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1
Education at a Glance2014
Qualification levels have risen markedly…
…but don’t always translate into strong foundation skills
2
AustraliaAustriaBelgiumCanadaChileCzech RepublicDenmarkEstoniaFinlandFranceGermanyGreeceHungaryIcelandIrelandIsraelItalyJapanKoreaLuxembourgMexicoNetherlandsNew ZealandNorwayPolandPortugalSlovak RepublicSloveniaSpainSwedenSwitzerlandTurkeyUnited KingdomUnited States
A world of change – higher education
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 700
5,000
10,000
15,000
20,000
25,000
30,000
1995
Expendit
ure
per
stu
dent
at
tert
iary
level
(US
D)
Tertiary-type A graduation rate (%)
Cost
per
stu
dent
Graduate supply
AustraliaAustriaBelgiumCanadaChileCzech RepublicDenmarkEstoniaFinlandFranceGermanyGreeceHungaryIcelandIrelandIsraelItalyJapanKoreaLuxembourgMexicoNetherlandsNew ZealandNorwayPolandPortugalSlovak RepublicSloveniaSpainSwedenSwitzerlandTurkeyUnited KingdomUnited States
A world of change – higher education
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 700
5,000
10,000
15,000
20,000
25,000
30,000
1995
Expendit
ure
per
stu
dent
at
tert
iary
level
(US
D)
Tertiary-type A graduation rate (%)
Cost
per
stu
dent
Graduate supply
United States
AustraliaAustriaBelgiumCanadaChileCzech RepublicDenmarkEstoniaFinlandFranceGermanyGreeceHungaryIcelandIrelandIsraelItalyJapanKoreaLuxembourgMexicoNetherlandsNew ZealandNorwayPolandPortugalSlovak RepublicSloveniaSpainSwedenSwitzerlandTurkeyUnited KingdomUnited States
A world of change – higher education
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 700
5,000
10,000
15,000
20,000
25,000
30,000
2000
Expendit
ure
per
stu
dent
at
tert
iary
level
(US
D)
Tertiary-type A graduation rate
United Kingdom
AustraliaAustriaBelgiumCanadaChileCzech RepublicDenmarkEstoniaFinlandFranceGermanyGreeceHungaryIcelandIrelandIsraelItalyJapanKoreaLuxembourgMexicoNetherlandsNew ZealandNorwayPolandPortugalSlovak RepublicSloveniaSpainSwedenSwitzerlandTurkeyUnited KingdomUnited States
A world of change – higher education
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 700
5,000
10,000
15,000
20,000
25,000
30,000
2001
Expendit
ure
per
stu
dent
at
tert
iary
level
(US
D)
Tertiary-type A graduation rate
AustraliaAustriaBelgiumCanadaChileCzech RepublicDenmarkEstoniaFinlandFranceGermanyGreeceHungaryIcelandIrelandIsraelItalyJapanKoreaLuxembourgMexicoNetherlandsNew ZealandNorwayPolandPortugalSlovak RepublicSloveniaSpainSwedenSwitzerlandTurkeyUnited KingdomUnited States
A world of change – higher education
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 700
5,000
10,000
15,000
20,000
25,000
30,000
2002
Expendit
ure
per
stu
dent
at
tert
iary
level
(US
D)
Tertiary-type A graduation rate
AustraliaAustriaBelgiumCanadaChileCzech RepublicDenmarkEstoniaFinlandFranceGermanyGreeceHungaryIcelandIrelandIsraelItalyJapanKoreaLuxembourgMexicoNetherlandsNew ZealandNorwayPolandPortugalSlovak RepublicSloveniaSpainSwedenSwitzerlandTurkeyUnited KingdomUnited States
A world of change – higher education
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 700
5,000
10,000
15,000
20,000
25,000
30,000
2003
Expendit
ure
per
stu
dent
at
tert
iary
level
(US
D)
Tertiary-type A graduation rate
AustraliaAustriaBelgiumCanadaChileCzech RepublicDenmarkEstoniaFinlandFranceGermanyGreeceHungaryIcelandIrelandIsraelItalyJapanKoreaLuxembourgMexicoNetherlandsNew ZealandNorwayPolandPortugalSlovak RepublicSloveniaSpainSwedenSwitzerlandTurkeyUnited KingdomUnited States
A world of change – higher education
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 700
5,000
10,000
15,000
20,000
25,000
30,000
2004
Expendit
ure
per
stu
dent
at
tert
iary
level
(US
D)
Tertiary-type A graduation rate
AustraliaAustriaBelgiumCanadaChileCzech RepublicDenmarkEstoniaFinlandFranceGermanyGreeceHungaryIcelandIrelandIsraelItalyJapanKoreaLuxembourgMexicoNetherlandsNew ZealandNorwayPolandPortugalSlovak RepublicSloveniaSpainSwedenSwitzerlandTurkeyUnited KingdomUnited States
A world of change – higher education
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 700
5,000
10,000
15,000
20,000
25,000
30,000
2005
Expendit
ure
per
stu
dent
at
tert
iary
level
(US
D)
Tertiary-type A graduation rate
AustraliaAustriaBelgiumCanadaChileCzech RepublicDenmarkEstoniaFinlandFranceGermanyGreeceHungaryIcelandIrelandIsraelItalyJapanKoreaLuxembourgMexicoNetherlandsNew ZealandNorwayPolandPortugalSlovak RepublicSloveniaSpainSwedenSwitzerlandTurkeyUnited KingdomUnited States
A world of change – higher education
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 700
5,000
10,000
15,000
20,000
25,000
30,000
2006
Expendit
ure
per
stu
dent
at
tert
iary
level
(US
D)
Tertiary-type A graduation rate
AustraliaAustriaBelgiumCanadaChileCzech RepublicDenmarkEstoniaFinlandFranceGermanyGreeceHungaryIcelandIrelandIsraelItalyJapanKoreaLuxembourgMexicoNetherlandsNew ZealandNorwayPolandPortugalSlovak RepublicSloveniaSpainSwedenSwitzerlandTurkeyUnited KingdomUnited States
A world of change – higher education
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 700
5,000
10,000
15,000
20,000
25,000
30,000
2007
Expendit
ure
per
stu
dent
at
tert
iary
level
(US
D)
Tertiary-type A graduation rate
AustraliaAustriaBelgiumCanadaChileCzech RepublicDenmarkEstoniaFinlandFranceGermanyGreeceHungaryIcelandIrelandIsraelItalyJapanKoreaLuxembourgMexicoNetherlandsNew ZealandNorwayPolandPortugalSlovak RepublicSloveniaSpainSwedenSwitzerlandTurkeyUnited KingdomUnited States
A world of change – higher education
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 700
5,000
10,000
15,000
20,000
25,000
30,000
2008
Expendit
ure
per
stu
dent
at
tert
iary
level
(US
D)
Tertiary-type A graduation rate
AustraliaAustriaBelgiumCanadaChileCzech RepublicDenmarkEstoniaFinlandFranceGermanyGreeceHungaryIcelandIrelandIsraelItalyJapanKoreaLuxembourgMexicoNetherlandsNew ZealandNorwayPolandPortugalSlovak RepublicSloveniaSpainSwedenSwitzerlandTurkeyUnited KingdomUnited States
A world of change – higher education
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 700
5,000
10,000
15,000
20,000
25,000
30,000
2009 Expendit
ure
per
stu
dent
at
tert
iary
level
(US
D)
Tertiary-type A graduation rate
AustraliaAustriaBelgiumCanadaChileCzech RepublicDenmarkEstoniaFinlandFranceGermanyGreeceHungaryIcelandIrelandIsraelItalyJapanKoreaLuxembourgMexicoNetherlandsNew ZealandNorwayPolandPortugalSlovak RepublicSloveniaSpainSwedenSwitzerlandTurkeyUnited KingdomUnited States
A world of change – higher education
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 700
5,000
10,000
15,000
20,000
25,000
30,000
2010
Expendit
ure
per
stu
dent
at
tert
iary
level
(US
D)
Tertiary-type A graduation rate
AustraliaAustriaBelgiumCanadaChileCzech RepublicDenmarkEstoniaFinlandFranceGermanyGreeceHungaryIcelandIrelandIsraelItalyJapanKoreaLuxembourgMexicoNetherlandsNew ZealandNorwayPolandPortugalSlovak RepublicSloveniaSpainSwedenSwitzerlandTurkeyUnited KingdomUnited States
A world of change – higher education
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 700
5,000
10,000
15,000
20,000
25,000
30,000
2011
Expendit
ure
per
stu
dent
at
tert
iary
level
(US
D)
Tertiary-type A graduation rate
AustraliaAustriaBelgiumCanadaChileCzech RepublicDenmarkEstoniaFinlandFranceGermanyGreeceHungaryIcelandIrelandIsraelItalyJapanKoreaLuxembourgMexicoNetherlandsNew ZealandNorwayPolandPortugalSlovak RepublicSloveniaSpainSwedenSwitzerlandTurkeyUnited KingdomUnited States
A world of change – higher education
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 700
5,000
10,000
15,000
20,000
25,000
30,000
2011
Expendit
ure
per
stu
dent
at
tert
iary
level
(US
D)
Tertiary-type A graduation rate
IcelandPoland
UK
Australia
New Zealand
AustraliaAustriaBelgiumCanadaChileCzech RepublicDenmarkEstoniaFinlandFranceGermanyGreeceHungaryIcelandIrelandIsraelItalyJapanKoreaLuxembourgMexicoNetherlandsNew ZealandNorwayPolandPortugalSlovak RepublicSloveniaSpainSwedenSwitzerlandTurkeyUnited KingdomUnited States
A world of change – higher education
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 700
5,000
10,000
15,000
20,000
25,000
30,000
2011
Expendit
ure
per
stu
dent
at
tert
iary
level
(US
D)
Tertiary-type A graduation rate
US
P
More people benefit from education than ever before
25-34 and 55-64 year-olds, and percentage-point difference between these two groups
Isra
el
Un
ited
Sta
tes
Ge
rma
ny
Bra
zil
Est
on
ia
Au
stri
a
Ru
ssia
n F
ed
era
tion
Fin
lan
d
Ch
ile
Tu
rke
y
Ita
ly
De
nm
ark
Me
xico
Sw
itze
rla
nd
Ne
w Z
ea
lan
d
Ca
na
da
Slo
vak
Re
pu
blic
Ice
lan
d
Au
stra
lia
Gre
ece
Sw
ed
en
EU
21
Ave
rag
e
OE
CD
ave
rag
e
No
rwa
y
Hu
ng
ary
Ne
the
rla
nd
s
Cze
ch R
ep
ub
lic
Un
ited
Kin
gd
om
La
tvia
Po
rtu
ga
l
Be
lgiu
m
Slo
ven
ia
Sp
ain
Fra
nce
Lu
xem
bo
urg
Ire
lan
d
Jap
an
Po
lan
d
Ko
rea
- 10
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
-10
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
Difference between the 25-34 and 55-64 year-old population with tertiary education (right axis)Proportion of the 25-34 year-old population with tertiary education (left axis)Proportion of the 55-64 year-old population with tertiary education (left axis)
%
Chart A1.3
Percentage points
Many more people are expected to graduate from academically-oriented tertiary education
First-time graduation rates in tertiary-type A education (1995 and 2012)
Ice
lan
d
Ne
w Z
ea
lan
d
Po
lan
d
Au
stra
lia
De
nm
ark
Fin
lan
d
Ire
lan
d
Ne
the
rla
nd
s
Jap
an
Slo
vak
Re
pu
blic
Slo
ven
ia
No
rwa
y
Po
rtu
ga
l
La
tvia
Isra
el
Cze
ch R
ep
ub
lic
Au
stri
a
Sw
ed
en
Un
ited
Sta
tes
EU
21
ave
rag
e
OE
CD
ave
rag
e
Ca
na
da
Ge
rma
ny
Sw
itze
rla
nd
Sp
ain
Tu
rke
y
Italy
Ch
ile
Hu
ng
ary
Me
xico
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
%
Chart A3.2 - A
Nearly 60% of young adults are expected to enter university programmes
Entry rates into tertiary-type A education (2012)
Au
stra
liaL
atv
iaIc
ela
nd
Po
lan
dN
ew
Ze
ala
nd
No
rwa
yS
love
nia
De
nm
ark
Un
ited
Sta
tes
Ru
ssia
n F
ed
era
tion
Ko
rea
Un
ited
Kin
gd
om
Fin
lan
dN
eth
erl
an
ds
Po
rtu
ga
lS
lova
k R
ep
ub
licS
we
de
nIs
rae
lC
zech
Re
pu
blic
Arg
en
tina
Sa
ud
i Ara
bia
OE
CD
ave
rag
eE
U2
1 a
vera
ge
Ire
lan
dH
un
ga
ryG
erm
an
yA
ust
ria
Sp
ain
Jap
an
Ch
ileIta
lyS
witz
erl
an
dE
sto
nia
Fra
nce
Tu
rke
yG
ree
ceM
exi
coB
elg
ium
Lu
xem
bo
urg
Ind
on
esi
aC
hin
a
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
All students Excluding international students
Chart C3.1
%
Women and men are differently represented in some fields of education
Percentage of tertiary degrees awarded to women, by field of education (2012)P
ola
nd
Est
on
ia
Ice
lan
d
Slo
vak
Re
pu
blic
Slo
ven
ia
Bra
zil
Sw
ed
en
Hu
ng
ary
Italy
Ne
w Z
ea
lan
d
Arg
en
tina
Cze
ch R
ep
ub
lic
Fin
lan
d
No
rwa
y
Lu
xem
bo
urg
Po
rtu
ga
l
Ca
na
da
De
nm
ark
Isra
el
OE
CD
ave
rag
e
Un
ited
Sta
tes
Au
stra
lia
Sp
ain
Ire
lan
d
Ne
the
rla
nd
s
Ch
ile
Fra
nce
Un
ited
Kin
gd
om
Au
stri
a
Be
lgiu
m
Ge
rma
ny
Me
xico
Sw
itze
rla
nd
Tu
rke
y
Ko
rea
Jap
an
0
20
40
60
80
100
Education Health and welfare Science Engineering, manufacturing and construction All fields
Chart A.3 - Field
China has almost caught up with the US in terms of high-school completion
Upper secondary graduation rates (2012)
Slo
ven
ia
Ice
lan
d
Ge
rma
ny
Ne
the
rla
nd
s
Hu
ng
ary
Un
ited
Kin
gd
om
Ire
lan
d
Jap
an
Sp
ain
Fin
lan
d
De
nm
ark
Ko
rea
No
rwa
y
Ca
na
da
Isra
el
Slo
vak
Re
pu
blic
EU
21
ave
rag
e
Ne
w Z
ea
lan
d
Po
lan
d
Ch
ile
Italy
OE
CD
ave
rag
e
Cze
ch R
ep
ub
lic
Un
ited
Sta
tes
Sw
ed
en
Ch
ina
Gre
ece
Lu
xem
bo
urg
Au
stri
a
Tu
rke
y
Me
xico
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
Total <25 years old ≧25 years old
Chart A2.1
%
In many countries those without an upper secondary education face an increasing unemployment risk
Unemployment rates among 25-64 year-olds, by educational attainment (2005, 2010 and 2012)
Ko
rea
Me
xico
Bra
zil
No
rwa
y
Ch
ile
Au
stra
lia
Lu
xem
bo
urg
Ne
w Z
ea
lan
d
Ne
the
rla
nd
s
Ice
lan
d
Au
stri
a
Sw
itze
rla
nd
Tu
rke
y
De
nm
ark
Isra
el
Un
ited
Kin
gd
om
Ca
na
da
Fin
lan
d
Be
lgiu
m
Ru
ssia
n F
ed
era
tion
Ita
ly
Sw
ed
en
Ge
rma
ny
OE
CD
ave
rag
e
Fra
nce
Slo
ven
ia
Un
ited
Sta
tes
Po
rtu
ga
l
EU
21
ave
rag
e
Po
lan
d
Est
on
ia
Hu
ng
ary
La
tvia
Ire
lan
d
Gre
ece
Cze
ch R
ep
ub
lic
Sp
ain
Slo
vak
Re
pu
blic
0
10
20
30
40
50 2012 2005 2010
Below upper secondary education
Chart A5.2 - BS
%
Qualifications don’t always translate into strong foundation skills
26
Literacy proficiency is determined by educational attainment but not in the same way across countries
Mean literacy score, by educational attainment (2012)Ja
pan
Net
herla
nds
Fin
land
Sw
eden
Aus
tral
ia
Cze
ch R
epub
lic
Fla
nder
s (B
elgi
um)
Nor
way
Uni
ted
Sta
tes
Ave
rage
Pol
and
Aus
tria
Eng
land
/N. I
rela
nd (
UK
)
Slo
vak
Rep
ublic
Fra
nce
Ger
man
y
Den
mar
k
Irel
and
Kor
ea
Can
ada
Est
onia
Spa
in
Italy
Rus
sian
Fed
erat
ion
200
220
240
260
280
300
320
Below upper secondary education Upper secondary or post-secondary non-tertiary education
Tertiary education
Chart A1.4
The shares of highly literate tertiary graduates are very different across countries
Percentage of adults scoring at literacy proficiency Level 4/5, by educational attainment (2012)
Japa
n
Fin
land
Net
herla
nds
Sw
eden
Aus
tral
ia
Nor
way
Fla
nder
s (B
elgi
um)
Eng
land
/N. I
rela
nd (
UK
)
Uni
ted
Sta
tes
Cze
ch R
epub
lic
Ave
rage
Pol
and
Can
ada
Aus
tria
Ger
man
y
Irel
and
Fra
nce
Den
mar
k
Est
onia
Slo
vak
Rep
ublic
Kor
ea
Rus
sian
Fed
erat
ion
Spa
in
Italy
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
Below upper secondary education Upper secondary or post-secondary non-tertiary education
Tertiary education%
Chart A1.5
The rising tide has not lifted all boats…
…and in some countries educational mobility is slowing down
33
Between 20% and 60% of adults are more educated than their parents
Percentage of 25-64 year-old non-students whose educational attainment is higher than (upward mobility) or lower than (downward mobility) that of their parents
Cze
ch R
ep
u...
Ge
rma
ny
Au
stri
a
Un
ited
Sta
tes
Slo
vak
Re
pu
...
Italy
No
rwa
y
De
nm
ark
En
gla
nd
/N. I
...
Sp
ain
Ave
rag
e
Au
stra
lia
Jap
an
Sw
ed
en
Est
on
ia
Ca
na
da
Ne
the
rla
nd
s
Po
lan
d
Ire
lan
d
Fra
nce
Fla
nd
ers
(B
e...
Fin
lan
d
Ko
rea
Ru
ssia
n F
ed
...
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100Downward mobility Upward mobility%
Chart A4.3 - Mob
In most countries, upward educational mobility tends to be lower in the younger generations
Proportion of upward mobility across age groups
55-64 45-54 35-44 25-34 15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
55
Average France Germany ItalySpain Sweden United States England/N. Ireland (UK)
Age groups
Up
wa
rd M
ob
ility
Graph Mobility A4
Europe is now driving international student mobility…
…the US accommodates a large but declining share of the market.
43
In 2012, more than 4.5 million students were enrolled in tertiary education outside their country of citizenship Chart C4.1
Evolution in the number of students enrolled outside their country of citizenship, by region of destination (2000 to 2012)
2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 20120
500000
1000000
1500000
2000000
2500000
3000000
3500000
4000000
4500000
5000000
Worldwide OECD G20 countries EuropeNorth America Oceania
Million students
In 2012, more than one in two foreign students were enrolled in Australia, Canada, France, Germany, the United Kingdom or the United States
Distribution of foreign students in tertiary education, by country of destination (2012)
United States¹ 16%
United Kingdom¹ 13%
Germany 6%
France 6%Australia¹,³ 6%Canada² 5%
Russian Federation 4%
Japan 3%
Spain 2%China 2%Italy 2%
Austria 2%New Zealand 2%
South Africa 2%Switzerland 1%Netherlands 1%
Korea 1%Belgium 1%
Other OECD countries 8%
Other non-OECD countries 17%
Chart C4.2
New players are emerging in the international education market
Trends in international education market shares (2000, 2012). Percentage of all foreign tertiary students enrolled, by destinationU
nite
d S
tate
Uni
ted
Kin
gdom
Ger
man
y
Fra
nce
Aus
tral
ia
Can
ada
Rus
sian
Fed
erat
ion
Japa
n
Spa
in
Chi
na
Italy
Aus
tria
New
Zea
land
Sou
th A
fric
a
Sw
itzer
land
Net
herla
nds
Kor
ea
Bel
gium
Oth
er O
EC
D
Oth
er G
0 an
d no
n-O
EC
D
0
5
10
15
20
25
20002012
Market share (%)
OECD countries Other G20 and non-OECD countries
20002012
Chart C4.3
International students comprise around 8% of tertiary enrolments, on average
Student mobility in tertiary education (2012)
Lu
xem
bo
urg
Au
stra
lia
Un
ited
Kin
gd
om
Sw
itze
rla
nd
Ne
w Z
ea
lan
d
Au
stri
a
Be
lgiu
m
Ca
na
da
¹
De
nm
ark
Ne
the
rla
nd
s
Sw
ed
en
Ire
lan
d
Ice
lan
d
Fin
lan
d
Po
rtu
ga
l
Hu
ng
ary
Slo
vak
Re
pu
blic
Un
ited
Sta
tes
Jap
an
Sp
ain
Est
on
ia
Slo
ven
ia
No
rwa
y
Po
lan
d
Ch
ile
Fra
nce
Cze
ch R
ep
ub
lic
So
uth
Afr
ica
¹
Gre
ece
Italy
Sa
ud
i Ara
bia
Ru
ssia
n F
ed
era
tion
Ko
rea
Isra
el
Tu
rke
y
Ch
ina
Bra
zil 0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45Foreign students2
%
International students
OECD average
Chart C4.4
More than half of foreign students in tertiary education come from Asia
Distribution of foreign students in tertiary education, by region of origin (2012)
Asia 53%
Europe 23%
Africa 12%
Latin America and the Caribbean 6%
North America 3%Oceania 1%
Not specified 3%
Chart C4.5
Education remained a priority during the crisis…
49
Between 2008 and 2011, only six countries cut public expenditure on educational institutions
Impact of the economic crisis on public expenditure on education
Un
ited
Kin
gd
om
Cze
ch R
ep
ub
lic
Ne
w Z
ea
lan
d
De
nm
ark
Slo
vak
Re
pu
blic
Bra
zil
Fin
lan
d
Au
stra
lia
Ire
lan
d
Ne
the
rla
nd
s
Jap
an
Sw
itze
rla
nd
Ge
rma
ny
Slo
ven
ia
Ch
ile
Ca
na
da
Po
rtu
ga
l
Me
xico
Ko
rea
OE
CD
ave
rag
e
Au
stri
a
Sp
ain
EU
21
ave
rag
e
No
rwa
y
Be
lgiu
m
Fra
nce
Sw
ed
en
Isra
el
Ice
lan
d
Un
ited
Sta
tes
Ru
ssia
n F
ed
era
tion
Po
lan
d
Est
on
ia
Italy
Hu
ng
ary
80
85
90
95
100
105
110
115
120
125
130
Change in public expenditure on educational institutions
Change in Gross Domestic Product
Change in expenditure on education institutions as a percentage of GDPIndex of change (2008=100)
Chart B2.3 - T
Expenditure per primary, secondary and post-secondary non-tertiary student increased by at least 10% in most countries
Relationship between annual expenditure per student in 2011 and change in expenditure per student between 2005 and 2011
-20 -10 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 0
1 000
2 000
3 000
4 000
5 000
6 000
7 000
8 000
9 000
10 000
11 000
12 000
13 000
14 000
15 000
16 000
17 000
18 000
19 000
20 000
BrazilMexicoChileHungary
Slovak RepublicEstonia
PolandCzech RepublicIsraelPortugalKorea
Italy Spain
Iceland Japan FinlandFrance AustraliaGermanyUnited Kingdom IrelandCanadaDenmark Netherlands
Sweden BelgiumUnited States
Austria
Switzerland
Norway
New Zealand
R² = 0.233915734925973
R² = 0.27067946823606
Change in expenditure per student between 2005 and 2011 (%)
Annual expenditure per student (2011, USD)
OECD average
Primary, secondary, and post-secondary non-tertiary
OECD average
Chart B1.5 - PS
Between 2005 and 2011, expenditure per tertiary student increased by 10%, on average
Relationship between annual expenditure per student in 2011 and change in expenditure per student between 2005 and 2011
-30 -20 -10 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 705 000
7 000
9 000
11 000
13 000
15 000
17 000
19 000
21 000
23 000
25 000
27 000
United States
SwitzerlandDenmarkSweden
Norway FinlandNetherlands Germany
JapanIreland
BelgiumFranceAustria
SpainIsrael
United Kingdom
BrazilItaly
KoreaPolandPortugalCzech Republic
HungaryChileSlovak RepublicMexico Estonia
IcelandRussian Federation
New Zealand
SloveniaR² = 0.0789910852395619
Change in expenditure per student between 2005 and 2011 (%)
Annual expenditure per student (2011, USD)
OECD average
Tertiary education
OECD average
Chart B1.5 - T
In 2011, OECD countries spent an average of 1.6% of their GDP on tertiary education
Expenditure on educational institutions as a percentage of GDP (2011). From public and private sources, by level of education and source of funds
Fin
land
Den
mar
k
Nor
way
Can
ada
Sw
eden
Est
onia
Aus
tria
Sw
itzer
land
Bel
gium
Net
herla
nds
Fra
nce
EU
21 a
vera
ge
Arg
entin
a
Irel
and
Cze
ch R
epub
lic
Slo
veni
a
Ger
man
y
Icel
and
Spa
in
Pol
and
New
Zea
land
Latv
ia
Por
tuga
l
Hun
gary
Uni
ted
Sta
tes
Bra
zil
Isra
el
Mex
ico
Uni
ted
Kin
gdom
Rus
sian
Fed
erat
ion
Col
ombi
a
Slo
vak
Rep
ublic
Chi
le
Italy
Kor
ea
Aus
tral
ia
Japa
n
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
Public expenditure on education institutions Private expenditure on education institutions
Tertiary education
% of GDP
OECD average (total expenditure)
Chart B2.2 - T
Few countries have sustainable financing for tertiary education
60
The share of private expenditure on tertiary institutions increased from 25% in 2000 to 31% in 2011
Share of private expenditure on tertiary educational institutions (2000, 2008 and 2011)
Ch
ile
Ko
rea
Un
ited
Kin
gd
om
Jap
an
Un
ited
Sta
tes
Au
stra
lia
Isra
el
Ca
na
da
Ru
ssia
n F
ed
era
tion
Italy
Me
xico
Po
rtu
ga
l
OE
CD
ave
rag
e
Ne
the
rla
nd
s
Po
lan
d
Slo
vak
Re
pu
blic
Sp
ain
EU
21
ave
rag
e
Est
on
ia
Ire
lan
d
Fra
nce
Cze
ch R
ep
ub
lic
Ge
rma
ny
Slo
ven
ia
Au
stri
a
Sw
ed
en
Be
lgiu
m
Ice
lan
d
De
nm
ark
Fin
lan
d
No
rwa
y
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
902011 2008 2000%
Chart B3.3 - T
Nearly 22% of public spending on tertiary education is devoted to supporting students, households and other private entities
Public support for tertiary education (2011)
Uni
ted
Kin
gdom
Uni
ted
Sta
tes
Slo
veni
a
Den
mar
k
Italy
Chi
le
Slo
vak
Rep
ublic
Aus
tria
Ger
man
y
Por
tuga
l
New
Zea
land
Bel
gium
Latv
ia
Fin
land
Aus
tral
ia
OE
CD
ave
rage
Net
herla
nds
Irel
and
Hun
gary
Pol
and
Nor
way
Isra
el
Sw
eden
Spa
in
Fra
nce
Sw
itzer
land
Can
ada
Mex
ico
Bra
zil
Tur
key
Kor
ea
Est
onia
Indo
nesi
a
Cze
ch R
epub
lic
Arg
entin
a
Japa
n
Icel
and
0 5
10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60 65 70 75
Scholarships/ other grants to households Transfers and payments to other private entities
Student loans% of total public expenditure on
tertiary education
Chart B5.3. Public subsidies for education in tertiary ed-ucation (2005)
Public subsidies for education to households and other pri -vate entities as a percentage of total public expenditure on
education, by type of subsidy
Chart B5.3
The net public return on investment for a man in tertiary education is over USD 100 000, while the net private return is over USD 180 000
Net private and public returns associated with a man attaining tertiary education (2010)
Tur
key
Den
mar
k
Spa
in
Est
onia
Sw
eden
New
Zea
land
Gre
ece
Kor
ea
Japa
n
Can
ada
Slo
vak
Rep
ublic
Pol
and
Nor
way
Isra
el
Cze
ch R
epub
lic
Fra
nce
Aus
tral
ia
Fin
land
OE
CD
ave
rage
Por
tuga
l
EU
21 a
vera
ge
Aus
tria
Uni
ted
Kin
gdom
Net
herla
nds
Italy
Bel
gium
Slo
veni
a
Ger
man
y
Uni
ted
Sta
tes
Hun
gary
Irel
and 0
50 000
100 000
150 000
200 000
250 000
300 000
350 000
400 000
450 000
500 000Private net returns Public net returns
Eq
uiv
ale
nt U
SD
Chart A7.1
Good progress in raising early childhood participation
93
Some 70% of 3-year-olds are enrolled in early childhood education
Enrolment rates at age 3 in early childhood education (2005 and 2012)
Be
lgiu
m
Fra
nce
De
nm
ark
Ice
lan
d
Sp
ain
No
rwa
y
Un
ited
Kin
gd
om
Sw
ed
en
Ita
ly
Ge
rma
ny
Est
on
ia
Ne
w Z
ea
lan
d
Isra
el
Ko
rea
Slo
ven
ia
Ne
the
rla
nd
s
La
tvia
EU
21
ave
rag
e
Po
rtu
ga
l
Jap
an
Hu
ng
ary
Lu
xem
bo
urg
OE
CD
ave
rag
e
Ru
ssia
n F
ed
era
tion
Au
stri
a
Slo
vak
Re
pu
blic
Cze
ch R
ep
ub
lic
Po
lan
d
Fin
lan
d
Ch
ile
Ire
lan
d
Me
xico
Un
ited
Sta
tes
Arg
en
tina
Bra
zil
Au
stra
lia
Co
lom
bia
Ind
on
esi
a
Tu
rke
y
Sw
itze
rla
nd
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
2012 2005%
Chart C2.1
The ratio of pupils to teaching staff also indicates the level of resources devoted to pre-primary education
Ratio of pupils to teaching staff in early childhood education (2012). Public and private institutions, calculation based on full-time equivalents
Isra
el
Ind
on
esi
a
Me
xico
Ch
ile
Fra
nce
Tu
rke
y
Un
ited
Kin
gd
om
Bra
zil
Po
lan
d
Be
lgiu
m
Po
rtu
ga
l
Ko
rea
Ne
the
rla
nd
s
Jap
an
OE
CD
ave
rag
e
Au
stri
a
Cze
ch R
ep
ub
lic
EU
21
ave
rag
e
Sp
ain
Slo
vak
Re
pu
blic
Ge
rma
ny
Un
ited
Sta
tes
Italy
Lu
xem
bo
urg
Hu
ng
ary
Fin
lan
d
Slo
ven
ia
Est
on
ia
Ne
w Z
ea
lan
d
Sw
ed
en
Ice
lan
d
0 2 4 6 8
10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28
Student to teaching staff ratio
Chart C2.4
Countries spend their money differently on schools…
…and many high-performing school systems prioritise the quality of teachers over the size of classes.
96
The salary cost of teachers per student varies widely across countries and depends on salary, class size, and teaching time
Contribution of various factors to salary cost of teachers per student, in upper secondary education (2012) in USDB
elg
ium
(F
l.)
Ge
rma
ny
Au
stri
a
Sp
ain
Po
rtu
ga
l
Au
stra
lia
No
rwa
y
Ca
na
da
Fra
nce
Ire
lan
d
Ne
the
rla
nd
s
Un
ited
Sta
tes
Ko
rea
Italy
Fin
lan
d
En
gla
nd
Slo
ven
ia
Isra
el
Po
lan
d
Cze
ch R
ep
ub
lic
Tu
rke
y
Hu
ng
ary
Ch
ile
Slo
vak
Re
pu
blic
Est
on
ia
-3 800
-2 800
-1 800
- 800
200
1 200
2 200
3 200
Contribution of teachers' salary Contribution of instruction time
Contribution of teaching time Contribution of estimated class size
difference with OECD averageUSD
Chart B7.4
Students in OECD countries receive an average of 7 475 compulsory hours of instruction during their primary and lower secondary education
Compulsory instruction time in general education (2014)
Australia 10Colombia1 9
Spain 10United States 9
Israel 9Netherlands7 9
Chile 8Mexico 9Ireland 9France 9
Canada 9Luxembourg 9
Denmark 10England 9
Norway 10Iceland 10Portugal 9
OECD average 9Italy 8
Japan 9EU21 average 9
Germany 9Greece 9
Belgium (Fr.) 8Czech Republic 9Slovak Republic 9
Sweden 9Belgium (Fl.) 8
Estonia 9Austria 8Korea 9
Finland 9Slovenia 9
Turkey 8Poland 9China1 9Latvia 9
Hungary 8
0 2 000 4 000 6 000 8 000 10 000 12 000
Primary education Lower secondary educationDuration of primary and lower secondary education, in years
Chart D1.1
Total number of compulsory instruction hours
Only in 7 countries were relative salaries for teachers higher than those of comparably educated workers
Teachers' salaries relative to earnings for tertiary-educated workers aged 25-64 (2012 or latest available year). Lower secondary teachers' salaries, in public institutions
Ko
rea
Sp
ain
Lu
xem
bo
urg
Po
rtu
ga
l
Tu
rke
y
Ne
w Z
ea
lan
d
Ca
na
da
Fin
lan
d
Ge
rma
ny
En
gla
nd
Au
stra
lia
Gre
ece
De
nm
ark
OE
CD
ave
rag
e
Be
lgiu
m (
Fl.)
Fra
nce
EU
21
ave
rag
e
Isra
el
Est
on
ia
Po
lan
d
Sco
tlan
d
Sw
ed
en
Be
lgiu
m (
Fr.
)
Ne
the
rla
nd
s
Ire
lan
d
Slo
ven
ia
Ch
ile
No
rwa
y
Un
ited
Sta
tes
Italy
Au
stri
a
Cze
ch R
ep
ub
lic
Hu
ng
ary
Slo
vak
Re
pu
blic
0
0.5
1
1.5
Ratio
Chart D3.1
107
107 Thank you
Find out more about our work at www.oecd.org/eag/eag2014– The publication– The methodologies– The complete database
Email: [email protected]: SchleicherEDU
and remember:Without data, you are just another person with an opinion