commercial users and 7 for commercial
organizations These loans are available for up to 85 of
the cost of the system and can be repaid over five
years
6102011 66copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
SUN will play a major role in defining
Indiarsquos ldquoEnergy Securityrdquo objective
6102011 67copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
6102011 10copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
5 Grid supplies in rural areas are often erratic and
unavailable requiring long runtime of DG sets
Therefore
bull Deploy as far as possible outdoor BTS equipment which
does not require Air Conditioning and intrinsically have
low power consumption
bull BTS with Standby Mode Systems that shut down TRXlsquos
during off-peak periods dynamically
6102011 11copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
Another Option is to adopt Alternative energy sources
for powering BTS
6102011 12copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
Current Power Scenario
Sector MW age
State Sector 7636467 525
Central Sector 4897099 340
Private Sector 2498775 135
Total 15032341
Total Installed Capacity
Fuel MW age
Total Thermal 9604474 646
Coal 7845888 533
Gas 1638561 105
Oil 119975 09
Hydro (Renewable) 3691676 247
Nuclear 412000 29
RES 1324241 77
Total 15032341
Renewable Energy
Sources(RES) include
SHP BG UampI and Wind
Energy
Abbreviation---
SHP= Small Hydro
Project
BG= Biomas Gasfier
BP= Biomass Power
U amp I=Urban amp
Industrial Water Power
RES=Renewable
Sources
Source- Ministry of Power
as on June 30 2009
Scope for
Renewable
energy option
6102011 13copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
A major issue for telecom companies is high operational
expenditure due to energy bills
Today the fuel cost incurred is around 17 of the total
expenditure on power for any telecom company
Today the power consumed to manage the telecom
tower is near 50-60 on the site of the operational
expense
Time to take it seriously now as Indias GDP is
expected to face a loss of around 9-13 by 2100 due to
global warmingGreen technology would help telcos in rural and semi
urban areas where power supply is still a big
challenge
Green Power is indispensable in India
6102011 14copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
Is essential
bull As the CAPEX for adopting alternative source of energy for
powering such sites will become sustainable though CAPEX
may be high initially
Also a number of technologies amongst alternative sources are
in different stages of evolution and would mature
These sources are CLEAN and GREEN
The operating costs are minimal and the Maintenance amp
replacement costs are very low compared to diesel ndash driven
sites
Adapting Alternative Sources of Energy for Powering BTS Sites
6102011 15copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
Alternative Sources of Energy Available
Technologies
1 SOLAR ndash DG HYBRID
2 WIND ndash DG HYBRID
3 SOLAR ndash WIND HYBRID
4 Biomass Gasifier
5 BIOFUELS blending with diesel -B20 grade
6 FUEL - CELLS
6102011 16copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
Concept of Renewable Energy
bull Renewable energy sources also called non-
conventional energy are sources that are continuously
replenished by natural processes For example solar
energy wind energy bio-energy - bio-fuels grown
sustain ably) hydropower etc are some of the
examples of renewable energy sources
bull Renewable energy sources are essentially flows of
energy whereas the fossil and nuclear fuels are in
essence stocks of energy
6102011 17copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
Government Policies for Renewable Energy
in India
Includes Subsidies and fiscal benefits which are
bull Income tax benefits
bull Accelerated depreciation for plant and machinery
bull Customs duty and duty free import concessions
bull Capital and interest subsidy
bull Other incentives for preparation of feasibility reports and
detailed project reports (DPR)
bull Preferential tariffs are being worked out at the state
government level most incentives are focused on
installed capacity as capital costs are typically high
6102011 18copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
bull RampD subsidy to the tune of 100 of project cost in
government RampD institutions and 50 in the case of
private institutions
bull Specific incentive scheme for solar power launched in
2008 expected to cost the government Rs 90 crore and
bring in private investment to the tune of Rs 1000 crore
Generation based incentive of Rs 12 per kilowatt from
solar photovoltaic cells
Generation based incentive of Rs 10 per kilowatt for
power generated through solar thermal power plants
6102011 19copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
bull Wind Energy schemes offers
10 year income tax exemption
80 accelerated depreciation
Sales tax and excise duty exemption
6102011 20copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
New and Proposed Ventures in Renewable
Energy in India
bull Signet Solar plans to invest US$2billion over 10 years
to set up three plants in India
bull Tata BP Solar a joint venture between the Tata Group
and BP Solar of UK expanded its Bengaluru plant with
additional investment of US$100 million
bull Moser Baer announced plans to build a plant
manufacturing solar energy products costing US$250
million with technology from Applied Materials Inc
bull US-based Cypress Semiconductor is considering a
US$50 million plant in Hyderabad with SunPower Corp
in which it is a majority stakeholder
6102011 21copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
bull SunTechnics Energy Bengaluru-based subsidiary of
SunTechnics Gmbh plans to expand its plant
bull Astonfield Renewable Resources (ARRL) has
announced a US$2 billion plan in India over next 2 years
in India with a focus on solar power ARRL is working
with governments in West Bengal Haryana Gujarat and
Bihar
bull Wind power equipment maker Suzlon is entering solar
energy sector in Gujarat and Rajasthan
6102011 22copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
bull LampT plans to enter solar power generation and also
extend its green technologies business to nuclear and
hydel power
bull Jyoti is looking at all renewable energy sources It is in
technology tie-ups with German and Dutch companies
for wind energy It plans to produce windmills without
gear box of 850 KW
6102011 23copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
Renewable Energy Sources ndash Estimated Potential
Capacities
6102011 24copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
Drivers of the Renewable Energy Sector in
India
bull Huge energy demand supply gap and untapped potential
of renewable energy
bull Environmental concern pressure on polluting firms by
stakeholders
bull Felt need to strengthen Indialsquos energy security
bull Rural electrification program that aims to power 100000
villages by 2012
6102011 25copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
Solar Energy
bull Solar energy is the mostreadily available and freesource of energy sinceprehistoric times
bull It is estimated that solarenergy equivalent to over15000 times the worldsannual commercial energyconsumption reaches theearth every year
6102011 26copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
bull India receives solar energy in the region of 5 to 7
kWhm2 for 300 to 330 days in a year This energy is
sufficient to set up 20 MW solar power plant per
square kilometre land area
6102011 27copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
6102011 28copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
bull Solar energy can be utilised through two different routes
as solar thermal route and solar electric (solar
photovoltaic) routes
bull Solar thermal route uses the suns heat to produce hot
water or air cook food drying materials etc
bull Solar photovoltaic uses sunlsquos heat to produce electricity
for lighting home and building running motors pumps
electric appliances and lighting
6102011 29copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
6102011 30copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
Solar Photovoltaic (PV)
bull PV cells are usually made of silicon an element that
naturally releases electrons when exposed to light
bull The magnitude of the electric current generated depends
on the intensity of the solar radiation exposed area of
the solar cell the type of material used in fabricating the
solar cell and ambient temperature
bull The silicon cell is covered with a grid of metal that directs
the electrons to flow in a path to create an electric
current
6102011 31copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
bull Typically one cell produces about 15
watts of power Individual cells are
connected together to form a solar
panel or module capable of
producing 3 to 110 Watts power
bull Panels can be connected together in
series and parallel to make a solar
array
bull Modules are usually designed to
supply electricity at 12 Volts PV
modules are rated by their peak Watt
output at solar noon on a clear day
6102011 32copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
PV tracking systems
bull Positioning of solar panels or collectors can greatly
influence the system output efficiency and
payback Tilting mechanisms provided to the collectors
need to be adjusted according to seasons (summer and
winter) to maximise the collector efficiency
bull PV tracking systems is an alternative to the fixed
stationary PV panels PV tracking systems are mounted
and provided with tracking mechanisms to follow the sun
as it moves through the sky These tracking systems run
entirely on their own power and can increase output by
40
6102011 33copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
Back-up systems
bull Back-up systems are necessary since PV systems only
generate electricity when the sun is shining The two
most common methods of backing up solar electric
systems are connecting the system to the utility grid or
storing excess electricity in batteries for use at night or
on cloudy days
6102011 34copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
bull Solar PV systems are found to be economical especially
in the hilly and far flung areas where conventional grid
power supply will be expensive to reach
6102011 35copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
6102011 36copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
bull The period four to five hours in late morning and early
afternoon (between 9 am to 3pm) is commonly called the
Solar Window During this time 80 of the total
collectable energy for the day falls on a solar collector
bull Therefore the collector should be free from shade during
this solar window throughout the year - Shading may
arise from buildings or trees to the south of the location
6102011 37copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
Performance
bull The performance of a solar cell is measured in terms of
its efficiency at converting sunlight into electricity Only
sunlight of certain energy will work efficiently to create
electricity and much of it is reflected or absorbed by the
material that make up the cell
bull Because of this a typical commercial solar cell has an
efficiency of 15mdashonly about one-sixth of the sunlight
striking the cell generates electricity Low efficiencies
mean that larger arrays are needed and higher
investment costs
6102011 38copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
Solar lantern
bull A typical solar lantern consists of a PV module of 8 Wp
to 10 Wp capacity a sealed maintenance-free battery
of 12 V 7 AH (ampere hours) capacity and a compact
fluorescent lamp (CFL) of 5 W or 7 W rating(cost- Rs
3000ndash3300)
bull A solar lantern is usually meant to provide light for three
to four hours daily and designed to have a three-day
autonomylsquo that is to function in this manner for three
days without sunlight
6102011 39copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
6102011 40copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
Solar street lighting system
bull A solar street-lighting system (SLS) is an outdoor lighting
unit used to illuminate a street or an open area A CFL is
fixed inside a luminaire which is mounted on a pole
bull The PV module is placed at the top of the pole and a
battery is placed in a box at the base of the pole
bull The module is mounted facing south so that it receives
solar radiation throughout the day without any shadow
falling on it
6102011 41copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
6102011 42copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
bull A typical street-lighting system consists of a PV module
of 74 Wp capacity a flooded leadndashacid battery of 12 V
75 AH capacity and a CFL of 11 W rating This system
is designed to operate from dusk to dawn (that is
throughout the night)
bull The cost of an SLS is about Rs 19 000
6102011 43copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
6102011 44copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
6102011 45copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
6102011 46copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
SPV-based Information display systems
bull Such systems are slowly replacing traditional neon tube-
based systemsthe latter are not only expensive but
also consume much more energy
bull For a typical LED information system of size about 1 times 2
m and consuming about 300 watts of energy an SPV
module of about 2 kWp capacity is required to enable it
to operate all through the night
bull For a 300-watt system requiring 15 hours of
operationthe approx cost can be about Rs 7 lakhs
6102011 47copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
Building-Integrated PV Systems
bull In a building-integrated photovoltaic (BIPV) system PV
panels are integrated into the roof or faccedilade of a
building
bull The SPV panels generate electricity during the daytime
which is used to meet a part of the electrical energy
needs of the building
bull Although the initial costs of a BIPV system are high
long-term savings result from a reduction in electricity
consumption
6102011 48copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
6102011 49copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
bull In order to encourage this application and to prepare
manufacturers and users the Ministry supports BIPV
projects by meeting 80 of the cost of PV modules
installed in the systems on government and semi
government buildings
6102011 50copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
Solar Water Pumps
bull In solar water pumping system
the pump is driven by motor
run by solar electricity instead
of conventional electricity
drawn from utility grid A SPV
water pumping system consists
of a photovoltaic array mounted
on a stand and a motor-pump
set compatible with the
photovoltaic array
Figure 126 Photovoltaic Water Pumping
6102011 51copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
Solar Water Heating Systems
bull A solar water heating system is a device that uses solar
energy to heat water for domestic commercial and
industrial needs Heating of water is the most common
application of solar energy in the world
bull A typical solar water heating system can save up to
1500 units of electricity every year for every 100 litres
per day of solar water heating capacity
6102011 52copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
6102011 53copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
6102011 54copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
6102011 55copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
Design
bull A solar water heating system consists of a flat plate
solar collector a storage tank kept at a height behind
the collector and connecting pipes
bull The system is generally installed on the roof or on open
ground with the collector facing the sun and connected
to a continuous water supply
6102011 56copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
bull A compact system can save up to 45 tonnes annually of
greenhouse gas emissions In order to achieve the aims
of the Kyoto protocol several countries are offering
subsidies to the end user
6102011 57copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
Types of thermal collector
bull There are three main kinds of solar thermal collectors in
common use
bull In order of increasing cost they are Formed Plastic
Collectors Flat Collectors and Evacuated Tube
Collectors
bull The efficiency of the system is directly related to heat
losses from the collector surface (efficiency being
defined as the proportion of heating energy that can be
usefully obtained from insulation) Heat losses are
predominantly governed by the thermal gradient
between the temperature of the collector surface and the
ambient temperature
6102011 58copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
bull Efficiency decreases when either the ambient
temperature falls or as the collector temperature
increases This decrease in efficiency can be mitigated
by increasing the insulation of the unit by sealing the unit
in glass eg flat collectors or providing a vacuum seal
eg evacuated tube collector The choice of collector is
determined by the heating requirements and
environmental conditions in which it is employed
6102011 59copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
bull The collector usually comprises copperglass tubes
welded to copper sheets (both coated with a highly
absorbing black coating) with a toughened glass sheet
on top and insulating material on the back
6102011 60copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
Solar Water Heater Installation
6102011 61copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
bull Water flows through the tubes absorbs solar heatand
is stored in a tank
bull The water stored in the tank remains hot overnight as
the storage tank is insulated and heat losses are small
bull Flat-plate solar collectors are manufactured in India
however the tubes for evacuated tube collectors are
imported
6102011 62copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
Domestic solar water heating
system
bull Most domestic solar water heaters are provided with
electrical back-up Electrical heating elements are
usually placed in the storage tank and can be switched
on during cloudy days
bull In some cases the solar-heated water is led into an
existing electric geyser the geyser needs to be
switched on only in cloudy conditions
bull Most domestic systems are in the capacity range of
100ndash500 litres of hot water per day
6102011 63copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
6102011 64copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
Advantages of solar water heaters
1048714 Hot water is available 24 hours a day depending on the
use and system capacity
1048714 A solar water heater pays back its cost in 3ndash4 years
1048714 Solar water heaters last a long time (15ndash20 years) and
require only simple maintenance
6102011 65copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
Cost
bull The smallest solar water heater available has a capacity
of 100 litres per day which is sufficient for a family of
four or five members It costs Rs 15 000 to Rs 18 000
and can save about 1500 units of electricity per year
bull Soft loans are available at an interest rate of 5 for
non-commercial users and 7 for commercial
organizations These loans are available for up to 85 of
the cost of the system and can be repaid over five
years
6102011 66copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
SUN will play a major role in defining
Indiarsquos ldquoEnergy Securityrdquo objective
6102011 67copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
6102011 11copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
Another Option is to adopt Alternative energy sources
for powering BTS
6102011 12copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
Current Power Scenario
Sector MW age
State Sector 7636467 525
Central Sector 4897099 340
Private Sector 2498775 135
Total 15032341
Total Installed Capacity
Fuel MW age
Total Thermal 9604474 646
Coal 7845888 533
Gas 1638561 105
Oil 119975 09
Hydro (Renewable) 3691676 247
Nuclear 412000 29
RES 1324241 77
Total 15032341
Renewable Energy
Sources(RES) include
SHP BG UampI and Wind
Energy
Abbreviation---
SHP= Small Hydro
Project
BG= Biomas Gasfier
BP= Biomass Power
U amp I=Urban amp
Industrial Water Power
RES=Renewable
Sources
Source- Ministry of Power
as on June 30 2009
Scope for
Renewable
energy option
6102011 13copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
A major issue for telecom companies is high operational
expenditure due to energy bills
Today the fuel cost incurred is around 17 of the total
expenditure on power for any telecom company
Today the power consumed to manage the telecom
tower is near 50-60 on the site of the operational
expense
Time to take it seriously now as Indias GDP is
expected to face a loss of around 9-13 by 2100 due to
global warmingGreen technology would help telcos in rural and semi
urban areas where power supply is still a big
challenge
Green Power is indispensable in India
6102011 14copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
Is essential
bull As the CAPEX for adopting alternative source of energy for
powering such sites will become sustainable though CAPEX
may be high initially
Also a number of technologies amongst alternative sources are
in different stages of evolution and would mature
These sources are CLEAN and GREEN
The operating costs are minimal and the Maintenance amp
replacement costs are very low compared to diesel ndash driven
sites
Adapting Alternative Sources of Energy for Powering BTS Sites
6102011 15copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
Alternative Sources of Energy Available
Technologies
1 SOLAR ndash DG HYBRID
2 WIND ndash DG HYBRID
3 SOLAR ndash WIND HYBRID
4 Biomass Gasifier
5 BIOFUELS blending with diesel -B20 grade
6 FUEL - CELLS
6102011 16copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
Concept of Renewable Energy
bull Renewable energy sources also called non-
conventional energy are sources that are continuously
replenished by natural processes For example solar
energy wind energy bio-energy - bio-fuels grown
sustain ably) hydropower etc are some of the
examples of renewable energy sources
bull Renewable energy sources are essentially flows of
energy whereas the fossil and nuclear fuels are in
essence stocks of energy
6102011 17copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
Government Policies for Renewable Energy
in India
Includes Subsidies and fiscal benefits which are
bull Income tax benefits
bull Accelerated depreciation for plant and machinery
bull Customs duty and duty free import concessions
bull Capital and interest subsidy
bull Other incentives for preparation of feasibility reports and
detailed project reports (DPR)
bull Preferential tariffs are being worked out at the state
government level most incentives are focused on
installed capacity as capital costs are typically high
6102011 18copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
bull RampD subsidy to the tune of 100 of project cost in
government RampD institutions and 50 in the case of
private institutions
bull Specific incentive scheme for solar power launched in
2008 expected to cost the government Rs 90 crore and
bring in private investment to the tune of Rs 1000 crore
Generation based incentive of Rs 12 per kilowatt from
solar photovoltaic cells
Generation based incentive of Rs 10 per kilowatt for
power generated through solar thermal power plants
6102011 19copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
bull Wind Energy schemes offers
10 year income tax exemption
80 accelerated depreciation
Sales tax and excise duty exemption
6102011 20copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
New and Proposed Ventures in Renewable
Energy in India
bull Signet Solar plans to invest US$2billion over 10 years
to set up three plants in India
bull Tata BP Solar a joint venture between the Tata Group
and BP Solar of UK expanded its Bengaluru plant with
additional investment of US$100 million
bull Moser Baer announced plans to build a plant
manufacturing solar energy products costing US$250
million with technology from Applied Materials Inc
bull US-based Cypress Semiconductor is considering a
US$50 million plant in Hyderabad with SunPower Corp
in which it is a majority stakeholder
6102011 21copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
bull SunTechnics Energy Bengaluru-based subsidiary of
SunTechnics Gmbh plans to expand its plant
bull Astonfield Renewable Resources (ARRL) has
announced a US$2 billion plan in India over next 2 years
in India with a focus on solar power ARRL is working
with governments in West Bengal Haryana Gujarat and
Bihar
bull Wind power equipment maker Suzlon is entering solar
energy sector in Gujarat and Rajasthan
6102011 22copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
bull LampT plans to enter solar power generation and also
extend its green technologies business to nuclear and
hydel power
bull Jyoti is looking at all renewable energy sources It is in
technology tie-ups with German and Dutch companies
for wind energy It plans to produce windmills without
gear box of 850 KW
6102011 23copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
Renewable Energy Sources ndash Estimated Potential
Capacities
6102011 24copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
Drivers of the Renewable Energy Sector in
India
bull Huge energy demand supply gap and untapped potential
of renewable energy
bull Environmental concern pressure on polluting firms by
stakeholders
bull Felt need to strengthen Indialsquos energy security
bull Rural electrification program that aims to power 100000
villages by 2012
6102011 25copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
Solar Energy
bull Solar energy is the mostreadily available and freesource of energy sinceprehistoric times
bull It is estimated that solarenergy equivalent to over15000 times the worldsannual commercial energyconsumption reaches theearth every year
6102011 26copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
bull India receives solar energy in the region of 5 to 7
kWhm2 for 300 to 330 days in a year This energy is
sufficient to set up 20 MW solar power plant per
square kilometre land area
6102011 27copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
6102011 28copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
bull Solar energy can be utilised through two different routes
as solar thermal route and solar electric (solar
photovoltaic) routes
bull Solar thermal route uses the suns heat to produce hot
water or air cook food drying materials etc
bull Solar photovoltaic uses sunlsquos heat to produce electricity
for lighting home and building running motors pumps
electric appliances and lighting
6102011 29copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
6102011 30copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
Solar Photovoltaic (PV)
bull PV cells are usually made of silicon an element that
naturally releases electrons when exposed to light
bull The magnitude of the electric current generated depends
on the intensity of the solar radiation exposed area of
the solar cell the type of material used in fabricating the
solar cell and ambient temperature
bull The silicon cell is covered with a grid of metal that directs
the electrons to flow in a path to create an electric
current
6102011 31copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
bull Typically one cell produces about 15
watts of power Individual cells are
connected together to form a solar
panel or module capable of
producing 3 to 110 Watts power
bull Panels can be connected together in
series and parallel to make a solar
array
bull Modules are usually designed to
supply electricity at 12 Volts PV
modules are rated by their peak Watt
output at solar noon on a clear day
6102011 32copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
PV tracking systems
bull Positioning of solar panels or collectors can greatly
influence the system output efficiency and
payback Tilting mechanisms provided to the collectors
need to be adjusted according to seasons (summer and
winter) to maximise the collector efficiency
bull PV tracking systems is an alternative to the fixed
stationary PV panels PV tracking systems are mounted
and provided with tracking mechanisms to follow the sun
as it moves through the sky These tracking systems run
entirely on their own power and can increase output by
40
6102011 33copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
Back-up systems
bull Back-up systems are necessary since PV systems only
generate electricity when the sun is shining The two
most common methods of backing up solar electric
systems are connecting the system to the utility grid or
storing excess electricity in batteries for use at night or
on cloudy days
6102011 34copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
bull Solar PV systems are found to be economical especially
in the hilly and far flung areas where conventional grid
power supply will be expensive to reach
6102011 35copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
6102011 36copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
bull The period four to five hours in late morning and early
afternoon (between 9 am to 3pm) is commonly called the
Solar Window During this time 80 of the total
collectable energy for the day falls on a solar collector
bull Therefore the collector should be free from shade during
this solar window throughout the year - Shading may
arise from buildings or trees to the south of the location
6102011 37copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
Performance
bull The performance of a solar cell is measured in terms of
its efficiency at converting sunlight into electricity Only
sunlight of certain energy will work efficiently to create
electricity and much of it is reflected or absorbed by the
material that make up the cell
bull Because of this a typical commercial solar cell has an
efficiency of 15mdashonly about one-sixth of the sunlight
striking the cell generates electricity Low efficiencies
mean that larger arrays are needed and higher
investment costs
6102011 38copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
Solar lantern
bull A typical solar lantern consists of a PV module of 8 Wp
to 10 Wp capacity a sealed maintenance-free battery
of 12 V 7 AH (ampere hours) capacity and a compact
fluorescent lamp (CFL) of 5 W or 7 W rating(cost- Rs
3000ndash3300)
bull A solar lantern is usually meant to provide light for three
to four hours daily and designed to have a three-day
autonomylsquo that is to function in this manner for three
days without sunlight
6102011 39copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
6102011 40copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
Solar street lighting system
bull A solar street-lighting system (SLS) is an outdoor lighting
unit used to illuminate a street or an open area A CFL is
fixed inside a luminaire which is mounted on a pole
bull The PV module is placed at the top of the pole and a
battery is placed in a box at the base of the pole
bull The module is mounted facing south so that it receives
solar radiation throughout the day without any shadow
falling on it
6102011 41copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
6102011 42copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
bull A typical street-lighting system consists of a PV module
of 74 Wp capacity a flooded leadndashacid battery of 12 V
75 AH capacity and a CFL of 11 W rating This system
is designed to operate from dusk to dawn (that is
throughout the night)
bull The cost of an SLS is about Rs 19 000
6102011 43copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
6102011 44copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
6102011 45copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
6102011 46copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
SPV-based Information display systems
bull Such systems are slowly replacing traditional neon tube-
based systemsthe latter are not only expensive but
also consume much more energy
bull For a typical LED information system of size about 1 times 2
m and consuming about 300 watts of energy an SPV
module of about 2 kWp capacity is required to enable it
to operate all through the night
bull For a 300-watt system requiring 15 hours of
operationthe approx cost can be about Rs 7 lakhs
6102011 47copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
Building-Integrated PV Systems
bull In a building-integrated photovoltaic (BIPV) system PV
panels are integrated into the roof or faccedilade of a
building
bull The SPV panels generate electricity during the daytime
which is used to meet a part of the electrical energy
needs of the building
bull Although the initial costs of a BIPV system are high
long-term savings result from a reduction in electricity
consumption
6102011 48copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
6102011 49copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
bull In order to encourage this application and to prepare
manufacturers and users the Ministry supports BIPV
projects by meeting 80 of the cost of PV modules
installed in the systems on government and semi
government buildings
6102011 50copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
Solar Water Pumps
bull In solar water pumping system
the pump is driven by motor
run by solar electricity instead
of conventional electricity
drawn from utility grid A SPV
water pumping system consists
of a photovoltaic array mounted
on a stand and a motor-pump
set compatible with the
photovoltaic array
Figure 126 Photovoltaic Water Pumping
6102011 51copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
Solar Water Heating Systems
bull A solar water heating system is a device that uses solar
energy to heat water for domestic commercial and
industrial needs Heating of water is the most common
application of solar energy in the world
bull A typical solar water heating system can save up to
1500 units of electricity every year for every 100 litres
per day of solar water heating capacity
6102011 52copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
6102011 53copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
6102011 54copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
6102011 55copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
Design
bull A solar water heating system consists of a flat plate
solar collector a storage tank kept at a height behind
the collector and connecting pipes
bull The system is generally installed on the roof or on open
ground with the collector facing the sun and connected
to a continuous water supply
6102011 56copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
bull A compact system can save up to 45 tonnes annually of
greenhouse gas emissions In order to achieve the aims
of the Kyoto protocol several countries are offering
subsidies to the end user
6102011 57copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
Types of thermal collector
bull There are three main kinds of solar thermal collectors in
common use
bull In order of increasing cost they are Formed Plastic
Collectors Flat Collectors and Evacuated Tube
Collectors
bull The efficiency of the system is directly related to heat
losses from the collector surface (efficiency being
defined as the proportion of heating energy that can be
usefully obtained from insulation) Heat losses are
predominantly governed by the thermal gradient
between the temperature of the collector surface and the
ambient temperature
6102011 58copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
bull Efficiency decreases when either the ambient
temperature falls or as the collector temperature
increases This decrease in efficiency can be mitigated
by increasing the insulation of the unit by sealing the unit
in glass eg flat collectors or providing a vacuum seal
eg evacuated tube collector The choice of collector is
determined by the heating requirements and
environmental conditions in which it is employed
6102011 59copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
bull The collector usually comprises copperglass tubes
welded to copper sheets (both coated with a highly
absorbing black coating) with a toughened glass sheet
on top and insulating material on the back
6102011 60copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
Solar Water Heater Installation
6102011 61copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
bull Water flows through the tubes absorbs solar heatand
is stored in a tank
bull The water stored in the tank remains hot overnight as
the storage tank is insulated and heat losses are small
bull Flat-plate solar collectors are manufactured in India
however the tubes for evacuated tube collectors are
imported
6102011 62copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
Domestic solar water heating
system
bull Most domestic solar water heaters are provided with
electrical back-up Electrical heating elements are
usually placed in the storage tank and can be switched
on during cloudy days
bull In some cases the solar-heated water is led into an
existing electric geyser the geyser needs to be
switched on only in cloudy conditions
bull Most domestic systems are in the capacity range of
100ndash500 litres of hot water per day
6102011 63copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
6102011 64copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
Advantages of solar water heaters
1048714 Hot water is available 24 hours a day depending on the
use and system capacity
1048714 A solar water heater pays back its cost in 3ndash4 years
1048714 Solar water heaters last a long time (15ndash20 years) and
require only simple maintenance
6102011 65copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
Cost
bull The smallest solar water heater available has a capacity
of 100 litres per day which is sufficient for a family of
four or five members It costs Rs 15 000 to Rs 18 000
and can save about 1500 units of electricity per year
bull Soft loans are available at an interest rate of 5 for
non-commercial users and 7 for commercial
organizations These loans are available for up to 85 of
the cost of the system and can be repaid over five
years
6102011 66copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
SUN will play a major role in defining
Indiarsquos ldquoEnergy Securityrdquo objective
6102011 67copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
6102011 12copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
Current Power Scenario
Sector MW age
State Sector 7636467 525
Central Sector 4897099 340
Private Sector 2498775 135
Total 15032341
Total Installed Capacity
Fuel MW age
Total Thermal 9604474 646
Coal 7845888 533
Gas 1638561 105
Oil 119975 09
Hydro (Renewable) 3691676 247
Nuclear 412000 29
RES 1324241 77
Total 15032341
Renewable Energy
Sources(RES) include
SHP BG UampI and Wind
Energy
Abbreviation---
SHP= Small Hydro
Project
BG= Biomas Gasfier
BP= Biomass Power
U amp I=Urban amp
Industrial Water Power
RES=Renewable
Sources
Source- Ministry of Power
as on June 30 2009
Scope for
Renewable
energy option
6102011 13copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
A major issue for telecom companies is high operational
expenditure due to energy bills
Today the fuel cost incurred is around 17 of the total
expenditure on power for any telecom company
Today the power consumed to manage the telecom
tower is near 50-60 on the site of the operational
expense
Time to take it seriously now as Indias GDP is
expected to face a loss of around 9-13 by 2100 due to
global warmingGreen technology would help telcos in rural and semi
urban areas where power supply is still a big
challenge
Green Power is indispensable in India
6102011 14copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
Is essential
bull As the CAPEX for adopting alternative source of energy for
powering such sites will become sustainable though CAPEX
may be high initially
Also a number of technologies amongst alternative sources are
in different stages of evolution and would mature
These sources are CLEAN and GREEN
The operating costs are minimal and the Maintenance amp
replacement costs are very low compared to diesel ndash driven
sites
Adapting Alternative Sources of Energy for Powering BTS Sites
6102011 15copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
Alternative Sources of Energy Available
Technologies
1 SOLAR ndash DG HYBRID
2 WIND ndash DG HYBRID
3 SOLAR ndash WIND HYBRID
4 Biomass Gasifier
5 BIOFUELS blending with diesel -B20 grade
6 FUEL - CELLS
6102011 16copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
Concept of Renewable Energy
bull Renewable energy sources also called non-
conventional energy are sources that are continuously
replenished by natural processes For example solar
energy wind energy bio-energy - bio-fuels grown
sustain ably) hydropower etc are some of the
examples of renewable energy sources
bull Renewable energy sources are essentially flows of
energy whereas the fossil and nuclear fuels are in
essence stocks of energy
6102011 17copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
Government Policies for Renewable Energy
in India
Includes Subsidies and fiscal benefits which are
bull Income tax benefits
bull Accelerated depreciation for plant and machinery
bull Customs duty and duty free import concessions
bull Capital and interest subsidy
bull Other incentives for preparation of feasibility reports and
detailed project reports (DPR)
bull Preferential tariffs are being worked out at the state
government level most incentives are focused on
installed capacity as capital costs are typically high
6102011 18copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
bull RampD subsidy to the tune of 100 of project cost in
government RampD institutions and 50 in the case of
private institutions
bull Specific incentive scheme for solar power launched in
2008 expected to cost the government Rs 90 crore and
bring in private investment to the tune of Rs 1000 crore
Generation based incentive of Rs 12 per kilowatt from
solar photovoltaic cells
Generation based incentive of Rs 10 per kilowatt for
power generated through solar thermal power plants
6102011 19copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
bull Wind Energy schemes offers
10 year income tax exemption
80 accelerated depreciation
Sales tax and excise duty exemption
6102011 20copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
New and Proposed Ventures in Renewable
Energy in India
bull Signet Solar plans to invest US$2billion over 10 years
to set up three plants in India
bull Tata BP Solar a joint venture between the Tata Group
and BP Solar of UK expanded its Bengaluru plant with
additional investment of US$100 million
bull Moser Baer announced plans to build a plant
manufacturing solar energy products costing US$250
million with technology from Applied Materials Inc
bull US-based Cypress Semiconductor is considering a
US$50 million plant in Hyderabad with SunPower Corp
in which it is a majority stakeholder
6102011 21copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
bull SunTechnics Energy Bengaluru-based subsidiary of
SunTechnics Gmbh plans to expand its plant
bull Astonfield Renewable Resources (ARRL) has
announced a US$2 billion plan in India over next 2 years
in India with a focus on solar power ARRL is working
with governments in West Bengal Haryana Gujarat and
Bihar
bull Wind power equipment maker Suzlon is entering solar
energy sector in Gujarat and Rajasthan
6102011 22copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
bull LampT plans to enter solar power generation and also
extend its green technologies business to nuclear and
hydel power
bull Jyoti is looking at all renewable energy sources It is in
technology tie-ups with German and Dutch companies
for wind energy It plans to produce windmills without
gear box of 850 KW
6102011 23copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
Renewable Energy Sources ndash Estimated Potential
Capacities
6102011 24copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
Drivers of the Renewable Energy Sector in
India
bull Huge energy demand supply gap and untapped potential
of renewable energy
bull Environmental concern pressure on polluting firms by
stakeholders
bull Felt need to strengthen Indialsquos energy security
bull Rural electrification program that aims to power 100000
villages by 2012
6102011 25copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
Solar Energy
bull Solar energy is the mostreadily available and freesource of energy sinceprehistoric times
bull It is estimated that solarenergy equivalent to over15000 times the worldsannual commercial energyconsumption reaches theearth every year
6102011 26copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
bull India receives solar energy in the region of 5 to 7
kWhm2 for 300 to 330 days in a year This energy is
sufficient to set up 20 MW solar power plant per
square kilometre land area
6102011 27copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
6102011 28copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
bull Solar energy can be utilised through two different routes
as solar thermal route and solar electric (solar
photovoltaic) routes
bull Solar thermal route uses the suns heat to produce hot
water or air cook food drying materials etc
bull Solar photovoltaic uses sunlsquos heat to produce electricity
for lighting home and building running motors pumps
electric appliances and lighting
6102011 29copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
6102011 30copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
Solar Photovoltaic (PV)
bull PV cells are usually made of silicon an element that
naturally releases electrons when exposed to light
bull The magnitude of the electric current generated depends
on the intensity of the solar radiation exposed area of
the solar cell the type of material used in fabricating the
solar cell and ambient temperature
bull The silicon cell is covered with a grid of metal that directs
the electrons to flow in a path to create an electric
current
6102011 31copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
bull Typically one cell produces about 15
watts of power Individual cells are
connected together to form a solar
panel or module capable of
producing 3 to 110 Watts power
bull Panels can be connected together in
series and parallel to make a solar
array
bull Modules are usually designed to
supply electricity at 12 Volts PV
modules are rated by their peak Watt
output at solar noon on a clear day
6102011 32copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
PV tracking systems
bull Positioning of solar panels or collectors can greatly
influence the system output efficiency and
payback Tilting mechanisms provided to the collectors
need to be adjusted according to seasons (summer and
winter) to maximise the collector efficiency
bull PV tracking systems is an alternative to the fixed
stationary PV panels PV tracking systems are mounted
and provided with tracking mechanisms to follow the sun
as it moves through the sky These tracking systems run
entirely on their own power and can increase output by
40
6102011 33copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
Back-up systems
bull Back-up systems are necessary since PV systems only
generate electricity when the sun is shining The two
most common methods of backing up solar electric
systems are connecting the system to the utility grid or
storing excess electricity in batteries for use at night or
on cloudy days
6102011 34copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
bull Solar PV systems are found to be economical especially
in the hilly and far flung areas where conventional grid
power supply will be expensive to reach
6102011 35copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
6102011 36copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
bull The period four to five hours in late morning and early
afternoon (between 9 am to 3pm) is commonly called the
Solar Window During this time 80 of the total
collectable energy for the day falls on a solar collector
bull Therefore the collector should be free from shade during
this solar window throughout the year - Shading may
arise from buildings or trees to the south of the location
6102011 37copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
Performance
bull The performance of a solar cell is measured in terms of
its efficiency at converting sunlight into electricity Only
sunlight of certain energy will work efficiently to create
electricity and much of it is reflected or absorbed by the
material that make up the cell
bull Because of this a typical commercial solar cell has an
efficiency of 15mdashonly about one-sixth of the sunlight
striking the cell generates electricity Low efficiencies
mean that larger arrays are needed and higher
investment costs
6102011 38copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
Solar lantern
bull A typical solar lantern consists of a PV module of 8 Wp
to 10 Wp capacity a sealed maintenance-free battery
of 12 V 7 AH (ampere hours) capacity and a compact
fluorescent lamp (CFL) of 5 W or 7 W rating(cost- Rs
3000ndash3300)
bull A solar lantern is usually meant to provide light for three
to four hours daily and designed to have a three-day
autonomylsquo that is to function in this manner for three
days without sunlight
6102011 39copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
6102011 40copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
Solar street lighting system
bull A solar street-lighting system (SLS) is an outdoor lighting
unit used to illuminate a street or an open area A CFL is
fixed inside a luminaire which is mounted on a pole
bull The PV module is placed at the top of the pole and a
battery is placed in a box at the base of the pole
bull The module is mounted facing south so that it receives
solar radiation throughout the day without any shadow
falling on it
6102011 41copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
6102011 42copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
bull A typical street-lighting system consists of a PV module
of 74 Wp capacity a flooded leadndashacid battery of 12 V
75 AH capacity and a CFL of 11 W rating This system
is designed to operate from dusk to dawn (that is
throughout the night)
bull The cost of an SLS is about Rs 19 000
6102011 43copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
6102011 44copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
6102011 45copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
6102011 46copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
SPV-based Information display systems
bull Such systems are slowly replacing traditional neon tube-
based systemsthe latter are not only expensive but
also consume much more energy
bull For a typical LED information system of size about 1 times 2
m and consuming about 300 watts of energy an SPV
module of about 2 kWp capacity is required to enable it
to operate all through the night
bull For a 300-watt system requiring 15 hours of
operationthe approx cost can be about Rs 7 lakhs
6102011 47copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
Building-Integrated PV Systems
bull In a building-integrated photovoltaic (BIPV) system PV
panels are integrated into the roof or faccedilade of a
building
bull The SPV panels generate electricity during the daytime
which is used to meet a part of the electrical energy
needs of the building
bull Although the initial costs of a BIPV system are high
long-term savings result from a reduction in electricity
consumption
6102011 48copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
6102011 49copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
bull In order to encourage this application and to prepare
manufacturers and users the Ministry supports BIPV
projects by meeting 80 of the cost of PV modules
installed in the systems on government and semi
government buildings
6102011 50copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
Solar Water Pumps
bull In solar water pumping system
the pump is driven by motor
run by solar electricity instead
of conventional electricity
drawn from utility grid A SPV
water pumping system consists
of a photovoltaic array mounted
on a stand and a motor-pump
set compatible with the
photovoltaic array
Figure 126 Photovoltaic Water Pumping
6102011 51copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
Solar Water Heating Systems
bull A solar water heating system is a device that uses solar
energy to heat water for domestic commercial and
industrial needs Heating of water is the most common
application of solar energy in the world
bull A typical solar water heating system can save up to
1500 units of electricity every year for every 100 litres
per day of solar water heating capacity
6102011 52copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
6102011 53copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
6102011 54copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
6102011 55copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
Design
bull A solar water heating system consists of a flat plate
solar collector a storage tank kept at a height behind
the collector and connecting pipes
bull The system is generally installed on the roof or on open
ground with the collector facing the sun and connected
to a continuous water supply
6102011 56copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
bull A compact system can save up to 45 tonnes annually of
greenhouse gas emissions In order to achieve the aims
of the Kyoto protocol several countries are offering
subsidies to the end user
6102011 57copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
Types of thermal collector
bull There are three main kinds of solar thermal collectors in
common use
bull In order of increasing cost they are Formed Plastic
Collectors Flat Collectors and Evacuated Tube
Collectors
bull The efficiency of the system is directly related to heat
losses from the collector surface (efficiency being
defined as the proportion of heating energy that can be
usefully obtained from insulation) Heat losses are
predominantly governed by the thermal gradient
between the temperature of the collector surface and the
ambient temperature
6102011 58copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
bull Efficiency decreases when either the ambient
temperature falls or as the collector temperature
increases This decrease in efficiency can be mitigated
by increasing the insulation of the unit by sealing the unit
in glass eg flat collectors or providing a vacuum seal
eg evacuated tube collector The choice of collector is
determined by the heating requirements and
environmental conditions in which it is employed
6102011 59copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
bull The collector usually comprises copperglass tubes
welded to copper sheets (both coated with a highly
absorbing black coating) with a toughened glass sheet
on top and insulating material on the back
6102011 60copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
Solar Water Heater Installation
6102011 61copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
bull Water flows through the tubes absorbs solar heatand
is stored in a tank
bull The water stored in the tank remains hot overnight as
the storage tank is insulated and heat losses are small
bull Flat-plate solar collectors are manufactured in India
however the tubes for evacuated tube collectors are
imported
6102011 62copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
Domestic solar water heating
system
bull Most domestic solar water heaters are provided with
electrical back-up Electrical heating elements are
usually placed in the storage tank and can be switched
on during cloudy days
bull In some cases the solar-heated water is led into an
existing electric geyser the geyser needs to be
switched on only in cloudy conditions
bull Most domestic systems are in the capacity range of
100ndash500 litres of hot water per day
6102011 63copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
6102011 64copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
Advantages of solar water heaters
1048714 Hot water is available 24 hours a day depending on the
use and system capacity
1048714 A solar water heater pays back its cost in 3ndash4 years
1048714 Solar water heaters last a long time (15ndash20 years) and
require only simple maintenance
6102011 65copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
Cost
bull The smallest solar water heater available has a capacity
of 100 litres per day which is sufficient for a family of
four or five members It costs Rs 15 000 to Rs 18 000
and can save about 1500 units of electricity per year
bull Soft loans are available at an interest rate of 5 for
non-commercial users and 7 for commercial
organizations These loans are available for up to 85 of
the cost of the system and can be repaid over five
years
6102011 66copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
SUN will play a major role in defining
Indiarsquos ldquoEnergy Securityrdquo objective
6102011 67copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
6102011 13copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
A major issue for telecom companies is high operational
expenditure due to energy bills
Today the fuel cost incurred is around 17 of the total
expenditure on power for any telecom company
Today the power consumed to manage the telecom
tower is near 50-60 on the site of the operational
expense
Time to take it seriously now as Indias GDP is
expected to face a loss of around 9-13 by 2100 due to
global warmingGreen technology would help telcos in rural and semi
urban areas where power supply is still a big
challenge
Green Power is indispensable in India
6102011 14copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
Is essential
bull As the CAPEX for adopting alternative source of energy for
powering such sites will become sustainable though CAPEX
may be high initially
Also a number of technologies amongst alternative sources are
in different stages of evolution and would mature
These sources are CLEAN and GREEN
The operating costs are minimal and the Maintenance amp
replacement costs are very low compared to diesel ndash driven
sites
Adapting Alternative Sources of Energy for Powering BTS Sites
6102011 15copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
Alternative Sources of Energy Available
Technologies
1 SOLAR ndash DG HYBRID
2 WIND ndash DG HYBRID
3 SOLAR ndash WIND HYBRID
4 Biomass Gasifier
5 BIOFUELS blending with diesel -B20 grade
6 FUEL - CELLS
6102011 16copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
Concept of Renewable Energy
bull Renewable energy sources also called non-
conventional energy are sources that are continuously
replenished by natural processes For example solar
energy wind energy bio-energy - bio-fuels grown
sustain ably) hydropower etc are some of the
examples of renewable energy sources
bull Renewable energy sources are essentially flows of
energy whereas the fossil and nuclear fuels are in
essence stocks of energy
6102011 17copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
Government Policies for Renewable Energy
in India
Includes Subsidies and fiscal benefits which are
bull Income tax benefits
bull Accelerated depreciation for plant and machinery
bull Customs duty and duty free import concessions
bull Capital and interest subsidy
bull Other incentives for preparation of feasibility reports and
detailed project reports (DPR)
bull Preferential tariffs are being worked out at the state
government level most incentives are focused on
installed capacity as capital costs are typically high
6102011 18copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
bull RampD subsidy to the tune of 100 of project cost in
government RampD institutions and 50 in the case of
private institutions
bull Specific incentive scheme for solar power launched in
2008 expected to cost the government Rs 90 crore and
bring in private investment to the tune of Rs 1000 crore
Generation based incentive of Rs 12 per kilowatt from
solar photovoltaic cells
Generation based incentive of Rs 10 per kilowatt for
power generated through solar thermal power plants
6102011 19copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
bull Wind Energy schemes offers
10 year income tax exemption
80 accelerated depreciation
Sales tax and excise duty exemption
6102011 20copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
New and Proposed Ventures in Renewable
Energy in India
bull Signet Solar plans to invest US$2billion over 10 years
to set up three plants in India
bull Tata BP Solar a joint venture between the Tata Group
and BP Solar of UK expanded its Bengaluru plant with
additional investment of US$100 million
bull Moser Baer announced plans to build a plant
manufacturing solar energy products costing US$250
million with technology from Applied Materials Inc
bull US-based Cypress Semiconductor is considering a
US$50 million plant in Hyderabad with SunPower Corp
in which it is a majority stakeholder
6102011 21copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
bull SunTechnics Energy Bengaluru-based subsidiary of
SunTechnics Gmbh plans to expand its plant
bull Astonfield Renewable Resources (ARRL) has
announced a US$2 billion plan in India over next 2 years
in India with a focus on solar power ARRL is working
with governments in West Bengal Haryana Gujarat and
Bihar
bull Wind power equipment maker Suzlon is entering solar
energy sector in Gujarat and Rajasthan
6102011 22copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
bull LampT plans to enter solar power generation and also
extend its green technologies business to nuclear and
hydel power
bull Jyoti is looking at all renewable energy sources It is in
technology tie-ups with German and Dutch companies
for wind energy It plans to produce windmills without
gear box of 850 KW
6102011 23copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
Renewable Energy Sources ndash Estimated Potential
Capacities
6102011 24copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
Drivers of the Renewable Energy Sector in
India
bull Huge energy demand supply gap and untapped potential
of renewable energy
bull Environmental concern pressure on polluting firms by
stakeholders
bull Felt need to strengthen Indialsquos energy security
bull Rural electrification program that aims to power 100000
villages by 2012
6102011 25copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
Solar Energy
bull Solar energy is the mostreadily available and freesource of energy sinceprehistoric times
bull It is estimated that solarenergy equivalent to over15000 times the worldsannual commercial energyconsumption reaches theearth every year
6102011 26copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
bull India receives solar energy in the region of 5 to 7
kWhm2 for 300 to 330 days in a year This energy is
sufficient to set up 20 MW solar power plant per
square kilometre land area
6102011 27copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
6102011 28copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
bull Solar energy can be utilised through two different routes
as solar thermal route and solar electric (solar
photovoltaic) routes
bull Solar thermal route uses the suns heat to produce hot
water or air cook food drying materials etc
bull Solar photovoltaic uses sunlsquos heat to produce electricity
for lighting home and building running motors pumps
electric appliances and lighting
6102011 29copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
6102011 30copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
Solar Photovoltaic (PV)
bull PV cells are usually made of silicon an element that
naturally releases electrons when exposed to light
bull The magnitude of the electric current generated depends
on the intensity of the solar radiation exposed area of
the solar cell the type of material used in fabricating the
solar cell and ambient temperature
bull The silicon cell is covered with a grid of metal that directs
the electrons to flow in a path to create an electric
current
6102011 31copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
bull Typically one cell produces about 15
watts of power Individual cells are
connected together to form a solar
panel or module capable of
producing 3 to 110 Watts power
bull Panels can be connected together in
series and parallel to make a solar
array
bull Modules are usually designed to
supply electricity at 12 Volts PV
modules are rated by their peak Watt
output at solar noon on a clear day
6102011 32copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
PV tracking systems
bull Positioning of solar panels or collectors can greatly
influence the system output efficiency and
payback Tilting mechanisms provided to the collectors
need to be adjusted according to seasons (summer and
winter) to maximise the collector efficiency
bull PV tracking systems is an alternative to the fixed
stationary PV panels PV tracking systems are mounted
and provided with tracking mechanisms to follow the sun
as it moves through the sky These tracking systems run
entirely on their own power and can increase output by
40
6102011 33copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
Back-up systems
bull Back-up systems are necessary since PV systems only
generate electricity when the sun is shining The two
most common methods of backing up solar electric
systems are connecting the system to the utility grid or
storing excess electricity in batteries for use at night or
on cloudy days
6102011 34copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
bull Solar PV systems are found to be economical especially
in the hilly and far flung areas where conventional grid
power supply will be expensive to reach
6102011 35copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
6102011 36copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
bull The period four to five hours in late morning and early
afternoon (between 9 am to 3pm) is commonly called the
Solar Window During this time 80 of the total
collectable energy for the day falls on a solar collector
bull Therefore the collector should be free from shade during
this solar window throughout the year - Shading may
arise from buildings or trees to the south of the location
6102011 37copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
Performance
bull The performance of a solar cell is measured in terms of
its efficiency at converting sunlight into electricity Only
sunlight of certain energy will work efficiently to create
electricity and much of it is reflected or absorbed by the
material that make up the cell
bull Because of this a typical commercial solar cell has an
efficiency of 15mdashonly about one-sixth of the sunlight
striking the cell generates electricity Low efficiencies
mean that larger arrays are needed and higher
investment costs
6102011 38copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
Solar lantern
bull A typical solar lantern consists of a PV module of 8 Wp
to 10 Wp capacity a sealed maintenance-free battery
of 12 V 7 AH (ampere hours) capacity and a compact
fluorescent lamp (CFL) of 5 W or 7 W rating(cost- Rs
3000ndash3300)
bull A solar lantern is usually meant to provide light for three
to four hours daily and designed to have a three-day
autonomylsquo that is to function in this manner for three
days without sunlight
6102011 39copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
6102011 40copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
Solar street lighting system
bull A solar street-lighting system (SLS) is an outdoor lighting
unit used to illuminate a street or an open area A CFL is
fixed inside a luminaire which is mounted on a pole
bull The PV module is placed at the top of the pole and a
battery is placed in a box at the base of the pole
bull The module is mounted facing south so that it receives
solar radiation throughout the day without any shadow
falling on it
6102011 41copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
6102011 42copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
bull A typical street-lighting system consists of a PV module
of 74 Wp capacity a flooded leadndashacid battery of 12 V
75 AH capacity and a CFL of 11 W rating This system
is designed to operate from dusk to dawn (that is
throughout the night)
bull The cost of an SLS is about Rs 19 000
6102011 43copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
6102011 44copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
6102011 45copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
6102011 46copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
SPV-based Information display systems
bull Such systems are slowly replacing traditional neon tube-
based systemsthe latter are not only expensive but
also consume much more energy
bull For a typical LED information system of size about 1 times 2
m and consuming about 300 watts of energy an SPV
module of about 2 kWp capacity is required to enable it
to operate all through the night
bull For a 300-watt system requiring 15 hours of
operationthe approx cost can be about Rs 7 lakhs
6102011 47copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
Building-Integrated PV Systems
bull In a building-integrated photovoltaic (BIPV) system PV
panels are integrated into the roof or faccedilade of a
building
bull The SPV panels generate electricity during the daytime
which is used to meet a part of the electrical energy
needs of the building
bull Although the initial costs of a BIPV system are high
long-term savings result from a reduction in electricity
consumption
6102011 48copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
6102011 49copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
bull In order to encourage this application and to prepare
manufacturers and users the Ministry supports BIPV
projects by meeting 80 of the cost of PV modules
installed in the systems on government and semi
government buildings
6102011 50copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
Solar Water Pumps
bull In solar water pumping system
the pump is driven by motor
run by solar electricity instead
of conventional electricity
drawn from utility grid A SPV
water pumping system consists
of a photovoltaic array mounted
on a stand and a motor-pump
set compatible with the
photovoltaic array
Figure 126 Photovoltaic Water Pumping
6102011 51copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
Solar Water Heating Systems
bull A solar water heating system is a device that uses solar
energy to heat water for domestic commercial and
industrial needs Heating of water is the most common
application of solar energy in the world
bull A typical solar water heating system can save up to
1500 units of electricity every year for every 100 litres
per day of solar water heating capacity
6102011 52copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
6102011 53copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
6102011 54copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
6102011 55copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
Design
bull A solar water heating system consists of a flat plate
solar collector a storage tank kept at a height behind
the collector and connecting pipes
bull The system is generally installed on the roof or on open
ground with the collector facing the sun and connected
to a continuous water supply
6102011 56copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
bull A compact system can save up to 45 tonnes annually of
greenhouse gas emissions In order to achieve the aims
of the Kyoto protocol several countries are offering
subsidies to the end user
6102011 57copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
Types of thermal collector
bull There are three main kinds of solar thermal collectors in
common use
bull In order of increasing cost they are Formed Plastic
Collectors Flat Collectors and Evacuated Tube
Collectors
bull The efficiency of the system is directly related to heat
losses from the collector surface (efficiency being
defined as the proportion of heating energy that can be
usefully obtained from insulation) Heat losses are
predominantly governed by the thermal gradient
between the temperature of the collector surface and the
ambient temperature
6102011 58copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
bull Efficiency decreases when either the ambient
temperature falls or as the collector temperature
increases This decrease in efficiency can be mitigated
by increasing the insulation of the unit by sealing the unit
in glass eg flat collectors or providing a vacuum seal
eg evacuated tube collector The choice of collector is
determined by the heating requirements and
environmental conditions in which it is employed
6102011 59copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
bull The collector usually comprises copperglass tubes
welded to copper sheets (both coated with a highly
absorbing black coating) with a toughened glass sheet
on top and insulating material on the back
6102011 60copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
Solar Water Heater Installation
6102011 61copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
bull Water flows through the tubes absorbs solar heatand
is stored in a tank
bull The water stored in the tank remains hot overnight as
the storage tank is insulated and heat losses are small
bull Flat-plate solar collectors are manufactured in India
however the tubes for evacuated tube collectors are
imported
6102011 62copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
Domestic solar water heating
system
bull Most domestic solar water heaters are provided with
electrical back-up Electrical heating elements are
usually placed in the storage tank and can be switched
on during cloudy days
bull In some cases the solar-heated water is led into an
existing electric geyser the geyser needs to be
switched on only in cloudy conditions
bull Most domestic systems are in the capacity range of
100ndash500 litres of hot water per day
6102011 63copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
6102011 64copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
Advantages of solar water heaters
1048714 Hot water is available 24 hours a day depending on the
use and system capacity
1048714 A solar water heater pays back its cost in 3ndash4 years
1048714 Solar water heaters last a long time (15ndash20 years) and
require only simple maintenance
6102011 65copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
Cost
bull The smallest solar water heater available has a capacity
of 100 litres per day which is sufficient for a family of
four or five members It costs Rs 15 000 to Rs 18 000
and can save about 1500 units of electricity per year
bull Soft loans are available at an interest rate of 5 for
non-commercial users and 7 for commercial
organizations These loans are available for up to 85 of
the cost of the system and can be repaid over five
years
6102011 66copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
SUN will play a major role in defining
Indiarsquos ldquoEnergy Securityrdquo objective
6102011 67copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
6102011 14copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
Is essential
bull As the CAPEX for adopting alternative source of energy for
powering such sites will become sustainable though CAPEX
may be high initially
Also a number of technologies amongst alternative sources are
in different stages of evolution and would mature
These sources are CLEAN and GREEN
The operating costs are minimal and the Maintenance amp
replacement costs are very low compared to diesel ndash driven
sites
Adapting Alternative Sources of Energy for Powering BTS Sites
6102011 15copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
Alternative Sources of Energy Available
Technologies
1 SOLAR ndash DG HYBRID
2 WIND ndash DG HYBRID
3 SOLAR ndash WIND HYBRID
4 Biomass Gasifier
5 BIOFUELS blending with diesel -B20 grade
6 FUEL - CELLS
6102011 16copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
Concept of Renewable Energy
bull Renewable energy sources also called non-
conventional energy are sources that are continuously
replenished by natural processes For example solar
energy wind energy bio-energy - bio-fuels grown
sustain ably) hydropower etc are some of the
examples of renewable energy sources
bull Renewable energy sources are essentially flows of
energy whereas the fossil and nuclear fuels are in
essence stocks of energy
6102011 17copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
Government Policies for Renewable Energy
in India
Includes Subsidies and fiscal benefits which are
bull Income tax benefits
bull Accelerated depreciation for plant and machinery
bull Customs duty and duty free import concessions
bull Capital and interest subsidy
bull Other incentives for preparation of feasibility reports and
detailed project reports (DPR)
bull Preferential tariffs are being worked out at the state
government level most incentives are focused on
installed capacity as capital costs are typically high
6102011 18copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
bull RampD subsidy to the tune of 100 of project cost in
government RampD institutions and 50 in the case of
private institutions
bull Specific incentive scheme for solar power launched in
2008 expected to cost the government Rs 90 crore and
bring in private investment to the tune of Rs 1000 crore
Generation based incentive of Rs 12 per kilowatt from
solar photovoltaic cells
Generation based incentive of Rs 10 per kilowatt for
power generated through solar thermal power plants
6102011 19copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
bull Wind Energy schemes offers
10 year income tax exemption
80 accelerated depreciation
Sales tax and excise duty exemption
6102011 20copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
New and Proposed Ventures in Renewable
Energy in India
bull Signet Solar plans to invest US$2billion over 10 years
to set up three plants in India
bull Tata BP Solar a joint venture between the Tata Group
and BP Solar of UK expanded its Bengaluru plant with
additional investment of US$100 million
bull Moser Baer announced plans to build a plant
manufacturing solar energy products costing US$250
million with technology from Applied Materials Inc
bull US-based Cypress Semiconductor is considering a
US$50 million plant in Hyderabad with SunPower Corp
in which it is a majority stakeholder
6102011 21copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
bull SunTechnics Energy Bengaluru-based subsidiary of
SunTechnics Gmbh plans to expand its plant
bull Astonfield Renewable Resources (ARRL) has
announced a US$2 billion plan in India over next 2 years
in India with a focus on solar power ARRL is working
with governments in West Bengal Haryana Gujarat and
Bihar
bull Wind power equipment maker Suzlon is entering solar
energy sector in Gujarat and Rajasthan
6102011 22copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
bull LampT plans to enter solar power generation and also
extend its green technologies business to nuclear and
hydel power
bull Jyoti is looking at all renewable energy sources It is in
technology tie-ups with German and Dutch companies
for wind energy It plans to produce windmills without
gear box of 850 KW
6102011 23copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
Renewable Energy Sources ndash Estimated Potential
Capacities
6102011 24copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
Drivers of the Renewable Energy Sector in
India
bull Huge energy demand supply gap and untapped potential
of renewable energy
bull Environmental concern pressure on polluting firms by
stakeholders
bull Felt need to strengthen Indialsquos energy security
bull Rural electrification program that aims to power 100000
villages by 2012
6102011 25copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
Solar Energy
bull Solar energy is the mostreadily available and freesource of energy sinceprehistoric times
bull It is estimated that solarenergy equivalent to over15000 times the worldsannual commercial energyconsumption reaches theearth every year
6102011 26copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
bull India receives solar energy in the region of 5 to 7
kWhm2 for 300 to 330 days in a year This energy is
sufficient to set up 20 MW solar power plant per
square kilometre land area
6102011 27copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
6102011 28copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
bull Solar energy can be utilised through two different routes
as solar thermal route and solar electric (solar
photovoltaic) routes
bull Solar thermal route uses the suns heat to produce hot
water or air cook food drying materials etc
bull Solar photovoltaic uses sunlsquos heat to produce electricity
for lighting home and building running motors pumps
electric appliances and lighting
6102011 29copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
6102011 30copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
Solar Photovoltaic (PV)
bull PV cells are usually made of silicon an element that
naturally releases electrons when exposed to light
bull The magnitude of the electric current generated depends
on the intensity of the solar radiation exposed area of
the solar cell the type of material used in fabricating the
solar cell and ambient temperature
bull The silicon cell is covered with a grid of metal that directs
the electrons to flow in a path to create an electric
current
6102011 31copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
bull Typically one cell produces about 15
watts of power Individual cells are
connected together to form a solar
panel or module capable of
producing 3 to 110 Watts power
bull Panels can be connected together in
series and parallel to make a solar
array
bull Modules are usually designed to
supply electricity at 12 Volts PV
modules are rated by their peak Watt
output at solar noon on a clear day
6102011 32copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
PV tracking systems
bull Positioning of solar panels or collectors can greatly
influence the system output efficiency and
payback Tilting mechanisms provided to the collectors
need to be adjusted according to seasons (summer and
winter) to maximise the collector efficiency
bull PV tracking systems is an alternative to the fixed
stationary PV panels PV tracking systems are mounted
and provided with tracking mechanisms to follow the sun
as it moves through the sky These tracking systems run
entirely on their own power and can increase output by
40
6102011 33copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
Back-up systems
bull Back-up systems are necessary since PV systems only
generate electricity when the sun is shining The two
most common methods of backing up solar electric
systems are connecting the system to the utility grid or
storing excess electricity in batteries for use at night or
on cloudy days
6102011 34copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
bull Solar PV systems are found to be economical especially
in the hilly and far flung areas where conventional grid
power supply will be expensive to reach
6102011 35copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
6102011 36copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
bull The period four to five hours in late morning and early
afternoon (between 9 am to 3pm) is commonly called the
Solar Window During this time 80 of the total
collectable energy for the day falls on a solar collector
bull Therefore the collector should be free from shade during
this solar window throughout the year - Shading may
arise from buildings or trees to the south of the location
6102011 37copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
Performance
bull The performance of a solar cell is measured in terms of
its efficiency at converting sunlight into electricity Only
sunlight of certain energy will work efficiently to create
electricity and much of it is reflected or absorbed by the
material that make up the cell
bull Because of this a typical commercial solar cell has an
efficiency of 15mdashonly about one-sixth of the sunlight
striking the cell generates electricity Low efficiencies
mean that larger arrays are needed and higher
investment costs
6102011 38copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
Solar lantern
bull A typical solar lantern consists of a PV module of 8 Wp
to 10 Wp capacity a sealed maintenance-free battery
of 12 V 7 AH (ampere hours) capacity and a compact
fluorescent lamp (CFL) of 5 W or 7 W rating(cost- Rs
3000ndash3300)
bull A solar lantern is usually meant to provide light for three
to four hours daily and designed to have a three-day
autonomylsquo that is to function in this manner for three
days without sunlight
6102011 39copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
6102011 40copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
Solar street lighting system
bull A solar street-lighting system (SLS) is an outdoor lighting
unit used to illuminate a street or an open area A CFL is
fixed inside a luminaire which is mounted on a pole
bull The PV module is placed at the top of the pole and a
battery is placed in a box at the base of the pole
bull The module is mounted facing south so that it receives
solar radiation throughout the day without any shadow
falling on it
6102011 41copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
6102011 42copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
bull A typical street-lighting system consists of a PV module
of 74 Wp capacity a flooded leadndashacid battery of 12 V
75 AH capacity and a CFL of 11 W rating This system
is designed to operate from dusk to dawn (that is
throughout the night)
bull The cost of an SLS is about Rs 19 000
6102011 43copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
6102011 44copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
6102011 45copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
6102011 46copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
SPV-based Information display systems
bull Such systems are slowly replacing traditional neon tube-
based systemsthe latter are not only expensive but
also consume much more energy
bull For a typical LED information system of size about 1 times 2
m and consuming about 300 watts of energy an SPV
module of about 2 kWp capacity is required to enable it
to operate all through the night
bull For a 300-watt system requiring 15 hours of
operationthe approx cost can be about Rs 7 lakhs
6102011 47copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
Building-Integrated PV Systems
bull In a building-integrated photovoltaic (BIPV) system PV
panels are integrated into the roof or faccedilade of a
building
bull The SPV panels generate electricity during the daytime
which is used to meet a part of the electrical energy
needs of the building
bull Although the initial costs of a BIPV system are high
long-term savings result from a reduction in electricity
consumption
6102011 48copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
6102011 49copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
bull In order to encourage this application and to prepare
manufacturers and users the Ministry supports BIPV
projects by meeting 80 of the cost of PV modules
installed in the systems on government and semi
government buildings
6102011 50copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
Solar Water Pumps
bull In solar water pumping system
the pump is driven by motor
run by solar electricity instead
of conventional electricity
drawn from utility grid A SPV
water pumping system consists
of a photovoltaic array mounted
on a stand and a motor-pump
set compatible with the
photovoltaic array
Figure 126 Photovoltaic Water Pumping
6102011 51copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
Solar Water Heating Systems
bull A solar water heating system is a device that uses solar
energy to heat water for domestic commercial and
industrial needs Heating of water is the most common
application of solar energy in the world
bull A typical solar water heating system can save up to
1500 units of electricity every year for every 100 litres
per day of solar water heating capacity
6102011 52copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
6102011 53copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
6102011 54copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
6102011 55copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
Design
bull A solar water heating system consists of a flat plate
solar collector a storage tank kept at a height behind
the collector and connecting pipes
bull The system is generally installed on the roof or on open
ground with the collector facing the sun and connected
to a continuous water supply
6102011 56copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
bull A compact system can save up to 45 tonnes annually of
greenhouse gas emissions In order to achieve the aims
of the Kyoto protocol several countries are offering
subsidies to the end user
6102011 57copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
Types of thermal collector
bull There are three main kinds of solar thermal collectors in
common use
bull In order of increasing cost they are Formed Plastic
Collectors Flat Collectors and Evacuated Tube
Collectors
bull The efficiency of the system is directly related to heat
losses from the collector surface (efficiency being
defined as the proportion of heating energy that can be
usefully obtained from insulation) Heat losses are
predominantly governed by the thermal gradient
between the temperature of the collector surface and the
ambient temperature
6102011 58copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
bull Efficiency decreases when either the ambient
temperature falls or as the collector temperature
increases This decrease in efficiency can be mitigated
by increasing the insulation of the unit by sealing the unit
in glass eg flat collectors or providing a vacuum seal
eg evacuated tube collector The choice of collector is
determined by the heating requirements and
environmental conditions in which it is employed
6102011 59copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
bull The collector usually comprises copperglass tubes
welded to copper sheets (both coated with a highly
absorbing black coating) with a toughened glass sheet
on top and insulating material on the back
6102011 60copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
Solar Water Heater Installation
6102011 61copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
bull Water flows through the tubes absorbs solar heatand
is stored in a tank
bull The water stored in the tank remains hot overnight as
the storage tank is insulated and heat losses are small
bull Flat-plate solar collectors are manufactured in India
however the tubes for evacuated tube collectors are
imported
6102011 62copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
Domestic solar water heating
system
bull Most domestic solar water heaters are provided with
electrical back-up Electrical heating elements are
usually placed in the storage tank and can be switched
on during cloudy days
bull In some cases the solar-heated water is led into an
existing electric geyser the geyser needs to be
switched on only in cloudy conditions
bull Most domestic systems are in the capacity range of
100ndash500 litres of hot water per day
6102011 63copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
6102011 64copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
Advantages of solar water heaters
1048714 Hot water is available 24 hours a day depending on the
use and system capacity
1048714 A solar water heater pays back its cost in 3ndash4 years
1048714 Solar water heaters last a long time (15ndash20 years) and
require only simple maintenance
6102011 65copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
Cost
bull The smallest solar water heater available has a capacity
of 100 litres per day which is sufficient for a family of
four or five members It costs Rs 15 000 to Rs 18 000
and can save about 1500 units of electricity per year
bull Soft loans are available at an interest rate of 5 for
non-commercial users and 7 for commercial
organizations These loans are available for up to 85 of
the cost of the system and can be repaid over five
years
6102011 66copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
SUN will play a major role in defining
Indiarsquos ldquoEnergy Securityrdquo objective
6102011 67copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
6102011 15copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
Alternative Sources of Energy Available
Technologies
1 SOLAR ndash DG HYBRID
2 WIND ndash DG HYBRID
3 SOLAR ndash WIND HYBRID
4 Biomass Gasifier
5 BIOFUELS blending with diesel -B20 grade
6 FUEL - CELLS
6102011 16copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
Concept of Renewable Energy
bull Renewable energy sources also called non-
conventional energy are sources that are continuously
replenished by natural processes For example solar
energy wind energy bio-energy - bio-fuels grown
sustain ably) hydropower etc are some of the
examples of renewable energy sources
bull Renewable energy sources are essentially flows of
energy whereas the fossil and nuclear fuels are in
essence stocks of energy
6102011 17copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
Government Policies for Renewable Energy
in India
Includes Subsidies and fiscal benefits which are
bull Income tax benefits
bull Accelerated depreciation for plant and machinery
bull Customs duty and duty free import concessions
bull Capital and interest subsidy
bull Other incentives for preparation of feasibility reports and
detailed project reports (DPR)
bull Preferential tariffs are being worked out at the state
government level most incentives are focused on
installed capacity as capital costs are typically high
6102011 18copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
bull RampD subsidy to the tune of 100 of project cost in
government RampD institutions and 50 in the case of
private institutions
bull Specific incentive scheme for solar power launched in
2008 expected to cost the government Rs 90 crore and
bring in private investment to the tune of Rs 1000 crore
Generation based incentive of Rs 12 per kilowatt from
solar photovoltaic cells
Generation based incentive of Rs 10 per kilowatt for
power generated through solar thermal power plants
6102011 19copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
bull Wind Energy schemes offers
10 year income tax exemption
80 accelerated depreciation
Sales tax and excise duty exemption
6102011 20copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
New and Proposed Ventures in Renewable
Energy in India
bull Signet Solar plans to invest US$2billion over 10 years
to set up three plants in India
bull Tata BP Solar a joint venture between the Tata Group
and BP Solar of UK expanded its Bengaluru plant with
additional investment of US$100 million
bull Moser Baer announced plans to build a plant
manufacturing solar energy products costing US$250
million with technology from Applied Materials Inc
bull US-based Cypress Semiconductor is considering a
US$50 million plant in Hyderabad with SunPower Corp
in which it is a majority stakeholder
6102011 21copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
bull SunTechnics Energy Bengaluru-based subsidiary of
SunTechnics Gmbh plans to expand its plant
bull Astonfield Renewable Resources (ARRL) has
announced a US$2 billion plan in India over next 2 years
in India with a focus on solar power ARRL is working
with governments in West Bengal Haryana Gujarat and
Bihar
bull Wind power equipment maker Suzlon is entering solar
energy sector in Gujarat and Rajasthan
6102011 22copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
bull LampT plans to enter solar power generation and also
extend its green technologies business to nuclear and
hydel power
bull Jyoti is looking at all renewable energy sources It is in
technology tie-ups with German and Dutch companies
for wind energy It plans to produce windmills without
gear box of 850 KW
6102011 23copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
Renewable Energy Sources ndash Estimated Potential
Capacities
6102011 24copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
Drivers of the Renewable Energy Sector in
India
bull Huge energy demand supply gap and untapped potential
of renewable energy
bull Environmental concern pressure on polluting firms by
stakeholders
bull Felt need to strengthen Indialsquos energy security
bull Rural electrification program that aims to power 100000
villages by 2012
6102011 25copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
Solar Energy
bull Solar energy is the mostreadily available and freesource of energy sinceprehistoric times
bull It is estimated that solarenergy equivalent to over15000 times the worldsannual commercial energyconsumption reaches theearth every year
6102011 26copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
bull India receives solar energy in the region of 5 to 7
kWhm2 for 300 to 330 days in a year This energy is
sufficient to set up 20 MW solar power plant per
square kilometre land area
6102011 27copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
6102011 28copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
bull Solar energy can be utilised through two different routes
as solar thermal route and solar electric (solar
photovoltaic) routes
bull Solar thermal route uses the suns heat to produce hot
water or air cook food drying materials etc
bull Solar photovoltaic uses sunlsquos heat to produce electricity
for lighting home and building running motors pumps
electric appliances and lighting
6102011 29copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
6102011 30copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
Solar Photovoltaic (PV)
bull PV cells are usually made of silicon an element that
naturally releases electrons when exposed to light
bull The magnitude of the electric current generated depends
on the intensity of the solar radiation exposed area of
the solar cell the type of material used in fabricating the
solar cell and ambient temperature
bull The silicon cell is covered with a grid of metal that directs
the electrons to flow in a path to create an electric
current
6102011 31copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
bull Typically one cell produces about 15
watts of power Individual cells are
connected together to form a solar
panel or module capable of
producing 3 to 110 Watts power
bull Panels can be connected together in
series and parallel to make a solar
array
bull Modules are usually designed to
supply electricity at 12 Volts PV
modules are rated by their peak Watt
output at solar noon on a clear day
6102011 32copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
PV tracking systems
bull Positioning of solar panels or collectors can greatly
influence the system output efficiency and
payback Tilting mechanisms provided to the collectors
need to be adjusted according to seasons (summer and
winter) to maximise the collector efficiency
bull PV tracking systems is an alternative to the fixed
stationary PV panels PV tracking systems are mounted
and provided with tracking mechanisms to follow the sun
as it moves through the sky These tracking systems run
entirely on their own power and can increase output by
40
6102011 33copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
Back-up systems
bull Back-up systems are necessary since PV systems only
generate electricity when the sun is shining The two
most common methods of backing up solar electric
systems are connecting the system to the utility grid or
storing excess electricity in batteries for use at night or
on cloudy days
6102011 34copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
bull Solar PV systems are found to be economical especially
in the hilly and far flung areas where conventional grid
power supply will be expensive to reach
6102011 35copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
6102011 36copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
bull The period four to five hours in late morning and early
afternoon (between 9 am to 3pm) is commonly called the
Solar Window During this time 80 of the total
collectable energy for the day falls on a solar collector
bull Therefore the collector should be free from shade during
this solar window throughout the year - Shading may
arise from buildings or trees to the south of the location
6102011 37copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
Performance
bull The performance of a solar cell is measured in terms of
its efficiency at converting sunlight into electricity Only
sunlight of certain energy will work efficiently to create
electricity and much of it is reflected or absorbed by the
material that make up the cell
bull Because of this a typical commercial solar cell has an
efficiency of 15mdashonly about one-sixth of the sunlight
striking the cell generates electricity Low efficiencies
mean that larger arrays are needed and higher
investment costs
6102011 38copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
Solar lantern
bull A typical solar lantern consists of a PV module of 8 Wp
to 10 Wp capacity a sealed maintenance-free battery
of 12 V 7 AH (ampere hours) capacity and a compact
fluorescent lamp (CFL) of 5 W or 7 W rating(cost- Rs
3000ndash3300)
bull A solar lantern is usually meant to provide light for three
to four hours daily and designed to have a three-day
autonomylsquo that is to function in this manner for three
days without sunlight
6102011 39copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
6102011 40copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
Solar street lighting system
bull A solar street-lighting system (SLS) is an outdoor lighting
unit used to illuminate a street or an open area A CFL is
fixed inside a luminaire which is mounted on a pole
bull The PV module is placed at the top of the pole and a
battery is placed in a box at the base of the pole
bull The module is mounted facing south so that it receives
solar radiation throughout the day without any shadow
falling on it
6102011 41copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
6102011 42copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
bull A typical street-lighting system consists of a PV module
of 74 Wp capacity a flooded leadndashacid battery of 12 V
75 AH capacity and a CFL of 11 W rating This system
is designed to operate from dusk to dawn (that is
throughout the night)
bull The cost of an SLS is about Rs 19 000
6102011 43copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
6102011 44copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
6102011 45copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
6102011 46copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
SPV-based Information display systems
bull Such systems are slowly replacing traditional neon tube-
based systemsthe latter are not only expensive but
also consume much more energy
bull For a typical LED information system of size about 1 times 2
m and consuming about 300 watts of energy an SPV
module of about 2 kWp capacity is required to enable it
to operate all through the night
bull For a 300-watt system requiring 15 hours of
operationthe approx cost can be about Rs 7 lakhs
6102011 47copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
Building-Integrated PV Systems
bull In a building-integrated photovoltaic (BIPV) system PV
panels are integrated into the roof or faccedilade of a
building
bull The SPV panels generate electricity during the daytime
which is used to meet a part of the electrical energy
needs of the building
bull Although the initial costs of a BIPV system are high
long-term savings result from a reduction in electricity
consumption
6102011 48copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
6102011 49copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
bull In order to encourage this application and to prepare
manufacturers and users the Ministry supports BIPV
projects by meeting 80 of the cost of PV modules
installed in the systems on government and semi
government buildings
6102011 50copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
Solar Water Pumps
bull In solar water pumping system
the pump is driven by motor
run by solar electricity instead
of conventional electricity
drawn from utility grid A SPV
water pumping system consists
of a photovoltaic array mounted
on a stand and a motor-pump
set compatible with the
photovoltaic array
Figure 126 Photovoltaic Water Pumping
6102011 51copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
Solar Water Heating Systems
bull A solar water heating system is a device that uses solar
energy to heat water for domestic commercial and
industrial needs Heating of water is the most common
application of solar energy in the world
bull A typical solar water heating system can save up to
1500 units of electricity every year for every 100 litres
per day of solar water heating capacity
6102011 52copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
6102011 53copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
6102011 54copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
6102011 55copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
Design
bull A solar water heating system consists of a flat plate
solar collector a storage tank kept at a height behind
the collector and connecting pipes
bull The system is generally installed on the roof or on open
ground with the collector facing the sun and connected
to a continuous water supply
6102011 56copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
bull A compact system can save up to 45 tonnes annually of
greenhouse gas emissions In order to achieve the aims
of the Kyoto protocol several countries are offering
subsidies to the end user
6102011 57copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
Types of thermal collector
bull There are three main kinds of solar thermal collectors in
common use
bull In order of increasing cost they are Formed Plastic
Collectors Flat Collectors and Evacuated Tube
Collectors
bull The efficiency of the system is directly related to heat
losses from the collector surface (efficiency being
defined as the proportion of heating energy that can be
usefully obtained from insulation) Heat losses are
predominantly governed by the thermal gradient
between the temperature of the collector surface and the
ambient temperature
6102011 58copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
bull Efficiency decreases when either the ambient
temperature falls or as the collector temperature
increases This decrease in efficiency can be mitigated
by increasing the insulation of the unit by sealing the unit
in glass eg flat collectors or providing a vacuum seal
eg evacuated tube collector The choice of collector is
determined by the heating requirements and
environmental conditions in which it is employed
6102011 59copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
bull The collector usually comprises copperglass tubes
welded to copper sheets (both coated with a highly
absorbing black coating) with a toughened glass sheet
on top and insulating material on the back
6102011 60copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
Solar Water Heater Installation
6102011 61copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
bull Water flows through the tubes absorbs solar heatand
is stored in a tank
bull The water stored in the tank remains hot overnight as
the storage tank is insulated and heat losses are small
bull Flat-plate solar collectors are manufactured in India
however the tubes for evacuated tube collectors are
imported
6102011 62copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
Domestic solar water heating
system
bull Most domestic solar water heaters are provided with
electrical back-up Electrical heating elements are
usually placed in the storage tank and can be switched
on during cloudy days
bull In some cases the solar-heated water is led into an
existing electric geyser the geyser needs to be
switched on only in cloudy conditions
bull Most domestic systems are in the capacity range of
100ndash500 litres of hot water per day
6102011 63copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
6102011 64copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
Advantages of solar water heaters
1048714 Hot water is available 24 hours a day depending on the
use and system capacity
1048714 A solar water heater pays back its cost in 3ndash4 years
1048714 Solar water heaters last a long time (15ndash20 years) and
require only simple maintenance
6102011 65copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
Cost
bull The smallest solar water heater available has a capacity
of 100 litres per day which is sufficient for a family of
four or five members It costs Rs 15 000 to Rs 18 000
and can save about 1500 units of electricity per year
bull Soft loans are available at an interest rate of 5 for
non-commercial users and 7 for commercial
organizations These loans are available for up to 85 of
the cost of the system and can be repaid over five
years
6102011 66copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
SUN will play a major role in defining
Indiarsquos ldquoEnergy Securityrdquo objective
6102011 67copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
6102011 16copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
Concept of Renewable Energy
bull Renewable energy sources also called non-
conventional energy are sources that are continuously
replenished by natural processes For example solar
energy wind energy bio-energy - bio-fuels grown
sustain ably) hydropower etc are some of the
examples of renewable energy sources
bull Renewable energy sources are essentially flows of
energy whereas the fossil and nuclear fuels are in
essence stocks of energy
6102011 17copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
Government Policies for Renewable Energy
in India
Includes Subsidies and fiscal benefits which are
bull Income tax benefits
bull Accelerated depreciation for plant and machinery
bull Customs duty and duty free import concessions
bull Capital and interest subsidy
bull Other incentives for preparation of feasibility reports and
detailed project reports (DPR)
bull Preferential tariffs are being worked out at the state
government level most incentives are focused on
installed capacity as capital costs are typically high
6102011 18copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
bull RampD subsidy to the tune of 100 of project cost in
government RampD institutions and 50 in the case of
private institutions
bull Specific incentive scheme for solar power launched in
2008 expected to cost the government Rs 90 crore and
bring in private investment to the tune of Rs 1000 crore
Generation based incentive of Rs 12 per kilowatt from
solar photovoltaic cells
Generation based incentive of Rs 10 per kilowatt for
power generated through solar thermal power plants
6102011 19copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
bull Wind Energy schemes offers
10 year income tax exemption
80 accelerated depreciation
Sales tax and excise duty exemption
6102011 20copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
New and Proposed Ventures in Renewable
Energy in India
bull Signet Solar plans to invest US$2billion over 10 years
to set up three plants in India
bull Tata BP Solar a joint venture between the Tata Group
and BP Solar of UK expanded its Bengaluru plant with
additional investment of US$100 million
bull Moser Baer announced plans to build a plant
manufacturing solar energy products costing US$250
million with technology from Applied Materials Inc
bull US-based Cypress Semiconductor is considering a
US$50 million plant in Hyderabad with SunPower Corp
in which it is a majority stakeholder
6102011 21copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
bull SunTechnics Energy Bengaluru-based subsidiary of
SunTechnics Gmbh plans to expand its plant
bull Astonfield Renewable Resources (ARRL) has
announced a US$2 billion plan in India over next 2 years
in India with a focus on solar power ARRL is working
with governments in West Bengal Haryana Gujarat and
Bihar
bull Wind power equipment maker Suzlon is entering solar
energy sector in Gujarat and Rajasthan
6102011 22copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
bull LampT plans to enter solar power generation and also
extend its green technologies business to nuclear and
hydel power
bull Jyoti is looking at all renewable energy sources It is in
technology tie-ups with German and Dutch companies
for wind energy It plans to produce windmills without
gear box of 850 KW
6102011 23copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
Renewable Energy Sources ndash Estimated Potential
Capacities
6102011 24copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
Drivers of the Renewable Energy Sector in
India
bull Huge energy demand supply gap and untapped potential
of renewable energy
bull Environmental concern pressure on polluting firms by
stakeholders
bull Felt need to strengthen Indialsquos energy security
bull Rural electrification program that aims to power 100000
villages by 2012
6102011 25copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
Solar Energy
bull Solar energy is the mostreadily available and freesource of energy sinceprehistoric times
bull It is estimated that solarenergy equivalent to over15000 times the worldsannual commercial energyconsumption reaches theearth every year
6102011 26copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
bull India receives solar energy in the region of 5 to 7
kWhm2 for 300 to 330 days in a year This energy is
sufficient to set up 20 MW solar power plant per
square kilometre land area
6102011 27copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
6102011 28copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
bull Solar energy can be utilised through two different routes
as solar thermal route and solar electric (solar
photovoltaic) routes
bull Solar thermal route uses the suns heat to produce hot
water or air cook food drying materials etc
bull Solar photovoltaic uses sunlsquos heat to produce electricity
for lighting home and building running motors pumps
electric appliances and lighting
6102011 29copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
6102011 30copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
Solar Photovoltaic (PV)
bull PV cells are usually made of silicon an element that
naturally releases electrons when exposed to light
bull The magnitude of the electric current generated depends
on the intensity of the solar radiation exposed area of
the solar cell the type of material used in fabricating the
solar cell and ambient temperature
bull The silicon cell is covered with a grid of metal that directs
the electrons to flow in a path to create an electric
current
6102011 31copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
bull Typically one cell produces about 15
watts of power Individual cells are
connected together to form a solar
panel or module capable of
producing 3 to 110 Watts power
bull Panels can be connected together in
series and parallel to make a solar
array
bull Modules are usually designed to
supply electricity at 12 Volts PV
modules are rated by their peak Watt
output at solar noon on a clear day
6102011 32copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
PV tracking systems
bull Positioning of solar panels or collectors can greatly
influence the system output efficiency and
payback Tilting mechanisms provided to the collectors
need to be adjusted according to seasons (summer and
winter) to maximise the collector efficiency
bull PV tracking systems is an alternative to the fixed
stationary PV panels PV tracking systems are mounted
and provided with tracking mechanisms to follow the sun
as it moves through the sky These tracking systems run
entirely on their own power and can increase output by
40
6102011 33copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
Back-up systems
bull Back-up systems are necessary since PV systems only
generate electricity when the sun is shining The two
most common methods of backing up solar electric
systems are connecting the system to the utility grid or
storing excess electricity in batteries for use at night or
on cloudy days
6102011 34copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
bull Solar PV systems are found to be economical especially
in the hilly and far flung areas where conventional grid
power supply will be expensive to reach
6102011 35copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
6102011 36copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
bull The period four to five hours in late morning and early
afternoon (between 9 am to 3pm) is commonly called the
Solar Window During this time 80 of the total
collectable energy for the day falls on a solar collector
bull Therefore the collector should be free from shade during
this solar window throughout the year - Shading may
arise from buildings or trees to the south of the location
6102011 37copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
Performance
bull The performance of a solar cell is measured in terms of
its efficiency at converting sunlight into electricity Only
sunlight of certain energy will work efficiently to create
electricity and much of it is reflected or absorbed by the
material that make up the cell
bull Because of this a typical commercial solar cell has an
efficiency of 15mdashonly about one-sixth of the sunlight
striking the cell generates electricity Low efficiencies
mean that larger arrays are needed and higher
investment costs
6102011 38copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
Solar lantern
bull A typical solar lantern consists of a PV module of 8 Wp
to 10 Wp capacity a sealed maintenance-free battery
of 12 V 7 AH (ampere hours) capacity and a compact
fluorescent lamp (CFL) of 5 W or 7 W rating(cost- Rs
3000ndash3300)
bull A solar lantern is usually meant to provide light for three
to four hours daily and designed to have a three-day
autonomylsquo that is to function in this manner for three
days without sunlight
6102011 39copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
6102011 40copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
Solar street lighting system
bull A solar street-lighting system (SLS) is an outdoor lighting
unit used to illuminate a street or an open area A CFL is
fixed inside a luminaire which is mounted on a pole
bull The PV module is placed at the top of the pole and a
battery is placed in a box at the base of the pole
bull The module is mounted facing south so that it receives
solar radiation throughout the day without any shadow
falling on it
6102011 41copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
6102011 42copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
bull A typical street-lighting system consists of a PV module
of 74 Wp capacity a flooded leadndashacid battery of 12 V
75 AH capacity and a CFL of 11 W rating This system
is designed to operate from dusk to dawn (that is
throughout the night)
bull The cost of an SLS is about Rs 19 000
6102011 43copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
6102011 44copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
6102011 45copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
6102011 46copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
SPV-based Information display systems
bull Such systems are slowly replacing traditional neon tube-
based systemsthe latter are not only expensive but
also consume much more energy
bull For a typical LED information system of size about 1 times 2
m and consuming about 300 watts of energy an SPV
module of about 2 kWp capacity is required to enable it
to operate all through the night
bull For a 300-watt system requiring 15 hours of
operationthe approx cost can be about Rs 7 lakhs
6102011 47copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
Building-Integrated PV Systems
bull In a building-integrated photovoltaic (BIPV) system PV
panels are integrated into the roof or faccedilade of a
building
bull The SPV panels generate electricity during the daytime
which is used to meet a part of the electrical energy
needs of the building
bull Although the initial costs of a BIPV system are high
long-term savings result from a reduction in electricity
consumption
6102011 48copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
6102011 49copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
bull In order to encourage this application and to prepare
manufacturers and users the Ministry supports BIPV
projects by meeting 80 of the cost of PV modules
installed in the systems on government and semi
government buildings
6102011 50copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
Solar Water Pumps
bull In solar water pumping system
the pump is driven by motor
run by solar electricity instead
of conventional electricity
drawn from utility grid A SPV
water pumping system consists
of a photovoltaic array mounted
on a stand and a motor-pump
set compatible with the
photovoltaic array
Figure 126 Photovoltaic Water Pumping
6102011 51copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
Solar Water Heating Systems
bull A solar water heating system is a device that uses solar
energy to heat water for domestic commercial and
industrial needs Heating of water is the most common
application of solar energy in the world
bull A typical solar water heating system can save up to
1500 units of electricity every year for every 100 litres
per day of solar water heating capacity
6102011 52copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
6102011 53copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
6102011 54copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
6102011 55copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
Design
bull A solar water heating system consists of a flat plate
solar collector a storage tank kept at a height behind
the collector and connecting pipes
bull The system is generally installed on the roof or on open
ground with the collector facing the sun and connected
to a continuous water supply
6102011 56copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
bull A compact system can save up to 45 tonnes annually of
greenhouse gas emissions In order to achieve the aims
of the Kyoto protocol several countries are offering
subsidies to the end user
6102011 57copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
Types of thermal collector
bull There are three main kinds of solar thermal collectors in
common use
bull In order of increasing cost they are Formed Plastic
Collectors Flat Collectors and Evacuated Tube
Collectors
bull The efficiency of the system is directly related to heat
losses from the collector surface (efficiency being
defined as the proportion of heating energy that can be
usefully obtained from insulation) Heat losses are
predominantly governed by the thermal gradient
between the temperature of the collector surface and the
ambient temperature
6102011 58copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
bull Efficiency decreases when either the ambient
temperature falls or as the collector temperature
increases This decrease in efficiency can be mitigated
by increasing the insulation of the unit by sealing the unit
in glass eg flat collectors or providing a vacuum seal
eg evacuated tube collector The choice of collector is
determined by the heating requirements and
environmental conditions in which it is employed
6102011 59copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
bull The collector usually comprises copperglass tubes
welded to copper sheets (both coated with a highly
absorbing black coating) with a toughened glass sheet
on top and insulating material on the back
6102011 60copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
Solar Water Heater Installation
6102011 61copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
bull Water flows through the tubes absorbs solar heatand
is stored in a tank
bull The water stored in the tank remains hot overnight as
the storage tank is insulated and heat losses are small
bull Flat-plate solar collectors are manufactured in India
however the tubes for evacuated tube collectors are
imported
6102011 62copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
Domestic solar water heating
system
bull Most domestic solar water heaters are provided with
electrical back-up Electrical heating elements are
usually placed in the storage tank and can be switched
on during cloudy days
bull In some cases the solar-heated water is led into an
existing electric geyser the geyser needs to be
switched on only in cloudy conditions
bull Most domestic systems are in the capacity range of
100ndash500 litres of hot water per day
6102011 63copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
6102011 64copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
Advantages of solar water heaters
1048714 Hot water is available 24 hours a day depending on the
use and system capacity
1048714 A solar water heater pays back its cost in 3ndash4 years
1048714 Solar water heaters last a long time (15ndash20 years) and
require only simple maintenance
6102011 65copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
Cost
bull The smallest solar water heater available has a capacity
of 100 litres per day which is sufficient for a family of
four or five members It costs Rs 15 000 to Rs 18 000
and can save about 1500 units of electricity per year
bull Soft loans are available at an interest rate of 5 for
non-commercial users and 7 for commercial
organizations These loans are available for up to 85 of
the cost of the system and can be repaid over five
years
6102011 66copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
SUN will play a major role in defining
Indiarsquos ldquoEnergy Securityrdquo objective
6102011 67copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
6102011 17copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
Government Policies for Renewable Energy
in India
Includes Subsidies and fiscal benefits which are
bull Income tax benefits
bull Accelerated depreciation for plant and machinery
bull Customs duty and duty free import concessions
bull Capital and interest subsidy
bull Other incentives for preparation of feasibility reports and
detailed project reports (DPR)
bull Preferential tariffs are being worked out at the state
government level most incentives are focused on
installed capacity as capital costs are typically high
6102011 18copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
bull RampD subsidy to the tune of 100 of project cost in
government RampD institutions and 50 in the case of
private institutions
bull Specific incentive scheme for solar power launched in
2008 expected to cost the government Rs 90 crore and
bring in private investment to the tune of Rs 1000 crore
Generation based incentive of Rs 12 per kilowatt from
solar photovoltaic cells
Generation based incentive of Rs 10 per kilowatt for
power generated through solar thermal power plants
6102011 19copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
bull Wind Energy schemes offers
10 year income tax exemption
80 accelerated depreciation
Sales tax and excise duty exemption
6102011 20copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
New and Proposed Ventures in Renewable
Energy in India
bull Signet Solar plans to invest US$2billion over 10 years
to set up three plants in India
bull Tata BP Solar a joint venture between the Tata Group
and BP Solar of UK expanded its Bengaluru plant with
additional investment of US$100 million
bull Moser Baer announced plans to build a plant
manufacturing solar energy products costing US$250
million with technology from Applied Materials Inc
bull US-based Cypress Semiconductor is considering a
US$50 million plant in Hyderabad with SunPower Corp
in which it is a majority stakeholder
6102011 21copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
bull SunTechnics Energy Bengaluru-based subsidiary of
SunTechnics Gmbh plans to expand its plant
bull Astonfield Renewable Resources (ARRL) has
announced a US$2 billion plan in India over next 2 years
in India with a focus on solar power ARRL is working
with governments in West Bengal Haryana Gujarat and
Bihar
bull Wind power equipment maker Suzlon is entering solar
energy sector in Gujarat and Rajasthan
6102011 22copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
bull LampT plans to enter solar power generation and also
extend its green technologies business to nuclear and
hydel power
bull Jyoti is looking at all renewable energy sources It is in
technology tie-ups with German and Dutch companies
for wind energy It plans to produce windmills without
gear box of 850 KW
6102011 23copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
Renewable Energy Sources ndash Estimated Potential
Capacities
6102011 24copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
Drivers of the Renewable Energy Sector in
India
bull Huge energy demand supply gap and untapped potential
of renewable energy
bull Environmental concern pressure on polluting firms by
stakeholders
bull Felt need to strengthen Indialsquos energy security
bull Rural electrification program that aims to power 100000
villages by 2012
6102011 25copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
Solar Energy
bull Solar energy is the mostreadily available and freesource of energy sinceprehistoric times
bull It is estimated that solarenergy equivalent to over15000 times the worldsannual commercial energyconsumption reaches theearth every year
6102011 26copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
bull India receives solar energy in the region of 5 to 7
kWhm2 for 300 to 330 days in a year This energy is
sufficient to set up 20 MW solar power plant per
square kilometre land area
6102011 27copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
6102011 28copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
bull Solar energy can be utilised through two different routes
as solar thermal route and solar electric (solar
photovoltaic) routes
bull Solar thermal route uses the suns heat to produce hot
water or air cook food drying materials etc
bull Solar photovoltaic uses sunlsquos heat to produce electricity
for lighting home and building running motors pumps
electric appliances and lighting
6102011 29copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
6102011 30copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
Solar Photovoltaic (PV)
bull PV cells are usually made of silicon an element that
naturally releases electrons when exposed to light
bull The magnitude of the electric current generated depends
on the intensity of the solar radiation exposed area of
the solar cell the type of material used in fabricating the
solar cell and ambient temperature
bull The silicon cell is covered with a grid of metal that directs
the electrons to flow in a path to create an electric
current
6102011 31copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
bull Typically one cell produces about 15
watts of power Individual cells are
connected together to form a solar
panel or module capable of
producing 3 to 110 Watts power
bull Panels can be connected together in
series and parallel to make a solar
array
bull Modules are usually designed to
supply electricity at 12 Volts PV
modules are rated by their peak Watt
output at solar noon on a clear day
6102011 32copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
PV tracking systems
bull Positioning of solar panels or collectors can greatly
influence the system output efficiency and
payback Tilting mechanisms provided to the collectors
need to be adjusted according to seasons (summer and
winter) to maximise the collector efficiency
bull PV tracking systems is an alternative to the fixed
stationary PV panels PV tracking systems are mounted
and provided with tracking mechanisms to follow the sun
as it moves through the sky These tracking systems run
entirely on their own power and can increase output by
40
6102011 33copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
Back-up systems
bull Back-up systems are necessary since PV systems only
generate electricity when the sun is shining The two
most common methods of backing up solar electric
systems are connecting the system to the utility grid or
storing excess electricity in batteries for use at night or
on cloudy days
6102011 34copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
bull Solar PV systems are found to be economical especially
in the hilly and far flung areas where conventional grid
power supply will be expensive to reach
6102011 35copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
6102011 36copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
bull The period four to five hours in late morning and early
afternoon (between 9 am to 3pm) is commonly called the
Solar Window During this time 80 of the total
collectable energy for the day falls on a solar collector
bull Therefore the collector should be free from shade during
this solar window throughout the year - Shading may
arise from buildings or trees to the south of the location
6102011 37copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
Performance
bull The performance of a solar cell is measured in terms of
its efficiency at converting sunlight into electricity Only
sunlight of certain energy will work efficiently to create
electricity and much of it is reflected or absorbed by the
material that make up the cell
bull Because of this a typical commercial solar cell has an
efficiency of 15mdashonly about one-sixth of the sunlight
striking the cell generates electricity Low efficiencies
mean that larger arrays are needed and higher
investment costs
6102011 38copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
Solar lantern
bull A typical solar lantern consists of a PV module of 8 Wp
to 10 Wp capacity a sealed maintenance-free battery
of 12 V 7 AH (ampere hours) capacity and a compact
fluorescent lamp (CFL) of 5 W or 7 W rating(cost- Rs
3000ndash3300)
bull A solar lantern is usually meant to provide light for three
to four hours daily and designed to have a three-day
autonomylsquo that is to function in this manner for three
days without sunlight
6102011 39copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
6102011 40copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
Solar street lighting system
bull A solar street-lighting system (SLS) is an outdoor lighting
unit used to illuminate a street or an open area A CFL is
fixed inside a luminaire which is mounted on a pole
bull The PV module is placed at the top of the pole and a
battery is placed in a box at the base of the pole
bull The module is mounted facing south so that it receives
solar radiation throughout the day without any shadow
falling on it
6102011 41copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
6102011 42copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
bull A typical street-lighting system consists of a PV module
of 74 Wp capacity a flooded leadndashacid battery of 12 V
75 AH capacity and a CFL of 11 W rating This system
is designed to operate from dusk to dawn (that is
throughout the night)
bull The cost of an SLS is about Rs 19 000
6102011 43copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
6102011 44copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
6102011 45copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
6102011 46copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
SPV-based Information display systems
bull Such systems are slowly replacing traditional neon tube-
based systemsthe latter are not only expensive but
also consume much more energy
bull For a typical LED information system of size about 1 times 2
m and consuming about 300 watts of energy an SPV
module of about 2 kWp capacity is required to enable it
to operate all through the night
bull For a 300-watt system requiring 15 hours of
operationthe approx cost can be about Rs 7 lakhs
6102011 47copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
Building-Integrated PV Systems
bull In a building-integrated photovoltaic (BIPV) system PV
panels are integrated into the roof or faccedilade of a
building
bull The SPV panels generate electricity during the daytime
which is used to meet a part of the electrical energy
needs of the building
bull Although the initial costs of a BIPV system are high
long-term savings result from a reduction in electricity
consumption
6102011 48copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
6102011 49copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
bull In order to encourage this application and to prepare
manufacturers and users the Ministry supports BIPV
projects by meeting 80 of the cost of PV modules
installed in the systems on government and semi
government buildings
6102011 50copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
Solar Water Pumps
bull In solar water pumping system
the pump is driven by motor
run by solar electricity instead
of conventional electricity
drawn from utility grid A SPV
water pumping system consists
of a photovoltaic array mounted
on a stand and a motor-pump
set compatible with the
photovoltaic array
Figure 126 Photovoltaic Water Pumping
6102011 51copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
Solar Water Heating Systems
bull A solar water heating system is a device that uses solar
energy to heat water for domestic commercial and
industrial needs Heating of water is the most common
application of solar energy in the world
bull A typical solar water heating system can save up to
1500 units of electricity every year for every 100 litres
per day of solar water heating capacity
6102011 52copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
6102011 53copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
6102011 54copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
6102011 55copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
Design
bull A solar water heating system consists of a flat plate
solar collector a storage tank kept at a height behind
the collector and connecting pipes
bull The system is generally installed on the roof or on open
ground with the collector facing the sun and connected
to a continuous water supply
6102011 56copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
bull A compact system can save up to 45 tonnes annually of
greenhouse gas emissions In order to achieve the aims
of the Kyoto protocol several countries are offering
subsidies to the end user
6102011 57copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
Types of thermal collector
bull There are three main kinds of solar thermal collectors in
common use
bull In order of increasing cost they are Formed Plastic
Collectors Flat Collectors and Evacuated Tube
Collectors
bull The efficiency of the system is directly related to heat
losses from the collector surface (efficiency being
defined as the proportion of heating energy that can be
usefully obtained from insulation) Heat losses are
predominantly governed by the thermal gradient
between the temperature of the collector surface and the
ambient temperature
6102011 58copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
bull Efficiency decreases when either the ambient
temperature falls or as the collector temperature
increases This decrease in efficiency can be mitigated
by increasing the insulation of the unit by sealing the unit
in glass eg flat collectors or providing a vacuum seal
eg evacuated tube collector The choice of collector is
determined by the heating requirements and
environmental conditions in which it is employed
6102011 59copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
bull The collector usually comprises copperglass tubes
welded to copper sheets (both coated with a highly
absorbing black coating) with a toughened glass sheet
on top and insulating material on the back
6102011 60copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
Solar Water Heater Installation
6102011 61copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
bull Water flows through the tubes absorbs solar heatand
is stored in a tank
bull The water stored in the tank remains hot overnight as
the storage tank is insulated and heat losses are small
bull Flat-plate solar collectors are manufactured in India
however the tubes for evacuated tube collectors are
imported
6102011 62copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
Domestic solar water heating
system
bull Most domestic solar water heaters are provided with
electrical back-up Electrical heating elements are
usually placed in the storage tank and can be switched
on during cloudy days
bull In some cases the solar-heated water is led into an
existing electric geyser the geyser needs to be
switched on only in cloudy conditions
bull Most domestic systems are in the capacity range of
100ndash500 litres of hot water per day
6102011 63copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
6102011 64copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
Advantages of solar water heaters
1048714 Hot water is available 24 hours a day depending on the
use and system capacity
1048714 A solar water heater pays back its cost in 3ndash4 years
1048714 Solar water heaters last a long time (15ndash20 years) and
require only simple maintenance
6102011 65copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
Cost
bull The smallest solar water heater available has a capacity
of 100 litres per day which is sufficient for a family of
four or five members It costs Rs 15 000 to Rs 18 000
and can save about 1500 units of electricity per year
bull Soft loans are available at an interest rate of 5 for
non-commercial users and 7 for commercial
organizations These loans are available for up to 85 of
the cost of the system and can be repaid over five
years
6102011 66copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
SUN will play a major role in defining
Indiarsquos ldquoEnergy Securityrdquo objective
6102011 67copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
6102011 18copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
bull RampD subsidy to the tune of 100 of project cost in
government RampD institutions and 50 in the case of
private institutions
bull Specific incentive scheme for solar power launched in
2008 expected to cost the government Rs 90 crore and
bring in private investment to the tune of Rs 1000 crore
Generation based incentive of Rs 12 per kilowatt from
solar photovoltaic cells
Generation based incentive of Rs 10 per kilowatt for
power generated through solar thermal power plants
6102011 19copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
bull Wind Energy schemes offers
10 year income tax exemption
80 accelerated depreciation
Sales tax and excise duty exemption
6102011 20copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
New and Proposed Ventures in Renewable
Energy in India
bull Signet Solar plans to invest US$2billion over 10 years
to set up three plants in India
bull Tata BP Solar a joint venture between the Tata Group
and BP Solar of UK expanded its Bengaluru plant with
additional investment of US$100 million
bull Moser Baer announced plans to build a plant
manufacturing solar energy products costing US$250
million with technology from Applied Materials Inc
bull US-based Cypress Semiconductor is considering a
US$50 million plant in Hyderabad with SunPower Corp
in which it is a majority stakeholder
6102011 21copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
bull SunTechnics Energy Bengaluru-based subsidiary of
SunTechnics Gmbh plans to expand its plant
bull Astonfield Renewable Resources (ARRL) has
announced a US$2 billion plan in India over next 2 years
in India with a focus on solar power ARRL is working
with governments in West Bengal Haryana Gujarat and
Bihar
bull Wind power equipment maker Suzlon is entering solar
energy sector in Gujarat and Rajasthan
6102011 22copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
bull LampT plans to enter solar power generation and also
extend its green technologies business to nuclear and
hydel power
bull Jyoti is looking at all renewable energy sources It is in
technology tie-ups with German and Dutch companies
for wind energy It plans to produce windmills without
gear box of 850 KW
6102011 23copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
Renewable Energy Sources ndash Estimated Potential
Capacities
6102011 24copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
Drivers of the Renewable Energy Sector in
India
bull Huge energy demand supply gap and untapped potential
of renewable energy
bull Environmental concern pressure on polluting firms by
stakeholders
bull Felt need to strengthen Indialsquos energy security
bull Rural electrification program that aims to power 100000
villages by 2012
6102011 25copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
Solar Energy
bull Solar energy is the mostreadily available and freesource of energy sinceprehistoric times
bull It is estimated that solarenergy equivalent to over15000 times the worldsannual commercial energyconsumption reaches theearth every year
6102011 26copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
bull India receives solar energy in the region of 5 to 7
kWhm2 for 300 to 330 days in a year This energy is
sufficient to set up 20 MW solar power plant per
square kilometre land area
6102011 27copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
6102011 28copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
bull Solar energy can be utilised through two different routes
as solar thermal route and solar electric (solar
photovoltaic) routes
bull Solar thermal route uses the suns heat to produce hot
water or air cook food drying materials etc
bull Solar photovoltaic uses sunlsquos heat to produce electricity
for lighting home and building running motors pumps
electric appliances and lighting
6102011 29copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
6102011 30copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
Solar Photovoltaic (PV)
bull PV cells are usually made of silicon an element that
naturally releases electrons when exposed to light
bull The magnitude of the electric current generated depends
on the intensity of the solar radiation exposed area of
the solar cell the type of material used in fabricating the
solar cell and ambient temperature
bull The silicon cell is covered with a grid of metal that directs
the electrons to flow in a path to create an electric
current
6102011 31copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
bull Typically one cell produces about 15
watts of power Individual cells are
connected together to form a solar
panel or module capable of
producing 3 to 110 Watts power
bull Panels can be connected together in
series and parallel to make a solar
array
bull Modules are usually designed to
supply electricity at 12 Volts PV
modules are rated by their peak Watt
output at solar noon on a clear day
6102011 32copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
PV tracking systems
bull Positioning of solar panels or collectors can greatly
influence the system output efficiency and
payback Tilting mechanisms provided to the collectors
need to be adjusted according to seasons (summer and
winter) to maximise the collector efficiency
bull PV tracking systems is an alternative to the fixed
stationary PV panels PV tracking systems are mounted
and provided with tracking mechanisms to follow the sun
as it moves through the sky These tracking systems run
entirely on their own power and can increase output by
40
6102011 33copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
Back-up systems
bull Back-up systems are necessary since PV systems only
generate electricity when the sun is shining The two
most common methods of backing up solar electric
systems are connecting the system to the utility grid or
storing excess electricity in batteries for use at night or
on cloudy days
6102011 34copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
bull Solar PV systems are found to be economical especially
in the hilly and far flung areas where conventional grid
power supply will be expensive to reach
6102011 35copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
6102011 36copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
bull The period four to five hours in late morning and early
afternoon (between 9 am to 3pm) is commonly called the
Solar Window During this time 80 of the total
collectable energy for the day falls on a solar collector
bull Therefore the collector should be free from shade during
this solar window throughout the year - Shading may
arise from buildings or trees to the south of the location
6102011 37copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
Performance
bull The performance of a solar cell is measured in terms of
its efficiency at converting sunlight into electricity Only
sunlight of certain energy will work efficiently to create
electricity and much of it is reflected or absorbed by the
material that make up the cell
bull Because of this a typical commercial solar cell has an
efficiency of 15mdashonly about one-sixth of the sunlight
striking the cell generates electricity Low efficiencies
mean that larger arrays are needed and higher
investment costs
6102011 38copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
Solar lantern
bull A typical solar lantern consists of a PV module of 8 Wp
to 10 Wp capacity a sealed maintenance-free battery
of 12 V 7 AH (ampere hours) capacity and a compact
fluorescent lamp (CFL) of 5 W or 7 W rating(cost- Rs
3000ndash3300)
bull A solar lantern is usually meant to provide light for three
to four hours daily and designed to have a three-day
autonomylsquo that is to function in this manner for three
days without sunlight
6102011 39copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
6102011 40copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
Solar street lighting system
bull A solar street-lighting system (SLS) is an outdoor lighting
unit used to illuminate a street or an open area A CFL is
fixed inside a luminaire which is mounted on a pole
bull The PV module is placed at the top of the pole and a
battery is placed in a box at the base of the pole
bull The module is mounted facing south so that it receives
solar radiation throughout the day without any shadow
falling on it
6102011 41copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
6102011 42copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
bull A typical street-lighting system consists of a PV module
of 74 Wp capacity a flooded leadndashacid battery of 12 V
75 AH capacity and a CFL of 11 W rating This system
is designed to operate from dusk to dawn (that is
throughout the night)
bull The cost of an SLS is about Rs 19 000
6102011 43copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
6102011 44copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
6102011 45copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
6102011 46copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
SPV-based Information display systems
bull Such systems are slowly replacing traditional neon tube-
based systemsthe latter are not only expensive but
also consume much more energy
bull For a typical LED information system of size about 1 times 2
m and consuming about 300 watts of energy an SPV
module of about 2 kWp capacity is required to enable it
to operate all through the night
bull For a 300-watt system requiring 15 hours of
operationthe approx cost can be about Rs 7 lakhs
6102011 47copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
Building-Integrated PV Systems
bull In a building-integrated photovoltaic (BIPV) system PV
panels are integrated into the roof or faccedilade of a
building
bull The SPV panels generate electricity during the daytime
which is used to meet a part of the electrical energy
needs of the building
bull Although the initial costs of a BIPV system are high
long-term savings result from a reduction in electricity
consumption
6102011 48copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
6102011 49copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
bull In order to encourage this application and to prepare
manufacturers and users the Ministry supports BIPV
projects by meeting 80 of the cost of PV modules
installed in the systems on government and semi
government buildings
6102011 50copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
Solar Water Pumps
bull In solar water pumping system
the pump is driven by motor
run by solar electricity instead
of conventional electricity
drawn from utility grid A SPV
water pumping system consists
of a photovoltaic array mounted
on a stand and a motor-pump
set compatible with the
photovoltaic array
Figure 126 Photovoltaic Water Pumping
6102011 51copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
Solar Water Heating Systems
bull A solar water heating system is a device that uses solar
energy to heat water for domestic commercial and
industrial needs Heating of water is the most common
application of solar energy in the world
bull A typical solar water heating system can save up to
1500 units of electricity every year for every 100 litres
per day of solar water heating capacity
6102011 52copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
6102011 53copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
6102011 54copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
6102011 55copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
Design
bull A solar water heating system consists of a flat plate
solar collector a storage tank kept at a height behind
the collector and connecting pipes
bull The system is generally installed on the roof or on open
ground with the collector facing the sun and connected
to a continuous water supply
6102011 56copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
bull A compact system can save up to 45 tonnes annually of
greenhouse gas emissions In order to achieve the aims
of the Kyoto protocol several countries are offering
subsidies to the end user
6102011 57copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
Types of thermal collector
bull There are three main kinds of solar thermal collectors in
common use
bull In order of increasing cost they are Formed Plastic
Collectors Flat Collectors and Evacuated Tube
Collectors
bull The efficiency of the system is directly related to heat
losses from the collector surface (efficiency being
defined as the proportion of heating energy that can be
usefully obtained from insulation) Heat losses are
predominantly governed by the thermal gradient
between the temperature of the collector surface and the
ambient temperature
6102011 58copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
bull Efficiency decreases when either the ambient
temperature falls or as the collector temperature
increases This decrease in efficiency can be mitigated
by increasing the insulation of the unit by sealing the unit
in glass eg flat collectors or providing a vacuum seal
eg evacuated tube collector The choice of collector is
determined by the heating requirements and
environmental conditions in which it is employed
6102011 59copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
bull The collector usually comprises copperglass tubes
welded to copper sheets (both coated with a highly
absorbing black coating) with a toughened glass sheet
on top and insulating material on the back
6102011 60copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
Solar Water Heater Installation
6102011 61copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
bull Water flows through the tubes absorbs solar heatand
is stored in a tank
bull The water stored in the tank remains hot overnight as
the storage tank is insulated and heat losses are small
bull Flat-plate solar collectors are manufactured in India
however the tubes for evacuated tube collectors are
imported
6102011 62copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
Domestic solar water heating
system
bull Most domestic solar water heaters are provided with
electrical back-up Electrical heating elements are
usually placed in the storage tank and can be switched
on during cloudy days
bull In some cases the solar-heated water is led into an
existing electric geyser the geyser needs to be
switched on only in cloudy conditions
bull Most domestic systems are in the capacity range of
100ndash500 litres of hot water per day
6102011 63copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
6102011 64copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
Advantages of solar water heaters
1048714 Hot water is available 24 hours a day depending on the
use and system capacity
1048714 A solar water heater pays back its cost in 3ndash4 years
1048714 Solar water heaters last a long time (15ndash20 years) and
require only simple maintenance
6102011 65copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
Cost
bull The smallest solar water heater available has a capacity
of 100 litres per day which is sufficient for a family of
four or five members It costs Rs 15 000 to Rs 18 000
and can save about 1500 units of electricity per year
bull Soft loans are available at an interest rate of 5 for
non-commercial users and 7 for commercial
organizations These loans are available for up to 85 of
the cost of the system and can be repaid over five
years
6102011 66copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
SUN will play a major role in defining
Indiarsquos ldquoEnergy Securityrdquo objective
6102011 67copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
6102011 19copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
bull Wind Energy schemes offers
10 year income tax exemption
80 accelerated depreciation
Sales tax and excise duty exemption
6102011 20copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
New and Proposed Ventures in Renewable
Energy in India
bull Signet Solar plans to invest US$2billion over 10 years
to set up three plants in India
bull Tata BP Solar a joint venture between the Tata Group
and BP Solar of UK expanded its Bengaluru plant with
additional investment of US$100 million
bull Moser Baer announced plans to build a plant
manufacturing solar energy products costing US$250
million with technology from Applied Materials Inc
bull US-based Cypress Semiconductor is considering a
US$50 million plant in Hyderabad with SunPower Corp
in which it is a majority stakeholder
6102011 21copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
bull SunTechnics Energy Bengaluru-based subsidiary of
SunTechnics Gmbh plans to expand its plant
bull Astonfield Renewable Resources (ARRL) has
announced a US$2 billion plan in India over next 2 years
in India with a focus on solar power ARRL is working
with governments in West Bengal Haryana Gujarat and
Bihar
bull Wind power equipment maker Suzlon is entering solar
energy sector in Gujarat and Rajasthan
6102011 22copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
bull LampT plans to enter solar power generation and also
extend its green technologies business to nuclear and
hydel power
bull Jyoti is looking at all renewable energy sources It is in
technology tie-ups with German and Dutch companies
for wind energy It plans to produce windmills without
gear box of 850 KW
6102011 23copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
Renewable Energy Sources ndash Estimated Potential
Capacities
6102011 24copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
Drivers of the Renewable Energy Sector in
India
bull Huge energy demand supply gap and untapped potential
of renewable energy
bull Environmental concern pressure on polluting firms by
stakeholders
bull Felt need to strengthen Indialsquos energy security
bull Rural electrification program that aims to power 100000
villages by 2012
6102011 25copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
Solar Energy
bull Solar energy is the mostreadily available and freesource of energy sinceprehistoric times
bull It is estimated that solarenergy equivalent to over15000 times the worldsannual commercial energyconsumption reaches theearth every year
6102011 26copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
bull India receives solar energy in the region of 5 to 7
kWhm2 for 300 to 330 days in a year This energy is
sufficient to set up 20 MW solar power plant per
square kilometre land area
6102011 27copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
6102011 28copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
bull Solar energy can be utilised through two different routes
as solar thermal route and solar electric (solar
photovoltaic) routes
bull Solar thermal route uses the suns heat to produce hot
water or air cook food drying materials etc
bull Solar photovoltaic uses sunlsquos heat to produce electricity
for lighting home and building running motors pumps
electric appliances and lighting
6102011 29copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
6102011 30copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
Solar Photovoltaic (PV)
bull PV cells are usually made of silicon an element that
naturally releases electrons when exposed to light
bull The magnitude of the electric current generated depends
on the intensity of the solar radiation exposed area of
the solar cell the type of material used in fabricating the
solar cell and ambient temperature
bull The silicon cell is covered with a grid of metal that directs
the electrons to flow in a path to create an electric
current
6102011 31copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
bull Typically one cell produces about 15
watts of power Individual cells are
connected together to form a solar
panel or module capable of
producing 3 to 110 Watts power
bull Panels can be connected together in
series and parallel to make a solar
array
bull Modules are usually designed to
supply electricity at 12 Volts PV
modules are rated by their peak Watt
output at solar noon on a clear day
6102011 32copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
PV tracking systems
bull Positioning of solar panels or collectors can greatly
influence the system output efficiency and
payback Tilting mechanisms provided to the collectors
need to be adjusted according to seasons (summer and
winter) to maximise the collector efficiency
bull PV tracking systems is an alternative to the fixed
stationary PV panels PV tracking systems are mounted
and provided with tracking mechanisms to follow the sun
as it moves through the sky These tracking systems run
entirely on their own power and can increase output by
40
6102011 33copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
Back-up systems
bull Back-up systems are necessary since PV systems only
generate electricity when the sun is shining The two
most common methods of backing up solar electric
systems are connecting the system to the utility grid or
storing excess electricity in batteries for use at night or
on cloudy days
6102011 34copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
bull Solar PV systems are found to be economical especially
in the hilly and far flung areas where conventional grid
power supply will be expensive to reach
6102011 35copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
6102011 36copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
bull The period four to five hours in late morning and early
afternoon (between 9 am to 3pm) is commonly called the
Solar Window During this time 80 of the total
collectable energy for the day falls on a solar collector
bull Therefore the collector should be free from shade during
this solar window throughout the year - Shading may
arise from buildings or trees to the south of the location
6102011 37copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
Performance
bull The performance of a solar cell is measured in terms of
its efficiency at converting sunlight into electricity Only
sunlight of certain energy will work efficiently to create
electricity and much of it is reflected or absorbed by the
material that make up the cell
bull Because of this a typical commercial solar cell has an
efficiency of 15mdashonly about one-sixth of the sunlight
striking the cell generates electricity Low efficiencies
mean that larger arrays are needed and higher
investment costs
6102011 38copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
Solar lantern
bull A typical solar lantern consists of a PV module of 8 Wp
to 10 Wp capacity a sealed maintenance-free battery
of 12 V 7 AH (ampere hours) capacity and a compact
fluorescent lamp (CFL) of 5 W or 7 W rating(cost- Rs
3000ndash3300)
bull A solar lantern is usually meant to provide light for three
to four hours daily and designed to have a three-day
autonomylsquo that is to function in this manner for three
days without sunlight
6102011 39copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
6102011 40copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
Solar street lighting system
bull A solar street-lighting system (SLS) is an outdoor lighting
unit used to illuminate a street or an open area A CFL is
fixed inside a luminaire which is mounted on a pole
bull The PV module is placed at the top of the pole and a
battery is placed in a box at the base of the pole
bull The module is mounted facing south so that it receives
solar radiation throughout the day without any shadow
falling on it
6102011 41copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
6102011 42copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
bull A typical street-lighting system consists of a PV module
of 74 Wp capacity a flooded leadndashacid battery of 12 V
75 AH capacity and a CFL of 11 W rating This system
is designed to operate from dusk to dawn (that is
throughout the night)
bull The cost of an SLS is about Rs 19 000
6102011 43copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
6102011 44copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
6102011 45copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
6102011 46copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
SPV-based Information display systems
bull Such systems are slowly replacing traditional neon tube-
based systemsthe latter are not only expensive but
also consume much more energy
bull For a typical LED information system of size about 1 times 2
m and consuming about 300 watts of energy an SPV
module of about 2 kWp capacity is required to enable it
to operate all through the night
bull For a 300-watt system requiring 15 hours of
operationthe approx cost can be about Rs 7 lakhs
6102011 47copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
Building-Integrated PV Systems
bull In a building-integrated photovoltaic (BIPV) system PV
panels are integrated into the roof or faccedilade of a
building
bull The SPV panels generate electricity during the daytime
which is used to meet a part of the electrical energy
needs of the building
bull Although the initial costs of a BIPV system are high
long-term savings result from a reduction in electricity
consumption
6102011 48copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
6102011 49copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
bull In order to encourage this application and to prepare
manufacturers and users the Ministry supports BIPV
projects by meeting 80 of the cost of PV modules
installed in the systems on government and semi
government buildings
6102011 50copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
Solar Water Pumps
bull In solar water pumping system
the pump is driven by motor
run by solar electricity instead
of conventional electricity
drawn from utility grid A SPV
water pumping system consists
of a photovoltaic array mounted
on a stand and a motor-pump
set compatible with the
photovoltaic array
Figure 126 Photovoltaic Water Pumping
6102011 51copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
Solar Water Heating Systems
bull A solar water heating system is a device that uses solar
energy to heat water for domestic commercial and
industrial needs Heating of water is the most common
application of solar energy in the world
bull A typical solar water heating system can save up to
1500 units of electricity every year for every 100 litres
per day of solar water heating capacity
6102011 52copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
6102011 53copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
6102011 54copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
6102011 55copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
Design
bull A solar water heating system consists of a flat plate
solar collector a storage tank kept at a height behind
the collector and connecting pipes
bull The system is generally installed on the roof or on open
ground with the collector facing the sun and connected
to a continuous water supply
6102011 56copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
bull A compact system can save up to 45 tonnes annually of
greenhouse gas emissions In order to achieve the aims
of the Kyoto protocol several countries are offering
subsidies to the end user
6102011 57copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
Types of thermal collector
bull There are three main kinds of solar thermal collectors in
common use
bull In order of increasing cost they are Formed Plastic
Collectors Flat Collectors and Evacuated Tube
Collectors
bull The efficiency of the system is directly related to heat
losses from the collector surface (efficiency being
defined as the proportion of heating energy that can be
usefully obtained from insulation) Heat losses are
predominantly governed by the thermal gradient
between the temperature of the collector surface and the
ambient temperature
6102011 58copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
bull Efficiency decreases when either the ambient
temperature falls or as the collector temperature
increases This decrease in efficiency can be mitigated
by increasing the insulation of the unit by sealing the unit
in glass eg flat collectors or providing a vacuum seal
eg evacuated tube collector The choice of collector is
determined by the heating requirements and
environmental conditions in which it is employed
6102011 59copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
bull The collector usually comprises copperglass tubes
welded to copper sheets (both coated with a highly
absorbing black coating) with a toughened glass sheet
on top and insulating material on the back
6102011 60copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
Solar Water Heater Installation
6102011 61copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
bull Water flows through the tubes absorbs solar heatand
is stored in a tank
bull The water stored in the tank remains hot overnight as
the storage tank is insulated and heat losses are small
bull Flat-plate solar collectors are manufactured in India
however the tubes for evacuated tube collectors are
imported
6102011 62copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
Domestic solar water heating
system
bull Most domestic solar water heaters are provided with
electrical back-up Electrical heating elements are
usually placed in the storage tank and can be switched
on during cloudy days
bull In some cases the solar-heated water is led into an
existing electric geyser the geyser needs to be
switched on only in cloudy conditions
bull Most domestic systems are in the capacity range of
100ndash500 litres of hot water per day
6102011 63copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
6102011 64copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
Advantages of solar water heaters
1048714 Hot water is available 24 hours a day depending on the
use and system capacity
1048714 A solar water heater pays back its cost in 3ndash4 years
1048714 Solar water heaters last a long time (15ndash20 years) and
require only simple maintenance
6102011 65copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
Cost
bull The smallest solar water heater available has a capacity
of 100 litres per day which is sufficient for a family of
four or five members It costs Rs 15 000 to Rs 18 000
and can save about 1500 units of electricity per year
bull Soft loans are available at an interest rate of 5 for
non-commercial users and 7 for commercial
organizations These loans are available for up to 85 of
the cost of the system and can be repaid over five
years
6102011 66copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
SUN will play a major role in defining
Indiarsquos ldquoEnergy Securityrdquo objective
6102011 67copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
6102011 20copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
New and Proposed Ventures in Renewable
Energy in India
bull Signet Solar plans to invest US$2billion over 10 years
to set up three plants in India
bull Tata BP Solar a joint venture between the Tata Group
and BP Solar of UK expanded its Bengaluru plant with
additional investment of US$100 million
bull Moser Baer announced plans to build a plant
manufacturing solar energy products costing US$250
million with technology from Applied Materials Inc
bull US-based Cypress Semiconductor is considering a
US$50 million plant in Hyderabad with SunPower Corp
in which it is a majority stakeholder
6102011 21copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
bull SunTechnics Energy Bengaluru-based subsidiary of
SunTechnics Gmbh plans to expand its plant
bull Astonfield Renewable Resources (ARRL) has
announced a US$2 billion plan in India over next 2 years
in India with a focus on solar power ARRL is working
with governments in West Bengal Haryana Gujarat and
Bihar
bull Wind power equipment maker Suzlon is entering solar
energy sector in Gujarat and Rajasthan
6102011 22copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
bull LampT plans to enter solar power generation and also
extend its green technologies business to nuclear and
hydel power
bull Jyoti is looking at all renewable energy sources It is in
technology tie-ups with German and Dutch companies
for wind energy It plans to produce windmills without
gear box of 850 KW
6102011 23copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
Renewable Energy Sources ndash Estimated Potential
Capacities
6102011 24copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
Drivers of the Renewable Energy Sector in
India
bull Huge energy demand supply gap and untapped potential
of renewable energy
bull Environmental concern pressure on polluting firms by
stakeholders
bull Felt need to strengthen Indialsquos energy security
bull Rural electrification program that aims to power 100000
villages by 2012
6102011 25copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
Solar Energy
bull Solar energy is the mostreadily available and freesource of energy sinceprehistoric times
bull It is estimated that solarenergy equivalent to over15000 times the worldsannual commercial energyconsumption reaches theearth every year
6102011 26copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
bull India receives solar energy in the region of 5 to 7
kWhm2 for 300 to 330 days in a year This energy is
sufficient to set up 20 MW solar power plant per
square kilometre land area
6102011 27copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
6102011 28copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
bull Solar energy can be utilised through two different routes
as solar thermal route and solar electric (solar
photovoltaic) routes
bull Solar thermal route uses the suns heat to produce hot
water or air cook food drying materials etc
bull Solar photovoltaic uses sunlsquos heat to produce electricity
for lighting home and building running motors pumps
electric appliances and lighting
6102011 29copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
6102011 30copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
Solar Photovoltaic (PV)
bull PV cells are usually made of silicon an element that
naturally releases electrons when exposed to light
bull The magnitude of the electric current generated depends
on the intensity of the solar radiation exposed area of
the solar cell the type of material used in fabricating the
solar cell and ambient temperature
bull The silicon cell is covered with a grid of metal that directs
the electrons to flow in a path to create an electric
current
6102011 31copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
bull Typically one cell produces about 15
watts of power Individual cells are
connected together to form a solar
panel or module capable of
producing 3 to 110 Watts power
bull Panels can be connected together in
series and parallel to make a solar
array
bull Modules are usually designed to
supply electricity at 12 Volts PV
modules are rated by their peak Watt
output at solar noon on a clear day
6102011 32copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
PV tracking systems
bull Positioning of solar panels or collectors can greatly
influence the system output efficiency and
payback Tilting mechanisms provided to the collectors
need to be adjusted according to seasons (summer and
winter) to maximise the collector efficiency
bull PV tracking systems is an alternative to the fixed
stationary PV panels PV tracking systems are mounted
and provided with tracking mechanisms to follow the sun
as it moves through the sky These tracking systems run
entirely on their own power and can increase output by
40
6102011 33copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
Back-up systems
bull Back-up systems are necessary since PV systems only
generate electricity when the sun is shining The two
most common methods of backing up solar electric
systems are connecting the system to the utility grid or
storing excess electricity in batteries for use at night or
on cloudy days
6102011 34copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
bull Solar PV systems are found to be economical especially
in the hilly and far flung areas where conventional grid
power supply will be expensive to reach
6102011 35copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
6102011 36copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
bull The period four to five hours in late morning and early
afternoon (between 9 am to 3pm) is commonly called the
Solar Window During this time 80 of the total
collectable energy for the day falls on a solar collector
bull Therefore the collector should be free from shade during
this solar window throughout the year - Shading may
arise from buildings or trees to the south of the location
6102011 37copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
Performance
bull The performance of a solar cell is measured in terms of
its efficiency at converting sunlight into electricity Only
sunlight of certain energy will work efficiently to create
electricity and much of it is reflected or absorbed by the
material that make up the cell
bull Because of this a typical commercial solar cell has an
efficiency of 15mdashonly about one-sixth of the sunlight
striking the cell generates electricity Low efficiencies
mean that larger arrays are needed and higher
investment costs
6102011 38copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
Solar lantern
bull A typical solar lantern consists of a PV module of 8 Wp
to 10 Wp capacity a sealed maintenance-free battery
of 12 V 7 AH (ampere hours) capacity and a compact
fluorescent lamp (CFL) of 5 W or 7 W rating(cost- Rs
3000ndash3300)
bull A solar lantern is usually meant to provide light for three
to four hours daily and designed to have a three-day
autonomylsquo that is to function in this manner for three
days without sunlight
6102011 39copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
6102011 40copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
Solar street lighting system
bull A solar street-lighting system (SLS) is an outdoor lighting
unit used to illuminate a street or an open area A CFL is
fixed inside a luminaire which is mounted on a pole
bull The PV module is placed at the top of the pole and a
battery is placed in a box at the base of the pole
bull The module is mounted facing south so that it receives
solar radiation throughout the day without any shadow
falling on it
6102011 41copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
6102011 42copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
bull A typical street-lighting system consists of a PV module
of 74 Wp capacity a flooded leadndashacid battery of 12 V
75 AH capacity and a CFL of 11 W rating This system
is designed to operate from dusk to dawn (that is
throughout the night)
bull The cost of an SLS is about Rs 19 000
6102011 43copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
6102011 44copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
6102011 45copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
6102011 46copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
SPV-based Information display systems
bull Such systems are slowly replacing traditional neon tube-
based systemsthe latter are not only expensive but
also consume much more energy
bull For a typical LED information system of size about 1 times 2
m and consuming about 300 watts of energy an SPV
module of about 2 kWp capacity is required to enable it
to operate all through the night
bull For a 300-watt system requiring 15 hours of
operationthe approx cost can be about Rs 7 lakhs
6102011 47copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
Building-Integrated PV Systems
bull In a building-integrated photovoltaic (BIPV) system PV
panels are integrated into the roof or faccedilade of a
building
bull The SPV panels generate electricity during the daytime
which is used to meet a part of the electrical energy
needs of the building
bull Although the initial costs of a BIPV system are high
long-term savings result from a reduction in electricity
consumption
6102011 48copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
6102011 49copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
bull In order to encourage this application and to prepare
manufacturers and users the Ministry supports BIPV
projects by meeting 80 of the cost of PV modules
installed in the systems on government and semi
government buildings
6102011 50copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
Solar Water Pumps
bull In solar water pumping system
the pump is driven by motor
run by solar electricity instead
of conventional electricity
drawn from utility grid A SPV
water pumping system consists
of a photovoltaic array mounted
on a stand and a motor-pump
set compatible with the
photovoltaic array
Figure 126 Photovoltaic Water Pumping
6102011 51copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
Solar Water Heating Systems
bull A solar water heating system is a device that uses solar
energy to heat water for domestic commercial and
industrial needs Heating of water is the most common
application of solar energy in the world
bull A typical solar water heating system can save up to
1500 units of electricity every year for every 100 litres
per day of solar water heating capacity
6102011 52copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
6102011 53copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
6102011 54copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
6102011 55copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
Design
bull A solar water heating system consists of a flat plate
solar collector a storage tank kept at a height behind
the collector and connecting pipes
bull The system is generally installed on the roof or on open
ground with the collector facing the sun and connected
to a continuous water supply
6102011 56copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
bull A compact system can save up to 45 tonnes annually of
greenhouse gas emissions In order to achieve the aims
of the Kyoto protocol several countries are offering
subsidies to the end user
6102011 57copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
Types of thermal collector
bull There are three main kinds of solar thermal collectors in
common use
bull In order of increasing cost they are Formed Plastic
Collectors Flat Collectors and Evacuated Tube
Collectors
bull The efficiency of the system is directly related to heat
losses from the collector surface (efficiency being
defined as the proportion of heating energy that can be
usefully obtained from insulation) Heat losses are
predominantly governed by the thermal gradient
between the temperature of the collector surface and the
ambient temperature
6102011 58copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
bull Efficiency decreases when either the ambient
temperature falls or as the collector temperature
increases This decrease in efficiency can be mitigated
by increasing the insulation of the unit by sealing the unit
in glass eg flat collectors or providing a vacuum seal
eg evacuated tube collector The choice of collector is
determined by the heating requirements and
environmental conditions in which it is employed
6102011 59copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
bull The collector usually comprises copperglass tubes
welded to copper sheets (both coated with a highly
absorbing black coating) with a toughened glass sheet
on top and insulating material on the back
6102011 60copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
Solar Water Heater Installation
6102011 61copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
bull Water flows through the tubes absorbs solar heatand
is stored in a tank
bull The water stored in the tank remains hot overnight as
the storage tank is insulated and heat losses are small
bull Flat-plate solar collectors are manufactured in India
however the tubes for evacuated tube collectors are
imported
6102011 62copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
Domestic solar water heating
system
bull Most domestic solar water heaters are provided with
electrical back-up Electrical heating elements are
usually placed in the storage tank and can be switched
on during cloudy days
bull In some cases the solar-heated water is led into an
existing electric geyser the geyser needs to be
switched on only in cloudy conditions
bull Most domestic systems are in the capacity range of
100ndash500 litres of hot water per day
6102011 63copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
6102011 64copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
Advantages of solar water heaters
1048714 Hot water is available 24 hours a day depending on the
use and system capacity
1048714 A solar water heater pays back its cost in 3ndash4 years
1048714 Solar water heaters last a long time (15ndash20 years) and
require only simple maintenance
6102011 65copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
Cost
bull The smallest solar water heater available has a capacity
of 100 litres per day which is sufficient for a family of
four or five members It costs Rs 15 000 to Rs 18 000
and can save about 1500 units of electricity per year
bull Soft loans are available at an interest rate of 5 for
non-commercial users and 7 for commercial
organizations These loans are available for up to 85 of
the cost of the system and can be repaid over five
years
6102011 66copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
SUN will play a major role in defining
Indiarsquos ldquoEnergy Securityrdquo objective
6102011 67copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
6102011 21copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
bull SunTechnics Energy Bengaluru-based subsidiary of
SunTechnics Gmbh plans to expand its plant
bull Astonfield Renewable Resources (ARRL) has
announced a US$2 billion plan in India over next 2 years
in India with a focus on solar power ARRL is working
with governments in West Bengal Haryana Gujarat and
Bihar
bull Wind power equipment maker Suzlon is entering solar
energy sector in Gujarat and Rajasthan
6102011 22copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
bull LampT plans to enter solar power generation and also
extend its green technologies business to nuclear and
hydel power
bull Jyoti is looking at all renewable energy sources It is in
technology tie-ups with German and Dutch companies
for wind energy It plans to produce windmills without
gear box of 850 KW
6102011 23copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
Renewable Energy Sources ndash Estimated Potential
Capacities
6102011 24copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
Drivers of the Renewable Energy Sector in
India
bull Huge energy demand supply gap and untapped potential
of renewable energy
bull Environmental concern pressure on polluting firms by
stakeholders
bull Felt need to strengthen Indialsquos energy security
bull Rural electrification program that aims to power 100000
villages by 2012
6102011 25copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
Solar Energy
bull Solar energy is the mostreadily available and freesource of energy sinceprehistoric times
bull It is estimated that solarenergy equivalent to over15000 times the worldsannual commercial energyconsumption reaches theearth every year
6102011 26copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
bull India receives solar energy in the region of 5 to 7
kWhm2 for 300 to 330 days in a year This energy is
sufficient to set up 20 MW solar power plant per
square kilometre land area
6102011 27copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
6102011 28copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
bull Solar energy can be utilised through two different routes
as solar thermal route and solar electric (solar
photovoltaic) routes
bull Solar thermal route uses the suns heat to produce hot
water or air cook food drying materials etc
bull Solar photovoltaic uses sunlsquos heat to produce electricity
for lighting home and building running motors pumps
electric appliances and lighting
6102011 29copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
6102011 30copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
Solar Photovoltaic (PV)
bull PV cells are usually made of silicon an element that
naturally releases electrons when exposed to light
bull The magnitude of the electric current generated depends
on the intensity of the solar radiation exposed area of
the solar cell the type of material used in fabricating the
solar cell and ambient temperature
bull The silicon cell is covered with a grid of metal that directs
the electrons to flow in a path to create an electric
current
6102011 31copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
bull Typically one cell produces about 15
watts of power Individual cells are
connected together to form a solar
panel or module capable of
producing 3 to 110 Watts power
bull Panels can be connected together in
series and parallel to make a solar
array
bull Modules are usually designed to
supply electricity at 12 Volts PV
modules are rated by their peak Watt
output at solar noon on a clear day
6102011 32copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
PV tracking systems
bull Positioning of solar panels or collectors can greatly
influence the system output efficiency and
payback Tilting mechanisms provided to the collectors
need to be adjusted according to seasons (summer and
winter) to maximise the collector efficiency
bull PV tracking systems is an alternative to the fixed
stationary PV panels PV tracking systems are mounted
and provided with tracking mechanisms to follow the sun
as it moves through the sky These tracking systems run
entirely on their own power and can increase output by
40
6102011 33copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
Back-up systems
bull Back-up systems are necessary since PV systems only
generate electricity when the sun is shining The two
most common methods of backing up solar electric
systems are connecting the system to the utility grid or
storing excess electricity in batteries for use at night or
on cloudy days
6102011 34copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
bull Solar PV systems are found to be economical especially
in the hilly and far flung areas where conventional grid
power supply will be expensive to reach
6102011 35copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
6102011 36copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
bull The period four to five hours in late morning and early
afternoon (between 9 am to 3pm) is commonly called the
Solar Window During this time 80 of the total
collectable energy for the day falls on a solar collector
bull Therefore the collector should be free from shade during
this solar window throughout the year - Shading may
arise from buildings or trees to the south of the location
6102011 37copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
Performance
bull The performance of a solar cell is measured in terms of
its efficiency at converting sunlight into electricity Only
sunlight of certain energy will work efficiently to create
electricity and much of it is reflected or absorbed by the
material that make up the cell
bull Because of this a typical commercial solar cell has an
efficiency of 15mdashonly about one-sixth of the sunlight
striking the cell generates electricity Low efficiencies
mean that larger arrays are needed and higher
investment costs
6102011 38copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
Solar lantern
bull A typical solar lantern consists of a PV module of 8 Wp
to 10 Wp capacity a sealed maintenance-free battery
of 12 V 7 AH (ampere hours) capacity and a compact
fluorescent lamp (CFL) of 5 W or 7 W rating(cost- Rs
3000ndash3300)
bull A solar lantern is usually meant to provide light for three
to four hours daily and designed to have a three-day
autonomylsquo that is to function in this manner for three
days without sunlight
6102011 39copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
6102011 40copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
Solar street lighting system
bull A solar street-lighting system (SLS) is an outdoor lighting
unit used to illuminate a street or an open area A CFL is
fixed inside a luminaire which is mounted on a pole
bull The PV module is placed at the top of the pole and a
battery is placed in a box at the base of the pole
bull The module is mounted facing south so that it receives
solar radiation throughout the day without any shadow
falling on it
6102011 41copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
6102011 42copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
bull A typical street-lighting system consists of a PV module
of 74 Wp capacity a flooded leadndashacid battery of 12 V
75 AH capacity and a CFL of 11 W rating This system
is designed to operate from dusk to dawn (that is
throughout the night)
bull The cost of an SLS is about Rs 19 000
6102011 43copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
6102011 44copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
6102011 45copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
6102011 46copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
SPV-based Information display systems
bull Such systems are slowly replacing traditional neon tube-
based systemsthe latter are not only expensive but
also consume much more energy
bull For a typical LED information system of size about 1 times 2
m and consuming about 300 watts of energy an SPV
module of about 2 kWp capacity is required to enable it
to operate all through the night
bull For a 300-watt system requiring 15 hours of
operationthe approx cost can be about Rs 7 lakhs
6102011 47copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
Building-Integrated PV Systems
bull In a building-integrated photovoltaic (BIPV) system PV
panels are integrated into the roof or faccedilade of a
building
bull The SPV panels generate electricity during the daytime
which is used to meet a part of the electrical energy
needs of the building
bull Although the initial costs of a BIPV system are high
long-term savings result from a reduction in electricity
consumption
6102011 48copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
6102011 49copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
bull In order to encourage this application and to prepare
manufacturers and users the Ministry supports BIPV
projects by meeting 80 of the cost of PV modules
installed in the systems on government and semi
government buildings
6102011 50copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
Solar Water Pumps
bull In solar water pumping system
the pump is driven by motor
run by solar electricity instead
of conventional electricity
drawn from utility grid A SPV
water pumping system consists
of a photovoltaic array mounted
on a stand and a motor-pump
set compatible with the
photovoltaic array
Figure 126 Photovoltaic Water Pumping
6102011 51copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
Solar Water Heating Systems
bull A solar water heating system is a device that uses solar
energy to heat water for domestic commercial and
industrial needs Heating of water is the most common
application of solar energy in the world
bull A typical solar water heating system can save up to
1500 units of electricity every year for every 100 litres
per day of solar water heating capacity
6102011 52copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
6102011 53copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
6102011 54copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
6102011 55copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
Design
bull A solar water heating system consists of a flat plate
solar collector a storage tank kept at a height behind
the collector and connecting pipes
bull The system is generally installed on the roof or on open
ground with the collector facing the sun and connected
to a continuous water supply
6102011 56copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
bull A compact system can save up to 45 tonnes annually of
greenhouse gas emissions In order to achieve the aims
of the Kyoto protocol several countries are offering
subsidies to the end user
6102011 57copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
Types of thermal collector
bull There are three main kinds of solar thermal collectors in
common use
bull In order of increasing cost they are Formed Plastic
Collectors Flat Collectors and Evacuated Tube
Collectors
bull The efficiency of the system is directly related to heat
losses from the collector surface (efficiency being
defined as the proportion of heating energy that can be
usefully obtained from insulation) Heat losses are
predominantly governed by the thermal gradient
between the temperature of the collector surface and the
ambient temperature
6102011 58copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
bull Efficiency decreases when either the ambient
temperature falls or as the collector temperature
increases This decrease in efficiency can be mitigated
by increasing the insulation of the unit by sealing the unit
in glass eg flat collectors or providing a vacuum seal
eg evacuated tube collector The choice of collector is
determined by the heating requirements and
environmental conditions in which it is employed
6102011 59copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
bull The collector usually comprises copperglass tubes
welded to copper sheets (both coated with a highly
absorbing black coating) with a toughened glass sheet
on top and insulating material on the back
6102011 60copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
Solar Water Heater Installation
6102011 61copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
bull Water flows through the tubes absorbs solar heatand
is stored in a tank
bull The water stored in the tank remains hot overnight as
the storage tank is insulated and heat losses are small
bull Flat-plate solar collectors are manufactured in India
however the tubes for evacuated tube collectors are
imported
6102011 62copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
Domestic solar water heating
system
bull Most domestic solar water heaters are provided with
electrical back-up Electrical heating elements are
usually placed in the storage tank and can be switched
on during cloudy days
bull In some cases the solar-heated water is led into an
existing electric geyser the geyser needs to be
switched on only in cloudy conditions
bull Most domestic systems are in the capacity range of
100ndash500 litres of hot water per day
6102011 63copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
6102011 64copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
Advantages of solar water heaters
1048714 Hot water is available 24 hours a day depending on the
use and system capacity
1048714 A solar water heater pays back its cost in 3ndash4 years
1048714 Solar water heaters last a long time (15ndash20 years) and
require only simple maintenance
6102011 65copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
Cost
bull The smallest solar water heater available has a capacity
of 100 litres per day which is sufficient for a family of
four or five members It costs Rs 15 000 to Rs 18 000
and can save about 1500 units of electricity per year
bull Soft loans are available at an interest rate of 5 for
non-commercial users and 7 for commercial
organizations These loans are available for up to 85 of
the cost of the system and can be repaid over five
years
6102011 66copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
SUN will play a major role in defining
Indiarsquos ldquoEnergy Securityrdquo objective
6102011 67copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
6102011 22copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
bull LampT plans to enter solar power generation and also
extend its green technologies business to nuclear and
hydel power
bull Jyoti is looking at all renewable energy sources It is in
technology tie-ups with German and Dutch companies
for wind energy It plans to produce windmills without
gear box of 850 KW
6102011 23copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
Renewable Energy Sources ndash Estimated Potential
Capacities
6102011 24copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
Drivers of the Renewable Energy Sector in
India
bull Huge energy demand supply gap and untapped potential
of renewable energy
bull Environmental concern pressure on polluting firms by
stakeholders
bull Felt need to strengthen Indialsquos energy security
bull Rural electrification program that aims to power 100000
villages by 2012
6102011 25copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
Solar Energy
bull Solar energy is the mostreadily available and freesource of energy sinceprehistoric times
bull It is estimated that solarenergy equivalent to over15000 times the worldsannual commercial energyconsumption reaches theearth every year
6102011 26copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
bull India receives solar energy in the region of 5 to 7
kWhm2 for 300 to 330 days in a year This energy is
sufficient to set up 20 MW solar power plant per
square kilometre land area
6102011 27copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
6102011 28copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
bull Solar energy can be utilised through two different routes
as solar thermal route and solar electric (solar
photovoltaic) routes
bull Solar thermal route uses the suns heat to produce hot
water or air cook food drying materials etc
bull Solar photovoltaic uses sunlsquos heat to produce electricity
for lighting home and building running motors pumps
electric appliances and lighting
6102011 29copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
6102011 30copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
Solar Photovoltaic (PV)
bull PV cells are usually made of silicon an element that
naturally releases electrons when exposed to light
bull The magnitude of the electric current generated depends
on the intensity of the solar radiation exposed area of
the solar cell the type of material used in fabricating the
solar cell and ambient temperature
bull The silicon cell is covered with a grid of metal that directs
the electrons to flow in a path to create an electric
current
6102011 31copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
bull Typically one cell produces about 15
watts of power Individual cells are
connected together to form a solar
panel or module capable of
producing 3 to 110 Watts power
bull Panels can be connected together in
series and parallel to make a solar
array
bull Modules are usually designed to
supply electricity at 12 Volts PV
modules are rated by their peak Watt
output at solar noon on a clear day
6102011 32copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
PV tracking systems
bull Positioning of solar panels or collectors can greatly
influence the system output efficiency and
payback Tilting mechanisms provided to the collectors
need to be adjusted according to seasons (summer and
winter) to maximise the collector efficiency
bull PV tracking systems is an alternative to the fixed
stationary PV panels PV tracking systems are mounted
and provided with tracking mechanisms to follow the sun
as it moves through the sky These tracking systems run
entirely on their own power and can increase output by
40
6102011 33copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
Back-up systems
bull Back-up systems are necessary since PV systems only
generate electricity when the sun is shining The two
most common methods of backing up solar electric
systems are connecting the system to the utility grid or
storing excess electricity in batteries for use at night or
on cloudy days
6102011 34copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
bull Solar PV systems are found to be economical especially
in the hilly and far flung areas where conventional grid
power supply will be expensive to reach
6102011 35copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
6102011 36copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
bull The period four to five hours in late morning and early
afternoon (between 9 am to 3pm) is commonly called the
Solar Window During this time 80 of the total
collectable energy for the day falls on a solar collector
bull Therefore the collector should be free from shade during
this solar window throughout the year - Shading may
arise from buildings or trees to the south of the location
6102011 37copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
Performance
bull The performance of a solar cell is measured in terms of
its efficiency at converting sunlight into electricity Only
sunlight of certain energy will work efficiently to create
electricity and much of it is reflected or absorbed by the
material that make up the cell
bull Because of this a typical commercial solar cell has an
efficiency of 15mdashonly about one-sixth of the sunlight
striking the cell generates electricity Low efficiencies
mean that larger arrays are needed and higher
investment costs
6102011 38copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
Solar lantern
bull A typical solar lantern consists of a PV module of 8 Wp
to 10 Wp capacity a sealed maintenance-free battery
of 12 V 7 AH (ampere hours) capacity and a compact
fluorescent lamp (CFL) of 5 W or 7 W rating(cost- Rs
3000ndash3300)
bull A solar lantern is usually meant to provide light for three
to four hours daily and designed to have a three-day
autonomylsquo that is to function in this manner for three
days without sunlight
6102011 39copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
6102011 40copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
Solar street lighting system
bull A solar street-lighting system (SLS) is an outdoor lighting
unit used to illuminate a street or an open area A CFL is
fixed inside a luminaire which is mounted on a pole
bull The PV module is placed at the top of the pole and a
battery is placed in a box at the base of the pole
bull The module is mounted facing south so that it receives
solar radiation throughout the day without any shadow
falling on it
6102011 41copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
6102011 42copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
bull A typical street-lighting system consists of a PV module
of 74 Wp capacity a flooded leadndashacid battery of 12 V
75 AH capacity and a CFL of 11 W rating This system
is designed to operate from dusk to dawn (that is
throughout the night)
bull The cost of an SLS is about Rs 19 000
6102011 43copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
6102011 44copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
6102011 45copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
6102011 46copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
SPV-based Information display systems
bull Such systems are slowly replacing traditional neon tube-
based systemsthe latter are not only expensive but
also consume much more energy
bull For a typical LED information system of size about 1 times 2
m and consuming about 300 watts of energy an SPV
module of about 2 kWp capacity is required to enable it
to operate all through the night
bull For a 300-watt system requiring 15 hours of
operationthe approx cost can be about Rs 7 lakhs
6102011 47copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
Building-Integrated PV Systems
bull In a building-integrated photovoltaic (BIPV) system PV
panels are integrated into the roof or faccedilade of a
building
bull The SPV panels generate electricity during the daytime
which is used to meet a part of the electrical energy
needs of the building
bull Although the initial costs of a BIPV system are high
long-term savings result from a reduction in electricity
consumption
6102011 48copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
6102011 49copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
bull In order to encourage this application and to prepare
manufacturers and users the Ministry supports BIPV
projects by meeting 80 of the cost of PV modules
installed in the systems on government and semi
government buildings
6102011 50copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
Solar Water Pumps
bull In solar water pumping system
the pump is driven by motor
run by solar electricity instead
of conventional electricity
drawn from utility grid A SPV
water pumping system consists
of a photovoltaic array mounted
on a stand and a motor-pump
set compatible with the
photovoltaic array
Figure 126 Photovoltaic Water Pumping
6102011 51copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
Solar Water Heating Systems
bull A solar water heating system is a device that uses solar
energy to heat water for domestic commercial and
industrial needs Heating of water is the most common
application of solar energy in the world
bull A typical solar water heating system can save up to
1500 units of electricity every year for every 100 litres
per day of solar water heating capacity
6102011 52copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
6102011 53copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
6102011 54copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
6102011 55copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
Design
bull A solar water heating system consists of a flat plate
solar collector a storage tank kept at a height behind
the collector and connecting pipes
bull The system is generally installed on the roof or on open
ground with the collector facing the sun and connected
to a continuous water supply
6102011 56copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
bull A compact system can save up to 45 tonnes annually of
greenhouse gas emissions In order to achieve the aims
of the Kyoto protocol several countries are offering
subsidies to the end user
6102011 57copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
Types of thermal collector
bull There are three main kinds of solar thermal collectors in
common use
bull In order of increasing cost they are Formed Plastic
Collectors Flat Collectors and Evacuated Tube
Collectors
bull The efficiency of the system is directly related to heat
losses from the collector surface (efficiency being
defined as the proportion of heating energy that can be
usefully obtained from insulation) Heat losses are
predominantly governed by the thermal gradient
between the temperature of the collector surface and the
ambient temperature
6102011 58copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
bull Efficiency decreases when either the ambient
temperature falls or as the collector temperature
increases This decrease in efficiency can be mitigated
by increasing the insulation of the unit by sealing the unit
in glass eg flat collectors or providing a vacuum seal
eg evacuated tube collector The choice of collector is
determined by the heating requirements and
environmental conditions in which it is employed
6102011 59copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
bull The collector usually comprises copperglass tubes
welded to copper sheets (both coated with a highly
absorbing black coating) with a toughened glass sheet
on top and insulating material on the back
6102011 60copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
Solar Water Heater Installation
6102011 61copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
bull Water flows through the tubes absorbs solar heatand
is stored in a tank
bull The water stored in the tank remains hot overnight as
the storage tank is insulated and heat losses are small
bull Flat-plate solar collectors are manufactured in India
however the tubes for evacuated tube collectors are
imported
6102011 62copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
Domestic solar water heating
system
bull Most domestic solar water heaters are provided with
electrical back-up Electrical heating elements are
usually placed in the storage tank and can be switched
on during cloudy days
bull In some cases the solar-heated water is led into an
existing electric geyser the geyser needs to be
switched on only in cloudy conditions
bull Most domestic systems are in the capacity range of
100ndash500 litres of hot water per day
6102011 63copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
6102011 64copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
Advantages of solar water heaters
1048714 Hot water is available 24 hours a day depending on the
use and system capacity
1048714 A solar water heater pays back its cost in 3ndash4 years
1048714 Solar water heaters last a long time (15ndash20 years) and
require only simple maintenance
6102011 65copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
Cost
bull The smallest solar water heater available has a capacity
of 100 litres per day which is sufficient for a family of
four or five members It costs Rs 15 000 to Rs 18 000
and can save about 1500 units of electricity per year
bull Soft loans are available at an interest rate of 5 for
non-commercial users and 7 for commercial
organizations These loans are available for up to 85 of
the cost of the system and can be repaid over five
years
6102011 66copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
SUN will play a major role in defining
Indiarsquos ldquoEnergy Securityrdquo objective
6102011 67copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
6102011 23copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
Renewable Energy Sources ndash Estimated Potential
Capacities
6102011 24copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
Drivers of the Renewable Energy Sector in
India
bull Huge energy demand supply gap and untapped potential
of renewable energy
bull Environmental concern pressure on polluting firms by
stakeholders
bull Felt need to strengthen Indialsquos energy security
bull Rural electrification program that aims to power 100000
villages by 2012
6102011 25copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
Solar Energy
bull Solar energy is the mostreadily available and freesource of energy sinceprehistoric times
bull It is estimated that solarenergy equivalent to over15000 times the worldsannual commercial energyconsumption reaches theearth every year
6102011 26copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
bull India receives solar energy in the region of 5 to 7
kWhm2 for 300 to 330 days in a year This energy is
sufficient to set up 20 MW solar power plant per
square kilometre land area
6102011 27copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
6102011 28copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
bull Solar energy can be utilised through two different routes
as solar thermal route and solar electric (solar
photovoltaic) routes
bull Solar thermal route uses the suns heat to produce hot
water or air cook food drying materials etc
bull Solar photovoltaic uses sunlsquos heat to produce electricity
for lighting home and building running motors pumps
electric appliances and lighting
6102011 29copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
6102011 30copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
Solar Photovoltaic (PV)
bull PV cells are usually made of silicon an element that
naturally releases electrons when exposed to light
bull The magnitude of the electric current generated depends
on the intensity of the solar radiation exposed area of
the solar cell the type of material used in fabricating the
solar cell and ambient temperature
bull The silicon cell is covered with a grid of metal that directs
the electrons to flow in a path to create an electric
current
6102011 31copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
bull Typically one cell produces about 15
watts of power Individual cells are
connected together to form a solar
panel or module capable of
producing 3 to 110 Watts power
bull Panels can be connected together in
series and parallel to make a solar
array
bull Modules are usually designed to
supply electricity at 12 Volts PV
modules are rated by their peak Watt
output at solar noon on a clear day
6102011 32copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
PV tracking systems
bull Positioning of solar panels or collectors can greatly
influence the system output efficiency and
payback Tilting mechanisms provided to the collectors
need to be adjusted according to seasons (summer and
winter) to maximise the collector efficiency
bull PV tracking systems is an alternative to the fixed
stationary PV panels PV tracking systems are mounted
and provided with tracking mechanisms to follow the sun
as it moves through the sky These tracking systems run
entirely on their own power and can increase output by
40
6102011 33copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
Back-up systems
bull Back-up systems are necessary since PV systems only
generate electricity when the sun is shining The two
most common methods of backing up solar electric
systems are connecting the system to the utility grid or
storing excess electricity in batteries for use at night or
on cloudy days
6102011 34copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
bull Solar PV systems are found to be economical especially
in the hilly and far flung areas where conventional grid
power supply will be expensive to reach
6102011 35copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
6102011 36copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
bull The period four to five hours in late morning and early
afternoon (between 9 am to 3pm) is commonly called the
Solar Window During this time 80 of the total
collectable energy for the day falls on a solar collector
bull Therefore the collector should be free from shade during
this solar window throughout the year - Shading may
arise from buildings or trees to the south of the location
6102011 37copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
Performance
bull The performance of a solar cell is measured in terms of
its efficiency at converting sunlight into electricity Only
sunlight of certain energy will work efficiently to create
electricity and much of it is reflected or absorbed by the
material that make up the cell
bull Because of this a typical commercial solar cell has an
efficiency of 15mdashonly about one-sixth of the sunlight
striking the cell generates electricity Low efficiencies
mean that larger arrays are needed and higher
investment costs
6102011 38copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
Solar lantern
bull A typical solar lantern consists of a PV module of 8 Wp
to 10 Wp capacity a sealed maintenance-free battery
of 12 V 7 AH (ampere hours) capacity and a compact
fluorescent lamp (CFL) of 5 W or 7 W rating(cost- Rs
3000ndash3300)
bull A solar lantern is usually meant to provide light for three
to four hours daily and designed to have a three-day
autonomylsquo that is to function in this manner for three
days without sunlight
6102011 39copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
6102011 40copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
Solar street lighting system
bull A solar street-lighting system (SLS) is an outdoor lighting
unit used to illuminate a street or an open area A CFL is
fixed inside a luminaire which is mounted on a pole
bull The PV module is placed at the top of the pole and a
battery is placed in a box at the base of the pole
bull The module is mounted facing south so that it receives
solar radiation throughout the day without any shadow
falling on it
6102011 41copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
6102011 42copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
bull A typical street-lighting system consists of a PV module
of 74 Wp capacity a flooded leadndashacid battery of 12 V
75 AH capacity and a CFL of 11 W rating This system
is designed to operate from dusk to dawn (that is
throughout the night)
bull The cost of an SLS is about Rs 19 000
6102011 43copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
6102011 44copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
6102011 45copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
6102011 46copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
SPV-based Information display systems
bull Such systems are slowly replacing traditional neon tube-
based systemsthe latter are not only expensive but
also consume much more energy
bull For a typical LED information system of size about 1 times 2
m and consuming about 300 watts of energy an SPV
module of about 2 kWp capacity is required to enable it
to operate all through the night
bull For a 300-watt system requiring 15 hours of
operationthe approx cost can be about Rs 7 lakhs
6102011 47copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
Building-Integrated PV Systems
bull In a building-integrated photovoltaic (BIPV) system PV
panels are integrated into the roof or faccedilade of a
building
bull The SPV panels generate electricity during the daytime
which is used to meet a part of the electrical energy
needs of the building
bull Although the initial costs of a BIPV system are high
long-term savings result from a reduction in electricity
consumption
6102011 48copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
6102011 49copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
bull In order to encourage this application and to prepare
manufacturers and users the Ministry supports BIPV
projects by meeting 80 of the cost of PV modules
installed in the systems on government and semi
government buildings
6102011 50copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
Solar Water Pumps
bull In solar water pumping system
the pump is driven by motor
run by solar electricity instead
of conventional electricity
drawn from utility grid A SPV
water pumping system consists
of a photovoltaic array mounted
on a stand and a motor-pump
set compatible with the
photovoltaic array
Figure 126 Photovoltaic Water Pumping
6102011 51copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
Solar Water Heating Systems
bull A solar water heating system is a device that uses solar
energy to heat water for domestic commercial and
industrial needs Heating of water is the most common
application of solar energy in the world
bull A typical solar water heating system can save up to
1500 units of electricity every year for every 100 litres
per day of solar water heating capacity
6102011 52copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
6102011 53copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
6102011 54copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
6102011 55copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
Design
bull A solar water heating system consists of a flat plate
solar collector a storage tank kept at a height behind
the collector and connecting pipes
bull The system is generally installed on the roof or on open
ground with the collector facing the sun and connected
to a continuous water supply
6102011 56copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
bull A compact system can save up to 45 tonnes annually of
greenhouse gas emissions In order to achieve the aims
of the Kyoto protocol several countries are offering
subsidies to the end user
6102011 57copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
Types of thermal collector
bull There are three main kinds of solar thermal collectors in
common use
bull In order of increasing cost they are Formed Plastic
Collectors Flat Collectors and Evacuated Tube
Collectors
bull The efficiency of the system is directly related to heat
losses from the collector surface (efficiency being
defined as the proportion of heating energy that can be
usefully obtained from insulation) Heat losses are
predominantly governed by the thermal gradient
between the temperature of the collector surface and the
ambient temperature
6102011 58copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
bull Efficiency decreases when either the ambient
temperature falls or as the collector temperature
increases This decrease in efficiency can be mitigated
by increasing the insulation of the unit by sealing the unit
in glass eg flat collectors or providing a vacuum seal
eg evacuated tube collector The choice of collector is
determined by the heating requirements and
environmental conditions in which it is employed
6102011 59copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
bull The collector usually comprises copperglass tubes
welded to copper sheets (both coated with a highly
absorbing black coating) with a toughened glass sheet
on top and insulating material on the back
6102011 60copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
Solar Water Heater Installation
6102011 61copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
bull Water flows through the tubes absorbs solar heatand
is stored in a tank
bull The water stored in the tank remains hot overnight as
the storage tank is insulated and heat losses are small
bull Flat-plate solar collectors are manufactured in India
however the tubes for evacuated tube collectors are
imported
6102011 62copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
Domestic solar water heating
system
bull Most domestic solar water heaters are provided with
electrical back-up Electrical heating elements are
usually placed in the storage tank and can be switched
on during cloudy days
bull In some cases the solar-heated water is led into an
existing electric geyser the geyser needs to be
switched on only in cloudy conditions
bull Most domestic systems are in the capacity range of
100ndash500 litres of hot water per day
6102011 63copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
6102011 64copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
Advantages of solar water heaters
1048714 Hot water is available 24 hours a day depending on the
use and system capacity
1048714 A solar water heater pays back its cost in 3ndash4 years
1048714 Solar water heaters last a long time (15ndash20 years) and
require only simple maintenance
6102011 65copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
Cost
bull The smallest solar water heater available has a capacity
of 100 litres per day which is sufficient for a family of
four or five members It costs Rs 15 000 to Rs 18 000
and can save about 1500 units of electricity per year
bull Soft loans are available at an interest rate of 5 for
non-commercial users and 7 for commercial
organizations These loans are available for up to 85 of
the cost of the system and can be repaid over five
years
6102011 66copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
SUN will play a major role in defining
Indiarsquos ldquoEnergy Securityrdquo objective
6102011 67copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
6102011 24copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
Drivers of the Renewable Energy Sector in
India
bull Huge energy demand supply gap and untapped potential
of renewable energy
bull Environmental concern pressure on polluting firms by
stakeholders
bull Felt need to strengthen Indialsquos energy security
bull Rural electrification program that aims to power 100000
villages by 2012
6102011 25copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
Solar Energy
bull Solar energy is the mostreadily available and freesource of energy sinceprehistoric times
bull It is estimated that solarenergy equivalent to over15000 times the worldsannual commercial energyconsumption reaches theearth every year
6102011 26copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
bull India receives solar energy in the region of 5 to 7
kWhm2 for 300 to 330 days in a year This energy is
sufficient to set up 20 MW solar power plant per
square kilometre land area
6102011 27copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
6102011 28copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
bull Solar energy can be utilised through two different routes
as solar thermal route and solar electric (solar
photovoltaic) routes
bull Solar thermal route uses the suns heat to produce hot
water or air cook food drying materials etc
bull Solar photovoltaic uses sunlsquos heat to produce electricity
for lighting home and building running motors pumps
electric appliances and lighting
6102011 29copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
6102011 30copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
Solar Photovoltaic (PV)
bull PV cells are usually made of silicon an element that
naturally releases electrons when exposed to light
bull The magnitude of the electric current generated depends
on the intensity of the solar radiation exposed area of
the solar cell the type of material used in fabricating the
solar cell and ambient temperature
bull The silicon cell is covered with a grid of metal that directs
the electrons to flow in a path to create an electric
current
6102011 31copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
bull Typically one cell produces about 15
watts of power Individual cells are
connected together to form a solar
panel or module capable of
producing 3 to 110 Watts power
bull Panels can be connected together in
series and parallel to make a solar
array
bull Modules are usually designed to
supply electricity at 12 Volts PV
modules are rated by their peak Watt
output at solar noon on a clear day
6102011 32copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
PV tracking systems
bull Positioning of solar panels or collectors can greatly
influence the system output efficiency and
payback Tilting mechanisms provided to the collectors
need to be adjusted according to seasons (summer and
winter) to maximise the collector efficiency
bull PV tracking systems is an alternative to the fixed
stationary PV panels PV tracking systems are mounted
and provided with tracking mechanisms to follow the sun
as it moves through the sky These tracking systems run
entirely on their own power and can increase output by
40
6102011 33copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
Back-up systems
bull Back-up systems are necessary since PV systems only
generate electricity when the sun is shining The two
most common methods of backing up solar electric
systems are connecting the system to the utility grid or
storing excess electricity in batteries for use at night or
on cloudy days
6102011 34copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
bull Solar PV systems are found to be economical especially
in the hilly and far flung areas where conventional grid
power supply will be expensive to reach
6102011 35copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
6102011 36copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
bull The period four to five hours in late morning and early
afternoon (between 9 am to 3pm) is commonly called the
Solar Window During this time 80 of the total
collectable energy for the day falls on a solar collector
bull Therefore the collector should be free from shade during
this solar window throughout the year - Shading may
arise from buildings or trees to the south of the location
6102011 37copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
Performance
bull The performance of a solar cell is measured in terms of
its efficiency at converting sunlight into electricity Only
sunlight of certain energy will work efficiently to create
electricity and much of it is reflected or absorbed by the
material that make up the cell
bull Because of this a typical commercial solar cell has an
efficiency of 15mdashonly about one-sixth of the sunlight
striking the cell generates electricity Low efficiencies
mean that larger arrays are needed and higher
investment costs
6102011 38copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
Solar lantern
bull A typical solar lantern consists of a PV module of 8 Wp
to 10 Wp capacity a sealed maintenance-free battery
of 12 V 7 AH (ampere hours) capacity and a compact
fluorescent lamp (CFL) of 5 W or 7 W rating(cost- Rs
3000ndash3300)
bull A solar lantern is usually meant to provide light for three
to four hours daily and designed to have a three-day
autonomylsquo that is to function in this manner for three
days without sunlight
6102011 39copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
6102011 40copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
Solar street lighting system
bull A solar street-lighting system (SLS) is an outdoor lighting
unit used to illuminate a street or an open area A CFL is
fixed inside a luminaire which is mounted on a pole
bull The PV module is placed at the top of the pole and a
battery is placed in a box at the base of the pole
bull The module is mounted facing south so that it receives
solar radiation throughout the day without any shadow
falling on it
6102011 41copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
6102011 42copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
bull A typical street-lighting system consists of a PV module
of 74 Wp capacity a flooded leadndashacid battery of 12 V
75 AH capacity and a CFL of 11 W rating This system
is designed to operate from dusk to dawn (that is
throughout the night)
bull The cost of an SLS is about Rs 19 000
6102011 43copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
6102011 44copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
6102011 45copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
6102011 46copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
SPV-based Information display systems
bull Such systems are slowly replacing traditional neon tube-
based systemsthe latter are not only expensive but
also consume much more energy
bull For a typical LED information system of size about 1 times 2
m and consuming about 300 watts of energy an SPV
module of about 2 kWp capacity is required to enable it
to operate all through the night
bull For a 300-watt system requiring 15 hours of
operationthe approx cost can be about Rs 7 lakhs
6102011 47copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
Building-Integrated PV Systems
bull In a building-integrated photovoltaic (BIPV) system PV
panels are integrated into the roof or faccedilade of a
building
bull The SPV panels generate electricity during the daytime
which is used to meet a part of the electrical energy
needs of the building
bull Although the initial costs of a BIPV system are high
long-term savings result from a reduction in electricity
consumption
6102011 48copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
6102011 49copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
bull In order to encourage this application and to prepare
manufacturers and users the Ministry supports BIPV
projects by meeting 80 of the cost of PV modules
installed in the systems on government and semi
government buildings
6102011 50copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
Solar Water Pumps
bull In solar water pumping system
the pump is driven by motor
run by solar electricity instead
of conventional electricity
drawn from utility grid A SPV
water pumping system consists
of a photovoltaic array mounted
on a stand and a motor-pump
set compatible with the
photovoltaic array
Figure 126 Photovoltaic Water Pumping
6102011 51copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
Solar Water Heating Systems
bull A solar water heating system is a device that uses solar
energy to heat water for domestic commercial and
industrial needs Heating of water is the most common
application of solar energy in the world
bull A typical solar water heating system can save up to
1500 units of electricity every year for every 100 litres
per day of solar water heating capacity
6102011 52copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
6102011 53copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
6102011 54copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
6102011 55copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
Design
bull A solar water heating system consists of a flat plate
solar collector a storage tank kept at a height behind
the collector and connecting pipes
bull The system is generally installed on the roof or on open
ground with the collector facing the sun and connected
to a continuous water supply
6102011 56copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
bull A compact system can save up to 45 tonnes annually of
greenhouse gas emissions In order to achieve the aims
of the Kyoto protocol several countries are offering
subsidies to the end user
6102011 57copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
Types of thermal collector
bull There are three main kinds of solar thermal collectors in
common use
bull In order of increasing cost they are Formed Plastic
Collectors Flat Collectors and Evacuated Tube
Collectors
bull The efficiency of the system is directly related to heat
losses from the collector surface (efficiency being
defined as the proportion of heating energy that can be
usefully obtained from insulation) Heat losses are
predominantly governed by the thermal gradient
between the temperature of the collector surface and the
ambient temperature
6102011 58copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
bull Efficiency decreases when either the ambient
temperature falls or as the collector temperature
increases This decrease in efficiency can be mitigated
by increasing the insulation of the unit by sealing the unit
in glass eg flat collectors or providing a vacuum seal
eg evacuated tube collector The choice of collector is
determined by the heating requirements and
environmental conditions in which it is employed
6102011 59copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
bull The collector usually comprises copperglass tubes
welded to copper sheets (both coated with a highly
absorbing black coating) with a toughened glass sheet
on top and insulating material on the back
6102011 60copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
Solar Water Heater Installation
6102011 61copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
bull Water flows through the tubes absorbs solar heatand
is stored in a tank
bull The water stored in the tank remains hot overnight as
the storage tank is insulated and heat losses are small
bull Flat-plate solar collectors are manufactured in India
however the tubes for evacuated tube collectors are
imported
6102011 62copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
Domestic solar water heating
system
bull Most domestic solar water heaters are provided with
electrical back-up Electrical heating elements are
usually placed in the storage tank and can be switched
on during cloudy days
bull In some cases the solar-heated water is led into an
existing electric geyser the geyser needs to be
switched on only in cloudy conditions
bull Most domestic systems are in the capacity range of
100ndash500 litres of hot water per day
6102011 63copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
6102011 64copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
Advantages of solar water heaters
1048714 Hot water is available 24 hours a day depending on the
use and system capacity
1048714 A solar water heater pays back its cost in 3ndash4 years
1048714 Solar water heaters last a long time (15ndash20 years) and
require only simple maintenance
6102011 65copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
Cost
bull The smallest solar water heater available has a capacity
of 100 litres per day which is sufficient for a family of
four or five members It costs Rs 15 000 to Rs 18 000
and can save about 1500 units of electricity per year
bull Soft loans are available at an interest rate of 5 for
non-commercial users and 7 for commercial
organizations These loans are available for up to 85 of
the cost of the system and can be repaid over five
years
6102011 66copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
SUN will play a major role in defining
Indiarsquos ldquoEnergy Securityrdquo objective
6102011 67copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
6102011 25copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
Solar Energy
bull Solar energy is the mostreadily available and freesource of energy sinceprehistoric times
bull It is estimated that solarenergy equivalent to over15000 times the worldsannual commercial energyconsumption reaches theearth every year
6102011 26copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
bull India receives solar energy in the region of 5 to 7
kWhm2 for 300 to 330 days in a year This energy is
sufficient to set up 20 MW solar power plant per
square kilometre land area
6102011 27copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
6102011 28copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
bull Solar energy can be utilised through two different routes
as solar thermal route and solar electric (solar
photovoltaic) routes
bull Solar thermal route uses the suns heat to produce hot
water or air cook food drying materials etc
bull Solar photovoltaic uses sunlsquos heat to produce electricity
for lighting home and building running motors pumps
electric appliances and lighting
6102011 29copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
6102011 30copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
Solar Photovoltaic (PV)
bull PV cells are usually made of silicon an element that
naturally releases electrons when exposed to light
bull The magnitude of the electric current generated depends
on the intensity of the solar radiation exposed area of
the solar cell the type of material used in fabricating the
solar cell and ambient temperature
bull The silicon cell is covered with a grid of metal that directs
the electrons to flow in a path to create an electric
current
6102011 31copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
bull Typically one cell produces about 15
watts of power Individual cells are
connected together to form a solar
panel or module capable of
producing 3 to 110 Watts power
bull Panels can be connected together in
series and parallel to make a solar
array
bull Modules are usually designed to
supply electricity at 12 Volts PV
modules are rated by their peak Watt
output at solar noon on a clear day
6102011 32copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
PV tracking systems
bull Positioning of solar panels or collectors can greatly
influence the system output efficiency and
payback Tilting mechanisms provided to the collectors
need to be adjusted according to seasons (summer and
winter) to maximise the collector efficiency
bull PV tracking systems is an alternative to the fixed
stationary PV panels PV tracking systems are mounted
and provided with tracking mechanisms to follow the sun
as it moves through the sky These tracking systems run
entirely on their own power and can increase output by
40
6102011 33copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
Back-up systems
bull Back-up systems are necessary since PV systems only
generate electricity when the sun is shining The two
most common methods of backing up solar electric
systems are connecting the system to the utility grid or
storing excess electricity in batteries for use at night or
on cloudy days
6102011 34copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
bull Solar PV systems are found to be economical especially
in the hilly and far flung areas where conventional grid
power supply will be expensive to reach
6102011 35copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
6102011 36copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
bull The period four to five hours in late morning and early
afternoon (between 9 am to 3pm) is commonly called the
Solar Window During this time 80 of the total
collectable energy for the day falls on a solar collector
bull Therefore the collector should be free from shade during
this solar window throughout the year - Shading may
arise from buildings or trees to the south of the location
6102011 37copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
Performance
bull The performance of a solar cell is measured in terms of
its efficiency at converting sunlight into electricity Only
sunlight of certain energy will work efficiently to create
electricity and much of it is reflected or absorbed by the
material that make up the cell
bull Because of this a typical commercial solar cell has an
efficiency of 15mdashonly about one-sixth of the sunlight
striking the cell generates electricity Low efficiencies
mean that larger arrays are needed and higher
investment costs
6102011 38copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
Solar lantern
bull A typical solar lantern consists of a PV module of 8 Wp
to 10 Wp capacity a sealed maintenance-free battery
of 12 V 7 AH (ampere hours) capacity and a compact
fluorescent lamp (CFL) of 5 W or 7 W rating(cost- Rs
3000ndash3300)
bull A solar lantern is usually meant to provide light for three
to four hours daily and designed to have a three-day
autonomylsquo that is to function in this manner for three
days without sunlight
6102011 39copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
6102011 40copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
Solar street lighting system
bull A solar street-lighting system (SLS) is an outdoor lighting
unit used to illuminate a street or an open area A CFL is
fixed inside a luminaire which is mounted on a pole
bull The PV module is placed at the top of the pole and a
battery is placed in a box at the base of the pole
bull The module is mounted facing south so that it receives
solar radiation throughout the day without any shadow
falling on it
6102011 41copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
6102011 42copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
bull A typical street-lighting system consists of a PV module
of 74 Wp capacity a flooded leadndashacid battery of 12 V
75 AH capacity and a CFL of 11 W rating This system
is designed to operate from dusk to dawn (that is
throughout the night)
bull The cost of an SLS is about Rs 19 000
6102011 43copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
6102011 44copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
6102011 45copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
6102011 46copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
SPV-based Information display systems
bull Such systems are slowly replacing traditional neon tube-
based systemsthe latter are not only expensive but
also consume much more energy
bull For a typical LED information system of size about 1 times 2
m and consuming about 300 watts of energy an SPV
module of about 2 kWp capacity is required to enable it
to operate all through the night
bull For a 300-watt system requiring 15 hours of
operationthe approx cost can be about Rs 7 lakhs
6102011 47copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
Building-Integrated PV Systems
bull In a building-integrated photovoltaic (BIPV) system PV
panels are integrated into the roof or faccedilade of a
building
bull The SPV panels generate electricity during the daytime
which is used to meet a part of the electrical energy
needs of the building
bull Although the initial costs of a BIPV system are high
long-term savings result from a reduction in electricity
consumption
6102011 48copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
6102011 49copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
bull In order to encourage this application and to prepare
manufacturers and users the Ministry supports BIPV
projects by meeting 80 of the cost of PV modules
installed in the systems on government and semi
government buildings
6102011 50copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
Solar Water Pumps
bull In solar water pumping system
the pump is driven by motor
run by solar electricity instead
of conventional electricity
drawn from utility grid A SPV
water pumping system consists
of a photovoltaic array mounted
on a stand and a motor-pump
set compatible with the
photovoltaic array
Figure 126 Photovoltaic Water Pumping
6102011 51copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
Solar Water Heating Systems
bull A solar water heating system is a device that uses solar
energy to heat water for domestic commercial and
industrial needs Heating of water is the most common
application of solar energy in the world
bull A typical solar water heating system can save up to
1500 units of electricity every year for every 100 litres
per day of solar water heating capacity
6102011 52copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
6102011 53copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
6102011 54copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
6102011 55copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
Design
bull A solar water heating system consists of a flat plate
solar collector a storage tank kept at a height behind
the collector and connecting pipes
bull The system is generally installed on the roof or on open
ground with the collector facing the sun and connected
to a continuous water supply
6102011 56copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
bull A compact system can save up to 45 tonnes annually of
greenhouse gas emissions In order to achieve the aims
of the Kyoto protocol several countries are offering
subsidies to the end user
6102011 57copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
Types of thermal collector
bull There are three main kinds of solar thermal collectors in
common use
bull In order of increasing cost they are Formed Plastic
Collectors Flat Collectors and Evacuated Tube
Collectors
bull The efficiency of the system is directly related to heat
losses from the collector surface (efficiency being
defined as the proportion of heating energy that can be
usefully obtained from insulation) Heat losses are
predominantly governed by the thermal gradient
between the temperature of the collector surface and the
ambient temperature
6102011 58copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
bull Efficiency decreases when either the ambient
temperature falls or as the collector temperature
increases This decrease in efficiency can be mitigated
by increasing the insulation of the unit by sealing the unit
in glass eg flat collectors or providing a vacuum seal
eg evacuated tube collector The choice of collector is
determined by the heating requirements and
environmental conditions in which it is employed
6102011 59copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
bull The collector usually comprises copperglass tubes
welded to copper sheets (both coated with a highly
absorbing black coating) with a toughened glass sheet
on top and insulating material on the back
6102011 60copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
Solar Water Heater Installation
6102011 61copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
bull Water flows through the tubes absorbs solar heatand
is stored in a tank
bull The water stored in the tank remains hot overnight as
the storage tank is insulated and heat losses are small
bull Flat-plate solar collectors are manufactured in India
however the tubes for evacuated tube collectors are
imported
6102011 62copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
Domestic solar water heating
system
bull Most domestic solar water heaters are provided with
electrical back-up Electrical heating elements are
usually placed in the storage tank and can be switched
on during cloudy days
bull In some cases the solar-heated water is led into an
existing electric geyser the geyser needs to be
switched on only in cloudy conditions
bull Most domestic systems are in the capacity range of
100ndash500 litres of hot water per day
6102011 63copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
6102011 64copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
Advantages of solar water heaters
1048714 Hot water is available 24 hours a day depending on the
use and system capacity
1048714 A solar water heater pays back its cost in 3ndash4 years
1048714 Solar water heaters last a long time (15ndash20 years) and
require only simple maintenance
6102011 65copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
Cost
bull The smallest solar water heater available has a capacity
of 100 litres per day which is sufficient for a family of
four or five members It costs Rs 15 000 to Rs 18 000
and can save about 1500 units of electricity per year
bull Soft loans are available at an interest rate of 5 for
non-commercial users and 7 for commercial
organizations These loans are available for up to 85 of
the cost of the system and can be repaid over five
years
6102011 66copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
SUN will play a major role in defining
Indiarsquos ldquoEnergy Securityrdquo objective
6102011 67copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
6102011 26copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
bull India receives solar energy in the region of 5 to 7
kWhm2 for 300 to 330 days in a year This energy is
sufficient to set up 20 MW solar power plant per
square kilometre land area
6102011 27copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
6102011 28copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
bull Solar energy can be utilised through two different routes
as solar thermal route and solar electric (solar
photovoltaic) routes
bull Solar thermal route uses the suns heat to produce hot
water or air cook food drying materials etc
bull Solar photovoltaic uses sunlsquos heat to produce electricity
for lighting home and building running motors pumps
electric appliances and lighting
6102011 29copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
6102011 30copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
Solar Photovoltaic (PV)
bull PV cells are usually made of silicon an element that
naturally releases electrons when exposed to light
bull The magnitude of the electric current generated depends
on the intensity of the solar radiation exposed area of
the solar cell the type of material used in fabricating the
solar cell and ambient temperature
bull The silicon cell is covered with a grid of metal that directs
the electrons to flow in a path to create an electric
current
6102011 31copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
bull Typically one cell produces about 15
watts of power Individual cells are
connected together to form a solar
panel or module capable of
producing 3 to 110 Watts power
bull Panels can be connected together in
series and parallel to make a solar
array
bull Modules are usually designed to
supply electricity at 12 Volts PV
modules are rated by their peak Watt
output at solar noon on a clear day
6102011 32copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
PV tracking systems
bull Positioning of solar panels or collectors can greatly
influence the system output efficiency and
payback Tilting mechanisms provided to the collectors
need to be adjusted according to seasons (summer and
winter) to maximise the collector efficiency
bull PV tracking systems is an alternative to the fixed
stationary PV panels PV tracking systems are mounted
and provided with tracking mechanisms to follow the sun
as it moves through the sky These tracking systems run
entirely on their own power and can increase output by
40
6102011 33copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
Back-up systems
bull Back-up systems are necessary since PV systems only
generate electricity when the sun is shining The two
most common methods of backing up solar electric
systems are connecting the system to the utility grid or
storing excess electricity in batteries for use at night or
on cloudy days
6102011 34copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
bull Solar PV systems are found to be economical especially
in the hilly and far flung areas where conventional grid
power supply will be expensive to reach
6102011 35copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
6102011 36copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
bull The period four to five hours in late morning and early
afternoon (between 9 am to 3pm) is commonly called the
Solar Window During this time 80 of the total
collectable energy for the day falls on a solar collector
bull Therefore the collector should be free from shade during
this solar window throughout the year - Shading may
arise from buildings or trees to the south of the location
6102011 37copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
Performance
bull The performance of a solar cell is measured in terms of
its efficiency at converting sunlight into electricity Only
sunlight of certain energy will work efficiently to create
electricity and much of it is reflected or absorbed by the
material that make up the cell
bull Because of this a typical commercial solar cell has an
efficiency of 15mdashonly about one-sixth of the sunlight
striking the cell generates electricity Low efficiencies
mean that larger arrays are needed and higher
investment costs
6102011 38copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
Solar lantern
bull A typical solar lantern consists of a PV module of 8 Wp
to 10 Wp capacity a sealed maintenance-free battery
of 12 V 7 AH (ampere hours) capacity and a compact
fluorescent lamp (CFL) of 5 W or 7 W rating(cost- Rs
3000ndash3300)
bull A solar lantern is usually meant to provide light for three
to four hours daily and designed to have a three-day
autonomylsquo that is to function in this manner for three
days without sunlight
6102011 39copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
6102011 40copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
Solar street lighting system
bull A solar street-lighting system (SLS) is an outdoor lighting
unit used to illuminate a street or an open area A CFL is
fixed inside a luminaire which is mounted on a pole
bull The PV module is placed at the top of the pole and a
battery is placed in a box at the base of the pole
bull The module is mounted facing south so that it receives
solar radiation throughout the day without any shadow
falling on it
6102011 41copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
6102011 42copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
bull A typical street-lighting system consists of a PV module
of 74 Wp capacity a flooded leadndashacid battery of 12 V
75 AH capacity and a CFL of 11 W rating This system
is designed to operate from dusk to dawn (that is
throughout the night)
bull The cost of an SLS is about Rs 19 000
6102011 43copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
6102011 44copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
6102011 45copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
6102011 46copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
SPV-based Information display systems
bull Such systems are slowly replacing traditional neon tube-
based systemsthe latter are not only expensive but
also consume much more energy
bull For a typical LED information system of size about 1 times 2
m and consuming about 300 watts of energy an SPV
module of about 2 kWp capacity is required to enable it
to operate all through the night
bull For a 300-watt system requiring 15 hours of
operationthe approx cost can be about Rs 7 lakhs
6102011 47copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
Building-Integrated PV Systems
bull In a building-integrated photovoltaic (BIPV) system PV
panels are integrated into the roof or faccedilade of a
building
bull The SPV panels generate electricity during the daytime
which is used to meet a part of the electrical energy
needs of the building
bull Although the initial costs of a BIPV system are high
long-term savings result from a reduction in electricity
consumption
6102011 48copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
6102011 49copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
bull In order to encourage this application and to prepare
manufacturers and users the Ministry supports BIPV
projects by meeting 80 of the cost of PV modules
installed in the systems on government and semi
government buildings
6102011 50copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
Solar Water Pumps
bull In solar water pumping system
the pump is driven by motor
run by solar electricity instead
of conventional electricity
drawn from utility grid A SPV
water pumping system consists
of a photovoltaic array mounted
on a stand and a motor-pump
set compatible with the
photovoltaic array
Figure 126 Photovoltaic Water Pumping
6102011 51copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
Solar Water Heating Systems
bull A solar water heating system is a device that uses solar
energy to heat water for domestic commercial and
industrial needs Heating of water is the most common
application of solar energy in the world
bull A typical solar water heating system can save up to
1500 units of electricity every year for every 100 litres
per day of solar water heating capacity
6102011 52copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
6102011 53copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
6102011 54copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
6102011 55copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
Design
bull A solar water heating system consists of a flat plate
solar collector a storage tank kept at a height behind
the collector and connecting pipes
bull The system is generally installed on the roof or on open
ground with the collector facing the sun and connected
to a continuous water supply
6102011 56copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
bull A compact system can save up to 45 tonnes annually of
greenhouse gas emissions In order to achieve the aims
of the Kyoto protocol several countries are offering
subsidies to the end user
6102011 57copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
Types of thermal collector
bull There are three main kinds of solar thermal collectors in
common use
bull In order of increasing cost they are Formed Plastic
Collectors Flat Collectors and Evacuated Tube
Collectors
bull The efficiency of the system is directly related to heat
losses from the collector surface (efficiency being
defined as the proportion of heating energy that can be
usefully obtained from insulation) Heat losses are
predominantly governed by the thermal gradient
between the temperature of the collector surface and the
ambient temperature
6102011 58copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
bull Efficiency decreases when either the ambient
temperature falls or as the collector temperature
increases This decrease in efficiency can be mitigated
by increasing the insulation of the unit by sealing the unit
in glass eg flat collectors or providing a vacuum seal
eg evacuated tube collector The choice of collector is
determined by the heating requirements and
environmental conditions in which it is employed
6102011 59copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
bull The collector usually comprises copperglass tubes
welded to copper sheets (both coated with a highly
absorbing black coating) with a toughened glass sheet
on top and insulating material on the back
6102011 60copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
Solar Water Heater Installation
6102011 61copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
bull Water flows through the tubes absorbs solar heatand
is stored in a tank
bull The water stored in the tank remains hot overnight as
the storage tank is insulated and heat losses are small
bull Flat-plate solar collectors are manufactured in India
however the tubes for evacuated tube collectors are
imported
6102011 62copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
Domestic solar water heating
system
bull Most domestic solar water heaters are provided with
electrical back-up Electrical heating elements are
usually placed in the storage tank and can be switched
on during cloudy days
bull In some cases the solar-heated water is led into an
existing electric geyser the geyser needs to be
switched on only in cloudy conditions
bull Most domestic systems are in the capacity range of
100ndash500 litres of hot water per day
6102011 63copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
6102011 64copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
Advantages of solar water heaters
1048714 Hot water is available 24 hours a day depending on the
use and system capacity
1048714 A solar water heater pays back its cost in 3ndash4 years
1048714 Solar water heaters last a long time (15ndash20 years) and
require only simple maintenance
6102011 65copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
Cost
bull The smallest solar water heater available has a capacity
of 100 litres per day which is sufficient for a family of
four or five members It costs Rs 15 000 to Rs 18 000
and can save about 1500 units of electricity per year
bull Soft loans are available at an interest rate of 5 for
non-commercial users and 7 for commercial
organizations These loans are available for up to 85 of
the cost of the system and can be repaid over five
years
6102011 66copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
SUN will play a major role in defining
Indiarsquos ldquoEnergy Securityrdquo objective
6102011 67copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
6102011 27copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
6102011 28copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
bull Solar energy can be utilised through two different routes
as solar thermal route and solar electric (solar
photovoltaic) routes
bull Solar thermal route uses the suns heat to produce hot
water or air cook food drying materials etc
bull Solar photovoltaic uses sunlsquos heat to produce electricity
for lighting home and building running motors pumps
electric appliances and lighting
6102011 29copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
6102011 30copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
Solar Photovoltaic (PV)
bull PV cells are usually made of silicon an element that
naturally releases electrons when exposed to light
bull The magnitude of the electric current generated depends
on the intensity of the solar radiation exposed area of
the solar cell the type of material used in fabricating the
solar cell and ambient temperature
bull The silicon cell is covered with a grid of metal that directs
the electrons to flow in a path to create an electric
current
6102011 31copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
bull Typically one cell produces about 15
watts of power Individual cells are
connected together to form a solar
panel or module capable of
producing 3 to 110 Watts power
bull Panels can be connected together in
series and parallel to make a solar
array
bull Modules are usually designed to
supply electricity at 12 Volts PV
modules are rated by their peak Watt
output at solar noon on a clear day
6102011 32copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
PV tracking systems
bull Positioning of solar panels or collectors can greatly
influence the system output efficiency and
payback Tilting mechanisms provided to the collectors
need to be adjusted according to seasons (summer and
winter) to maximise the collector efficiency
bull PV tracking systems is an alternative to the fixed
stationary PV panels PV tracking systems are mounted
and provided with tracking mechanisms to follow the sun
as it moves through the sky These tracking systems run
entirely on their own power and can increase output by
40
6102011 33copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
Back-up systems
bull Back-up systems are necessary since PV systems only
generate electricity when the sun is shining The two
most common methods of backing up solar electric
systems are connecting the system to the utility grid or
storing excess electricity in batteries for use at night or
on cloudy days
6102011 34copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
bull Solar PV systems are found to be economical especially
in the hilly and far flung areas where conventional grid
power supply will be expensive to reach
6102011 35copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
6102011 36copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
bull The period four to five hours in late morning and early
afternoon (between 9 am to 3pm) is commonly called the
Solar Window During this time 80 of the total
collectable energy for the day falls on a solar collector
bull Therefore the collector should be free from shade during
this solar window throughout the year - Shading may
arise from buildings or trees to the south of the location
6102011 37copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
Performance
bull The performance of a solar cell is measured in terms of
its efficiency at converting sunlight into electricity Only
sunlight of certain energy will work efficiently to create
electricity and much of it is reflected or absorbed by the
material that make up the cell
bull Because of this a typical commercial solar cell has an
efficiency of 15mdashonly about one-sixth of the sunlight
striking the cell generates electricity Low efficiencies
mean that larger arrays are needed and higher
investment costs
6102011 38copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
Solar lantern
bull A typical solar lantern consists of a PV module of 8 Wp
to 10 Wp capacity a sealed maintenance-free battery
of 12 V 7 AH (ampere hours) capacity and a compact
fluorescent lamp (CFL) of 5 W or 7 W rating(cost- Rs
3000ndash3300)
bull A solar lantern is usually meant to provide light for three
to four hours daily and designed to have a three-day
autonomylsquo that is to function in this manner for three
days without sunlight
6102011 39copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
6102011 40copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
Solar street lighting system
bull A solar street-lighting system (SLS) is an outdoor lighting
unit used to illuminate a street or an open area A CFL is
fixed inside a luminaire which is mounted on a pole
bull The PV module is placed at the top of the pole and a
battery is placed in a box at the base of the pole
bull The module is mounted facing south so that it receives
solar radiation throughout the day without any shadow
falling on it
6102011 41copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
6102011 42copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
bull A typical street-lighting system consists of a PV module
of 74 Wp capacity a flooded leadndashacid battery of 12 V
75 AH capacity and a CFL of 11 W rating This system
is designed to operate from dusk to dawn (that is
throughout the night)
bull The cost of an SLS is about Rs 19 000
6102011 43copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
6102011 44copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
6102011 45copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
6102011 46copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
SPV-based Information display systems
bull Such systems are slowly replacing traditional neon tube-
based systemsthe latter are not only expensive but
also consume much more energy
bull For a typical LED information system of size about 1 times 2
m and consuming about 300 watts of energy an SPV
module of about 2 kWp capacity is required to enable it
to operate all through the night
bull For a 300-watt system requiring 15 hours of
operationthe approx cost can be about Rs 7 lakhs
6102011 47copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
Building-Integrated PV Systems
bull In a building-integrated photovoltaic (BIPV) system PV
panels are integrated into the roof or faccedilade of a
building
bull The SPV panels generate electricity during the daytime
which is used to meet a part of the electrical energy
needs of the building
bull Although the initial costs of a BIPV system are high
long-term savings result from a reduction in electricity
consumption
6102011 48copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
6102011 49copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
bull In order to encourage this application and to prepare
manufacturers and users the Ministry supports BIPV
projects by meeting 80 of the cost of PV modules
installed in the systems on government and semi
government buildings
6102011 50copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
Solar Water Pumps
bull In solar water pumping system
the pump is driven by motor
run by solar electricity instead
of conventional electricity
drawn from utility grid A SPV
water pumping system consists
of a photovoltaic array mounted
on a stand and a motor-pump
set compatible with the
photovoltaic array
Figure 126 Photovoltaic Water Pumping
6102011 51copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
Solar Water Heating Systems
bull A solar water heating system is a device that uses solar
energy to heat water for domestic commercial and
industrial needs Heating of water is the most common
application of solar energy in the world
bull A typical solar water heating system can save up to
1500 units of electricity every year for every 100 litres
per day of solar water heating capacity
6102011 52copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
6102011 53copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
6102011 54copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
6102011 55copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
Design
bull A solar water heating system consists of a flat plate
solar collector a storage tank kept at a height behind
the collector and connecting pipes
bull The system is generally installed on the roof or on open
ground with the collector facing the sun and connected
to a continuous water supply
6102011 56copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
bull A compact system can save up to 45 tonnes annually of
greenhouse gas emissions In order to achieve the aims
of the Kyoto protocol several countries are offering
subsidies to the end user
6102011 57copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
Types of thermal collector
bull There are three main kinds of solar thermal collectors in
common use
bull In order of increasing cost they are Formed Plastic
Collectors Flat Collectors and Evacuated Tube
Collectors
bull The efficiency of the system is directly related to heat
losses from the collector surface (efficiency being
defined as the proportion of heating energy that can be
usefully obtained from insulation) Heat losses are
predominantly governed by the thermal gradient
between the temperature of the collector surface and the
ambient temperature
6102011 58copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
bull Efficiency decreases when either the ambient
temperature falls or as the collector temperature
increases This decrease in efficiency can be mitigated
by increasing the insulation of the unit by sealing the unit
in glass eg flat collectors or providing a vacuum seal
eg evacuated tube collector The choice of collector is
determined by the heating requirements and
environmental conditions in which it is employed
6102011 59copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
bull The collector usually comprises copperglass tubes
welded to copper sheets (both coated with a highly
absorbing black coating) with a toughened glass sheet
on top and insulating material on the back
6102011 60copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
Solar Water Heater Installation
6102011 61copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
bull Water flows through the tubes absorbs solar heatand
is stored in a tank
bull The water stored in the tank remains hot overnight as
the storage tank is insulated and heat losses are small
bull Flat-plate solar collectors are manufactured in India
however the tubes for evacuated tube collectors are
imported
6102011 62copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
Domestic solar water heating
system
bull Most domestic solar water heaters are provided with
electrical back-up Electrical heating elements are
usually placed in the storage tank and can be switched
on during cloudy days
bull In some cases the solar-heated water is led into an
existing electric geyser the geyser needs to be
switched on only in cloudy conditions
bull Most domestic systems are in the capacity range of
100ndash500 litres of hot water per day
6102011 63copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
6102011 64copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
Advantages of solar water heaters
1048714 Hot water is available 24 hours a day depending on the
use and system capacity
1048714 A solar water heater pays back its cost in 3ndash4 years
1048714 Solar water heaters last a long time (15ndash20 years) and
require only simple maintenance
6102011 65copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
Cost
bull The smallest solar water heater available has a capacity
of 100 litres per day which is sufficient for a family of
four or five members It costs Rs 15 000 to Rs 18 000
and can save about 1500 units of electricity per year
bull Soft loans are available at an interest rate of 5 for
non-commercial users and 7 for commercial
organizations These loans are available for up to 85 of
the cost of the system and can be repaid over five
years
6102011 66copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
SUN will play a major role in defining
Indiarsquos ldquoEnergy Securityrdquo objective
6102011 67copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
6102011 28copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
bull Solar energy can be utilised through two different routes
as solar thermal route and solar electric (solar
photovoltaic) routes
bull Solar thermal route uses the suns heat to produce hot
water or air cook food drying materials etc
bull Solar photovoltaic uses sunlsquos heat to produce electricity
for lighting home and building running motors pumps
electric appliances and lighting
6102011 29copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
6102011 30copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
Solar Photovoltaic (PV)
bull PV cells are usually made of silicon an element that
naturally releases electrons when exposed to light
bull The magnitude of the electric current generated depends
on the intensity of the solar radiation exposed area of
the solar cell the type of material used in fabricating the
solar cell and ambient temperature
bull The silicon cell is covered with a grid of metal that directs
the electrons to flow in a path to create an electric
current
6102011 31copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
bull Typically one cell produces about 15
watts of power Individual cells are
connected together to form a solar
panel or module capable of
producing 3 to 110 Watts power
bull Panels can be connected together in
series and parallel to make a solar
array
bull Modules are usually designed to
supply electricity at 12 Volts PV
modules are rated by their peak Watt
output at solar noon on a clear day
6102011 32copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
PV tracking systems
bull Positioning of solar panels or collectors can greatly
influence the system output efficiency and
payback Tilting mechanisms provided to the collectors
need to be adjusted according to seasons (summer and
winter) to maximise the collector efficiency
bull PV tracking systems is an alternative to the fixed
stationary PV panels PV tracking systems are mounted
and provided with tracking mechanisms to follow the sun
as it moves through the sky These tracking systems run
entirely on their own power and can increase output by
40
6102011 33copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
Back-up systems
bull Back-up systems are necessary since PV systems only
generate electricity when the sun is shining The two
most common methods of backing up solar electric
systems are connecting the system to the utility grid or
storing excess electricity in batteries for use at night or
on cloudy days
6102011 34copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
bull Solar PV systems are found to be economical especially
in the hilly and far flung areas where conventional grid
power supply will be expensive to reach
6102011 35copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
6102011 36copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
bull The period four to five hours in late morning and early
afternoon (between 9 am to 3pm) is commonly called the
Solar Window During this time 80 of the total
collectable energy for the day falls on a solar collector
bull Therefore the collector should be free from shade during
this solar window throughout the year - Shading may
arise from buildings or trees to the south of the location
6102011 37copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
Performance
bull The performance of a solar cell is measured in terms of
its efficiency at converting sunlight into electricity Only
sunlight of certain energy will work efficiently to create
electricity and much of it is reflected or absorbed by the
material that make up the cell
bull Because of this a typical commercial solar cell has an
efficiency of 15mdashonly about one-sixth of the sunlight
striking the cell generates electricity Low efficiencies
mean that larger arrays are needed and higher
investment costs
6102011 38copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
Solar lantern
bull A typical solar lantern consists of a PV module of 8 Wp
to 10 Wp capacity a sealed maintenance-free battery
of 12 V 7 AH (ampere hours) capacity and a compact
fluorescent lamp (CFL) of 5 W or 7 W rating(cost- Rs
3000ndash3300)
bull A solar lantern is usually meant to provide light for three
to four hours daily and designed to have a three-day
autonomylsquo that is to function in this manner for three
days without sunlight
6102011 39copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
6102011 40copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
Solar street lighting system
bull A solar street-lighting system (SLS) is an outdoor lighting
unit used to illuminate a street or an open area A CFL is
fixed inside a luminaire which is mounted on a pole
bull The PV module is placed at the top of the pole and a
battery is placed in a box at the base of the pole
bull The module is mounted facing south so that it receives
solar radiation throughout the day without any shadow
falling on it
6102011 41copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
6102011 42copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
bull A typical street-lighting system consists of a PV module
of 74 Wp capacity a flooded leadndashacid battery of 12 V
75 AH capacity and a CFL of 11 W rating This system
is designed to operate from dusk to dawn (that is
throughout the night)
bull The cost of an SLS is about Rs 19 000
6102011 43copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
6102011 44copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
6102011 45copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
6102011 46copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
SPV-based Information display systems
bull Such systems are slowly replacing traditional neon tube-
based systemsthe latter are not only expensive but
also consume much more energy
bull For a typical LED information system of size about 1 times 2
m and consuming about 300 watts of energy an SPV
module of about 2 kWp capacity is required to enable it
to operate all through the night
bull For a 300-watt system requiring 15 hours of
operationthe approx cost can be about Rs 7 lakhs
6102011 47copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
Building-Integrated PV Systems
bull In a building-integrated photovoltaic (BIPV) system PV
panels are integrated into the roof or faccedilade of a
building
bull The SPV panels generate electricity during the daytime
which is used to meet a part of the electrical energy
needs of the building
bull Although the initial costs of a BIPV system are high
long-term savings result from a reduction in electricity
consumption
6102011 48copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
6102011 49copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
bull In order to encourage this application and to prepare
manufacturers and users the Ministry supports BIPV
projects by meeting 80 of the cost of PV modules
installed in the systems on government and semi
government buildings
6102011 50copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
Solar Water Pumps
bull In solar water pumping system
the pump is driven by motor
run by solar electricity instead
of conventional electricity
drawn from utility grid A SPV
water pumping system consists
of a photovoltaic array mounted
on a stand and a motor-pump
set compatible with the
photovoltaic array
Figure 126 Photovoltaic Water Pumping
6102011 51copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
Solar Water Heating Systems
bull A solar water heating system is a device that uses solar
energy to heat water for domestic commercial and
industrial needs Heating of water is the most common
application of solar energy in the world
bull A typical solar water heating system can save up to
1500 units of electricity every year for every 100 litres
per day of solar water heating capacity
6102011 52copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
6102011 53copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
6102011 54copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
6102011 55copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
Design
bull A solar water heating system consists of a flat plate
solar collector a storage tank kept at a height behind
the collector and connecting pipes
bull The system is generally installed on the roof or on open
ground with the collector facing the sun and connected
to a continuous water supply
6102011 56copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
bull A compact system can save up to 45 tonnes annually of
greenhouse gas emissions In order to achieve the aims
of the Kyoto protocol several countries are offering
subsidies to the end user
6102011 57copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
Types of thermal collector
bull There are three main kinds of solar thermal collectors in
common use
bull In order of increasing cost they are Formed Plastic
Collectors Flat Collectors and Evacuated Tube
Collectors
bull The efficiency of the system is directly related to heat
losses from the collector surface (efficiency being
defined as the proportion of heating energy that can be
usefully obtained from insulation) Heat losses are
predominantly governed by the thermal gradient
between the temperature of the collector surface and the
ambient temperature
6102011 58copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
bull Efficiency decreases when either the ambient
temperature falls or as the collector temperature
increases This decrease in efficiency can be mitigated
by increasing the insulation of the unit by sealing the unit
in glass eg flat collectors or providing a vacuum seal
eg evacuated tube collector The choice of collector is
determined by the heating requirements and
environmental conditions in which it is employed
6102011 59copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
bull The collector usually comprises copperglass tubes
welded to copper sheets (both coated with a highly
absorbing black coating) with a toughened glass sheet
on top and insulating material on the back
6102011 60copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
Solar Water Heater Installation
6102011 61copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
bull Water flows through the tubes absorbs solar heatand
is stored in a tank
bull The water stored in the tank remains hot overnight as
the storage tank is insulated and heat losses are small
bull Flat-plate solar collectors are manufactured in India
however the tubes for evacuated tube collectors are
imported
6102011 62copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
Domestic solar water heating
system
bull Most domestic solar water heaters are provided with
electrical back-up Electrical heating elements are
usually placed in the storage tank and can be switched
on during cloudy days
bull In some cases the solar-heated water is led into an
existing electric geyser the geyser needs to be
switched on only in cloudy conditions
bull Most domestic systems are in the capacity range of
100ndash500 litres of hot water per day
6102011 63copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
6102011 64copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
Advantages of solar water heaters
1048714 Hot water is available 24 hours a day depending on the
use and system capacity
1048714 A solar water heater pays back its cost in 3ndash4 years
1048714 Solar water heaters last a long time (15ndash20 years) and
require only simple maintenance
6102011 65copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
Cost
bull The smallest solar water heater available has a capacity
of 100 litres per day which is sufficient for a family of
four or five members It costs Rs 15 000 to Rs 18 000
and can save about 1500 units of electricity per year
bull Soft loans are available at an interest rate of 5 for
non-commercial users and 7 for commercial
organizations These loans are available for up to 85 of
the cost of the system and can be repaid over five
years
6102011 66copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
SUN will play a major role in defining
Indiarsquos ldquoEnergy Securityrdquo objective
6102011 67copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
6102011 29copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
6102011 30copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
Solar Photovoltaic (PV)
bull PV cells are usually made of silicon an element that
naturally releases electrons when exposed to light
bull The magnitude of the electric current generated depends
on the intensity of the solar radiation exposed area of
the solar cell the type of material used in fabricating the
solar cell and ambient temperature
bull The silicon cell is covered with a grid of metal that directs
the electrons to flow in a path to create an electric
current
6102011 31copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
bull Typically one cell produces about 15
watts of power Individual cells are
connected together to form a solar
panel or module capable of
producing 3 to 110 Watts power
bull Panels can be connected together in
series and parallel to make a solar
array
bull Modules are usually designed to
supply electricity at 12 Volts PV
modules are rated by their peak Watt
output at solar noon on a clear day
6102011 32copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
PV tracking systems
bull Positioning of solar panels or collectors can greatly
influence the system output efficiency and
payback Tilting mechanisms provided to the collectors
need to be adjusted according to seasons (summer and
winter) to maximise the collector efficiency
bull PV tracking systems is an alternative to the fixed
stationary PV panels PV tracking systems are mounted
and provided with tracking mechanisms to follow the sun
as it moves through the sky These tracking systems run
entirely on their own power and can increase output by
40
6102011 33copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
Back-up systems
bull Back-up systems are necessary since PV systems only
generate electricity when the sun is shining The two
most common methods of backing up solar electric
systems are connecting the system to the utility grid or
storing excess electricity in batteries for use at night or
on cloudy days
6102011 34copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
bull Solar PV systems are found to be economical especially
in the hilly and far flung areas where conventional grid
power supply will be expensive to reach
6102011 35copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
6102011 36copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
bull The period four to five hours in late morning and early
afternoon (between 9 am to 3pm) is commonly called the
Solar Window During this time 80 of the total
collectable energy for the day falls on a solar collector
bull Therefore the collector should be free from shade during
this solar window throughout the year - Shading may
arise from buildings or trees to the south of the location
6102011 37copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
Performance
bull The performance of a solar cell is measured in terms of
its efficiency at converting sunlight into electricity Only
sunlight of certain energy will work efficiently to create
electricity and much of it is reflected or absorbed by the
material that make up the cell
bull Because of this a typical commercial solar cell has an
efficiency of 15mdashonly about one-sixth of the sunlight
striking the cell generates electricity Low efficiencies
mean that larger arrays are needed and higher
investment costs
6102011 38copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
Solar lantern
bull A typical solar lantern consists of a PV module of 8 Wp
to 10 Wp capacity a sealed maintenance-free battery
of 12 V 7 AH (ampere hours) capacity and a compact
fluorescent lamp (CFL) of 5 W or 7 W rating(cost- Rs
3000ndash3300)
bull A solar lantern is usually meant to provide light for three
to four hours daily and designed to have a three-day
autonomylsquo that is to function in this manner for three
days without sunlight
6102011 39copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
6102011 40copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
Solar street lighting system
bull A solar street-lighting system (SLS) is an outdoor lighting
unit used to illuminate a street or an open area A CFL is
fixed inside a luminaire which is mounted on a pole
bull The PV module is placed at the top of the pole and a
battery is placed in a box at the base of the pole
bull The module is mounted facing south so that it receives
solar radiation throughout the day without any shadow
falling on it
6102011 41copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
6102011 42copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
bull A typical street-lighting system consists of a PV module
of 74 Wp capacity a flooded leadndashacid battery of 12 V
75 AH capacity and a CFL of 11 W rating This system
is designed to operate from dusk to dawn (that is
throughout the night)
bull The cost of an SLS is about Rs 19 000
6102011 43copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
6102011 44copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
6102011 45copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
6102011 46copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
SPV-based Information display systems
bull Such systems are slowly replacing traditional neon tube-
based systemsthe latter are not only expensive but
also consume much more energy
bull For a typical LED information system of size about 1 times 2
m and consuming about 300 watts of energy an SPV
module of about 2 kWp capacity is required to enable it
to operate all through the night
bull For a 300-watt system requiring 15 hours of
operationthe approx cost can be about Rs 7 lakhs
6102011 47copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
Building-Integrated PV Systems
bull In a building-integrated photovoltaic (BIPV) system PV
panels are integrated into the roof or faccedilade of a
building
bull The SPV panels generate electricity during the daytime
which is used to meet a part of the electrical energy
needs of the building
bull Although the initial costs of a BIPV system are high
long-term savings result from a reduction in electricity
consumption
6102011 48copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
6102011 49copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
bull In order to encourage this application and to prepare
manufacturers and users the Ministry supports BIPV
projects by meeting 80 of the cost of PV modules
installed in the systems on government and semi
government buildings
6102011 50copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
Solar Water Pumps
bull In solar water pumping system
the pump is driven by motor
run by solar electricity instead
of conventional electricity
drawn from utility grid A SPV
water pumping system consists
of a photovoltaic array mounted
on a stand and a motor-pump
set compatible with the
photovoltaic array
Figure 126 Photovoltaic Water Pumping
6102011 51copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
Solar Water Heating Systems
bull A solar water heating system is a device that uses solar
energy to heat water for domestic commercial and
industrial needs Heating of water is the most common
application of solar energy in the world
bull A typical solar water heating system can save up to
1500 units of electricity every year for every 100 litres
per day of solar water heating capacity
6102011 52copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
6102011 53copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
6102011 54copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
6102011 55copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
Design
bull A solar water heating system consists of a flat plate
solar collector a storage tank kept at a height behind
the collector and connecting pipes
bull The system is generally installed on the roof or on open
ground with the collector facing the sun and connected
to a continuous water supply
6102011 56copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
bull A compact system can save up to 45 tonnes annually of
greenhouse gas emissions In order to achieve the aims
of the Kyoto protocol several countries are offering
subsidies to the end user
6102011 57copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
Types of thermal collector
bull There are three main kinds of solar thermal collectors in
common use
bull In order of increasing cost they are Formed Plastic
Collectors Flat Collectors and Evacuated Tube
Collectors
bull The efficiency of the system is directly related to heat
losses from the collector surface (efficiency being
defined as the proportion of heating energy that can be
usefully obtained from insulation) Heat losses are
predominantly governed by the thermal gradient
between the temperature of the collector surface and the
ambient temperature
6102011 58copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
bull Efficiency decreases when either the ambient
temperature falls or as the collector temperature
increases This decrease in efficiency can be mitigated
by increasing the insulation of the unit by sealing the unit
in glass eg flat collectors or providing a vacuum seal
eg evacuated tube collector The choice of collector is
determined by the heating requirements and
environmental conditions in which it is employed
6102011 59copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
bull The collector usually comprises copperglass tubes
welded to copper sheets (both coated with a highly
absorbing black coating) with a toughened glass sheet
on top and insulating material on the back
6102011 60copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
Solar Water Heater Installation
6102011 61copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
bull Water flows through the tubes absorbs solar heatand
is stored in a tank
bull The water stored in the tank remains hot overnight as
the storage tank is insulated and heat losses are small
bull Flat-plate solar collectors are manufactured in India
however the tubes for evacuated tube collectors are
imported
6102011 62copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
Domestic solar water heating
system
bull Most domestic solar water heaters are provided with
electrical back-up Electrical heating elements are
usually placed in the storage tank and can be switched
on during cloudy days
bull In some cases the solar-heated water is led into an
existing electric geyser the geyser needs to be
switched on only in cloudy conditions
bull Most domestic systems are in the capacity range of
100ndash500 litres of hot water per day
6102011 63copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
6102011 64copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
Advantages of solar water heaters
1048714 Hot water is available 24 hours a day depending on the
use and system capacity
1048714 A solar water heater pays back its cost in 3ndash4 years
1048714 Solar water heaters last a long time (15ndash20 years) and
require only simple maintenance
6102011 65copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
Cost
bull The smallest solar water heater available has a capacity
of 100 litres per day which is sufficient for a family of
four or five members It costs Rs 15 000 to Rs 18 000
and can save about 1500 units of electricity per year
bull Soft loans are available at an interest rate of 5 for
non-commercial users and 7 for commercial
organizations These loans are available for up to 85 of
the cost of the system and can be repaid over five
years
6102011 66copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
SUN will play a major role in defining
Indiarsquos ldquoEnergy Securityrdquo objective
6102011 67copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
6102011 30copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
Solar Photovoltaic (PV)
bull PV cells are usually made of silicon an element that
naturally releases electrons when exposed to light
bull The magnitude of the electric current generated depends
on the intensity of the solar radiation exposed area of
the solar cell the type of material used in fabricating the
solar cell and ambient temperature
bull The silicon cell is covered with a grid of metal that directs
the electrons to flow in a path to create an electric
current
6102011 31copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
bull Typically one cell produces about 15
watts of power Individual cells are
connected together to form a solar
panel or module capable of
producing 3 to 110 Watts power
bull Panels can be connected together in
series and parallel to make a solar
array
bull Modules are usually designed to
supply electricity at 12 Volts PV
modules are rated by their peak Watt
output at solar noon on a clear day
6102011 32copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
PV tracking systems
bull Positioning of solar panels or collectors can greatly
influence the system output efficiency and
payback Tilting mechanisms provided to the collectors
need to be adjusted according to seasons (summer and
winter) to maximise the collector efficiency
bull PV tracking systems is an alternative to the fixed
stationary PV panels PV tracking systems are mounted
and provided with tracking mechanisms to follow the sun
as it moves through the sky These tracking systems run
entirely on their own power and can increase output by
40
6102011 33copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
Back-up systems
bull Back-up systems are necessary since PV systems only
generate electricity when the sun is shining The two
most common methods of backing up solar electric
systems are connecting the system to the utility grid or
storing excess electricity in batteries for use at night or
on cloudy days
6102011 34copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
bull Solar PV systems are found to be economical especially
in the hilly and far flung areas where conventional grid
power supply will be expensive to reach
6102011 35copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
6102011 36copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
bull The period four to five hours in late morning and early
afternoon (between 9 am to 3pm) is commonly called the
Solar Window During this time 80 of the total
collectable energy for the day falls on a solar collector
bull Therefore the collector should be free from shade during
this solar window throughout the year - Shading may
arise from buildings or trees to the south of the location
6102011 37copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
Performance
bull The performance of a solar cell is measured in terms of
its efficiency at converting sunlight into electricity Only
sunlight of certain energy will work efficiently to create
electricity and much of it is reflected or absorbed by the
material that make up the cell
bull Because of this a typical commercial solar cell has an
efficiency of 15mdashonly about one-sixth of the sunlight
striking the cell generates electricity Low efficiencies
mean that larger arrays are needed and higher
investment costs
6102011 38copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
Solar lantern
bull A typical solar lantern consists of a PV module of 8 Wp
to 10 Wp capacity a sealed maintenance-free battery
of 12 V 7 AH (ampere hours) capacity and a compact
fluorescent lamp (CFL) of 5 W or 7 W rating(cost- Rs
3000ndash3300)
bull A solar lantern is usually meant to provide light for three
to four hours daily and designed to have a three-day
autonomylsquo that is to function in this manner for three
days without sunlight
6102011 39copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
6102011 40copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
Solar street lighting system
bull A solar street-lighting system (SLS) is an outdoor lighting
unit used to illuminate a street or an open area A CFL is
fixed inside a luminaire which is mounted on a pole
bull The PV module is placed at the top of the pole and a
battery is placed in a box at the base of the pole
bull The module is mounted facing south so that it receives
solar radiation throughout the day without any shadow
falling on it
6102011 41copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
6102011 42copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
bull A typical street-lighting system consists of a PV module
of 74 Wp capacity a flooded leadndashacid battery of 12 V
75 AH capacity and a CFL of 11 W rating This system
is designed to operate from dusk to dawn (that is
throughout the night)
bull The cost of an SLS is about Rs 19 000
6102011 43copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
6102011 44copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
6102011 45copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
6102011 46copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
SPV-based Information display systems
bull Such systems are slowly replacing traditional neon tube-
based systemsthe latter are not only expensive but
also consume much more energy
bull For a typical LED information system of size about 1 times 2
m and consuming about 300 watts of energy an SPV
module of about 2 kWp capacity is required to enable it
to operate all through the night
bull For a 300-watt system requiring 15 hours of
operationthe approx cost can be about Rs 7 lakhs
6102011 47copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
Building-Integrated PV Systems
bull In a building-integrated photovoltaic (BIPV) system PV
panels are integrated into the roof or faccedilade of a
building
bull The SPV panels generate electricity during the daytime
which is used to meet a part of the electrical energy
needs of the building
bull Although the initial costs of a BIPV system are high
long-term savings result from a reduction in electricity
consumption
6102011 48copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
6102011 49copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
bull In order to encourage this application and to prepare
manufacturers and users the Ministry supports BIPV
projects by meeting 80 of the cost of PV modules
installed in the systems on government and semi
government buildings
6102011 50copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
Solar Water Pumps
bull In solar water pumping system
the pump is driven by motor
run by solar electricity instead
of conventional electricity
drawn from utility grid A SPV
water pumping system consists
of a photovoltaic array mounted
on a stand and a motor-pump
set compatible with the
photovoltaic array
Figure 126 Photovoltaic Water Pumping
6102011 51copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
Solar Water Heating Systems
bull A solar water heating system is a device that uses solar
energy to heat water for domestic commercial and
industrial needs Heating of water is the most common
application of solar energy in the world
bull A typical solar water heating system can save up to
1500 units of electricity every year for every 100 litres
per day of solar water heating capacity
6102011 52copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
6102011 53copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
6102011 54copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
6102011 55copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
Design
bull A solar water heating system consists of a flat plate
solar collector a storage tank kept at a height behind
the collector and connecting pipes
bull The system is generally installed on the roof or on open
ground with the collector facing the sun and connected
to a continuous water supply
6102011 56copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
bull A compact system can save up to 45 tonnes annually of
greenhouse gas emissions In order to achieve the aims
of the Kyoto protocol several countries are offering
subsidies to the end user
6102011 57copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
Types of thermal collector
bull There are three main kinds of solar thermal collectors in
common use
bull In order of increasing cost they are Formed Plastic
Collectors Flat Collectors and Evacuated Tube
Collectors
bull The efficiency of the system is directly related to heat
losses from the collector surface (efficiency being
defined as the proportion of heating energy that can be
usefully obtained from insulation) Heat losses are
predominantly governed by the thermal gradient
between the temperature of the collector surface and the
ambient temperature
6102011 58copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
bull Efficiency decreases when either the ambient
temperature falls or as the collector temperature
increases This decrease in efficiency can be mitigated
by increasing the insulation of the unit by sealing the unit
in glass eg flat collectors or providing a vacuum seal
eg evacuated tube collector The choice of collector is
determined by the heating requirements and
environmental conditions in which it is employed
6102011 59copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
bull The collector usually comprises copperglass tubes
welded to copper sheets (both coated with a highly
absorbing black coating) with a toughened glass sheet
on top and insulating material on the back
6102011 60copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
Solar Water Heater Installation
6102011 61copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
bull Water flows through the tubes absorbs solar heatand
is stored in a tank
bull The water stored in the tank remains hot overnight as
the storage tank is insulated and heat losses are small
bull Flat-plate solar collectors are manufactured in India
however the tubes for evacuated tube collectors are
imported
6102011 62copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
Domestic solar water heating
system
bull Most domestic solar water heaters are provided with
electrical back-up Electrical heating elements are
usually placed in the storage tank and can be switched
on during cloudy days
bull In some cases the solar-heated water is led into an
existing electric geyser the geyser needs to be
switched on only in cloudy conditions
bull Most domestic systems are in the capacity range of
100ndash500 litres of hot water per day
6102011 63copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
6102011 64copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
Advantages of solar water heaters
1048714 Hot water is available 24 hours a day depending on the
use and system capacity
1048714 A solar water heater pays back its cost in 3ndash4 years
1048714 Solar water heaters last a long time (15ndash20 years) and
require only simple maintenance
6102011 65copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
Cost
bull The smallest solar water heater available has a capacity
of 100 litres per day which is sufficient for a family of
four or five members It costs Rs 15 000 to Rs 18 000
and can save about 1500 units of electricity per year
bull Soft loans are available at an interest rate of 5 for
non-commercial users and 7 for commercial
organizations These loans are available for up to 85 of
the cost of the system and can be repaid over five
years
6102011 66copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
SUN will play a major role in defining
Indiarsquos ldquoEnergy Securityrdquo objective
6102011 67copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
6102011 31copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
bull Typically one cell produces about 15
watts of power Individual cells are
connected together to form a solar
panel or module capable of
producing 3 to 110 Watts power
bull Panels can be connected together in
series and parallel to make a solar
array
bull Modules are usually designed to
supply electricity at 12 Volts PV
modules are rated by their peak Watt
output at solar noon on a clear day
6102011 32copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
PV tracking systems
bull Positioning of solar panels or collectors can greatly
influence the system output efficiency and
payback Tilting mechanisms provided to the collectors
need to be adjusted according to seasons (summer and
winter) to maximise the collector efficiency
bull PV tracking systems is an alternative to the fixed
stationary PV panels PV tracking systems are mounted
and provided with tracking mechanisms to follow the sun
as it moves through the sky These tracking systems run
entirely on their own power and can increase output by
40
6102011 33copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
Back-up systems
bull Back-up systems are necessary since PV systems only
generate electricity when the sun is shining The two
most common methods of backing up solar electric
systems are connecting the system to the utility grid or
storing excess electricity in batteries for use at night or
on cloudy days
6102011 34copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
bull Solar PV systems are found to be economical especially
in the hilly and far flung areas where conventional grid
power supply will be expensive to reach
6102011 35copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
6102011 36copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
bull The period four to five hours in late morning and early
afternoon (between 9 am to 3pm) is commonly called the
Solar Window During this time 80 of the total
collectable energy for the day falls on a solar collector
bull Therefore the collector should be free from shade during
this solar window throughout the year - Shading may
arise from buildings or trees to the south of the location
6102011 37copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
Performance
bull The performance of a solar cell is measured in terms of
its efficiency at converting sunlight into electricity Only
sunlight of certain energy will work efficiently to create
electricity and much of it is reflected or absorbed by the
material that make up the cell
bull Because of this a typical commercial solar cell has an
efficiency of 15mdashonly about one-sixth of the sunlight
striking the cell generates electricity Low efficiencies
mean that larger arrays are needed and higher
investment costs
6102011 38copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
Solar lantern
bull A typical solar lantern consists of a PV module of 8 Wp
to 10 Wp capacity a sealed maintenance-free battery
of 12 V 7 AH (ampere hours) capacity and a compact
fluorescent lamp (CFL) of 5 W or 7 W rating(cost- Rs
3000ndash3300)
bull A solar lantern is usually meant to provide light for three
to four hours daily and designed to have a three-day
autonomylsquo that is to function in this manner for three
days without sunlight
6102011 39copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
6102011 40copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
Solar street lighting system
bull A solar street-lighting system (SLS) is an outdoor lighting
unit used to illuminate a street or an open area A CFL is
fixed inside a luminaire which is mounted on a pole
bull The PV module is placed at the top of the pole and a
battery is placed in a box at the base of the pole
bull The module is mounted facing south so that it receives
solar radiation throughout the day without any shadow
falling on it
6102011 41copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
6102011 42copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
bull A typical street-lighting system consists of a PV module
of 74 Wp capacity a flooded leadndashacid battery of 12 V
75 AH capacity and a CFL of 11 W rating This system
is designed to operate from dusk to dawn (that is
throughout the night)
bull The cost of an SLS is about Rs 19 000
6102011 43copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
6102011 44copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
6102011 45copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
6102011 46copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
SPV-based Information display systems
bull Such systems are slowly replacing traditional neon tube-
based systemsthe latter are not only expensive but
also consume much more energy
bull For a typical LED information system of size about 1 times 2
m and consuming about 300 watts of energy an SPV
module of about 2 kWp capacity is required to enable it
to operate all through the night
bull For a 300-watt system requiring 15 hours of
operationthe approx cost can be about Rs 7 lakhs
6102011 47copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
Building-Integrated PV Systems
bull In a building-integrated photovoltaic (BIPV) system PV
panels are integrated into the roof or faccedilade of a
building
bull The SPV panels generate electricity during the daytime
which is used to meet a part of the electrical energy
needs of the building
bull Although the initial costs of a BIPV system are high
long-term savings result from a reduction in electricity
consumption
6102011 48copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
6102011 49copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
bull In order to encourage this application and to prepare
manufacturers and users the Ministry supports BIPV
projects by meeting 80 of the cost of PV modules
installed in the systems on government and semi
government buildings
6102011 50copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
Solar Water Pumps
bull In solar water pumping system
the pump is driven by motor
run by solar electricity instead
of conventional electricity
drawn from utility grid A SPV
water pumping system consists
of a photovoltaic array mounted
on a stand and a motor-pump
set compatible with the
photovoltaic array
Figure 126 Photovoltaic Water Pumping
6102011 51copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
Solar Water Heating Systems
bull A solar water heating system is a device that uses solar
energy to heat water for domestic commercial and
industrial needs Heating of water is the most common
application of solar energy in the world
bull A typical solar water heating system can save up to
1500 units of electricity every year for every 100 litres
per day of solar water heating capacity
6102011 52copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
6102011 53copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
6102011 54copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
6102011 55copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
Design
bull A solar water heating system consists of a flat plate
solar collector a storage tank kept at a height behind
the collector and connecting pipes
bull The system is generally installed on the roof or on open
ground with the collector facing the sun and connected
to a continuous water supply
6102011 56copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
bull A compact system can save up to 45 tonnes annually of
greenhouse gas emissions In order to achieve the aims
of the Kyoto protocol several countries are offering
subsidies to the end user
6102011 57copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
Types of thermal collector
bull There are three main kinds of solar thermal collectors in
common use
bull In order of increasing cost they are Formed Plastic
Collectors Flat Collectors and Evacuated Tube
Collectors
bull The efficiency of the system is directly related to heat
losses from the collector surface (efficiency being
defined as the proportion of heating energy that can be
usefully obtained from insulation) Heat losses are
predominantly governed by the thermal gradient
between the temperature of the collector surface and the
ambient temperature
6102011 58copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
bull Efficiency decreases when either the ambient
temperature falls or as the collector temperature
increases This decrease in efficiency can be mitigated
by increasing the insulation of the unit by sealing the unit
in glass eg flat collectors or providing a vacuum seal
eg evacuated tube collector The choice of collector is
determined by the heating requirements and
environmental conditions in which it is employed
6102011 59copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
bull The collector usually comprises copperglass tubes
welded to copper sheets (both coated with a highly
absorbing black coating) with a toughened glass sheet
on top and insulating material on the back
6102011 60copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
Solar Water Heater Installation
6102011 61copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
bull Water flows through the tubes absorbs solar heatand
is stored in a tank
bull The water stored in the tank remains hot overnight as
the storage tank is insulated and heat losses are small
bull Flat-plate solar collectors are manufactured in India
however the tubes for evacuated tube collectors are
imported
6102011 62copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
Domestic solar water heating
system
bull Most domestic solar water heaters are provided with
electrical back-up Electrical heating elements are
usually placed in the storage tank and can be switched
on during cloudy days
bull In some cases the solar-heated water is led into an
existing electric geyser the geyser needs to be
switched on only in cloudy conditions
bull Most domestic systems are in the capacity range of
100ndash500 litres of hot water per day
6102011 63copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
6102011 64copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
Advantages of solar water heaters
1048714 Hot water is available 24 hours a day depending on the
use and system capacity
1048714 A solar water heater pays back its cost in 3ndash4 years
1048714 Solar water heaters last a long time (15ndash20 years) and
require only simple maintenance
6102011 65copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
Cost
bull The smallest solar water heater available has a capacity
of 100 litres per day which is sufficient for a family of
four or five members It costs Rs 15 000 to Rs 18 000
and can save about 1500 units of electricity per year
bull Soft loans are available at an interest rate of 5 for
non-commercial users and 7 for commercial
organizations These loans are available for up to 85 of
the cost of the system and can be repaid over five
years
6102011 66copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
SUN will play a major role in defining
Indiarsquos ldquoEnergy Securityrdquo objective
6102011 67copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
6102011 32copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
PV tracking systems
bull Positioning of solar panels or collectors can greatly
influence the system output efficiency and
payback Tilting mechanisms provided to the collectors
need to be adjusted according to seasons (summer and
winter) to maximise the collector efficiency
bull PV tracking systems is an alternative to the fixed
stationary PV panels PV tracking systems are mounted
and provided with tracking mechanisms to follow the sun
as it moves through the sky These tracking systems run
entirely on their own power and can increase output by
40
6102011 33copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
Back-up systems
bull Back-up systems are necessary since PV systems only
generate electricity when the sun is shining The two
most common methods of backing up solar electric
systems are connecting the system to the utility grid or
storing excess electricity in batteries for use at night or
on cloudy days
6102011 34copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
bull Solar PV systems are found to be economical especially
in the hilly and far flung areas where conventional grid
power supply will be expensive to reach
6102011 35copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
6102011 36copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
bull The period four to five hours in late morning and early
afternoon (between 9 am to 3pm) is commonly called the
Solar Window During this time 80 of the total
collectable energy for the day falls on a solar collector
bull Therefore the collector should be free from shade during
this solar window throughout the year - Shading may
arise from buildings or trees to the south of the location
6102011 37copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
Performance
bull The performance of a solar cell is measured in terms of
its efficiency at converting sunlight into electricity Only
sunlight of certain energy will work efficiently to create
electricity and much of it is reflected or absorbed by the
material that make up the cell
bull Because of this a typical commercial solar cell has an
efficiency of 15mdashonly about one-sixth of the sunlight
striking the cell generates electricity Low efficiencies
mean that larger arrays are needed and higher
investment costs
6102011 38copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
Solar lantern
bull A typical solar lantern consists of a PV module of 8 Wp
to 10 Wp capacity a sealed maintenance-free battery
of 12 V 7 AH (ampere hours) capacity and a compact
fluorescent lamp (CFL) of 5 W or 7 W rating(cost- Rs
3000ndash3300)
bull A solar lantern is usually meant to provide light for three
to four hours daily and designed to have a three-day
autonomylsquo that is to function in this manner for three
days without sunlight
6102011 39copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
6102011 40copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
Solar street lighting system
bull A solar street-lighting system (SLS) is an outdoor lighting
unit used to illuminate a street or an open area A CFL is
fixed inside a luminaire which is mounted on a pole
bull The PV module is placed at the top of the pole and a
battery is placed in a box at the base of the pole
bull The module is mounted facing south so that it receives
solar radiation throughout the day without any shadow
falling on it
6102011 41copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
6102011 42copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
bull A typical street-lighting system consists of a PV module
of 74 Wp capacity a flooded leadndashacid battery of 12 V
75 AH capacity and a CFL of 11 W rating This system
is designed to operate from dusk to dawn (that is
throughout the night)
bull The cost of an SLS is about Rs 19 000
6102011 43copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
6102011 44copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
6102011 45copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
6102011 46copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
SPV-based Information display systems
bull Such systems are slowly replacing traditional neon tube-
based systemsthe latter are not only expensive but
also consume much more energy
bull For a typical LED information system of size about 1 times 2
m and consuming about 300 watts of energy an SPV
module of about 2 kWp capacity is required to enable it
to operate all through the night
bull For a 300-watt system requiring 15 hours of
operationthe approx cost can be about Rs 7 lakhs
6102011 47copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
Building-Integrated PV Systems
bull In a building-integrated photovoltaic (BIPV) system PV
panels are integrated into the roof or faccedilade of a
building
bull The SPV panels generate electricity during the daytime
which is used to meet a part of the electrical energy
needs of the building
bull Although the initial costs of a BIPV system are high
long-term savings result from a reduction in electricity
consumption
6102011 48copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
6102011 49copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
bull In order to encourage this application and to prepare
manufacturers and users the Ministry supports BIPV
projects by meeting 80 of the cost of PV modules
installed in the systems on government and semi
government buildings
6102011 50copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
Solar Water Pumps
bull In solar water pumping system
the pump is driven by motor
run by solar electricity instead
of conventional electricity
drawn from utility grid A SPV
water pumping system consists
of a photovoltaic array mounted
on a stand and a motor-pump
set compatible with the
photovoltaic array
Figure 126 Photovoltaic Water Pumping
6102011 51copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
Solar Water Heating Systems
bull A solar water heating system is a device that uses solar
energy to heat water for domestic commercial and
industrial needs Heating of water is the most common
application of solar energy in the world
bull A typical solar water heating system can save up to
1500 units of electricity every year for every 100 litres
per day of solar water heating capacity
6102011 52copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
6102011 53copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
6102011 54copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
6102011 55copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
Design
bull A solar water heating system consists of a flat plate
solar collector a storage tank kept at a height behind
the collector and connecting pipes
bull The system is generally installed on the roof or on open
ground with the collector facing the sun and connected
to a continuous water supply
6102011 56copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
bull A compact system can save up to 45 tonnes annually of
greenhouse gas emissions In order to achieve the aims
of the Kyoto protocol several countries are offering
subsidies to the end user
6102011 57copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
Types of thermal collector
bull There are three main kinds of solar thermal collectors in
common use
bull In order of increasing cost they are Formed Plastic
Collectors Flat Collectors and Evacuated Tube
Collectors
bull The efficiency of the system is directly related to heat
losses from the collector surface (efficiency being
defined as the proportion of heating energy that can be
usefully obtained from insulation) Heat losses are
predominantly governed by the thermal gradient
between the temperature of the collector surface and the
ambient temperature
6102011 58copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
bull Efficiency decreases when either the ambient
temperature falls or as the collector temperature
increases This decrease in efficiency can be mitigated
by increasing the insulation of the unit by sealing the unit
in glass eg flat collectors or providing a vacuum seal
eg evacuated tube collector The choice of collector is
determined by the heating requirements and
environmental conditions in which it is employed
6102011 59copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
bull The collector usually comprises copperglass tubes
welded to copper sheets (both coated with a highly
absorbing black coating) with a toughened glass sheet
on top and insulating material on the back
6102011 60copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
Solar Water Heater Installation
6102011 61copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
bull Water flows through the tubes absorbs solar heatand
is stored in a tank
bull The water stored in the tank remains hot overnight as
the storage tank is insulated and heat losses are small
bull Flat-plate solar collectors are manufactured in India
however the tubes for evacuated tube collectors are
imported
6102011 62copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
Domestic solar water heating
system
bull Most domestic solar water heaters are provided with
electrical back-up Electrical heating elements are
usually placed in the storage tank and can be switched
on during cloudy days
bull In some cases the solar-heated water is led into an
existing electric geyser the geyser needs to be
switched on only in cloudy conditions
bull Most domestic systems are in the capacity range of
100ndash500 litres of hot water per day
6102011 63copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
6102011 64copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
Advantages of solar water heaters
1048714 Hot water is available 24 hours a day depending on the
use and system capacity
1048714 A solar water heater pays back its cost in 3ndash4 years
1048714 Solar water heaters last a long time (15ndash20 years) and
require only simple maintenance
6102011 65copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
Cost
bull The smallest solar water heater available has a capacity
of 100 litres per day which is sufficient for a family of
four or five members It costs Rs 15 000 to Rs 18 000
and can save about 1500 units of electricity per year
bull Soft loans are available at an interest rate of 5 for
non-commercial users and 7 for commercial
organizations These loans are available for up to 85 of
the cost of the system and can be repaid over five
years
6102011 66copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
SUN will play a major role in defining
Indiarsquos ldquoEnergy Securityrdquo objective
6102011 67copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
6102011 33copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
Back-up systems
bull Back-up systems are necessary since PV systems only
generate electricity when the sun is shining The two
most common methods of backing up solar electric
systems are connecting the system to the utility grid or
storing excess electricity in batteries for use at night or
on cloudy days
6102011 34copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
bull Solar PV systems are found to be economical especially
in the hilly and far flung areas where conventional grid
power supply will be expensive to reach
6102011 35copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
6102011 36copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
bull The period four to five hours in late morning and early
afternoon (between 9 am to 3pm) is commonly called the
Solar Window During this time 80 of the total
collectable energy for the day falls on a solar collector
bull Therefore the collector should be free from shade during
this solar window throughout the year - Shading may
arise from buildings or trees to the south of the location
6102011 37copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
Performance
bull The performance of a solar cell is measured in terms of
its efficiency at converting sunlight into electricity Only
sunlight of certain energy will work efficiently to create
electricity and much of it is reflected or absorbed by the
material that make up the cell
bull Because of this a typical commercial solar cell has an
efficiency of 15mdashonly about one-sixth of the sunlight
striking the cell generates electricity Low efficiencies
mean that larger arrays are needed and higher
investment costs
6102011 38copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
Solar lantern
bull A typical solar lantern consists of a PV module of 8 Wp
to 10 Wp capacity a sealed maintenance-free battery
of 12 V 7 AH (ampere hours) capacity and a compact
fluorescent lamp (CFL) of 5 W or 7 W rating(cost- Rs
3000ndash3300)
bull A solar lantern is usually meant to provide light for three
to four hours daily and designed to have a three-day
autonomylsquo that is to function in this manner for three
days without sunlight
6102011 39copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
6102011 40copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
Solar street lighting system
bull A solar street-lighting system (SLS) is an outdoor lighting
unit used to illuminate a street or an open area A CFL is
fixed inside a luminaire which is mounted on a pole
bull The PV module is placed at the top of the pole and a
battery is placed in a box at the base of the pole
bull The module is mounted facing south so that it receives
solar radiation throughout the day without any shadow
falling on it
6102011 41copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
6102011 42copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
bull A typical street-lighting system consists of a PV module
of 74 Wp capacity a flooded leadndashacid battery of 12 V
75 AH capacity and a CFL of 11 W rating This system
is designed to operate from dusk to dawn (that is
throughout the night)
bull The cost of an SLS is about Rs 19 000
6102011 43copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
6102011 44copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
6102011 45copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
6102011 46copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
SPV-based Information display systems
bull Such systems are slowly replacing traditional neon tube-
based systemsthe latter are not only expensive but
also consume much more energy
bull For a typical LED information system of size about 1 times 2
m and consuming about 300 watts of energy an SPV
module of about 2 kWp capacity is required to enable it
to operate all through the night
bull For a 300-watt system requiring 15 hours of
operationthe approx cost can be about Rs 7 lakhs
6102011 47copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
Building-Integrated PV Systems
bull In a building-integrated photovoltaic (BIPV) system PV
panels are integrated into the roof or faccedilade of a
building
bull The SPV panels generate electricity during the daytime
which is used to meet a part of the electrical energy
needs of the building
bull Although the initial costs of a BIPV system are high
long-term savings result from a reduction in electricity
consumption
6102011 48copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
6102011 49copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
bull In order to encourage this application and to prepare
manufacturers and users the Ministry supports BIPV
projects by meeting 80 of the cost of PV modules
installed in the systems on government and semi
government buildings
6102011 50copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
Solar Water Pumps
bull In solar water pumping system
the pump is driven by motor
run by solar electricity instead
of conventional electricity
drawn from utility grid A SPV
water pumping system consists
of a photovoltaic array mounted
on a stand and a motor-pump
set compatible with the
photovoltaic array
Figure 126 Photovoltaic Water Pumping
6102011 51copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
Solar Water Heating Systems
bull A solar water heating system is a device that uses solar
energy to heat water for domestic commercial and
industrial needs Heating of water is the most common
application of solar energy in the world
bull A typical solar water heating system can save up to
1500 units of electricity every year for every 100 litres
per day of solar water heating capacity
6102011 52copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
6102011 53copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
6102011 54copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
6102011 55copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
Design
bull A solar water heating system consists of a flat plate
solar collector a storage tank kept at a height behind
the collector and connecting pipes
bull The system is generally installed on the roof or on open
ground with the collector facing the sun and connected
to a continuous water supply
6102011 56copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
bull A compact system can save up to 45 tonnes annually of
greenhouse gas emissions In order to achieve the aims
of the Kyoto protocol several countries are offering
subsidies to the end user
6102011 57copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
Types of thermal collector
bull There are three main kinds of solar thermal collectors in
common use
bull In order of increasing cost they are Formed Plastic
Collectors Flat Collectors and Evacuated Tube
Collectors
bull The efficiency of the system is directly related to heat
losses from the collector surface (efficiency being
defined as the proportion of heating energy that can be
usefully obtained from insulation) Heat losses are
predominantly governed by the thermal gradient
between the temperature of the collector surface and the
ambient temperature
6102011 58copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
bull Efficiency decreases when either the ambient
temperature falls or as the collector temperature
increases This decrease in efficiency can be mitigated
by increasing the insulation of the unit by sealing the unit
in glass eg flat collectors or providing a vacuum seal
eg evacuated tube collector The choice of collector is
determined by the heating requirements and
environmental conditions in which it is employed
6102011 59copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
bull The collector usually comprises copperglass tubes
welded to copper sheets (both coated with a highly
absorbing black coating) with a toughened glass sheet
on top and insulating material on the back
6102011 60copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
Solar Water Heater Installation
6102011 61copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
bull Water flows through the tubes absorbs solar heatand
is stored in a tank
bull The water stored in the tank remains hot overnight as
the storage tank is insulated and heat losses are small
bull Flat-plate solar collectors are manufactured in India
however the tubes for evacuated tube collectors are
imported
6102011 62copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
Domestic solar water heating
system
bull Most domestic solar water heaters are provided with
electrical back-up Electrical heating elements are
usually placed in the storage tank and can be switched
on during cloudy days
bull In some cases the solar-heated water is led into an
existing electric geyser the geyser needs to be
switched on only in cloudy conditions
bull Most domestic systems are in the capacity range of
100ndash500 litres of hot water per day
6102011 63copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
6102011 64copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
Advantages of solar water heaters
1048714 Hot water is available 24 hours a day depending on the
use and system capacity
1048714 A solar water heater pays back its cost in 3ndash4 years
1048714 Solar water heaters last a long time (15ndash20 years) and
require only simple maintenance
6102011 65copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
Cost
bull The smallest solar water heater available has a capacity
of 100 litres per day which is sufficient for a family of
four or five members It costs Rs 15 000 to Rs 18 000
and can save about 1500 units of electricity per year
bull Soft loans are available at an interest rate of 5 for
non-commercial users and 7 for commercial
organizations These loans are available for up to 85 of
the cost of the system and can be repaid over five
years
6102011 66copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
SUN will play a major role in defining
Indiarsquos ldquoEnergy Securityrdquo objective
6102011 67copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
6102011 34copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
bull Solar PV systems are found to be economical especially
in the hilly and far flung areas where conventional grid
power supply will be expensive to reach
6102011 35copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
6102011 36copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
bull The period four to five hours in late morning and early
afternoon (between 9 am to 3pm) is commonly called the
Solar Window During this time 80 of the total
collectable energy for the day falls on a solar collector
bull Therefore the collector should be free from shade during
this solar window throughout the year - Shading may
arise from buildings or trees to the south of the location
6102011 37copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
Performance
bull The performance of a solar cell is measured in terms of
its efficiency at converting sunlight into electricity Only
sunlight of certain energy will work efficiently to create
electricity and much of it is reflected or absorbed by the
material that make up the cell
bull Because of this a typical commercial solar cell has an
efficiency of 15mdashonly about one-sixth of the sunlight
striking the cell generates electricity Low efficiencies
mean that larger arrays are needed and higher
investment costs
6102011 38copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
Solar lantern
bull A typical solar lantern consists of a PV module of 8 Wp
to 10 Wp capacity a sealed maintenance-free battery
of 12 V 7 AH (ampere hours) capacity and a compact
fluorescent lamp (CFL) of 5 W or 7 W rating(cost- Rs
3000ndash3300)
bull A solar lantern is usually meant to provide light for three
to four hours daily and designed to have a three-day
autonomylsquo that is to function in this manner for three
days without sunlight
6102011 39copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
6102011 40copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
Solar street lighting system
bull A solar street-lighting system (SLS) is an outdoor lighting
unit used to illuminate a street or an open area A CFL is
fixed inside a luminaire which is mounted on a pole
bull The PV module is placed at the top of the pole and a
battery is placed in a box at the base of the pole
bull The module is mounted facing south so that it receives
solar radiation throughout the day without any shadow
falling on it
6102011 41copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
6102011 42copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
bull A typical street-lighting system consists of a PV module
of 74 Wp capacity a flooded leadndashacid battery of 12 V
75 AH capacity and a CFL of 11 W rating This system
is designed to operate from dusk to dawn (that is
throughout the night)
bull The cost of an SLS is about Rs 19 000
6102011 43copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
6102011 44copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
6102011 45copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
6102011 46copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
SPV-based Information display systems
bull Such systems are slowly replacing traditional neon tube-
based systemsthe latter are not only expensive but
also consume much more energy
bull For a typical LED information system of size about 1 times 2
m and consuming about 300 watts of energy an SPV
module of about 2 kWp capacity is required to enable it
to operate all through the night
bull For a 300-watt system requiring 15 hours of
operationthe approx cost can be about Rs 7 lakhs
6102011 47copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
Building-Integrated PV Systems
bull In a building-integrated photovoltaic (BIPV) system PV
panels are integrated into the roof or faccedilade of a
building
bull The SPV panels generate electricity during the daytime
which is used to meet a part of the electrical energy
needs of the building
bull Although the initial costs of a BIPV system are high
long-term savings result from a reduction in electricity
consumption
6102011 48copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
6102011 49copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
bull In order to encourage this application and to prepare
manufacturers and users the Ministry supports BIPV
projects by meeting 80 of the cost of PV modules
installed in the systems on government and semi
government buildings
6102011 50copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
Solar Water Pumps
bull In solar water pumping system
the pump is driven by motor
run by solar electricity instead
of conventional electricity
drawn from utility grid A SPV
water pumping system consists
of a photovoltaic array mounted
on a stand and a motor-pump
set compatible with the
photovoltaic array
Figure 126 Photovoltaic Water Pumping
6102011 51copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
Solar Water Heating Systems
bull A solar water heating system is a device that uses solar
energy to heat water for domestic commercial and
industrial needs Heating of water is the most common
application of solar energy in the world
bull A typical solar water heating system can save up to
1500 units of electricity every year for every 100 litres
per day of solar water heating capacity
6102011 52copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
6102011 53copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
6102011 54copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
6102011 55copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
Design
bull A solar water heating system consists of a flat plate
solar collector a storage tank kept at a height behind
the collector and connecting pipes
bull The system is generally installed on the roof or on open
ground with the collector facing the sun and connected
to a continuous water supply
6102011 56copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
bull A compact system can save up to 45 tonnes annually of
greenhouse gas emissions In order to achieve the aims
of the Kyoto protocol several countries are offering
subsidies to the end user
6102011 57copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
Types of thermal collector
bull There are three main kinds of solar thermal collectors in
common use
bull In order of increasing cost they are Formed Plastic
Collectors Flat Collectors and Evacuated Tube
Collectors
bull The efficiency of the system is directly related to heat
losses from the collector surface (efficiency being
defined as the proportion of heating energy that can be
usefully obtained from insulation) Heat losses are
predominantly governed by the thermal gradient
between the temperature of the collector surface and the
ambient temperature
6102011 58copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
bull Efficiency decreases when either the ambient
temperature falls or as the collector temperature
increases This decrease in efficiency can be mitigated
by increasing the insulation of the unit by sealing the unit
in glass eg flat collectors or providing a vacuum seal
eg evacuated tube collector The choice of collector is
determined by the heating requirements and
environmental conditions in which it is employed
6102011 59copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
bull The collector usually comprises copperglass tubes
welded to copper sheets (both coated with a highly
absorbing black coating) with a toughened glass sheet
on top and insulating material on the back
6102011 60copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
Solar Water Heater Installation
6102011 61copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
bull Water flows through the tubes absorbs solar heatand
is stored in a tank
bull The water stored in the tank remains hot overnight as
the storage tank is insulated and heat losses are small
bull Flat-plate solar collectors are manufactured in India
however the tubes for evacuated tube collectors are
imported
6102011 62copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
Domestic solar water heating
system
bull Most domestic solar water heaters are provided with
electrical back-up Electrical heating elements are
usually placed in the storage tank and can be switched
on during cloudy days
bull In some cases the solar-heated water is led into an
existing electric geyser the geyser needs to be
switched on only in cloudy conditions
bull Most domestic systems are in the capacity range of
100ndash500 litres of hot water per day
6102011 63copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
6102011 64copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
Advantages of solar water heaters
1048714 Hot water is available 24 hours a day depending on the
use and system capacity
1048714 A solar water heater pays back its cost in 3ndash4 years
1048714 Solar water heaters last a long time (15ndash20 years) and
require only simple maintenance
6102011 65copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
Cost
bull The smallest solar water heater available has a capacity
of 100 litres per day which is sufficient for a family of
four or five members It costs Rs 15 000 to Rs 18 000
and can save about 1500 units of electricity per year
bull Soft loans are available at an interest rate of 5 for
non-commercial users and 7 for commercial
organizations These loans are available for up to 85 of
the cost of the system and can be repaid over five
years
6102011 66copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
SUN will play a major role in defining
Indiarsquos ldquoEnergy Securityrdquo objective
6102011 67copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
6102011 35copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
6102011 36copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
bull The period four to five hours in late morning and early
afternoon (between 9 am to 3pm) is commonly called the
Solar Window During this time 80 of the total
collectable energy for the day falls on a solar collector
bull Therefore the collector should be free from shade during
this solar window throughout the year - Shading may
arise from buildings or trees to the south of the location
6102011 37copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
Performance
bull The performance of a solar cell is measured in terms of
its efficiency at converting sunlight into electricity Only
sunlight of certain energy will work efficiently to create
electricity and much of it is reflected or absorbed by the
material that make up the cell
bull Because of this a typical commercial solar cell has an
efficiency of 15mdashonly about one-sixth of the sunlight
striking the cell generates electricity Low efficiencies
mean that larger arrays are needed and higher
investment costs
6102011 38copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
Solar lantern
bull A typical solar lantern consists of a PV module of 8 Wp
to 10 Wp capacity a sealed maintenance-free battery
of 12 V 7 AH (ampere hours) capacity and a compact
fluorescent lamp (CFL) of 5 W or 7 W rating(cost- Rs
3000ndash3300)
bull A solar lantern is usually meant to provide light for three
to four hours daily and designed to have a three-day
autonomylsquo that is to function in this manner for three
days without sunlight
6102011 39copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
6102011 40copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
Solar street lighting system
bull A solar street-lighting system (SLS) is an outdoor lighting
unit used to illuminate a street or an open area A CFL is
fixed inside a luminaire which is mounted on a pole
bull The PV module is placed at the top of the pole and a
battery is placed in a box at the base of the pole
bull The module is mounted facing south so that it receives
solar radiation throughout the day without any shadow
falling on it
6102011 41copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
6102011 42copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
bull A typical street-lighting system consists of a PV module
of 74 Wp capacity a flooded leadndashacid battery of 12 V
75 AH capacity and a CFL of 11 W rating This system
is designed to operate from dusk to dawn (that is
throughout the night)
bull The cost of an SLS is about Rs 19 000
6102011 43copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
6102011 44copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
6102011 45copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
6102011 46copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
SPV-based Information display systems
bull Such systems are slowly replacing traditional neon tube-
based systemsthe latter are not only expensive but
also consume much more energy
bull For a typical LED information system of size about 1 times 2
m and consuming about 300 watts of energy an SPV
module of about 2 kWp capacity is required to enable it
to operate all through the night
bull For a 300-watt system requiring 15 hours of
operationthe approx cost can be about Rs 7 lakhs
6102011 47copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
Building-Integrated PV Systems
bull In a building-integrated photovoltaic (BIPV) system PV
panels are integrated into the roof or faccedilade of a
building
bull The SPV panels generate electricity during the daytime
which is used to meet a part of the electrical energy
needs of the building
bull Although the initial costs of a BIPV system are high
long-term savings result from a reduction in electricity
consumption
6102011 48copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
6102011 49copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
bull In order to encourage this application and to prepare
manufacturers and users the Ministry supports BIPV
projects by meeting 80 of the cost of PV modules
installed in the systems on government and semi
government buildings
6102011 50copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
Solar Water Pumps
bull In solar water pumping system
the pump is driven by motor
run by solar electricity instead
of conventional electricity
drawn from utility grid A SPV
water pumping system consists
of a photovoltaic array mounted
on a stand and a motor-pump
set compatible with the
photovoltaic array
Figure 126 Photovoltaic Water Pumping
6102011 51copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
Solar Water Heating Systems
bull A solar water heating system is a device that uses solar
energy to heat water for domestic commercial and
industrial needs Heating of water is the most common
application of solar energy in the world
bull A typical solar water heating system can save up to
1500 units of electricity every year for every 100 litres
per day of solar water heating capacity
6102011 52copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
6102011 53copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
6102011 54copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
6102011 55copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
Design
bull A solar water heating system consists of a flat plate
solar collector a storage tank kept at a height behind
the collector and connecting pipes
bull The system is generally installed on the roof or on open
ground with the collector facing the sun and connected
to a continuous water supply
6102011 56copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
bull A compact system can save up to 45 tonnes annually of
greenhouse gas emissions In order to achieve the aims
of the Kyoto protocol several countries are offering
subsidies to the end user
6102011 57copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
Types of thermal collector
bull There are three main kinds of solar thermal collectors in
common use
bull In order of increasing cost they are Formed Plastic
Collectors Flat Collectors and Evacuated Tube
Collectors
bull The efficiency of the system is directly related to heat
losses from the collector surface (efficiency being
defined as the proportion of heating energy that can be
usefully obtained from insulation) Heat losses are
predominantly governed by the thermal gradient
between the temperature of the collector surface and the
ambient temperature
6102011 58copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
bull Efficiency decreases when either the ambient
temperature falls or as the collector temperature
increases This decrease in efficiency can be mitigated
by increasing the insulation of the unit by sealing the unit
in glass eg flat collectors or providing a vacuum seal
eg evacuated tube collector The choice of collector is
determined by the heating requirements and
environmental conditions in which it is employed
6102011 59copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
bull The collector usually comprises copperglass tubes
welded to copper sheets (both coated with a highly
absorbing black coating) with a toughened glass sheet
on top and insulating material on the back
6102011 60copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
Solar Water Heater Installation
6102011 61copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
bull Water flows through the tubes absorbs solar heatand
is stored in a tank
bull The water stored in the tank remains hot overnight as
the storage tank is insulated and heat losses are small
bull Flat-plate solar collectors are manufactured in India
however the tubes for evacuated tube collectors are
imported
6102011 62copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
Domestic solar water heating
system
bull Most domestic solar water heaters are provided with
electrical back-up Electrical heating elements are
usually placed in the storage tank and can be switched
on during cloudy days
bull In some cases the solar-heated water is led into an
existing electric geyser the geyser needs to be
switched on only in cloudy conditions
bull Most domestic systems are in the capacity range of
100ndash500 litres of hot water per day
6102011 63copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
6102011 64copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
Advantages of solar water heaters
1048714 Hot water is available 24 hours a day depending on the
use and system capacity
1048714 A solar water heater pays back its cost in 3ndash4 years
1048714 Solar water heaters last a long time (15ndash20 years) and
require only simple maintenance
6102011 65copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
Cost
bull The smallest solar water heater available has a capacity
of 100 litres per day which is sufficient for a family of
four or five members It costs Rs 15 000 to Rs 18 000
and can save about 1500 units of electricity per year
bull Soft loans are available at an interest rate of 5 for
non-commercial users and 7 for commercial
organizations These loans are available for up to 85 of
the cost of the system and can be repaid over five
years
6102011 66copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
SUN will play a major role in defining
Indiarsquos ldquoEnergy Securityrdquo objective
6102011 67copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
6102011 36copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
bull The period four to five hours in late morning and early
afternoon (between 9 am to 3pm) is commonly called the
Solar Window During this time 80 of the total
collectable energy for the day falls on a solar collector
bull Therefore the collector should be free from shade during
this solar window throughout the year - Shading may
arise from buildings or trees to the south of the location
6102011 37copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
Performance
bull The performance of a solar cell is measured in terms of
its efficiency at converting sunlight into electricity Only
sunlight of certain energy will work efficiently to create
electricity and much of it is reflected or absorbed by the
material that make up the cell
bull Because of this a typical commercial solar cell has an
efficiency of 15mdashonly about one-sixth of the sunlight
striking the cell generates electricity Low efficiencies
mean that larger arrays are needed and higher
investment costs
6102011 38copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
Solar lantern
bull A typical solar lantern consists of a PV module of 8 Wp
to 10 Wp capacity a sealed maintenance-free battery
of 12 V 7 AH (ampere hours) capacity and a compact
fluorescent lamp (CFL) of 5 W or 7 W rating(cost- Rs
3000ndash3300)
bull A solar lantern is usually meant to provide light for three
to four hours daily and designed to have a three-day
autonomylsquo that is to function in this manner for three
days without sunlight
6102011 39copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
6102011 40copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
Solar street lighting system
bull A solar street-lighting system (SLS) is an outdoor lighting
unit used to illuminate a street or an open area A CFL is
fixed inside a luminaire which is mounted on a pole
bull The PV module is placed at the top of the pole and a
battery is placed in a box at the base of the pole
bull The module is mounted facing south so that it receives
solar radiation throughout the day without any shadow
falling on it
6102011 41copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
6102011 42copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
bull A typical street-lighting system consists of a PV module
of 74 Wp capacity a flooded leadndashacid battery of 12 V
75 AH capacity and a CFL of 11 W rating This system
is designed to operate from dusk to dawn (that is
throughout the night)
bull The cost of an SLS is about Rs 19 000
6102011 43copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
6102011 44copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
6102011 45copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
6102011 46copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
SPV-based Information display systems
bull Such systems are slowly replacing traditional neon tube-
based systemsthe latter are not only expensive but
also consume much more energy
bull For a typical LED information system of size about 1 times 2
m and consuming about 300 watts of energy an SPV
module of about 2 kWp capacity is required to enable it
to operate all through the night
bull For a 300-watt system requiring 15 hours of
operationthe approx cost can be about Rs 7 lakhs
6102011 47copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
Building-Integrated PV Systems
bull In a building-integrated photovoltaic (BIPV) system PV
panels are integrated into the roof or faccedilade of a
building
bull The SPV panels generate electricity during the daytime
which is used to meet a part of the electrical energy
needs of the building
bull Although the initial costs of a BIPV system are high
long-term savings result from a reduction in electricity
consumption
6102011 48copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
6102011 49copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
bull In order to encourage this application and to prepare
manufacturers and users the Ministry supports BIPV
projects by meeting 80 of the cost of PV modules
installed in the systems on government and semi
government buildings
6102011 50copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
Solar Water Pumps
bull In solar water pumping system
the pump is driven by motor
run by solar electricity instead
of conventional electricity
drawn from utility grid A SPV
water pumping system consists
of a photovoltaic array mounted
on a stand and a motor-pump
set compatible with the
photovoltaic array
Figure 126 Photovoltaic Water Pumping
6102011 51copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
Solar Water Heating Systems
bull A solar water heating system is a device that uses solar
energy to heat water for domestic commercial and
industrial needs Heating of water is the most common
application of solar energy in the world
bull A typical solar water heating system can save up to
1500 units of electricity every year for every 100 litres
per day of solar water heating capacity
6102011 52copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
6102011 53copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
6102011 54copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
6102011 55copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
Design
bull A solar water heating system consists of a flat plate
solar collector a storage tank kept at a height behind
the collector and connecting pipes
bull The system is generally installed on the roof or on open
ground with the collector facing the sun and connected
to a continuous water supply
6102011 56copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
bull A compact system can save up to 45 tonnes annually of
greenhouse gas emissions In order to achieve the aims
of the Kyoto protocol several countries are offering
subsidies to the end user
6102011 57copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
Types of thermal collector
bull There are three main kinds of solar thermal collectors in
common use
bull In order of increasing cost they are Formed Plastic
Collectors Flat Collectors and Evacuated Tube
Collectors
bull The efficiency of the system is directly related to heat
losses from the collector surface (efficiency being
defined as the proportion of heating energy that can be
usefully obtained from insulation) Heat losses are
predominantly governed by the thermal gradient
between the temperature of the collector surface and the
ambient temperature
6102011 58copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
bull Efficiency decreases when either the ambient
temperature falls or as the collector temperature
increases This decrease in efficiency can be mitigated
by increasing the insulation of the unit by sealing the unit
in glass eg flat collectors or providing a vacuum seal
eg evacuated tube collector The choice of collector is
determined by the heating requirements and
environmental conditions in which it is employed
6102011 59copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
bull The collector usually comprises copperglass tubes
welded to copper sheets (both coated with a highly
absorbing black coating) with a toughened glass sheet
on top and insulating material on the back
6102011 60copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
Solar Water Heater Installation
6102011 61copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
bull Water flows through the tubes absorbs solar heatand
is stored in a tank
bull The water stored in the tank remains hot overnight as
the storage tank is insulated and heat losses are small
bull Flat-plate solar collectors are manufactured in India
however the tubes for evacuated tube collectors are
imported
6102011 62copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
Domestic solar water heating
system
bull Most domestic solar water heaters are provided with
electrical back-up Electrical heating elements are
usually placed in the storage tank and can be switched
on during cloudy days
bull In some cases the solar-heated water is led into an
existing electric geyser the geyser needs to be
switched on only in cloudy conditions
bull Most domestic systems are in the capacity range of
100ndash500 litres of hot water per day
6102011 63copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
6102011 64copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
Advantages of solar water heaters
1048714 Hot water is available 24 hours a day depending on the
use and system capacity
1048714 A solar water heater pays back its cost in 3ndash4 years
1048714 Solar water heaters last a long time (15ndash20 years) and
require only simple maintenance
6102011 65copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
Cost
bull The smallest solar water heater available has a capacity
of 100 litres per day which is sufficient for a family of
four or five members It costs Rs 15 000 to Rs 18 000
and can save about 1500 units of electricity per year
bull Soft loans are available at an interest rate of 5 for
non-commercial users and 7 for commercial
organizations These loans are available for up to 85 of
the cost of the system and can be repaid over five
years
6102011 66copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
SUN will play a major role in defining
Indiarsquos ldquoEnergy Securityrdquo objective
6102011 67copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
6102011 37copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
Performance
bull The performance of a solar cell is measured in terms of
its efficiency at converting sunlight into electricity Only
sunlight of certain energy will work efficiently to create
electricity and much of it is reflected or absorbed by the
material that make up the cell
bull Because of this a typical commercial solar cell has an
efficiency of 15mdashonly about one-sixth of the sunlight
striking the cell generates electricity Low efficiencies
mean that larger arrays are needed and higher
investment costs
6102011 38copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
Solar lantern
bull A typical solar lantern consists of a PV module of 8 Wp
to 10 Wp capacity a sealed maintenance-free battery
of 12 V 7 AH (ampere hours) capacity and a compact
fluorescent lamp (CFL) of 5 W or 7 W rating(cost- Rs
3000ndash3300)
bull A solar lantern is usually meant to provide light for three
to four hours daily and designed to have a three-day
autonomylsquo that is to function in this manner for three
days without sunlight
6102011 39copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
6102011 40copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
Solar street lighting system
bull A solar street-lighting system (SLS) is an outdoor lighting
unit used to illuminate a street or an open area A CFL is
fixed inside a luminaire which is mounted on a pole
bull The PV module is placed at the top of the pole and a
battery is placed in a box at the base of the pole
bull The module is mounted facing south so that it receives
solar radiation throughout the day without any shadow
falling on it
6102011 41copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
6102011 42copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
bull A typical street-lighting system consists of a PV module
of 74 Wp capacity a flooded leadndashacid battery of 12 V
75 AH capacity and a CFL of 11 W rating This system
is designed to operate from dusk to dawn (that is
throughout the night)
bull The cost of an SLS is about Rs 19 000
6102011 43copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
6102011 44copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
6102011 45copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
6102011 46copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
SPV-based Information display systems
bull Such systems are slowly replacing traditional neon tube-
based systemsthe latter are not only expensive but
also consume much more energy
bull For a typical LED information system of size about 1 times 2
m and consuming about 300 watts of energy an SPV
module of about 2 kWp capacity is required to enable it
to operate all through the night
bull For a 300-watt system requiring 15 hours of
operationthe approx cost can be about Rs 7 lakhs
6102011 47copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
Building-Integrated PV Systems
bull In a building-integrated photovoltaic (BIPV) system PV
panels are integrated into the roof or faccedilade of a
building
bull The SPV panels generate electricity during the daytime
which is used to meet a part of the electrical energy
needs of the building
bull Although the initial costs of a BIPV system are high
long-term savings result from a reduction in electricity
consumption
6102011 48copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
6102011 49copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
bull In order to encourage this application and to prepare
manufacturers and users the Ministry supports BIPV
projects by meeting 80 of the cost of PV modules
installed in the systems on government and semi
government buildings
6102011 50copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
Solar Water Pumps
bull In solar water pumping system
the pump is driven by motor
run by solar electricity instead
of conventional electricity
drawn from utility grid A SPV
water pumping system consists
of a photovoltaic array mounted
on a stand and a motor-pump
set compatible with the
photovoltaic array
Figure 126 Photovoltaic Water Pumping
6102011 51copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
Solar Water Heating Systems
bull A solar water heating system is a device that uses solar
energy to heat water for domestic commercial and
industrial needs Heating of water is the most common
application of solar energy in the world
bull A typical solar water heating system can save up to
1500 units of electricity every year for every 100 litres
per day of solar water heating capacity
6102011 52copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
6102011 53copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
6102011 54copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
6102011 55copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
Design
bull A solar water heating system consists of a flat plate
solar collector a storage tank kept at a height behind
the collector and connecting pipes
bull The system is generally installed on the roof or on open
ground with the collector facing the sun and connected
to a continuous water supply
6102011 56copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
bull A compact system can save up to 45 tonnes annually of
greenhouse gas emissions In order to achieve the aims
of the Kyoto protocol several countries are offering
subsidies to the end user
6102011 57copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
Types of thermal collector
bull There are three main kinds of solar thermal collectors in
common use
bull In order of increasing cost they are Formed Plastic
Collectors Flat Collectors and Evacuated Tube
Collectors
bull The efficiency of the system is directly related to heat
losses from the collector surface (efficiency being
defined as the proportion of heating energy that can be
usefully obtained from insulation) Heat losses are
predominantly governed by the thermal gradient
between the temperature of the collector surface and the
ambient temperature
6102011 58copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
bull Efficiency decreases when either the ambient
temperature falls or as the collector temperature
increases This decrease in efficiency can be mitigated
by increasing the insulation of the unit by sealing the unit
in glass eg flat collectors or providing a vacuum seal
eg evacuated tube collector The choice of collector is
determined by the heating requirements and
environmental conditions in which it is employed
6102011 59copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
bull The collector usually comprises copperglass tubes
welded to copper sheets (both coated with a highly
absorbing black coating) with a toughened glass sheet
on top and insulating material on the back
6102011 60copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
Solar Water Heater Installation
6102011 61copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
bull Water flows through the tubes absorbs solar heatand
is stored in a tank
bull The water stored in the tank remains hot overnight as
the storage tank is insulated and heat losses are small
bull Flat-plate solar collectors are manufactured in India
however the tubes for evacuated tube collectors are
imported
6102011 62copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
Domestic solar water heating
system
bull Most domestic solar water heaters are provided with
electrical back-up Electrical heating elements are
usually placed in the storage tank and can be switched
on during cloudy days
bull In some cases the solar-heated water is led into an
existing electric geyser the geyser needs to be
switched on only in cloudy conditions
bull Most domestic systems are in the capacity range of
100ndash500 litres of hot water per day
6102011 63copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
6102011 64copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
Advantages of solar water heaters
1048714 Hot water is available 24 hours a day depending on the
use and system capacity
1048714 A solar water heater pays back its cost in 3ndash4 years
1048714 Solar water heaters last a long time (15ndash20 years) and
require only simple maintenance
6102011 65copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
Cost
bull The smallest solar water heater available has a capacity
of 100 litres per day which is sufficient for a family of
four or five members It costs Rs 15 000 to Rs 18 000
and can save about 1500 units of electricity per year
bull Soft loans are available at an interest rate of 5 for
non-commercial users and 7 for commercial
organizations These loans are available for up to 85 of
the cost of the system and can be repaid over five
years
6102011 66copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
SUN will play a major role in defining
Indiarsquos ldquoEnergy Securityrdquo objective
6102011 67copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
6102011 38copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
Solar lantern
bull A typical solar lantern consists of a PV module of 8 Wp
to 10 Wp capacity a sealed maintenance-free battery
of 12 V 7 AH (ampere hours) capacity and a compact
fluorescent lamp (CFL) of 5 W or 7 W rating(cost- Rs
3000ndash3300)
bull A solar lantern is usually meant to provide light for three
to four hours daily and designed to have a three-day
autonomylsquo that is to function in this manner for three
days without sunlight
6102011 39copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
6102011 40copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
Solar street lighting system
bull A solar street-lighting system (SLS) is an outdoor lighting
unit used to illuminate a street or an open area A CFL is
fixed inside a luminaire which is mounted on a pole
bull The PV module is placed at the top of the pole and a
battery is placed in a box at the base of the pole
bull The module is mounted facing south so that it receives
solar radiation throughout the day without any shadow
falling on it
6102011 41copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
6102011 42copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
bull A typical street-lighting system consists of a PV module
of 74 Wp capacity a flooded leadndashacid battery of 12 V
75 AH capacity and a CFL of 11 W rating This system
is designed to operate from dusk to dawn (that is
throughout the night)
bull The cost of an SLS is about Rs 19 000
6102011 43copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
6102011 44copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
6102011 45copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
6102011 46copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
SPV-based Information display systems
bull Such systems are slowly replacing traditional neon tube-
based systemsthe latter are not only expensive but
also consume much more energy
bull For a typical LED information system of size about 1 times 2
m and consuming about 300 watts of energy an SPV
module of about 2 kWp capacity is required to enable it
to operate all through the night
bull For a 300-watt system requiring 15 hours of
operationthe approx cost can be about Rs 7 lakhs
6102011 47copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
Building-Integrated PV Systems
bull In a building-integrated photovoltaic (BIPV) system PV
panels are integrated into the roof or faccedilade of a
building
bull The SPV panels generate electricity during the daytime
which is used to meet a part of the electrical energy
needs of the building
bull Although the initial costs of a BIPV system are high
long-term savings result from a reduction in electricity
consumption
6102011 48copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
6102011 49copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
bull In order to encourage this application and to prepare
manufacturers and users the Ministry supports BIPV
projects by meeting 80 of the cost of PV modules
installed in the systems on government and semi
government buildings
6102011 50copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
Solar Water Pumps
bull In solar water pumping system
the pump is driven by motor
run by solar electricity instead
of conventional electricity
drawn from utility grid A SPV
water pumping system consists
of a photovoltaic array mounted
on a stand and a motor-pump
set compatible with the
photovoltaic array
Figure 126 Photovoltaic Water Pumping
6102011 51copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
Solar Water Heating Systems
bull A solar water heating system is a device that uses solar
energy to heat water for domestic commercial and
industrial needs Heating of water is the most common
application of solar energy in the world
bull A typical solar water heating system can save up to
1500 units of electricity every year for every 100 litres
per day of solar water heating capacity
6102011 52copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
6102011 53copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
6102011 54copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
6102011 55copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
Design
bull A solar water heating system consists of a flat plate
solar collector a storage tank kept at a height behind
the collector and connecting pipes
bull The system is generally installed on the roof or on open
ground with the collector facing the sun and connected
to a continuous water supply
6102011 56copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
bull A compact system can save up to 45 tonnes annually of
greenhouse gas emissions In order to achieve the aims
of the Kyoto protocol several countries are offering
subsidies to the end user
6102011 57copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
Types of thermal collector
bull There are three main kinds of solar thermal collectors in
common use
bull In order of increasing cost they are Formed Plastic
Collectors Flat Collectors and Evacuated Tube
Collectors
bull The efficiency of the system is directly related to heat
losses from the collector surface (efficiency being
defined as the proportion of heating energy that can be
usefully obtained from insulation) Heat losses are
predominantly governed by the thermal gradient
between the temperature of the collector surface and the
ambient temperature
6102011 58copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
bull Efficiency decreases when either the ambient
temperature falls or as the collector temperature
increases This decrease in efficiency can be mitigated
by increasing the insulation of the unit by sealing the unit
in glass eg flat collectors or providing a vacuum seal
eg evacuated tube collector The choice of collector is
determined by the heating requirements and
environmental conditions in which it is employed
6102011 59copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
bull The collector usually comprises copperglass tubes
welded to copper sheets (both coated with a highly
absorbing black coating) with a toughened glass sheet
on top and insulating material on the back
6102011 60copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
Solar Water Heater Installation
6102011 61copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
bull Water flows through the tubes absorbs solar heatand
is stored in a tank
bull The water stored in the tank remains hot overnight as
the storage tank is insulated and heat losses are small
bull Flat-plate solar collectors are manufactured in India
however the tubes for evacuated tube collectors are
imported
6102011 62copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
Domestic solar water heating
system
bull Most domestic solar water heaters are provided with
electrical back-up Electrical heating elements are
usually placed in the storage tank and can be switched
on during cloudy days
bull In some cases the solar-heated water is led into an
existing electric geyser the geyser needs to be
switched on only in cloudy conditions
bull Most domestic systems are in the capacity range of
100ndash500 litres of hot water per day
6102011 63copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
6102011 64copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
Advantages of solar water heaters
1048714 Hot water is available 24 hours a day depending on the
use and system capacity
1048714 A solar water heater pays back its cost in 3ndash4 years
1048714 Solar water heaters last a long time (15ndash20 years) and
require only simple maintenance
6102011 65copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
Cost
bull The smallest solar water heater available has a capacity
of 100 litres per day which is sufficient for a family of
four or five members It costs Rs 15 000 to Rs 18 000
and can save about 1500 units of electricity per year
bull Soft loans are available at an interest rate of 5 for
non-commercial users and 7 for commercial
organizations These loans are available for up to 85 of
the cost of the system and can be repaid over five
years
6102011 66copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
SUN will play a major role in defining
Indiarsquos ldquoEnergy Securityrdquo objective
6102011 67copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
6102011 39copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
6102011 40copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
Solar street lighting system
bull A solar street-lighting system (SLS) is an outdoor lighting
unit used to illuminate a street or an open area A CFL is
fixed inside a luminaire which is mounted on a pole
bull The PV module is placed at the top of the pole and a
battery is placed in a box at the base of the pole
bull The module is mounted facing south so that it receives
solar radiation throughout the day without any shadow
falling on it
6102011 41copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
6102011 42copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
bull A typical street-lighting system consists of a PV module
of 74 Wp capacity a flooded leadndashacid battery of 12 V
75 AH capacity and a CFL of 11 W rating This system
is designed to operate from dusk to dawn (that is
throughout the night)
bull The cost of an SLS is about Rs 19 000
6102011 43copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
6102011 44copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
6102011 45copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
6102011 46copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
SPV-based Information display systems
bull Such systems are slowly replacing traditional neon tube-
based systemsthe latter are not only expensive but
also consume much more energy
bull For a typical LED information system of size about 1 times 2
m and consuming about 300 watts of energy an SPV
module of about 2 kWp capacity is required to enable it
to operate all through the night
bull For a 300-watt system requiring 15 hours of
operationthe approx cost can be about Rs 7 lakhs
6102011 47copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
Building-Integrated PV Systems
bull In a building-integrated photovoltaic (BIPV) system PV
panels are integrated into the roof or faccedilade of a
building
bull The SPV panels generate electricity during the daytime
which is used to meet a part of the electrical energy
needs of the building
bull Although the initial costs of a BIPV system are high
long-term savings result from a reduction in electricity
consumption
6102011 48copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
6102011 49copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
bull In order to encourage this application and to prepare
manufacturers and users the Ministry supports BIPV
projects by meeting 80 of the cost of PV modules
installed in the systems on government and semi
government buildings
6102011 50copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
Solar Water Pumps
bull In solar water pumping system
the pump is driven by motor
run by solar electricity instead
of conventional electricity
drawn from utility grid A SPV
water pumping system consists
of a photovoltaic array mounted
on a stand and a motor-pump
set compatible with the
photovoltaic array
Figure 126 Photovoltaic Water Pumping
6102011 51copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
Solar Water Heating Systems
bull A solar water heating system is a device that uses solar
energy to heat water for domestic commercial and
industrial needs Heating of water is the most common
application of solar energy in the world
bull A typical solar water heating system can save up to
1500 units of electricity every year for every 100 litres
per day of solar water heating capacity
6102011 52copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
6102011 53copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
6102011 54copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
6102011 55copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
Design
bull A solar water heating system consists of a flat plate
solar collector a storage tank kept at a height behind
the collector and connecting pipes
bull The system is generally installed on the roof or on open
ground with the collector facing the sun and connected
to a continuous water supply
6102011 56copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
bull A compact system can save up to 45 tonnes annually of
greenhouse gas emissions In order to achieve the aims
of the Kyoto protocol several countries are offering
subsidies to the end user
6102011 57copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
Types of thermal collector
bull There are three main kinds of solar thermal collectors in
common use
bull In order of increasing cost they are Formed Plastic
Collectors Flat Collectors and Evacuated Tube
Collectors
bull The efficiency of the system is directly related to heat
losses from the collector surface (efficiency being
defined as the proportion of heating energy that can be
usefully obtained from insulation) Heat losses are
predominantly governed by the thermal gradient
between the temperature of the collector surface and the
ambient temperature
6102011 58copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
bull Efficiency decreases when either the ambient
temperature falls or as the collector temperature
increases This decrease in efficiency can be mitigated
by increasing the insulation of the unit by sealing the unit
in glass eg flat collectors or providing a vacuum seal
eg evacuated tube collector The choice of collector is
determined by the heating requirements and
environmental conditions in which it is employed
6102011 59copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
bull The collector usually comprises copperglass tubes
welded to copper sheets (both coated with a highly
absorbing black coating) with a toughened glass sheet
on top and insulating material on the back
6102011 60copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
Solar Water Heater Installation
6102011 61copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
bull Water flows through the tubes absorbs solar heatand
is stored in a tank
bull The water stored in the tank remains hot overnight as
the storage tank is insulated and heat losses are small
bull Flat-plate solar collectors are manufactured in India
however the tubes for evacuated tube collectors are
imported
6102011 62copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
Domestic solar water heating
system
bull Most domestic solar water heaters are provided with
electrical back-up Electrical heating elements are
usually placed in the storage tank and can be switched
on during cloudy days
bull In some cases the solar-heated water is led into an
existing electric geyser the geyser needs to be
switched on only in cloudy conditions
bull Most domestic systems are in the capacity range of
100ndash500 litres of hot water per day
6102011 63copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
6102011 64copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
Advantages of solar water heaters
1048714 Hot water is available 24 hours a day depending on the
use and system capacity
1048714 A solar water heater pays back its cost in 3ndash4 years
1048714 Solar water heaters last a long time (15ndash20 years) and
require only simple maintenance
6102011 65copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
Cost
bull The smallest solar water heater available has a capacity
of 100 litres per day which is sufficient for a family of
four or five members It costs Rs 15 000 to Rs 18 000
and can save about 1500 units of electricity per year
bull Soft loans are available at an interest rate of 5 for
non-commercial users and 7 for commercial
organizations These loans are available for up to 85 of
the cost of the system and can be repaid over five
years
6102011 66copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
SUN will play a major role in defining
Indiarsquos ldquoEnergy Securityrdquo objective
6102011 67copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
6102011 40copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
Solar street lighting system
bull A solar street-lighting system (SLS) is an outdoor lighting
unit used to illuminate a street or an open area A CFL is
fixed inside a luminaire which is mounted on a pole
bull The PV module is placed at the top of the pole and a
battery is placed in a box at the base of the pole
bull The module is mounted facing south so that it receives
solar radiation throughout the day without any shadow
falling on it
6102011 41copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
6102011 42copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
bull A typical street-lighting system consists of a PV module
of 74 Wp capacity a flooded leadndashacid battery of 12 V
75 AH capacity and a CFL of 11 W rating This system
is designed to operate from dusk to dawn (that is
throughout the night)
bull The cost of an SLS is about Rs 19 000
6102011 43copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
6102011 44copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
6102011 45copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
6102011 46copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
SPV-based Information display systems
bull Such systems are slowly replacing traditional neon tube-
based systemsthe latter are not only expensive but
also consume much more energy
bull For a typical LED information system of size about 1 times 2
m and consuming about 300 watts of energy an SPV
module of about 2 kWp capacity is required to enable it
to operate all through the night
bull For a 300-watt system requiring 15 hours of
operationthe approx cost can be about Rs 7 lakhs
6102011 47copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
Building-Integrated PV Systems
bull In a building-integrated photovoltaic (BIPV) system PV
panels are integrated into the roof or faccedilade of a
building
bull The SPV panels generate electricity during the daytime
which is used to meet a part of the electrical energy
needs of the building
bull Although the initial costs of a BIPV system are high
long-term savings result from a reduction in electricity
consumption
6102011 48copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
6102011 49copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
bull In order to encourage this application and to prepare
manufacturers and users the Ministry supports BIPV
projects by meeting 80 of the cost of PV modules
installed in the systems on government and semi
government buildings
6102011 50copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
Solar Water Pumps
bull In solar water pumping system
the pump is driven by motor
run by solar electricity instead
of conventional electricity
drawn from utility grid A SPV
water pumping system consists
of a photovoltaic array mounted
on a stand and a motor-pump
set compatible with the
photovoltaic array
Figure 126 Photovoltaic Water Pumping
6102011 51copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
Solar Water Heating Systems
bull A solar water heating system is a device that uses solar
energy to heat water for domestic commercial and
industrial needs Heating of water is the most common
application of solar energy in the world
bull A typical solar water heating system can save up to
1500 units of electricity every year for every 100 litres
per day of solar water heating capacity
6102011 52copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
6102011 53copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
6102011 54copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
6102011 55copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
Design
bull A solar water heating system consists of a flat plate
solar collector a storage tank kept at a height behind
the collector and connecting pipes
bull The system is generally installed on the roof or on open
ground with the collector facing the sun and connected
to a continuous water supply
6102011 56copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
bull A compact system can save up to 45 tonnes annually of
greenhouse gas emissions In order to achieve the aims
of the Kyoto protocol several countries are offering
subsidies to the end user
6102011 57copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
Types of thermal collector
bull There are three main kinds of solar thermal collectors in
common use
bull In order of increasing cost they are Formed Plastic
Collectors Flat Collectors and Evacuated Tube
Collectors
bull The efficiency of the system is directly related to heat
losses from the collector surface (efficiency being
defined as the proportion of heating energy that can be
usefully obtained from insulation) Heat losses are
predominantly governed by the thermal gradient
between the temperature of the collector surface and the
ambient temperature
6102011 58copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
bull Efficiency decreases when either the ambient
temperature falls or as the collector temperature
increases This decrease in efficiency can be mitigated
by increasing the insulation of the unit by sealing the unit
in glass eg flat collectors or providing a vacuum seal
eg evacuated tube collector The choice of collector is
determined by the heating requirements and
environmental conditions in which it is employed
6102011 59copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
bull The collector usually comprises copperglass tubes
welded to copper sheets (both coated with a highly
absorbing black coating) with a toughened glass sheet
on top and insulating material on the back
6102011 60copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
Solar Water Heater Installation
6102011 61copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
bull Water flows through the tubes absorbs solar heatand
is stored in a tank
bull The water stored in the tank remains hot overnight as
the storage tank is insulated and heat losses are small
bull Flat-plate solar collectors are manufactured in India
however the tubes for evacuated tube collectors are
imported
6102011 62copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
Domestic solar water heating
system
bull Most domestic solar water heaters are provided with
electrical back-up Electrical heating elements are
usually placed in the storage tank and can be switched
on during cloudy days
bull In some cases the solar-heated water is led into an
existing electric geyser the geyser needs to be
switched on only in cloudy conditions
bull Most domestic systems are in the capacity range of
100ndash500 litres of hot water per day
6102011 63copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
6102011 64copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
Advantages of solar water heaters
1048714 Hot water is available 24 hours a day depending on the
use and system capacity
1048714 A solar water heater pays back its cost in 3ndash4 years
1048714 Solar water heaters last a long time (15ndash20 years) and
require only simple maintenance
6102011 65copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
Cost
bull The smallest solar water heater available has a capacity
of 100 litres per day which is sufficient for a family of
four or five members It costs Rs 15 000 to Rs 18 000
and can save about 1500 units of electricity per year
bull Soft loans are available at an interest rate of 5 for
non-commercial users and 7 for commercial
organizations These loans are available for up to 85 of
the cost of the system and can be repaid over five
years
6102011 66copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
SUN will play a major role in defining
Indiarsquos ldquoEnergy Securityrdquo objective
6102011 67copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
6102011 41copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
6102011 42copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
bull A typical street-lighting system consists of a PV module
of 74 Wp capacity a flooded leadndashacid battery of 12 V
75 AH capacity and a CFL of 11 W rating This system
is designed to operate from dusk to dawn (that is
throughout the night)
bull The cost of an SLS is about Rs 19 000
6102011 43copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
6102011 44copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
6102011 45copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
6102011 46copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
SPV-based Information display systems
bull Such systems are slowly replacing traditional neon tube-
based systemsthe latter are not only expensive but
also consume much more energy
bull For a typical LED information system of size about 1 times 2
m and consuming about 300 watts of energy an SPV
module of about 2 kWp capacity is required to enable it
to operate all through the night
bull For a 300-watt system requiring 15 hours of
operationthe approx cost can be about Rs 7 lakhs
6102011 47copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
Building-Integrated PV Systems
bull In a building-integrated photovoltaic (BIPV) system PV
panels are integrated into the roof or faccedilade of a
building
bull The SPV panels generate electricity during the daytime
which is used to meet a part of the electrical energy
needs of the building
bull Although the initial costs of a BIPV system are high
long-term savings result from a reduction in electricity
consumption
6102011 48copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
6102011 49copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
bull In order to encourage this application and to prepare
manufacturers and users the Ministry supports BIPV
projects by meeting 80 of the cost of PV modules
installed in the systems on government and semi
government buildings
6102011 50copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
Solar Water Pumps
bull In solar water pumping system
the pump is driven by motor
run by solar electricity instead
of conventional electricity
drawn from utility grid A SPV
water pumping system consists
of a photovoltaic array mounted
on a stand and a motor-pump
set compatible with the
photovoltaic array
Figure 126 Photovoltaic Water Pumping
6102011 51copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
Solar Water Heating Systems
bull A solar water heating system is a device that uses solar
energy to heat water for domestic commercial and
industrial needs Heating of water is the most common
application of solar energy in the world
bull A typical solar water heating system can save up to
1500 units of electricity every year for every 100 litres
per day of solar water heating capacity
6102011 52copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
6102011 53copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
6102011 54copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
6102011 55copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
Design
bull A solar water heating system consists of a flat plate
solar collector a storage tank kept at a height behind
the collector and connecting pipes
bull The system is generally installed on the roof or on open
ground with the collector facing the sun and connected
to a continuous water supply
6102011 56copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
bull A compact system can save up to 45 tonnes annually of
greenhouse gas emissions In order to achieve the aims
of the Kyoto protocol several countries are offering
subsidies to the end user
6102011 57copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
Types of thermal collector
bull There are three main kinds of solar thermal collectors in
common use
bull In order of increasing cost they are Formed Plastic
Collectors Flat Collectors and Evacuated Tube
Collectors
bull The efficiency of the system is directly related to heat
losses from the collector surface (efficiency being
defined as the proportion of heating energy that can be
usefully obtained from insulation) Heat losses are
predominantly governed by the thermal gradient
between the temperature of the collector surface and the
ambient temperature
6102011 58copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
bull Efficiency decreases when either the ambient
temperature falls or as the collector temperature
increases This decrease in efficiency can be mitigated
by increasing the insulation of the unit by sealing the unit
in glass eg flat collectors or providing a vacuum seal
eg evacuated tube collector The choice of collector is
determined by the heating requirements and
environmental conditions in which it is employed
6102011 59copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
bull The collector usually comprises copperglass tubes
welded to copper sheets (both coated with a highly
absorbing black coating) with a toughened glass sheet
on top and insulating material on the back
6102011 60copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
Solar Water Heater Installation
6102011 61copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
bull Water flows through the tubes absorbs solar heatand
is stored in a tank
bull The water stored in the tank remains hot overnight as
the storage tank is insulated and heat losses are small
bull Flat-plate solar collectors are manufactured in India
however the tubes for evacuated tube collectors are
imported
6102011 62copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
Domestic solar water heating
system
bull Most domestic solar water heaters are provided with
electrical back-up Electrical heating elements are
usually placed in the storage tank and can be switched
on during cloudy days
bull In some cases the solar-heated water is led into an
existing electric geyser the geyser needs to be
switched on only in cloudy conditions
bull Most domestic systems are in the capacity range of
100ndash500 litres of hot water per day
6102011 63copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
6102011 64copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
Advantages of solar water heaters
1048714 Hot water is available 24 hours a day depending on the
use and system capacity
1048714 A solar water heater pays back its cost in 3ndash4 years
1048714 Solar water heaters last a long time (15ndash20 years) and
require only simple maintenance
6102011 65copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
Cost
bull The smallest solar water heater available has a capacity
of 100 litres per day which is sufficient for a family of
four or five members It costs Rs 15 000 to Rs 18 000
and can save about 1500 units of electricity per year
bull Soft loans are available at an interest rate of 5 for
non-commercial users and 7 for commercial
organizations These loans are available for up to 85 of
the cost of the system and can be repaid over five
years
6102011 66copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
SUN will play a major role in defining
Indiarsquos ldquoEnergy Securityrdquo objective
6102011 67copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
6102011 42copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
bull A typical street-lighting system consists of a PV module
of 74 Wp capacity a flooded leadndashacid battery of 12 V
75 AH capacity and a CFL of 11 W rating This system
is designed to operate from dusk to dawn (that is
throughout the night)
bull The cost of an SLS is about Rs 19 000
6102011 43copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
6102011 44copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
6102011 45copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
6102011 46copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
SPV-based Information display systems
bull Such systems are slowly replacing traditional neon tube-
based systemsthe latter are not only expensive but
also consume much more energy
bull For a typical LED information system of size about 1 times 2
m and consuming about 300 watts of energy an SPV
module of about 2 kWp capacity is required to enable it
to operate all through the night
bull For a 300-watt system requiring 15 hours of
operationthe approx cost can be about Rs 7 lakhs
6102011 47copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
Building-Integrated PV Systems
bull In a building-integrated photovoltaic (BIPV) system PV
panels are integrated into the roof or faccedilade of a
building
bull The SPV panels generate electricity during the daytime
which is used to meet a part of the electrical energy
needs of the building
bull Although the initial costs of a BIPV system are high
long-term savings result from a reduction in electricity
consumption
6102011 48copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
6102011 49copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
bull In order to encourage this application and to prepare
manufacturers and users the Ministry supports BIPV
projects by meeting 80 of the cost of PV modules
installed in the systems on government and semi
government buildings
6102011 50copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
Solar Water Pumps
bull In solar water pumping system
the pump is driven by motor
run by solar electricity instead
of conventional electricity
drawn from utility grid A SPV
water pumping system consists
of a photovoltaic array mounted
on a stand and a motor-pump
set compatible with the
photovoltaic array
Figure 126 Photovoltaic Water Pumping
6102011 51copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
Solar Water Heating Systems
bull A solar water heating system is a device that uses solar
energy to heat water for domestic commercial and
industrial needs Heating of water is the most common
application of solar energy in the world
bull A typical solar water heating system can save up to
1500 units of electricity every year for every 100 litres
per day of solar water heating capacity
6102011 52copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
6102011 53copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
6102011 54copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
6102011 55copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
Design
bull A solar water heating system consists of a flat plate
solar collector a storage tank kept at a height behind
the collector and connecting pipes
bull The system is generally installed on the roof or on open
ground with the collector facing the sun and connected
to a continuous water supply
6102011 56copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
bull A compact system can save up to 45 tonnes annually of
greenhouse gas emissions In order to achieve the aims
of the Kyoto protocol several countries are offering
subsidies to the end user
6102011 57copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
Types of thermal collector
bull There are three main kinds of solar thermal collectors in
common use
bull In order of increasing cost they are Formed Plastic
Collectors Flat Collectors and Evacuated Tube
Collectors
bull The efficiency of the system is directly related to heat
losses from the collector surface (efficiency being
defined as the proportion of heating energy that can be
usefully obtained from insulation) Heat losses are
predominantly governed by the thermal gradient
between the temperature of the collector surface and the
ambient temperature
6102011 58copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
bull Efficiency decreases when either the ambient
temperature falls or as the collector temperature
increases This decrease in efficiency can be mitigated
by increasing the insulation of the unit by sealing the unit
in glass eg flat collectors or providing a vacuum seal
eg evacuated tube collector The choice of collector is
determined by the heating requirements and
environmental conditions in which it is employed
6102011 59copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
bull The collector usually comprises copperglass tubes
welded to copper sheets (both coated with a highly
absorbing black coating) with a toughened glass sheet
on top and insulating material on the back
6102011 60copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
Solar Water Heater Installation
6102011 61copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
bull Water flows through the tubes absorbs solar heatand
is stored in a tank
bull The water stored in the tank remains hot overnight as
the storage tank is insulated and heat losses are small
bull Flat-plate solar collectors are manufactured in India
however the tubes for evacuated tube collectors are
imported
6102011 62copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
Domestic solar water heating
system
bull Most domestic solar water heaters are provided with
electrical back-up Electrical heating elements are
usually placed in the storage tank and can be switched
on during cloudy days
bull In some cases the solar-heated water is led into an
existing electric geyser the geyser needs to be
switched on only in cloudy conditions
bull Most domestic systems are in the capacity range of
100ndash500 litres of hot water per day
6102011 63copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
6102011 64copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
Advantages of solar water heaters
1048714 Hot water is available 24 hours a day depending on the
use and system capacity
1048714 A solar water heater pays back its cost in 3ndash4 years
1048714 Solar water heaters last a long time (15ndash20 years) and
require only simple maintenance
6102011 65copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
Cost
bull The smallest solar water heater available has a capacity
of 100 litres per day which is sufficient for a family of
four or five members It costs Rs 15 000 to Rs 18 000
and can save about 1500 units of electricity per year
bull Soft loans are available at an interest rate of 5 for
non-commercial users and 7 for commercial
organizations These loans are available for up to 85 of
the cost of the system and can be repaid over five
years
6102011 66copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
SUN will play a major role in defining
Indiarsquos ldquoEnergy Securityrdquo objective
6102011 67copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
6102011 43copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
6102011 44copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
6102011 45copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
6102011 46copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
SPV-based Information display systems
bull Such systems are slowly replacing traditional neon tube-
based systemsthe latter are not only expensive but
also consume much more energy
bull For a typical LED information system of size about 1 times 2
m and consuming about 300 watts of energy an SPV
module of about 2 kWp capacity is required to enable it
to operate all through the night
bull For a 300-watt system requiring 15 hours of
operationthe approx cost can be about Rs 7 lakhs
6102011 47copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
Building-Integrated PV Systems
bull In a building-integrated photovoltaic (BIPV) system PV
panels are integrated into the roof or faccedilade of a
building
bull The SPV panels generate electricity during the daytime
which is used to meet a part of the electrical energy
needs of the building
bull Although the initial costs of a BIPV system are high
long-term savings result from a reduction in electricity
consumption
6102011 48copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
6102011 49copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
bull In order to encourage this application and to prepare
manufacturers and users the Ministry supports BIPV
projects by meeting 80 of the cost of PV modules
installed in the systems on government and semi
government buildings
6102011 50copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
Solar Water Pumps
bull In solar water pumping system
the pump is driven by motor
run by solar electricity instead
of conventional electricity
drawn from utility grid A SPV
water pumping system consists
of a photovoltaic array mounted
on a stand and a motor-pump
set compatible with the
photovoltaic array
Figure 126 Photovoltaic Water Pumping
6102011 51copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
Solar Water Heating Systems
bull A solar water heating system is a device that uses solar
energy to heat water for domestic commercial and
industrial needs Heating of water is the most common
application of solar energy in the world
bull A typical solar water heating system can save up to
1500 units of electricity every year for every 100 litres
per day of solar water heating capacity
6102011 52copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
6102011 53copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
6102011 54copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
6102011 55copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
Design
bull A solar water heating system consists of a flat plate
solar collector a storage tank kept at a height behind
the collector and connecting pipes
bull The system is generally installed on the roof or on open
ground with the collector facing the sun and connected
to a continuous water supply
6102011 56copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
bull A compact system can save up to 45 tonnes annually of
greenhouse gas emissions In order to achieve the aims
of the Kyoto protocol several countries are offering
subsidies to the end user
6102011 57copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
Types of thermal collector
bull There are three main kinds of solar thermal collectors in
common use
bull In order of increasing cost they are Formed Plastic
Collectors Flat Collectors and Evacuated Tube
Collectors
bull The efficiency of the system is directly related to heat
losses from the collector surface (efficiency being
defined as the proportion of heating energy that can be
usefully obtained from insulation) Heat losses are
predominantly governed by the thermal gradient
between the temperature of the collector surface and the
ambient temperature
6102011 58copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
bull Efficiency decreases when either the ambient
temperature falls or as the collector temperature
increases This decrease in efficiency can be mitigated
by increasing the insulation of the unit by sealing the unit
in glass eg flat collectors or providing a vacuum seal
eg evacuated tube collector The choice of collector is
determined by the heating requirements and
environmental conditions in which it is employed
6102011 59copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
bull The collector usually comprises copperglass tubes
welded to copper sheets (both coated with a highly
absorbing black coating) with a toughened glass sheet
on top and insulating material on the back
6102011 60copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
Solar Water Heater Installation
6102011 61copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
bull Water flows through the tubes absorbs solar heatand
is stored in a tank
bull The water stored in the tank remains hot overnight as
the storage tank is insulated and heat losses are small
bull Flat-plate solar collectors are manufactured in India
however the tubes for evacuated tube collectors are
imported
6102011 62copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
Domestic solar water heating
system
bull Most domestic solar water heaters are provided with
electrical back-up Electrical heating elements are
usually placed in the storage tank and can be switched
on during cloudy days
bull In some cases the solar-heated water is led into an
existing electric geyser the geyser needs to be
switched on only in cloudy conditions
bull Most domestic systems are in the capacity range of
100ndash500 litres of hot water per day
6102011 63copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
6102011 64copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
Advantages of solar water heaters
1048714 Hot water is available 24 hours a day depending on the
use and system capacity
1048714 A solar water heater pays back its cost in 3ndash4 years
1048714 Solar water heaters last a long time (15ndash20 years) and
require only simple maintenance
6102011 65copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
Cost
bull The smallest solar water heater available has a capacity
of 100 litres per day which is sufficient for a family of
four or five members It costs Rs 15 000 to Rs 18 000
and can save about 1500 units of electricity per year
bull Soft loans are available at an interest rate of 5 for
non-commercial users and 7 for commercial
organizations These loans are available for up to 85 of
the cost of the system and can be repaid over five
years
6102011 66copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
SUN will play a major role in defining
Indiarsquos ldquoEnergy Securityrdquo objective
6102011 67copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
6102011 44copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
6102011 45copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
6102011 46copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
SPV-based Information display systems
bull Such systems are slowly replacing traditional neon tube-
based systemsthe latter are not only expensive but
also consume much more energy
bull For a typical LED information system of size about 1 times 2
m and consuming about 300 watts of energy an SPV
module of about 2 kWp capacity is required to enable it
to operate all through the night
bull For a 300-watt system requiring 15 hours of
operationthe approx cost can be about Rs 7 lakhs
6102011 47copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
Building-Integrated PV Systems
bull In a building-integrated photovoltaic (BIPV) system PV
panels are integrated into the roof or faccedilade of a
building
bull The SPV panels generate electricity during the daytime
which is used to meet a part of the electrical energy
needs of the building
bull Although the initial costs of a BIPV system are high
long-term savings result from a reduction in electricity
consumption
6102011 48copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
6102011 49copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
bull In order to encourage this application and to prepare
manufacturers and users the Ministry supports BIPV
projects by meeting 80 of the cost of PV modules
installed in the systems on government and semi
government buildings
6102011 50copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
Solar Water Pumps
bull In solar water pumping system
the pump is driven by motor
run by solar electricity instead
of conventional electricity
drawn from utility grid A SPV
water pumping system consists
of a photovoltaic array mounted
on a stand and a motor-pump
set compatible with the
photovoltaic array
Figure 126 Photovoltaic Water Pumping
6102011 51copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
Solar Water Heating Systems
bull A solar water heating system is a device that uses solar
energy to heat water for domestic commercial and
industrial needs Heating of water is the most common
application of solar energy in the world
bull A typical solar water heating system can save up to
1500 units of electricity every year for every 100 litres
per day of solar water heating capacity
6102011 52copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
6102011 53copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
6102011 54copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
6102011 55copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
Design
bull A solar water heating system consists of a flat plate
solar collector a storage tank kept at a height behind
the collector and connecting pipes
bull The system is generally installed on the roof or on open
ground with the collector facing the sun and connected
to a continuous water supply
6102011 56copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
bull A compact system can save up to 45 tonnes annually of
greenhouse gas emissions In order to achieve the aims
of the Kyoto protocol several countries are offering
subsidies to the end user
6102011 57copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
Types of thermal collector
bull There are three main kinds of solar thermal collectors in
common use
bull In order of increasing cost they are Formed Plastic
Collectors Flat Collectors and Evacuated Tube
Collectors
bull The efficiency of the system is directly related to heat
losses from the collector surface (efficiency being
defined as the proportion of heating energy that can be
usefully obtained from insulation) Heat losses are
predominantly governed by the thermal gradient
between the temperature of the collector surface and the
ambient temperature
6102011 58copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
bull Efficiency decreases when either the ambient
temperature falls or as the collector temperature
increases This decrease in efficiency can be mitigated
by increasing the insulation of the unit by sealing the unit
in glass eg flat collectors or providing a vacuum seal
eg evacuated tube collector The choice of collector is
determined by the heating requirements and
environmental conditions in which it is employed
6102011 59copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
bull The collector usually comprises copperglass tubes
welded to copper sheets (both coated with a highly
absorbing black coating) with a toughened glass sheet
on top and insulating material on the back
6102011 60copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
Solar Water Heater Installation
6102011 61copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
bull Water flows through the tubes absorbs solar heatand
is stored in a tank
bull The water stored in the tank remains hot overnight as
the storage tank is insulated and heat losses are small
bull Flat-plate solar collectors are manufactured in India
however the tubes for evacuated tube collectors are
imported
6102011 62copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
Domestic solar water heating
system
bull Most domestic solar water heaters are provided with
electrical back-up Electrical heating elements are
usually placed in the storage tank and can be switched
on during cloudy days
bull In some cases the solar-heated water is led into an
existing electric geyser the geyser needs to be
switched on only in cloudy conditions
bull Most domestic systems are in the capacity range of
100ndash500 litres of hot water per day
6102011 63copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
6102011 64copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
Advantages of solar water heaters
1048714 Hot water is available 24 hours a day depending on the
use and system capacity
1048714 A solar water heater pays back its cost in 3ndash4 years
1048714 Solar water heaters last a long time (15ndash20 years) and
require only simple maintenance
6102011 65copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
Cost
bull The smallest solar water heater available has a capacity
of 100 litres per day which is sufficient for a family of
four or five members It costs Rs 15 000 to Rs 18 000
and can save about 1500 units of electricity per year
bull Soft loans are available at an interest rate of 5 for
non-commercial users and 7 for commercial
organizations These loans are available for up to 85 of
the cost of the system and can be repaid over five
years
6102011 66copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
SUN will play a major role in defining
Indiarsquos ldquoEnergy Securityrdquo objective
6102011 67copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
6102011 45copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
6102011 46copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
SPV-based Information display systems
bull Such systems are slowly replacing traditional neon tube-
based systemsthe latter are not only expensive but
also consume much more energy
bull For a typical LED information system of size about 1 times 2
m and consuming about 300 watts of energy an SPV
module of about 2 kWp capacity is required to enable it
to operate all through the night
bull For a 300-watt system requiring 15 hours of
operationthe approx cost can be about Rs 7 lakhs
6102011 47copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
Building-Integrated PV Systems
bull In a building-integrated photovoltaic (BIPV) system PV
panels are integrated into the roof or faccedilade of a
building
bull The SPV panels generate electricity during the daytime
which is used to meet a part of the electrical energy
needs of the building
bull Although the initial costs of a BIPV system are high
long-term savings result from a reduction in electricity
consumption
6102011 48copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
6102011 49copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
bull In order to encourage this application and to prepare
manufacturers and users the Ministry supports BIPV
projects by meeting 80 of the cost of PV modules
installed in the systems on government and semi
government buildings
6102011 50copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
Solar Water Pumps
bull In solar water pumping system
the pump is driven by motor
run by solar electricity instead
of conventional electricity
drawn from utility grid A SPV
water pumping system consists
of a photovoltaic array mounted
on a stand and a motor-pump
set compatible with the
photovoltaic array
Figure 126 Photovoltaic Water Pumping
6102011 51copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
Solar Water Heating Systems
bull A solar water heating system is a device that uses solar
energy to heat water for domestic commercial and
industrial needs Heating of water is the most common
application of solar energy in the world
bull A typical solar water heating system can save up to
1500 units of electricity every year for every 100 litres
per day of solar water heating capacity
6102011 52copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
6102011 53copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
6102011 54copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
6102011 55copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
Design
bull A solar water heating system consists of a flat plate
solar collector a storage tank kept at a height behind
the collector and connecting pipes
bull The system is generally installed on the roof or on open
ground with the collector facing the sun and connected
to a continuous water supply
6102011 56copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
bull A compact system can save up to 45 tonnes annually of
greenhouse gas emissions In order to achieve the aims
of the Kyoto protocol several countries are offering
subsidies to the end user
6102011 57copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
Types of thermal collector
bull There are three main kinds of solar thermal collectors in
common use
bull In order of increasing cost they are Formed Plastic
Collectors Flat Collectors and Evacuated Tube
Collectors
bull The efficiency of the system is directly related to heat
losses from the collector surface (efficiency being
defined as the proportion of heating energy that can be
usefully obtained from insulation) Heat losses are
predominantly governed by the thermal gradient
between the temperature of the collector surface and the
ambient temperature
6102011 58copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
bull Efficiency decreases when either the ambient
temperature falls or as the collector temperature
increases This decrease in efficiency can be mitigated
by increasing the insulation of the unit by sealing the unit
in glass eg flat collectors or providing a vacuum seal
eg evacuated tube collector The choice of collector is
determined by the heating requirements and
environmental conditions in which it is employed
6102011 59copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
bull The collector usually comprises copperglass tubes
welded to copper sheets (both coated with a highly
absorbing black coating) with a toughened glass sheet
on top and insulating material on the back
6102011 60copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
Solar Water Heater Installation
6102011 61copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
bull Water flows through the tubes absorbs solar heatand
is stored in a tank
bull The water stored in the tank remains hot overnight as
the storage tank is insulated and heat losses are small
bull Flat-plate solar collectors are manufactured in India
however the tubes for evacuated tube collectors are
imported
6102011 62copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
Domestic solar water heating
system
bull Most domestic solar water heaters are provided with
electrical back-up Electrical heating elements are
usually placed in the storage tank and can be switched
on during cloudy days
bull In some cases the solar-heated water is led into an
existing electric geyser the geyser needs to be
switched on only in cloudy conditions
bull Most domestic systems are in the capacity range of
100ndash500 litres of hot water per day
6102011 63copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
6102011 64copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
Advantages of solar water heaters
1048714 Hot water is available 24 hours a day depending on the
use and system capacity
1048714 A solar water heater pays back its cost in 3ndash4 years
1048714 Solar water heaters last a long time (15ndash20 years) and
require only simple maintenance
6102011 65copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
Cost
bull The smallest solar water heater available has a capacity
of 100 litres per day which is sufficient for a family of
four or five members It costs Rs 15 000 to Rs 18 000
and can save about 1500 units of electricity per year
bull Soft loans are available at an interest rate of 5 for
non-commercial users and 7 for commercial
organizations These loans are available for up to 85 of
the cost of the system and can be repaid over five
years
6102011 66copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
SUN will play a major role in defining
Indiarsquos ldquoEnergy Securityrdquo objective
6102011 67copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
6102011 46copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
SPV-based Information display systems
bull Such systems are slowly replacing traditional neon tube-
based systemsthe latter are not only expensive but
also consume much more energy
bull For a typical LED information system of size about 1 times 2
m and consuming about 300 watts of energy an SPV
module of about 2 kWp capacity is required to enable it
to operate all through the night
bull For a 300-watt system requiring 15 hours of
operationthe approx cost can be about Rs 7 lakhs
6102011 47copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
Building-Integrated PV Systems
bull In a building-integrated photovoltaic (BIPV) system PV
panels are integrated into the roof or faccedilade of a
building
bull The SPV panels generate electricity during the daytime
which is used to meet a part of the electrical energy
needs of the building
bull Although the initial costs of a BIPV system are high
long-term savings result from a reduction in electricity
consumption
6102011 48copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
6102011 49copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
bull In order to encourage this application and to prepare
manufacturers and users the Ministry supports BIPV
projects by meeting 80 of the cost of PV modules
installed in the systems on government and semi
government buildings
6102011 50copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
Solar Water Pumps
bull In solar water pumping system
the pump is driven by motor
run by solar electricity instead
of conventional electricity
drawn from utility grid A SPV
water pumping system consists
of a photovoltaic array mounted
on a stand and a motor-pump
set compatible with the
photovoltaic array
Figure 126 Photovoltaic Water Pumping
6102011 51copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
Solar Water Heating Systems
bull A solar water heating system is a device that uses solar
energy to heat water for domestic commercial and
industrial needs Heating of water is the most common
application of solar energy in the world
bull A typical solar water heating system can save up to
1500 units of electricity every year for every 100 litres
per day of solar water heating capacity
6102011 52copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
6102011 53copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
6102011 54copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
6102011 55copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
Design
bull A solar water heating system consists of a flat plate
solar collector a storage tank kept at a height behind
the collector and connecting pipes
bull The system is generally installed on the roof or on open
ground with the collector facing the sun and connected
to a continuous water supply
6102011 56copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
bull A compact system can save up to 45 tonnes annually of
greenhouse gas emissions In order to achieve the aims
of the Kyoto protocol several countries are offering
subsidies to the end user
6102011 57copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
Types of thermal collector
bull There are three main kinds of solar thermal collectors in
common use
bull In order of increasing cost they are Formed Plastic
Collectors Flat Collectors and Evacuated Tube
Collectors
bull The efficiency of the system is directly related to heat
losses from the collector surface (efficiency being
defined as the proportion of heating energy that can be
usefully obtained from insulation) Heat losses are
predominantly governed by the thermal gradient
between the temperature of the collector surface and the
ambient temperature
6102011 58copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
bull Efficiency decreases when either the ambient
temperature falls or as the collector temperature
increases This decrease in efficiency can be mitigated
by increasing the insulation of the unit by sealing the unit
in glass eg flat collectors or providing a vacuum seal
eg evacuated tube collector The choice of collector is
determined by the heating requirements and
environmental conditions in which it is employed
6102011 59copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
bull The collector usually comprises copperglass tubes
welded to copper sheets (both coated with a highly
absorbing black coating) with a toughened glass sheet
on top and insulating material on the back
6102011 60copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
Solar Water Heater Installation
6102011 61copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
bull Water flows through the tubes absorbs solar heatand
is stored in a tank
bull The water stored in the tank remains hot overnight as
the storage tank is insulated and heat losses are small
bull Flat-plate solar collectors are manufactured in India
however the tubes for evacuated tube collectors are
imported
6102011 62copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
Domestic solar water heating
system
bull Most domestic solar water heaters are provided with
electrical back-up Electrical heating elements are
usually placed in the storage tank and can be switched
on during cloudy days
bull In some cases the solar-heated water is led into an
existing electric geyser the geyser needs to be
switched on only in cloudy conditions
bull Most domestic systems are in the capacity range of
100ndash500 litres of hot water per day
6102011 63copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
6102011 64copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
Advantages of solar water heaters
1048714 Hot water is available 24 hours a day depending on the
use and system capacity
1048714 A solar water heater pays back its cost in 3ndash4 years
1048714 Solar water heaters last a long time (15ndash20 years) and
require only simple maintenance
6102011 65copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
Cost
bull The smallest solar water heater available has a capacity
of 100 litres per day which is sufficient for a family of
four or five members It costs Rs 15 000 to Rs 18 000
and can save about 1500 units of electricity per year
bull Soft loans are available at an interest rate of 5 for
non-commercial users and 7 for commercial
organizations These loans are available for up to 85 of
the cost of the system and can be repaid over five
years
6102011 66copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
SUN will play a major role in defining
Indiarsquos ldquoEnergy Securityrdquo objective
6102011 67copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
6102011 47copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
Building-Integrated PV Systems
bull In a building-integrated photovoltaic (BIPV) system PV
panels are integrated into the roof or faccedilade of a
building
bull The SPV panels generate electricity during the daytime
which is used to meet a part of the electrical energy
needs of the building
bull Although the initial costs of a BIPV system are high
long-term savings result from a reduction in electricity
consumption
6102011 48copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
6102011 49copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
bull In order to encourage this application and to prepare
manufacturers and users the Ministry supports BIPV
projects by meeting 80 of the cost of PV modules
installed in the systems on government and semi
government buildings
6102011 50copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
Solar Water Pumps
bull In solar water pumping system
the pump is driven by motor
run by solar electricity instead
of conventional electricity
drawn from utility grid A SPV
water pumping system consists
of a photovoltaic array mounted
on a stand and a motor-pump
set compatible with the
photovoltaic array
Figure 126 Photovoltaic Water Pumping
6102011 51copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
Solar Water Heating Systems
bull A solar water heating system is a device that uses solar
energy to heat water for domestic commercial and
industrial needs Heating of water is the most common
application of solar energy in the world
bull A typical solar water heating system can save up to
1500 units of electricity every year for every 100 litres
per day of solar water heating capacity
6102011 52copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
6102011 53copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
6102011 54copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
6102011 55copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
Design
bull A solar water heating system consists of a flat plate
solar collector a storage tank kept at a height behind
the collector and connecting pipes
bull The system is generally installed on the roof or on open
ground with the collector facing the sun and connected
to a continuous water supply
6102011 56copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
bull A compact system can save up to 45 tonnes annually of
greenhouse gas emissions In order to achieve the aims
of the Kyoto protocol several countries are offering
subsidies to the end user
6102011 57copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
Types of thermal collector
bull There are three main kinds of solar thermal collectors in
common use
bull In order of increasing cost they are Formed Plastic
Collectors Flat Collectors and Evacuated Tube
Collectors
bull The efficiency of the system is directly related to heat
losses from the collector surface (efficiency being
defined as the proportion of heating energy that can be
usefully obtained from insulation) Heat losses are
predominantly governed by the thermal gradient
between the temperature of the collector surface and the
ambient temperature
6102011 58copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
bull Efficiency decreases when either the ambient
temperature falls or as the collector temperature
increases This decrease in efficiency can be mitigated
by increasing the insulation of the unit by sealing the unit
in glass eg flat collectors or providing a vacuum seal
eg evacuated tube collector The choice of collector is
determined by the heating requirements and
environmental conditions in which it is employed
6102011 59copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
bull The collector usually comprises copperglass tubes
welded to copper sheets (both coated with a highly
absorbing black coating) with a toughened glass sheet
on top and insulating material on the back
6102011 60copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
Solar Water Heater Installation
6102011 61copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
bull Water flows through the tubes absorbs solar heatand
is stored in a tank
bull The water stored in the tank remains hot overnight as
the storage tank is insulated and heat losses are small
bull Flat-plate solar collectors are manufactured in India
however the tubes for evacuated tube collectors are
imported
6102011 62copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
Domestic solar water heating
system
bull Most domestic solar water heaters are provided with
electrical back-up Electrical heating elements are
usually placed in the storage tank and can be switched
on during cloudy days
bull In some cases the solar-heated water is led into an
existing electric geyser the geyser needs to be
switched on only in cloudy conditions
bull Most domestic systems are in the capacity range of
100ndash500 litres of hot water per day
6102011 63copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
6102011 64copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
Advantages of solar water heaters
1048714 Hot water is available 24 hours a day depending on the
use and system capacity
1048714 A solar water heater pays back its cost in 3ndash4 years
1048714 Solar water heaters last a long time (15ndash20 years) and
require only simple maintenance
6102011 65copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
Cost
bull The smallest solar water heater available has a capacity
of 100 litres per day which is sufficient for a family of
four or five members It costs Rs 15 000 to Rs 18 000
and can save about 1500 units of electricity per year
bull Soft loans are available at an interest rate of 5 for
non-commercial users and 7 for commercial
organizations These loans are available for up to 85 of
the cost of the system and can be repaid over five
years
6102011 66copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
SUN will play a major role in defining
Indiarsquos ldquoEnergy Securityrdquo objective
6102011 67copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
6102011 48copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
6102011 49copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
bull In order to encourage this application and to prepare
manufacturers and users the Ministry supports BIPV
projects by meeting 80 of the cost of PV modules
installed in the systems on government and semi
government buildings
6102011 50copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
Solar Water Pumps
bull In solar water pumping system
the pump is driven by motor
run by solar electricity instead
of conventional electricity
drawn from utility grid A SPV
water pumping system consists
of a photovoltaic array mounted
on a stand and a motor-pump
set compatible with the
photovoltaic array
Figure 126 Photovoltaic Water Pumping
6102011 51copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
Solar Water Heating Systems
bull A solar water heating system is a device that uses solar
energy to heat water for domestic commercial and
industrial needs Heating of water is the most common
application of solar energy in the world
bull A typical solar water heating system can save up to
1500 units of electricity every year for every 100 litres
per day of solar water heating capacity
6102011 52copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
6102011 53copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
6102011 54copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
6102011 55copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
Design
bull A solar water heating system consists of a flat plate
solar collector a storage tank kept at a height behind
the collector and connecting pipes
bull The system is generally installed on the roof or on open
ground with the collector facing the sun and connected
to a continuous water supply
6102011 56copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
bull A compact system can save up to 45 tonnes annually of
greenhouse gas emissions In order to achieve the aims
of the Kyoto protocol several countries are offering
subsidies to the end user
6102011 57copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
Types of thermal collector
bull There are three main kinds of solar thermal collectors in
common use
bull In order of increasing cost they are Formed Plastic
Collectors Flat Collectors and Evacuated Tube
Collectors
bull The efficiency of the system is directly related to heat
losses from the collector surface (efficiency being
defined as the proportion of heating energy that can be
usefully obtained from insulation) Heat losses are
predominantly governed by the thermal gradient
between the temperature of the collector surface and the
ambient temperature
6102011 58copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
bull Efficiency decreases when either the ambient
temperature falls or as the collector temperature
increases This decrease in efficiency can be mitigated
by increasing the insulation of the unit by sealing the unit
in glass eg flat collectors or providing a vacuum seal
eg evacuated tube collector The choice of collector is
determined by the heating requirements and
environmental conditions in which it is employed
6102011 59copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
bull The collector usually comprises copperglass tubes
welded to copper sheets (both coated with a highly
absorbing black coating) with a toughened glass sheet
on top and insulating material on the back
6102011 60copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
Solar Water Heater Installation
6102011 61copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
bull Water flows through the tubes absorbs solar heatand
is stored in a tank
bull The water stored in the tank remains hot overnight as
the storage tank is insulated and heat losses are small
bull Flat-plate solar collectors are manufactured in India
however the tubes for evacuated tube collectors are
imported
6102011 62copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
Domestic solar water heating
system
bull Most domestic solar water heaters are provided with
electrical back-up Electrical heating elements are
usually placed in the storage tank and can be switched
on during cloudy days
bull In some cases the solar-heated water is led into an
existing electric geyser the geyser needs to be
switched on only in cloudy conditions
bull Most domestic systems are in the capacity range of
100ndash500 litres of hot water per day
6102011 63copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
6102011 64copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
Advantages of solar water heaters
1048714 Hot water is available 24 hours a day depending on the
use and system capacity
1048714 A solar water heater pays back its cost in 3ndash4 years
1048714 Solar water heaters last a long time (15ndash20 years) and
require only simple maintenance
6102011 65copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
Cost
bull The smallest solar water heater available has a capacity
of 100 litres per day which is sufficient for a family of
four or five members It costs Rs 15 000 to Rs 18 000
and can save about 1500 units of electricity per year
bull Soft loans are available at an interest rate of 5 for
non-commercial users and 7 for commercial
organizations These loans are available for up to 85 of
the cost of the system and can be repaid over five
years
6102011 66copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
SUN will play a major role in defining
Indiarsquos ldquoEnergy Securityrdquo objective
6102011 67copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
6102011 49copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
bull In order to encourage this application and to prepare
manufacturers and users the Ministry supports BIPV
projects by meeting 80 of the cost of PV modules
installed in the systems on government and semi
government buildings
6102011 50copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
Solar Water Pumps
bull In solar water pumping system
the pump is driven by motor
run by solar electricity instead
of conventional electricity
drawn from utility grid A SPV
water pumping system consists
of a photovoltaic array mounted
on a stand and a motor-pump
set compatible with the
photovoltaic array
Figure 126 Photovoltaic Water Pumping
6102011 51copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
Solar Water Heating Systems
bull A solar water heating system is a device that uses solar
energy to heat water for domestic commercial and
industrial needs Heating of water is the most common
application of solar energy in the world
bull A typical solar water heating system can save up to
1500 units of electricity every year for every 100 litres
per day of solar water heating capacity
6102011 52copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
6102011 53copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
6102011 54copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
6102011 55copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
Design
bull A solar water heating system consists of a flat plate
solar collector a storage tank kept at a height behind
the collector and connecting pipes
bull The system is generally installed on the roof or on open
ground with the collector facing the sun and connected
to a continuous water supply
6102011 56copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
bull A compact system can save up to 45 tonnes annually of
greenhouse gas emissions In order to achieve the aims
of the Kyoto protocol several countries are offering
subsidies to the end user
6102011 57copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
Types of thermal collector
bull There are three main kinds of solar thermal collectors in
common use
bull In order of increasing cost they are Formed Plastic
Collectors Flat Collectors and Evacuated Tube
Collectors
bull The efficiency of the system is directly related to heat
losses from the collector surface (efficiency being
defined as the proportion of heating energy that can be
usefully obtained from insulation) Heat losses are
predominantly governed by the thermal gradient
between the temperature of the collector surface and the
ambient temperature
6102011 58copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
bull Efficiency decreases when either the ambient
temperature falls or as the collector temperature
increases This decrease in efficiency can be mitigated
by increasing the insulation of the unit by sealing the unit
in glass eg flat collectors or providing a vacuum seal
eg evacuated tube collector The choice of collector is
determined by the heating requirements and
environmental conditions in which it is employed
6102011 59copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
bull The collector usually comprises copperglass tubes
welded to copper sheets (both coated with a highly
absorbing black coating) with a toughened glass sheet
on top and insulating material on the back
6102011 60copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
Solar Water Heater Installation
6102011 61copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
bull Water flows through the tubes absorbs solar heatand
is stored in a tank
bull The water stored in the tank remains hot overnight as
the storage tank is insulated and heat losses are small
bull Flat-plate solar collectors are manufactured in India
however the tubes for evacuated tube collectors are
imported
6102011 62copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
Domestic solar water heating
system
bull Most domestic solar water heaters are provided with
electrical back-up Electrical heating elements are
usually placed in the storage tank and can be switched
on during cloudy days
bull In some cases the solar-heated water is led into an
existing electric geyser the geyser needs to be
switched on only in cloudy conditions
bull Most domestic systems are in the capacity range of
100ndash500 litres of hot water per day
6102011 63copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
6102011 64copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
Advantages of solar water heaters
1048714 Hot water is available 24 hours a day depending on the
use and system capacity
1048714 A solar water heater pays back its cost in 3ndash4 years
1048714 Solar water heaters last a long time (15ndash20 years) and
require only simple maintenance
6102011 65copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
Cost
bull The smallest solar water heater available has a capacity
of 100 litres per day which is sufficient for a family of
four or five members It costs Rs 15 000 to Rs 18 000
and can save about 1500 units of electricity per year
bull Soft loans are available at an interest rate of 5 for
non-commercial users and 7 for commercial
organizations These loans are available for up to 85 of
the cost of the system and can be repaid over five
years
6102011 66copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
SUN will play a major role in defining
Indiarsquos ldquoEnergy Securityrdquo objective
6102011 67copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
6102011 50copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
Solar Water Pumps
bull In solar water pumping system
the pump is driven by motor
run by solar electricity instead
of conventional electricity
drawn from utility grid A SPV
water pumping system consists
of a photovoltaic array mounted
on a stand and a motor-pump
set compatible with the
photovoltaic array
Figure 126 Photovoltaic Water Pumping
6102011 51copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
Solar Water Heating Systems
bull A solar water heating system is a device that uses solar
energy to heat water for domestic commercial and
industrial needs Heating of water is the most common
application of solar energy in the world
bull A typical solar water heating system can save up to
1500 units of electricity every year for every 100 litres
per day of solar water heating capacity
6102011 52copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
6102011 53copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
6102011 54copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
6102011 55copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
Design
bull A solar water heating system consists of a flat plate
solar collector a storage tank kept at a height behind
the collector and connecting pipes
bull The system is generally installed on the roof or on open
ground with the collector facing the sun and connected
to a continuous water supply
6102011 56copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
bull A compact system can save up to 45 tonnes annually of
greenhouse gas emissions In order to achieve the aims
of the Kyoto protocol several countries are offering
subsidies to the end user
6102011 57copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
Types of thermal collector
bull There are three main kinds of solar thermal collectors in
common use
bull In order of increasing cost they are Formed Plastic
Collectors Flat Collectors and Evacuated Tube
Collectors
bull The efficiency of the system is directly related to heat
losses from the collector surface (efficiency being
defined as the proportion of heating energy that can be
usefully obtained from insulation) Heat losses are
predominantly governed by the thermal gradient
between the temperature of the collector surface and the
ambient temperature
6102011 58copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
bull Efficiency decreases when either the ambient
temperature falls or as the collector temperature
increases This decrease in efficiency can be mitigated
by increasing the insulation of the unit by sealing the unit
in glass eg flat collectors or providing a vacuum seal
eg evacuated tube collector The choice of collector is
determined by the heating requirements and
environmental conditions in which it is employed
6102011 59copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
bull The collector usually comprises copperglass tubes
welded to copper sheets (both coated with a highly
absorbing black coating) with a toughened glass sheet
on top and insulating material on the back
6102011 60copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
Solar Water Heater Installation
6102011 61copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
bull Water flows through the tubes absorbs solar heatand
is stored in a tank
bull The water stored in the tank remains hot overnight as
the storage tank is insulated and heat losses are small
bull Flat-plate solar collectors are manufactured in India
however the tubes for evacuated tube collectors are
imported
6102011 62copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
Domestic solar water heating
system
bull Most domestic solar water heaters are provided with
electrical back-up Electrical heating elements are
usually placed in the storage tank and can be switched
on during cloudy days
bull In some cases the solar-heated water is led into an
existing electric geyser the geyser needs to be
switched on only in cloudy conditions
bull Most domestic systems are in the capacity range of
100ndash500 litres of hot water per day
6102011 63copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
6102011 64copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
Advantages of solar water heaters
1048714 Hot water is available 24 hours a day depending on the
use and system capacity
1048714 A solar water heater pays back its cost in 3ndash4 years
1048714 Solar water heaters last a long time (15ndash20 years) and
require only simple maintenance
6102011 65copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
Cost
bull The smallest solar water heater available has a capacity
of 100 litres per day which is sufficient for a family of
four or five members It costs Rs 15 000 to Rs 18 000
and can save about 1500 units of electricity per year
bull Soft loans are available at an interest rate of 5 for
non-commercial users and 7 for commercial
organizations These loans are available for up to 85 of
the cost of the system and can be repaid over five
years
6102011 66copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
SUN will play a major role in defining
Indiarsquos ldquoEnergy Securityrdquo objective
6102011 67copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
6102011 51copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
Solar Water Heating Systems
bull A solar water heating system is a device that uses solar
energy to heat water for domestic commercial and
industrial needs Heating of water is the most common
application of solar energy in the world
bull A typical solar water heating system can save up to
1500 units of electricity every year for every 100 litres
per day of solar water heating capacity
6102011 52copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
6102011 53copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
6102011 54copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
6102011 55copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
Design
bull A solar water heating system consists of a flat plate
solar collector a storage tank kept at a height behind
the collector and connecting pipes
bull The system is generally installed on the roof or on open
ground with the collector facing the sun and connected
to a continuous water supply
6102011 56copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
bull A compact system can save up to 45 tonnes annually of
greenhouse gas emissions In order to achieve the aims
of the Kyoto protocol several countries are offering
subsidies to the end user
6102011 57copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
Types of thermal collector
bull There are three main kinds of solar thermal collectors in
common use
bull In order of increasing cost they are Formed Plastic
Collectors Flat Collectors and Evacuated Tube
Collectors
bull The efficiency of the system is directly related to heat
losses from the collector surface (efficiency being
defined as the proportion of heating energy that can be
usefully obtained from insulation) Heat losses are
predominantly governed by the thermal gradient
between the temperature of the collector surface and the
ambient temperature
6102011 58copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
bull Efficiency decreases when either the ambient
temperature falls or as the collector temperature
increases This decrease in efficiency can be mitigated
by increasing the insulation of the unit by sealing the unit
in glass eg flat collectors or providing a vacuum seal
eg evacuated tube collector The choice of collector is
determined by the heating requirements and
environmental conditions in which it is employed
6102011 59copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
bull The collector usually comprises copperglass tubes
welded to copper sheets (both coated with a highly
absorbing black coating) with a toughened glass sheet
on top and insulating material on the back
6102011 60copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
Solar Water Heater Installation
6102011 61copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
bull Water flows through the tubes absorbs solar heatand
is stored in a tank
bull The water stored in the tank remains hot overnight as
the storage tank is insulated and heat losses are small
bull Flat-plate solar collectors are manufactured in India
however the tubes for evacuated tube collectors are
imported
6102011 62copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
Domestic solar water heating
system
bull Most domestic solar water heaters are provided with
electrical back-up Electrical heating elements are
usually placed in the storage tank and can be switched
on during cloudy days
bull In some cases the solar-heated water is led into an
existing electric geyser the geyser needs to be
switched on only in cloudy conditions
bull Most domestic systems are in the capacity range of
100ndash500 litres of hot water per day
6102011 63copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
6102011 64copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
Advantages of solar water heaters
1048714 Hot water is available 24 hours a day depending on the
use and system capacity
1048714 A solar water heater pays back its cost in 3ndash4 years
1048714 Solar water heaters last a long time (15ndash20 years) and
require only simple maintenance
6102011 65copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
Cost
bull The smallest solar water heater available has a capacity
of 100 litres per day which is sufficient for a family of
four or five members It costs Rs 15 000 to Rs 18 000
and can save about 1500 units of electricity per year
bull Soft loans are available at an interest rate of 5 for
non-commercial users and 7 for commercial
organizations These loans are available for up to 85 of
the cost of the system and can be repaid over five
years
6102011 66copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
SUN will play a major role in defining
Indiarsquos ldquoEnergy Securityrdquo objective
6102011 67copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
6102011 52copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
6102011 53copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
6102011 54copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
6102011 55copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
Design
bull A solar water heating system consists of a flat plate
solar collector a storage tank kept at a height behind
the collector and connecting pipes
bull The system is generally installed on the roof or on open
ground with the collector facing the sun and connected
to a continuous water supply
6102011 56copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
bull A compact system can save up to 45 tonnes annually of
greenhouse gas emissions In order to achieve the aims
of the Kyoto protocol several countries are offering
subsidies to the end user
6102011 57copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
Types of thermal collector
bull There are three main kinds of solar thermal collectors in
common use
bull In order of increasing cost they are Formed Plastic
Collectors Flat Collectors and Evacuated Tube
Collectors
bull The efficiency of the system is directly related to heat
losses from the collector surface (efficiency being
defined as the proportion of heating energy that can be
usefully obtained from insulation) Heat losses are
predominantly governed by the thermal gradient
between the temperature of the collector surface and the
ambient temperature
6102011 58copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
bull Efficiency decreases when either the ambient
temperature falls or as the collector temperature
increases This decrease in efficiency can be mitigated
by increasing the insulation of the unit by sealing the unit
in glass eg flat collectors or providing a vacuum seal
eg evacuated tube collector The choice of collector is
determined by the heating requirements and
environmental conditions in which it is employed
6102011 59copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
bull The collector usually comprises copperglass tubes
welded to copper sheets (both coated with a highly
absorbing black coating) with a toughened glass sheet
on top and insulating material on the back
6102011 60copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
Solar Water Heater Installation
6102011 61copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
bull Water flows through the tubes absorbs solar heatand
is stored in a tank
bull The water stored in the tank remains hot overnight as
the storage tank is insulated and heat losses are small
bull Flat-plate solar collectors are manufactured in India
however the tubes for evacuated tube collectors are
imported
6102011 62copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
Domestic solar water heating
system
bull Most domestic solar water heaters are provided with
electrical back-up Electrical heating elements are
usually placed in the storage tank and can be switched
on during cloudy days
bull In some cases the solar-heated water is led into an
existing electric geyser the geyser needs to be
switched on only in cloudy conditions
bull Most domestic systems are in the capacity range of
100ndash500 litres of hot water per day
6102011 63copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
6102011 64copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
Advantages of solar water heaters
1048714 Hot water is available 24 hours a day depending on the
use and system capacity
1048714 A solar water heater pays back its cost in 3ndash4 years
1048714 Solar water heaters last a long time (15ndash20 years) and
require only simple maintenance
6102011 65copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
Cost
bull The smallest solar water heater available has a capacity
of 100 litres per day which is sufficient for a family of
four or five members It costs Rs 15 000 to Rs 18 000
and can save about 1500 units of electricity per year
bull Soft loans are available at an interest rate of 5 for
non-commercial users and 7 for commercial
organizations These loans are available for up to 85 of
the cost of the system and can be repaid over five
years
6102011 66copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
SUN will play a major role in defining
Indiarsquos ldquoEnergy Securityrdquo objective
6102011 67copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
6102011 53copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
6102011 54copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
6102011 55copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
Design
bull A solar water heating system consists of a flat plate
solar collector a storage tank kept at a height behind
the collector and connecting pipes
bull The system is generally installed on the roof or on open
ground with the collector facing the sun and connected
to a continuous water supply
6102011 56copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
bull A compact system can save up to 45 tonnes annually of
greenhouse gas emissions In order to achieve the aims
of the Kyoto protocol several countries are offering
subsidies to the end user
6102011 57copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
Types of thermal collector
bull There are three main kinds of solar thermal collectors in
common use
bull In order of increasing cost they are Formed Plastic
Collectors Flat Collectors and Evacuated Tube
Collectors
bull The efficiency of the system is directly related to heat
losses from the collector surface (efficiency being
defined as the proportion of heating energy that can be
usefully obtained from insulation) Heat losses are
predominantly governed by the thermal gradient
between the temperature of the collector surface and the
ambient temperature
6102011 58copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
bull Efficiency decreases when either the ambient
temperature falls or as the collector temperature
increases This decrease in efficiency can be mitigated
by increasing the insulation of the unit by sealing the unit
in glass eg flat collectors or providing a vacuum seal
eg evacuated tube collector The choice of collector is
determined by the heating requirements and
environmental conditions in which it is employed
6102011 59copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
bull The collector usually comprises copperglass tubes
welded to copper sheets (both coated with a highly
absorbing black coating) with a toughened glass sheet
on top and insulating material on the back
6102011 60copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
Solar Water Heater Installation
6102011 61copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
bull Water flows through the tubes absorbs solar heatand
is stored in a tank
bull The water stored in the tank remains hot overnight as
the storage tank is insulated and heat losses are small
bull Flat-plate solar collectors are manufactured in India
however the tubes for evacuated tube collectors are
imported
6102011 62copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
Domestic solar water heating
system
bull Most domestic solar water heaters are provided with
electrical back-up Electrical heating elements are
usually placed in the storage tank and can be switched
on during cloudy days
bull In some cases the solar-heated water is led into an
existing electric geyser the geyser needs to be
switched on only in cloudy conditions
bull Most domestic systems are in the capacity range of
100ndash500 litres of hot water per day
6102011 63copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
6102011 64copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
Advantages of solar water heaters
1048714 Hot water is available 24 hours a day depending on the
use and system capacity
1048714 A solar water heater pays back its cost in 3ndash4 years
1048714 Solar water heaters last a long time (15ndash20 years) and
require only simple maintenance
6102011 65copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
Cost
bull The smallest solar water heater available has a capacity
of 100 litres per day which is sufficient for a family of
four or five members It costs Rs 15 000 to Rs 18 000
and can save about 1500 units of electricity per year
bull Soft loans are available at an interest rate of 5 for
non-commercial users and 7 for commercial
organizations These loans are available for up to 85 of
the cost of the system and can be repaid over five
years
6102011 66copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
SUN will play a major role in defining
Indiarsquos ldquoEnergy Securityrdquo objective
6102011 67copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
6102011 54copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
6102011 55copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
Design
bull A solar water heating system consists of a flat plate
solar collector a storage tank kept at a height behind
the collector and connecting pipes
bull The system is generally installed on the roof or on open
ground with the collector facing the sun and connected
to a continuous water supply
6102011 56copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
bull A compact system can save up to 45 tonnes annually of
greenhouse gas emissions In order to achieve the aims
of the Kyoto protocol several countries are offering
subsidies to the end user
6102011 57copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
Types of thermal collector
bull There are three main kinds of solar thermal collectors in
common use
bull In order of increasing cost they are Formed Plastic
Collectors Flat Collectors and Evacuated Tube
Collectors
bull The efficiency of the system is directly related to heat
losses from the collector surface (efficiency being
defined as the proportion of heating energy that can be
usefully obtained from insulation) Heat losses are
predominantly governed by the thermal gradient
between the temperature of the collector surface and the
ambient temperature
6102011 58copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
bull Efficiency decreases when either the ambient
temperature falls or as the collector temperature
increases This decrease in efficiency can be mitigated
by increasing the insulation of the unit by sealing the unit
in glass eg flat collectors or providing a vacuum seal
eg evacuated tube collector The choice of collector is
determined by the heating requirements and
environmental conditions in which it is employed
6102011 59copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
bull The collector usually comprises copperglass tubes
welded to copper sheets (both coated with a highly
absorbing black coating) with a toughened glass sheet
on top and insulating material on the back
6102011 60copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
Solar Water Heater Installation
6102011 61copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
bull Water flows through the tubes absorbs solar heatand
is stored in a tank
bull The water stored in the tank remains hot overnight as
the storage tank is insulated and heat losses are small
bull Flat-plate solar collectors are manufactured in India
however the tubes for evacuated tube collectors are
imported
6102011 62copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
Domestic solar water heating
system
bull Most domestic solar water heaters are provided with
electrical back-up Electrical heating elements are
usually placed in the storage tank and can be switched
on during cloudy days
bull In some cases the solar-heated water is led into an
existing electric geyser the geyser needs to be
switched on only in cloudy conditions
bull Most domestic systems are in the capacity range of
100ndash500 litres of hot water per day
6102011 63copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
6102011 64copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
Advantages of solar water heaters
1048714 Hot water is available 24 hours a day depending on the
use and system capacity
1048714 A solar water heater pays back its cost in 3ndash4 years
1048714 Solar water heaters last a long time (15ndash20 years) and
require only simple maintenance
6102011 65copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
Cost
bull The smallest solar water heater available has a capacity
of 100 litres per day which is sufficient for a family of
four or five members It costs Rs 15 000 to Rs 18 000
and can save about 1500 units of electricity per year
bull Soft loans are available at an interest rate of 5 for
non-commercial users and 7 for commercial
organizations These loans are available for up to 85 of
the cost of the system and can be repaid over five
years
6102011 66copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
SUN will play a major role in defining
Indiarsquos ldquoEnergy Securityrdquo objective
6102011 67copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
6102011 55copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
Design
bull A solar water heating system consists of a flat plate
solar collector a storage tank kept at a height behind
the collector and connecting pipes
bull The system is generally installed on the roof or on open
ground with the collector facing the sun and connected
to a continuous water supply
6102011 56copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
bull A compact system can save up to 45 tonnes annually of
greenhouse gas emissions In order to achieve the aims
of the Kyoto protocol several countries are offering
subsidies to the end user
6102011 57copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
Types of thermal collector
bull There are three main kinds of solar thermal collectors in
common use
bull In order of increasing cost they are Formed Plastic
Collectors Flat Collectors and Evacuated Tube
Collectors
bull The efficiency of the system is directly related to heat
losses from the collector surface (efficiency being
defined as the proportion of heating energy that can be
usefully obtained from insulation) Heat losses are
predominantly governed by the thermal gradient
between the temperature of the collector surface and the
ambient temperature
6102011 58copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
bull Efficiency decreases when either the ambient
temperature falls or as the collector temperature
increases This decrease in efficiency can be mitigated
by increasing the insulation of the unit by sealing the unit
in glass eg flat collectors or providing a vacuum seal
eg evacuated tube collector The choice of collector is
determined by the heating requirements and
environmental conditions in which it is employed
6102011 59copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
bull The collector usually comprises copperglass tubes
welded to copper sheets (both coated with a highly
absorbing black coating) with a toughened glass sheet
on top and insulating material on the back
6102011 60copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
Solar Water Heater Installation
6102011 61copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
bull Water flows through the tubes absorbs solar heatand
is stored in a tank
bull The water stored in the tank remains hot overnight as
the storage tank is insulated and heat losses are small
bull Flat-plate solar collectors are manufactured in India
however the tubes for evacuated tube collectors are
imported
6102011 62copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
Domestic solar water heating
system
bull Most domestic solar water heaters are provided with
electrical back-up Electrical heating elements are
usually placed in the storage tank and can be switched
on during cloudy days
bull In some cases the solar-heated water is led into an
existing electric geyser the geyser needs to be
switched on only in cloudy conditions
bull Most domestic systems are in the capacity range of
100ndash500 litres of hot water per day
6102011 63copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
6102011 64copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
Advantages of solar water heaters
1048714 Hot water is available 24 hours a day depending on the
use and system capacity
1048714 A solar water heater pays back its cost in 3ndash4 years
1048714 Solar water heaters last a long time (15ndash20 years) and
require only simple maintenance
6102011 65copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
Cost
bull The smallest solar water heater available has a capacity
of 100 litres per day which is sufficient for a family of
four or five members It costs Rs 15 000 to Rs 18 000
and can save about 1500 units of electricity per year
bull Soft loans are available at an interest rate of 5 for
non-commercial users and 7 for commercial
organizations These loans are available for up to 85 of
the cost of the system and can be repaid over five
years
6102011 66copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
SUN will play a major role in defining
Indiarsquos ldquoEnergy Securityrdquo objective
6102011 67copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
6102011 56copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
bull A compact system can save up to 45 tonnes annually of
greenhouse gas emissions In order to achieve the aims
of the Kyoto protocol several countries are offering
subsidies to the end user
6102011 57copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
Types of thermal collector
bull There are three main kinds of solar thermal collectors in
common use
bull In order of increasing cost they are Formed Plastic
Collectors Flat Collectors and Evacuated Tube
Collectors
bull The efficiency of the system is directly related to heat
losses from the collector surface (efficiency being
defined as the proportion of heating energy that can be
usefully obtained from insulation) Heat losses are
predominantly governed by the thermal gradient
between the temperature of the collector surface and the
ambient temperature
6102011 58copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
bull Efficiency decreases when either the ambient
temperature falls or as the collector temperature
increases This decrease in efficiency can be mitigated
by increasing the insulation of the unit by sealing the unit
in glass eg flat collectors or providing a vacuum seal
eg evacuated tube collector The choice of collector is
determined by the heating requirements and
environmental conditions in which it is employed
6102011 59copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
bull The collector usually comprises copperglass tubes
welded to copper sheets (both coated with a highly
absorbing black coating) with a toughened glass sheet
on top and insulating material on the back
6102011 60copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
Solar Water Heater Installation
6102011 61copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
bull Water flows through the tubes absorbs solar heatand
is stored in a tank
bull The water stored in the tank remains hot overnight as
the storage tank is insulated and heat losses are small
bull Flat-plate solar collectors are manufactured in India
however the tubes for evacuated tube collectors are
imported
6102011 62copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
Domestic solar water heating
system
bull Most domestic solar water heaters are provided with
electrical back-up Electrical heating elements are
usually placed in the storage tank and can be switched
on during cloudy days
bull In some cases the solar-heated water is led into an
existing electric geyser the geyser needs to be
switched on only in cloudy conditions
bull Most domestic systems are in the capacity range of
100ndash500 litres of hot water per day
6102011 63copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
6102011 64copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
Advantages of solar water heaters
1048714 Hot water is available 24 hours a day depending on the
use and system capacity
1048714 A solar water heater pays back its cost in 3ndash4 years
1048714 Solar water heaters last a long time (15ndash20 years) and
require only simple maintenance
6102011 65copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
Cost
bull The smallest solar water heater available has a capacity
of 100 litres per day which is sufficient for a family of
four or five members It costs Rs 15 000 to Rs 18 000
and can save about 1500 units of electricity per year
bull Soft loans are available at an interest rate of 5 for
non-commercial users and 7 for commercial
organizations These loans are available for up to 85 of
the cost of the system and can be repaid over five
years
6102011 66copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
SUN will play a major role in defining
Indiarsquos ldquoEnergy Securityrdquo objective
6102011 67copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
6102011 57copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
Types of thermal collector
bull There are three main kinds of solar thermal collectors in
common use
bull In order of increasing cost they are Formed Plastic
Collectors Flat Collectors and Evacuated Tube
Collectors
bull The efficiency of the system is directly related to heat
losses from the collector surface (efficiency being
defined as the proportion of heating energy that can be
usefully obtained from insulation) Heat losses are
predominantly governed by the thermal gradient
between the temperature of the collector surface and the
ambient temperature
6102011 58copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
bull Efficiency decreases when either the ambient
temperature falls or as the collector temperature
increases This decrease in efficiency can be mitigated
by increasing the insulation of the unit by sealing the unit
in glass eg flat collectors or providing a vacuum seal
eg evacuated tube collector The choice of collector is
determined by the heating requirements and
environmental conditions in which it is employed
6102011 59copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
bull The collector usually comprises copperglass tubes
welded to copper sheets (both coated with a highly
absorbing black coating) with a toughened glass sheet
on top and insulating material on the back
6102011 60copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
Solar Water Heater Installation
6102011 61copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
bull Water flows through the tubes absorbs solar heatand
is stored in a tank
bull The water stored in the tank remains hot overnight as
the storage tank is insulated and heat losses are small
bull Flat-plate solar collectors are manufactured in India
however the tubes for evacuated tube collectors are
imported
6102011 62copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
Domestic solar water heating
system
bull Most domestic solar water heaters are provided with
electrical back-up Electrical heating elements are
usually placed in the storage tank and can be switched
on during cloudy days
bull In some cases the solar-heated water is led into an
existing electric geyser the geyser needs to be
switched on only in cloudy conditions
bull Most domestic systems are in the capacity range of
100ndash500 litres of hot water per day
6102011 63copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
6102011 64copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
Advantages of solar water heaters
1048714 Hot water is available 24 hours a day depending on the
use and system capacity
1048714 A solar water heater pays back its cost in 3ndash4 years
1048714 Solar water heaters last a long time (15ndash20 years) and
require only simple maintenance
6102011 65copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
Cost
bull The smallest solar water heater available has a capacity
of 100 litres per day which is sufficient for a family of
four or five members It costs Rs 15 000 to Rs 18 000
and can save about 1500 units of electricity per year
bull Soft loans are available at an interest rate of 5 for
non-commercial users and 7 for commercial
organizations These loans are available for up to 85 of
the cost of the system and can be repaid over five
years
6102011 66copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
SUN will play a major role in defining
Indiarsquos ldquoEnergy Securityrdquo objective
6102011 67copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
6102011 58copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
bull Efficiency decreases when either the ambient
temperature falls or as the collector temperature
increases This decrease in efficiency can be mitigated
by increasing the insulation of the unit by sealing the unit
in glass eg flat collectors or providing a vacuum seal
eg evacuated tube collector The choice of collector is
determined by the heating requirements and
environmental conditions in which it is employed
6102011 59copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
bull The collector usually comprises copperglass tubes
welded to copper sheets (both coated with a highly
absorbing black coating) with a toughened glass sheet
on top and insulating material on the back
6102011 60copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
Solar Water Heater Installation
6102011 61copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
bull Water flows through the tubes absorbs solar heatand
is stored in a tank
bull The water stored in the tank remains hot overnight as
the storage tank is insulated and heat losses are small
bull Flat-plate solar collectors are manufactured in India
however the tubes for evacuated tube collectors are
imported
6102011 62copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
Domestic solar water heating
system
bull Most domestic solar water heaters are provided with
electrical back-up Electrical heating elements are
usually placed in the storage tank and can be switched
on during cloudy days
bull In some cases the solar-heated water is led into an
existing electric geyser the geyser needs to be
switched on only in cloudy conditions
bull Most domestic systems are in the capacity range of
100ndash500 litres of hot water per day
6102011 63copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
6102011 64copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
Advantages of solar water heaters
1048714 Hot water is available 24 hours a day depending on the
use and system capacity
1048714 A solar water heater pays back its cost in 3ndash4 years
1048714 Solar water heaters last a long time (15ndash20 years) and
require only simple maintenance
6102011 65copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
Cost
bull The smallest solar water heater available has a capacity
of 100 litres per day which is sufficient for a family of
four or five members It costs Rs 15 000 to Rs 18 000
and can save about 1500 units of electricity per year
bull Soft loans are available at an interest rate of 5 for
non-commercial users and 7 for commercial
organizations These loans are available for up to 85 of
the cost of the system and can be repaid over five
years
6102011 66copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
SUN will play a major role in defining
Indiarsquos ldquoEnergy Securityrdquo objective
6102011 67copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
6102011 59copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
bull The collector usually comprises copperglass tubes
welded to copper sheets (both coated with a highly
absorbing black coating) with a toughened glass sheet
on top and insulating material on the back
6102011 60copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
Solar Water Heater Installation
6102011 61copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
bull Water flows through the tubes absorbs solar heatand
is stored in a tank
bull The water stored in the tank remains hot overnight as
the storage tank is insulated and heat losses are small
bull Flat-plate solar collectors are manufactured in India
however the tubes for evacuated tube collectors are
imported
6102011 62copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
Domestic solar water heating
system
bull Most domestic solar water heaters are provided with
electrical back-up Electrical heating elements are
usually placed in the storage tank and can be switched
on during cloudy days
bull In some cases the solar-heated water is led into an
existing electric geyser the geyser needs to be
switched on only in cloudy conditions
bull Most domestic systems are in the capacity range of
100ndash500 litres of hot water per day
6102011 63copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
6102011 64copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
Advantages of solar water heaters
1048714 Hot water is available 24 hours a day depending on the
use and system capacity
1048714 A solar water heater pays back its cost in 3ndash4 years
1048714 Solar water heaters last a long time (15ndash20 years) and
require only simple maintenance
6102011 65copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
Cost
bull The smallest solar water heater available has a capacity
of 100 litres per day which is sufficient for a family of
four or five members It costs Rs 15 000 to Rs 18 000
and can save about 1500 units of electricity per year
bull Soft loans are available at an interest rate of 5 for
non-commercial users and 7 for commercial
organizations These loans are available for up to 85 of
the cost of the system and can be repaid over five
years
6102011 66copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
SUN will play a major role in defining
Indiarsquos ldquoEnergy Securityrdquo objective
6102011 67copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
6102011 60copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
Solar Water Heater Installation
6102011 61copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
bull Water flows through the tubes absorbs solar heatand
is stored in a tank
bull The water stored in the tank remains hot overnight as
the storage tank is insulated and heat losses are small
bull Flat-plate solar collectors are manufactured in India
however the tubes for evacuated tube collectors are
imported
6102011 62copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
Domestic solar water heating
system
bull Most domestic solar water heaters are provided with
electrical back-up Electrical heating elements are
usually placed in the storage tank and can be switched
on during cloudy days
bull In some cases the solar-heated water is led into an
existing electric geyser the geyser needs to be
switched on only in cloudy conditions
bull Most domestic systems are in the capacity range of
100ndash500 litres of hot water per day
6102011 63copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
6102011 64copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
Advantages of solar water heaters
1048714 Hot water is available 24 hours a day depending on the
use and system capacity
1048714 A solar water heater pays back its cost in 3ndash4 years
1048714 Solar water heaters last a long time (15ndash20 years) and
require only simple maintenance
6102011 65copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
Cost
bull The smallest solar water heater available has a capacity
of 100 litres per day which is sufficient for a family of
four or five members It costs Rs 15 000 to Rs 18 000
and can save about 1500 units of electricity per year
bull Soft loans are available at an interest rate of 5 for
non-commercial users and 7 for commercial
organizations These loans are available for up to 85 of
the cost of the system and can be repaid over five
years
6102011 66copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
SUN will play a major role in defining
Indiarsquos ldquoEnergy Securityrdquo objective
6102011 67copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
6102011 61copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
bull Water flows through the tubes absorbs solar heatand
is stored in a tank
bull The water stored in the tank remains hot overnight as
the storage tank is insulated and heat losses are small
bull Flat-plate solar collectors are manufactured in India
however the tubes for evacuated tube collectors are
imported
6102011 62copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
Domestic solar water heating
system
bull Most domestic solar water heaters are provided with
electrical back-up Electrical heating elements are
usually placed in the storage tank and can be switched
on during cloudy days
bull In some cases the solar-heated water is led into an
existing electric geyser the geyser needs to be
switched on only in cloudy conditions
bull Most domestic systems are in the capacity range of
100ndash500 litres of hot water per day
6102011 63copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
6102011 64copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
Advantages of solar water heaters
1048714 Hot water is available 24 hours a day depending on the
use and system capacity
1048714 A solar water heater pays back its cost in 3ndash4 years
1048714 Solar water heaters last a long time (15ndash20 years) and
require only simple maintenance
6102011 65copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
Cost
bull The smallest solar water heater available has a capacity
of 100 litres per day which is sufficient for a family of
four or five members It costs Rs 15 000 to Rs 18 000
and can save about 1500 units of electricity per year
bull Soft loans are available at an interest rate of 5 for
non-commercial users and 7 for commercial
organizations These loans are available for up to 85 of
the cost of the system and can be repaid over five
years
6102011 66copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
SUN will play a major role in defining
Indiarsquos ldquoEnergy Securityrdquo objective
6102011 67copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
6102011 62copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
Domestic solar water heating
system
bull Most domestic solar water heaters are provided with
electrical back-up Electrical heating elements are
usually placed in the storage tank and can be switched
on during cloudy days
bull In some cases the solar-heated water is led into an
existing electric geyser the geyser needs to be
switched on only in cloudy conditions
bull Most domestic systems are in the capacity range of
100ndash500 litres of hot water per day
6102011 63copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
6102011 64copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
Advantages of solar water heaters
1048714 Hot water is available 24 hours a day depending on the
use and system capacity
1048714 A solar water heater pays back its cost in 3ndash4 years
1048714 Solar water heaters last a long time (15ndash20 years) and
require only simple maintenance
6102011 65copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
Cost
bull The smallest solar water heater available has a capacity
of 100 litres per day which is sufficient for a family of
four or five members It costs Rs 15 000 to Rs 18 000
and can save about 1500 units of electricity per year
bull Soft loans are available at an interest rate of 5 for
non-commercial users and 7 for commercial
organizations These loans are available for up to 85 of
the cost of the system and can be repaid over five
years
6102011 66copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
SUN will play a major role in defining
Indiarsquos ldquoEnergy Securityrdquo objective
6102011 67copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
6102011 63copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
6102011 64copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
Advantages of solar water heaters
1048714 Hot water is available 24 hours a day depending on the
use and system capacity
1048714 A solar water heater pays back its cost in 3ndash4 years
1048714 Solar water heaters last a long time (15ndash20 years) and
require only simple maintenance
6102011 65copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
Cost
bull The smallest solar water heater available has a capacity
of 100 litres per day which is sufficient for a family of
four or five members It costs Rs 15 000 to Rs 18 000
and can save about 1500 units of electricity per year
bull Soft loans are available at an interest rate of 5 for
non-commercial users and 7 for commercial
organizations These loans are available for up to 85 of
the cost of the system and can be repaid over five
years
6102011 66copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
SUN will play a major role in defining
Indiarsquos ldquoEnergy Securityrdquo objective
6102011 67copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
6102011 64copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
Advantages of solar water heaters
1048714 Hot water is available 24 hours a day depending on the
use and system capacity
1048714 A solar water heater pays back its cost in 3ndash4 years
1048714 Solar water heaters last a long time (15ndash20 years) and
require only simple maintenance
6102011 65copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
Cost
bull The smallest solar water heater available has a capacity
of 100 litres per day which is sufficient for a family of
four or five members It costs Rs 15 000 to Rs 18 000
and can save about 1500 units of electricity per year
bull Soft loans are available at an interest rate of 5 for
non-commercial users and 7 for commercial
organizations These loans are available for up to 85 of
the cost of the system and can be repaid over five
years
6102011 66copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
SUN will play a major role in defining
Indiarsquos ldquoEnergy Securityrdquo objective
6102011 67copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
6102011 65copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
Cost
bull The smallest solar water heater available has a capacity
of 100 litres per day which is sufficient for a family of
four or five members It costs Rs 15 000 to Rs 18 000
and can save about 1500 units of electricity per year
bull Soft loans are available at an interest rate of 5 for
non-commercial users and 7 for commercial
organizations These loans are available for up to 85 of
the cost of the system and can be repaid over five
years
6102011 66copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
SUN will play a major role in defining
Indiarsquos ldquoEnergy Securityrdquo objective
6102011 67copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
6102011 66copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
SUN will play a major role in defining
Indiarsquos ldquoEnergy Securityrdquo objective
6102011 67copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
6102011 67copy For internal circulation of BSNL only
