Earth Architecture - Improving Living Conditions for Rural-Low Income Housing - Self Build With...

7/27/2019 Earth Architecture - Improving Living Conditions for Rural-Low Income Housing - Self Build With Earth

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ABSTRACT

Housingisaveryimportantsectorhavingenormouspotenalforsavingenergyandcarbonemissions.With32%ofthe

peoplebelowthe internaonalpoverty lineand70%ofthepeoplebelowawageof2$perday,there isanenormous

lackof soundhousinginIndia.Praccesinrecentyearsisseeingahugeshi fromvernaculartotheuseofmodernma-terialsarguedonbasisofbeerdurabilityandbeerindoorperformancecomparedtonaturalmaterials. Thisresearch

invesgatestheapplicaonofvariousnaturalmaterials,specificallyearthwithinruralhousing.Ittriestoimproveliving

condions in current built form by using passive design strategies, ulising various building simulaon tools and

knowledgefromtradionalpracces. Italsolooksintothebenefitsofusingenvironmentalfriendlynaturalmaterialsto

thatofconvenonalones.

ThisstudywascarriedoutattheArchitecturalAssociaonSchoolofArchitecture,London,UKin2012.


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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

Iwishtothankmyfamilyfortheiruncondionalsupportduringthetenureofthisdissertaon.

Iwouldespeciallyliketothankmytutor,Dr.RosaSchiano-Phanforprovidingconnuousguidanceandsupportthrough-

outtheprocessofthisstudy. Iwouldliketothankthecoursedirector,Dr.SimosYannas,forprovidingintegralandvalu-

ableinsights.

SpecialthanksandacknowledgmenttoArchitectVasant&RevathiKamanthandDhunasAliforprovidingandgranng

accesstotheirresidence, informaonand literatureforthefieldworkstudies. Id liketothankHumbertoM.andJose

LuisB.forthereinsightsandforcollaborangduringgroupwork.Finally,thankstomycolleagues,friendsandalltutors

fortheirvaluedcomments,guidanceandreviewstowardsmyresearchstudy.


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TABLE OF CONTENTS CHAPTER 1 1_SCENARIO. 01

1.1 Introducon.. 03

1.2 PopulaonbelowthePovertyLine.. 03

1.3 RuralLivingCondions. 03

1.4 CurrentApproachtoHousing.. 04

1.5 ClassificaonofHouses 05

1.6 HousingShortage. 05

1.7 INDIRA AWAAS YOJNA 06

1.8 Shi from KutchatoPakka.. 07

1.9 Conclusion. 08

CHAPTER 2 2_ NATURAL MATERIALS 11

2.1 EnvironmentalImpactsofConvenonalMaterials.. 13

2.2 LifeCycleofMaterials 14

2.3 EmbodiedEnergyandEmbodiedCarbon.. 14

2.4 EmbodiedEnergyandCarbonAssessment... 16

2.5 ThermalPerformance 17

2.6 ThermalCapacity.. 18

2.7 EnvironmentalImpactofBuildingTech.inKutchDistrct,Gujrat,India(NWregionofIndia)... 18

2.8 Conclusion. 20

CHAPTER 3 3_CLIMATEANALYSIS.. 23

3.1 ClimacZoneandLocaon 25

3.2 TemperatureandSeasonVariaons 25

3.3 WindStudies 28

3.4 VenlaveCooling.. 28

3.5 GlobalHorizontalRadiaon.. 30

3.6 TemporalDistribuonofGlobalHorizontalIrradianceandSolarBins.. 30

3.7 DaylightHoursinaYear 31

3.8 LighngLevels 31

3.9 TemperatureSwings.. 32

3.10 GroundTemperature. 32


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CHAPTER 4 4_COMFORTZONE ANDMEANSTO ACHIEVE IT PASSIVELY 35

4.1 ComfortBand.. 37

4.2 Shading. 39

4.3 ThermalMass.. 39

4.4 NightTimeVenlaon 39

4.5 PhysiologicalCooling 40

4.6 EvaporaveCooling.... 40

4.7 DynamicEarthContactBuilding:PotenalHeatSink. 41

4.8 CooledSoilasaCoolingSource.. 42

CHAPTER 5 5_PRECEDENT.. 45

5.1 GenesisCentre 47

5.2 CourtyardHouse 55

CHAPTER 6 6_FIELDWORK.. 61

6.1 CAT-WISEAuditorium 63

6.2 KamathHouse. 71

6.3 BHUNGAArchitecture. 85

CHAPTER 7 7_ANALYTICAL WORK... 93

7.1 Introducon.. 95

7.2 FlowChart.. 96

7.3 BasicPrinciplesAppliedtoDesignandforModellingin TASforNWRegionofIndia. 97

7.4 ModelInputs 98

7.5 VernacularVSNewCSEBStructures 100

7.6 Intervenons 103

CHAPTER 8 8_CONCLUSIONANDFUTURERESEARCH. .... 119

8.1 Conclusion..... 121

8.2 FutureResearch.. 123

REFERENCES &BIBLIOGRAPHY 125 APPENDIX 129

AppendixA_NaturalMaterials. 131

AppendixB_ClimacAnalysis. 145

AppendixC_ComfortZoneandMeanstoachieveitpassively... 149

AppendixD_Fieldwork... 151

AppendixE_AnalycalWork.. 159


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L I ST OF F IGURES Figure1.1_Figure1.2_ PovertyHeadcount$1.25&$2perdayFigure1.3_ Percentagepopulaonlivingonlessthan$1.25/dayFigure1.4_ Worlddistribuonofeartharchitecture.Figure1.5_ RuralRajasthanFamilyHouseFigure1.6_ StructureinKhuriVillageFigure1.7_ ClusterofhousesinRajasthanFigure1.8_ TemporarykutchahouseFigure1.9_ Embodiedenergyinvarioustypesofwallconstruconmaterials.Figure1.10_ Carbonemissionsofvarioustypesofwallconstruconmaterials.

Figure2.1_Figure2.2_ Worldpercapitaproduconofsteelandcement.Figure2.3_ Carbonemissionsofvarioustypesofbricks/blocks.Figure2.4_ Materialslife-cycleandemissions.Figure2.5_ Industriesdistribuonschemes.Figure2.6_ Typicallifecarbon.Figure2.7_ Contemporaryscenariosofoperaonalandembodiedcarbonaccordingtouse.Figure2.8_ Futurescenariosofoperaonalandembodiedcarbonaccordingtouse.Figure

2.9_

Embodied

carbon

and

energycradle

togate.

Figure2.10_ ComparavegraphofU-valuesbasedonaveragedensiesandwallthickness.Figure2.11_ Comparavegraphshowingthermalcapacityfordifferentmaterials.Figure2.12_ GraphShowingTotalEnergyconsumponforconst.andmaintenancefordifferentbuildingtechnology. KutchDistrict,

Gujrat,India.

Figure2.13_ GraphShowingTotalNREandREincludingtransportaonfordifferentbuildingtechnology.KutchDistrict,Gujrat,India.Figure2.14_ GraphShowingCO2emissionsforconstruconandmaintenanceincludingtransportfordifferentbuildingtechnology.

KutchDistrict,Gujrat,India.

Figure2.15_ GraphShowingWaterConsumponinlt/m2fordifferentbuildingtechnology. KutchDistrict,Gujrat,India.Figure2.16_ Rammedearthprocess

Figure3.1_WorldClimateMapFigure3.2_ LocaonofIndiaFigure3.3_ ClimacZonesinIndiaFigure3.4_ Graphicalrepresentaonofthemonthlyaveragetemperaturerangewithdisnctseasonalclassificaon.Figure3.5_ RelaveHumidityFigure3.6_ YearroundhoursanddireconofprevailingwindsFigure3.7_ HoursandDireconofwindsFigure3.8_ MonthlyWindSpeedsFigure3.9_ JanuaryWinds


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Figure3.10_ AugustWindsFigure3.11_ MonthlyGlobalHorizontalRadiaonandCloudCoverFigure3.12_ SolarRadiaonFrequency(Upper)&Temporaldistribuon(Lower)Figure3.13_ DailydaylighthoursFigure3.14_ DaylightavailabilitycurveFigure3.15_ Monthlymin/mean/maxtemperatureswingsFigure3.16_ Groundtemp.at1mand4mdepth.

Figure4.1_GraphshowingyearlyclimaccondionsoverlaidwiththeadapvecomfortbandFigure4.2_ Graphshowingyearlyclimaccondionsoverlaidwiththeadapvecomfortbandandstrategies.Figure4.3_ GraphshowingtheAverageDailyIncidentSolarRadiaon(Wh/m)forallorientaonsforNewDelhiFigure4.4_ Differentearth-structureconfiguraonswithdifferentboundaryinterfacesFigure4.5_ DBTandsoiltemperaturesofthetreated(boom)&untreatedsoilFigure4.6_ Alayerofgravelblockssolarradiaonawayfromthesoilsurfaceandreducesconvecveexchange.

Figure5.1_GenesiscentreentranceFigure5.2_ EarthPavilioninterior(GenesisCentre)Figure5.3_ StrawPavilion(GenesisCentre)Figure5.4_ GlassPavilion(GenesisCentre)Figure5.5_ TimberPavilion(GenesisCentre)Figure5.6_ ClayPavilion(GenesisCentre)Figure5.7_ SchemacplanoftheGenesisCentreinSomersetFigure5.8_ SchemacPlanoftheGenesisCentrehighlighngtheearthpavilion.Figure5.9_ Rammedearthwallunderconstrucon.(GenesisCentre)Figure5.10_ Cobblocksusedonsite(GenesisCentre)Figure5.11_ Massedcobwallunderconstrucon(GenesisCentre)Figure5.13_ EarthPavilionFloorPlan(GenesisCentre)Figure

5.14_

Earth

PavilionRoof

Plan.

(Genesis

Centre)

Figure5.15_ RubbleRoof(GenesisCentre)Figure5.15_ RubbleRoof(GenesisCentre)Figure5.16_ Rammedearthwallsunderconstrucon.(GenesisCentre)Figure5.17_ ExternalInsulaon:WoodwasteFibreboards(GenesisCentre)Figure5.18_ DetailofGlassPavilionroofmeengEarthPavilionandVenlaonslots(GenesisCentre)Figure5.19_ Conneconbetweentheroofandthecobwall.(GenesisCentre)Figure5.20_ StreetfaadeofthecourtyardhouseFigure5.21_ CourtyardresidenalUnits(CourtyardHouse)Figure5.22_ CourtyardhouseInterior(CourtyardHouse)Figure5.23_ CoolingToweronWestwalls(CourtyardHouse)Figure5.24_ TransparentRoofonSouth(CourtyardHouse)


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Figure6.1_ Cat-wisepremisesFigure6.2_ Centreofalternavetechnologies,WalesInstuteofSustainableEducaonFigure6.3_ GeneralPlanofCat-WiseFigure6.4_ SeconshowingthebufferspacesandtheinteriorofauditoriumFigure

6.5_

Sec

on

showing

diff

erent

loca

on

of

the

sensors

Figure6.6_ Recordedtemperaturesandhumidityon25thand26thofMayFigure6.7_ SpotMeasurementstaken on245thand26thofMayFigure6.8_ RecordedtemperaturesfromtheinstalledsensorsonSouthWallFigure6.9_ RecordedtemperaturesfromtheinstalledsensorsonNorthwallFigure6.10_ UpperFloorLivingRoomKamathHouseFigure6.11_ Mainentrancetohouse(KamathHouse)Figure6.12_ Northeastfaade(KamathHouse)Figure6.13_ Upperlivingroom(KamathHouse)Figure6.14_ Lowerlivingroom(KamathHouse)Figure6.15_ Imagesshowingadobeandstone const.(KamathHouse)Figure6.16_ Courtyardnearlowerlivingcum dining (KamathHouse)Figure6.17_ Misters installedinthecourtyard provideevaporavecooling.(KamathHouse)Figure6.18_ Imagesshowingopeningsinupper Livingandstaircasespaces(KamathHouse)Figure6.19_ GreenroofsupportedonbambooCreteandroughwood.(KamathHouse)Figure6.20_ Sketchshowingcrossvenlaonthroughthehouse.Smallopenings atvariouslevelsreducethermal

straficaon.(KamathHouse)

Figure6.21_ Sketchshowingseconofhousewithvarioustechniquesandstrategiesincorporatedintothehandsofdesignof thehouse(KamathHouse)

Figure6.22_ Upperfloorplan(KamathHouse)Figure6.23_ Lowerfloorplan.(KamathHouse)Figure6.24_ PosionofdataloggerinUpper livingroom (KamathHouse)Figure6.25_ PosionofdataloggerinLowerlivingroom (KamathHouse)Figure6.26_ PosionofdataloggerinBedroom(KamathHouse)Figure6.28_ Graphshowingtemperatureandrelavehumidityreadingsintheupperlivingroom.(KamathHouse)Figure6.29_ Graphshowingtemperatureandrelavehumidityreadingsinthelowerlivingroom.(KamathHouse)Figure6.30_ Graphshowingtemperatureandrelavehumidityreadingsinthemasterbedroom.(KamathHouse)Figure6.31_ Graphshowingsurfacetemperaturemeasurementsoftheinnersurfaceofanadobewallorientedsouth

west.(KamathHouse)

Figure6.32_ Graphshowingspotmeasurementinvariousplacesofthehouseon16thJuly12.(KamathHouse)Figure6.33_ Graphshowingspotmeasurementinvariousplacesofthehouseon16thJuly12.(KamathHouse)Figure6.34_ SketchshowingindoorsurfacetemperaturemeasurementsintheUpperLiving Room.(KamathHouse)Figure6.35_ StoneSlates inKamathHouseFigure6.36_ Graphshowingspotsurfacetemperaturemeasurementsofstoneslatecoveringroofsurfacetakenon16thJuly12.

(KamathHouse)


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Figure6.37_ StonewallinKamathHouseFigure6.38_Graphshowingspotsurfacetemperaturemeasurementofstonewalltakenon16thJuly12.Figure6.39_ TradionalBhungainKutchregionofGujrat.NWregionofIndia.Figure6.40_ TypicalVernacularbhunga.Figure6.41_ Centreof2001EarthquakeBhuj.Figure6.42_ Damagetoconvenonalstructures.(Bhunga)Figure6.43_ PlanandElevaonviewofatypicalBhunga showingkeydetails(Withwoodenpost).Figure6.44_ CircularandrectangularhouseunderConstruconin2001Figure6.45_ Completedstructuresbuiltby NGOs andthegovernment.Figure6.46_ Housethatwasmeasured.Author(ingreen)withtheoccupant ofthehouse(inpurple).(Bhunga)Figure6.47_ WindowopeninginBhungaFigure6.48_ PyramidalroofstructureoftheBhungaFigure6.49_ NewCSEBhouseadjacenttothevernacularbhungaFigure6.50_ Graphshowingspottemperatureandrelavehumidityreadingsofthe(Bhunga)

Figure7.1_ FlowchartofAnalycWorkFigure7.2_ Flowchartofthemethodologyfollowedforanalyticwork.Figure7.3_ SketchshowingorientaonandbuiltformincorporatedindesignandformodelinginEDSLTAS.Figure7.4_ SketchshowingroofformincorporatedindesignandformodelinginEDSLTAS.Figure7.5_ Sketchshowingadvantageofusingpitchedflatroofanddifferentgroundcovering.Figure7.5a_ Sketchshowinghowvegetaoncanhelpinaidingvenlaonbydirecngandincreasingwindspeeds.Figure7.6_ Housewifewaitingforherhusbandtoreturnfromfarm,Rajasthan.Figure7.7_ Housewiveswiththeirchildrenduringtheday.Gujrat.Figure7.8_ Schedulesofvariousmemberofthistypeofhousing.Figure7.9_ AverageoccupancypatternFigure7.10_ VernacularstructureFigure7.11_ ModernCSEBstructureFigure7.12_ TASgraphofatypicalsummerweekcomparingperformanceofvernacularstructuretothatofnewbuiltCSEB

structures.

Figure7.13_ TASgraphofatypicalmonsoonweekcomparingperformanceofvernacularstructuretothatofnewbuiltCSEBstructures.

Figure7.14_ Graphshowingtemp.abovecomfortbandinvernacularandCSEBstructures.Figure7.15_ ElevationandsectionshowingchangenwindowopeningwithouttowithglazingFigure7.16_ Graphshowingeffectonindoortemp.duetotheapplicationofglazedshutterstoopeningswithaNTVschedule.(MS)Figure7.17_ Graphshowingeffectonindoortemp.duetotheapplicationofglazedshutterstoopeningswithaNTVschedule(MS).Figure7.18_ ElevationandSectionshowing changeindooropeningwithout towith0.5%openingFigure7.19_ Graphshowingeffectonindoortemp.duetoopeningdoorsfornighttimeventilation.(SS)


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Figure7.20_ Graphshowingeffectonindoortemp.duetoopeningdoorsfornighttimeventilation.(MS)Figure7.21_ Additionofinsulationonthe lowerpartoftheroofFigure7.22_ Graphshowingeffectonindoortemperaturesduetoinsulatingtheroof.(SS)Figure7.23_ Graphshowingeffectonindoortemperaturesduetoinsulatingtheroof.(MS)Figure7.24_ ElevationandSectionshowingchangeinwindowsizeFigure7.25_ Daylightdistributionwithinthespacewithdifferentwindowtofloorratio..Figure7.26_ Graphshowingeffectonindoortemperaturesduetoincreasedwindowsize(WFRoriginal2%, increasedto10%).(SS)Figure7.27_ Graphshowingeffectonindoortemperaturesduetoincreasedwindowsize(WFRoriginal2%, increasedto10%).(MS)Figure7.28_ Graphshowingeffectonindoortemperaturesduetoadditionofsmallopenings.(SS)Figure7.29_ Graphshowingeffectonindoortemperaturesduetoaddionofsmallopenings.(MS)Figure7.30_ Sectionshowingopeningin theroofFigure7.31_ Graphshowingtheeffectonindoortemp.duetoprovisionofanopeningontopofroof.(SS)Figure7.32_ Graphshowingtheeffectonindoortemp.duetoprovisionofanopeningontopofroof.(MS)Figure7.33_ IncreaseofAlbedovaluesonwallandroofsurfaces.Figure7.34_ Graphshowingtheeffectofusinghighalbedopaintsonthesurfaceofthebuilding.(SS)Figure7.35_ Graphshowingtheeffectofusinghighalbedopaintsonthesurfaceofthebuilding.(MS)Figure7.36_ EarthShelteringFigure7.37_ Graphshowingeffectofearthshelteringonindoortemperatures.(SS)Figure7.38_ Graphshowingeffectofearthshelteringonindoortemperatures.(MS)Figure7.39_ RoofScenariosFigure7.40_ Graphcomparingeffectofdifferentroofconfigurationsonindoortemperatures(SS).Figure7.41_ Graphcomparingeffectofdifferentroofconfigurationsonindoortemperatures(MS).Figure7.42_ Graphshowingtotalno.ofhoursthetemp.isabove33Cintwoseasons.Figure7.43_ Graphshowingtotalno.ofhoursthetemp.isabove33Cinthetwoseasonsduring day&night.Figure7.44_ Graphshowingeffectofcumulativeeffectofinterventionsonindoortemperaturescomparedtovernacularandnew

builtpresentsituation.AlsoplottedareWBTandTpdectemperatures.(SS)

Figure7.45_ Graphshowingcumulativeeffectofinterventionsonindoortemperaturescomparedtovernacularandnewbuiltpresentsituation.(MS)

Figure7.46: Sketchshowingoccupantwateringthesurroundingareaofthehouseearlyinthemorninginsummerseason.Figure7.47_ Sketchshowingstrategiesappliedduringdaymeinsummerandmonsoonseasontoreduceindoortemperaturerise.Figure7.48_ Sketchshowingstrategiesappliedduringlateeveningandnighthourstoreduceindoortemperatureduringsummer

andmonsoonseason

Figure7.49_ Sketchshowingsolargainindoorsduringwinterseason.Openingsareclosedtoretainheatduringeveningandnighthours.

Figure8.1_ImageshowingIndiahasmediumtohighvulnerabilitytoclimatechange.


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L I ST OF TABLES

Table1_ RuralandUrbanPopulaon,IndiaTable2_ Classificaonofdifferenttypesofhousingaccordingto2001CensusTable3_ EsmatedShortageofHousinginIndiaTable4_ ConstruconassistanceprovidedunderIndira Awaas Yojna (IAY)Table5_ Graphoflocalandconvenonalmaterialscomparingvariouscharacteriscsofthematerial.Table6_ WeatherreadingsforNewDelhiTable7_ GroupWiseregressionanalysisforNeutralTemperaturesTable8_ MorningandAernoonRH(%)Table9_ Averagewindspeedduringthe Dayandnight.Table10_ Temperaturegradientfordifferent earthshelteredstructureTable11_ Heatfluxacrossfloorsindifferentearthshelteredstructures.Table12_ PhysicalcharacteriscsofdifferentearthconstruconsTable13_ CostofconstrucngcircularrammedearthstructureatHastkalaNagar,Kutch,Gujrat,India.Table14_ CostofconstrucngrectangularrammedearthstructureatHastkalaNagar,Kutch,Gujrat,India.Table15_ Sensibleheatgaininthestructure.Table16_ SpecificaonsofmaterialsusedinEDSLTASModel.Table17_ MorningandAernoonRH(%)


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APPENDIXAPPENDIX


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Earth: a stable,dense,non-volale inorganic substance found in the

ground.(TheNewOxfordDiconaryofEnglish,1998)

Masonry: theartofshaping,arranginganduningstone,brick,build-

ingblocks,etc,toformwallsandotherpartsofabuilding.(Diconary

ofArchitectureandConstrucon,1975)

Earthbuildingshavebeenverypopularandprevalentworldwide

withathirdoftheworldspopulaon livinginearthbuildings.Also20%of

UNESCOworldheritagesiteswereconstructedfromunfiredearth. Struc-

turesliketheGreatWallofChina[Fig.A.1],FridayMosqueinMali[Fig.A.2]

andbuildingsinTaosPueblo-aretheoldest,connuouslyinhabitedstruc-

tures,areallconstructedofearth.

Therearemanygood reasons touseearthmasonry.Apart from

being a naturally abundant material, it is environmentally sustainable,

cheap, requires lowmaintenance,provides thermalstabilitycompared toitscounterpartsandisagoodmoderatorofhumidity. Zamicompiledalist

of advantages of using earthwhichwere published by different authors

[TableT1].

Theidealbuildingmaterialwouldbeborrowedfromtheenvironmentand

replacedaeruse.Therewouldbelileornoprocessingoftherawmateri-

alandall theenergy inputswouldbedirectly,or indirectly,from thesun.

Thisidealmaterialwouldalsobecheap.Mudbrickscancomeclosetothis

ideal. PaulDowton

ADOBE

Adobe isgenerallypreparedworldwidebymixingearthwithwa-

terandplacingthemixtureintomoulds.Aerinialdryinginoutdoorair,it

is removed from themouldsandallowed todry indirectsun.Thedrying

processcan last fromaweek to3weeksdependinguponclimaccondi-

ons.

Thefirstearthbrickswerehandmouldedanddried inthesun in

theNeolithicera.Theywereat mesmixedwithstrawandanimaldungto

createastrongerbondhowever,awelldriedmud-brickcanprovidesuffi-

cientstrengthfora1-2storeystructures.

Contemporaryearthconstruconexists intwo formatswhich in-

cludes un-stabilized and stabilized earth construcon. In stabilized earth

construcon,earthisusuallymixedwithstabilizerstoenhancetheirpoten-

als such as compressive strength,water resistance, etc. Some of these

stabilizersarenatural -ricehusk,straw,bagasse,etc.leadingtothecrea-

on of adobe bricks containing agricultural by-products with improved

strengthandlowermoistureabsorpon. Thisisanenvironmentallysound

andsustainablepracceresulnginlowembodiedenergyandvery lowto

zerocarbonemissionproducts.

On theotherhand,buildersworldoverhaveexperimentedwith

man-made products such as flyash, bitumen, emulsion, portland cement

andacombinaonofthesematerialstocreateastrongerby-product.Ac-

cordingtoKing,thestrongestbinderamongstalltheseis foundtobe

FigureA.1: Greatwallofchinamainlymadeoutofearthmasonry,albeitcladwithstoneatitseasternend

Source:Morton,T.2008

FigureA.2: 19thcenturyFridayMosque,Djenne,Mali;withgrainstoresandhousesin front,allbuiltofearthmasonry.

Source:Morton,T.2008

NATURALMATERIALS

APPENDIXA


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EarthAdvantages Authors

Earthconstruconiseconomicallybeneficial.

Lal,1995;Easton,1996;Minke,2006;Zami&Lee,2007;Morton,

2007;Katereggaetal,1983;Cassell,1993;Walkeretal,2005;Hadjri

etal,2007;MorrisandBooysen,2000;AdamandAgib,2001,p11;

Itrequiressimpletoolsandlessskilledlabour. Kateregga,1983;Easton,1996;Minke,2006,p15;Hadjrietal,2007;MorrisandBooysen,2000;AdamandAgib,2001,p11;Maini,2005;

Itencouragesselfhelpconstrucon Kateregga,1983;Minke,2006,p15;

Suitableforverystrongandsecuredstructure Lal,1995,p119;Houben&Guillaud,1989;Walkeretal,2005;

ItsavesenergyMorton,2007;Lal,1995,p119;Minke,2006;Hadjrietal,2007;Adam

andAgib,2001,p11;Maini,2005;

Itbalancesandimprovesindoorairhumidityand

temperaturewhichensuresthermalcomfort.

Cassell,1993;Howieson,2005;Alphonseetal,1985;Minke,2006;

Katereggaetal,1983;Lal(1995,p119);Walkeretal,2005;Hadjriet

al,2007;AdamandAgib,2001,p11;

EarthisverygoodinfireresistanceAlphonseetal,1985;Walkeretal,2005,p43;Hadjrietal,2007;Ad-

amandAgib,2001,p11;

Loampreserves mberandotherorganicmateri

als.Minke,2006,p15;(Mohler1978,p.18).

Earthconstruconisregardedasalocaljobcrea

onopportunity.AdamandAgib,2001,p11;Moreletal,2001;

EasytodesignandhighaesthecalvalueMorton,2007;Houben&Guillaud,1989;Walkeretal,2005;Hadjriet

al,2007.

Earthwall(loam)absorbspollutants. Cassell,1993;Minke,2006;

Earth construcon is environmentally sustaina

ble.

Minke,2006;Easton,1998;Walkeretal,2005;Hadjrietal,2007;

AdamandAgib,2001,p11;Maini,2005;Ngowai,2000.Reddy,2007,

p194;Moreletal,2001;

Earth is readily available in large quanes in

mostregion.

AdamandAgib,2001,p11;Easton,1996;Lal,1995;Hadjrietal,2007;

MorrisandBooysen,2000;AdamandAgib,2001,p11;

Earthbuildingprovidesnoisecontrol Kateregga,1983;Alphonseetal,1985;Hadjrietal,2007;

Earth construcon promotes local culture andheritage.

Frescura,1981.

Table T1: Tableshowingadvantagesofusingearth.

Source: CompiledbyZamietal.-ContemporaryEarthConstruconinUrbanHousingStabilisedorUnstabilised (2010).

portlandCement (King,B. 1996). Pracce includesmixing earthwith58% of

Portland cement resulng in the creaon of Cement Stabilised Earth Blocks

(CSEB). Incomparison tokilnfiredbricks,CSEBprovidescarbonandenergysav-

ingsandaremoredurableand strong compared toadobehowever,cannotbe

returnedtoearthattheendofabuildingslifecycle.


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133

Addingcementnotonlyreducesearthsinherentproperestoactas

a temperatureandhumidity regulatorbut itsproducon is labour intensive

andrequiresprofessionalguidanceforappropriatesoilseleconandpropor-

onofcementtobeaddedtoit.

Thereforethepredicamentliesinadebatebetweenchoosingstabi-

lizedandun-stabilizedearthmasonry. EventhoughCSEBoffers alowenergy

alterna

ve

to

kiln

fried

bricks,

its

accessibility

to

the

rural/urban

poor

is

far

fromsasfactory.AccordingtoJagdish(2007),stabilizedearthconstruconis

lessexpensivethanbrickmasonry,howeveritissllexpensivethanwhatthe

poorcanafford.Moreover, its suitability for self-buildbyuneducated,poor

individuals indevelopingcountries isofmajorconcernandcannotbetaken

forgranted.

However, one cannot overlook the increased strength a stabilized

earthblockprovides. Thisistheviewoftheauthorthatbyusingnaturalsta-

bilizerswhich donotreducetheinherentproperesofadobesignificantly,is

thewayforward.InthenorthwestregionofIndia,theruralpoorareinvolved

mainlyinfarming

orhave

access

tofamilies

involved

infarming.

Therefore

obtainingricehusk,bagasseorstrawwouldnotonlybeeasierbuttouseitas

stabilizer willbeenvironmentallyfriendlycomparedtoPortlandcement.

Researchcarriedoutby Lertwaanaruketal.(2011)concludes on

thebenefitsofusingnatural stabilizerssuchas ricehuskandbagasse. Ler-

twaanarukfoundthattheuseimprovedthecompressivestrengthofadobe

[FigA.3],reducedshrinkageandthermalconducvity. Inaddion itreduced

moistureaccumulaonincomparisontoconcreteand whensubjecttoload-

ingadobestabilizedwithbagasseeroded less incomparison to the restof

thetestproducts.

Current pracces in the villages of developing naonswhere self-

buildistheprimarymodeofconstruconbythepoor,emphasisonthestand-

ards forconstruconarevery liletonone. Inorder tomakeadobequalify

for use as soil block for construcon in India, IS 1725 states that it should

haveaminimum compressive strengthof20kg/cm.Bymixingadobewith

1%bagasseandaboveor3%ricehusk,thesestandardscanbemet[FigA.3]

Adobe+

1%Fiber Adobe+

2%Fiber Adobe+

3%Fiber Adobe+

6%Fiber CSEB(5

10%

cement) Masonry

Brick Concrete

CompressiveStrength(Kg/cm)

0.00

10.00

20.00

30.00

40.00

50.00

60.00

70.00

80.00

Adobe

0%Fiber

RiceHusk Bagasse

Minimum required

compressivestrengthfor

class 20 bricks. [Source:

Indian Standard

Specificaon for soil

based blocks used in

general building con-strucon(IS1725)]

FigureA.3: Compressivestrengthofadobecontainingricehuskandbagasse.Source: AerLertwaanaruketal.(2011)


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134

Rammedearth requires tools suchas those required toassemble

and disassemble the formwork, compacon of earth using rammers, etc.

Thesoil iscompressedandwouldrequiregreaterstrengthtocreateniches

forelectricalducts,lightsandsanitaryhardware.

Ontheotherhand,Adobehaslowerembodiedenergyandcarbon

ascomparedtorammedearth.Itneedsnotechnicalknowledge,requiresno

specializedtoolsandnoformworkforitsproduconandcanbeeasilyman-

agedandmovedabout.Creangnichesandmakingalteraonstothestruc-

tureismucheasierthanrammedearth.Hence,theuseofadobeseemsap-

propriatewhen tools and technical knowledge to produce rammed earth

arenotavailable.

FigureA.4: RammedearthprocessSource: hp://bartleyear1architecture.blogspot.co.uk/2010/02/rammed-earth-construcon.html

2 .8 ADOBE VS RAMMED EARTH

Adobeandrammedeartharebothbornefromtheearthandtheirprac-

ces have existed since ancient mes.One involvesmaking bricks inmoulds

whereasthelaterinvolvescompacngmoistsubsoilinsideformworksbyusing

metalorwoodenrammers.[FigA.4]


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135

HEMP L IME AS CONSTRUCT ION MATER IAL

Alonghistorymanyvegetalfibershavebeenusedasconstruc-

onmaterials.For instance, inmanycountriesaround theworldstraw

and linen fibers are used to lighten concrete and improve its perfor-

mance1.

Hemp-lime is one example of this building technique.Hemp-

lime is the combinaonofhempfibers, limebasedbinder andwater.

Thismixtureformsasolidcompositematerialthatcanbeusedinawide

varietyofelements inconstrucon2.Thismaterial is referredby itsge-

nericnameofhempcrete.

Theuseofhemphurdhassomeenvironmentalbenefits.First,

hempplanthasaveryfastgrowthrate.Forexample,30,000tonnesof

hemphavebeenharvestedin2003,andthisnumberhasbeenduplicat-

edin2005.Also,duetoitsfastgrowthratehempplantcanadapteasily

tomostclimaccondionswhat isbeneficial foragriculturalpurposes.

Furthermore,hempplantcouldgroworganically.Comparavelytoother

fi

bers

like

co

on

could

spend

up

to

7.4

millon

US

dollars

per

year

in

pes-cides for its culvaon

3. Finally, the most important environmental

benefitofhempplantisitCO2sequestraonduringitsculvaonperi-

od. Ithasbeen said thatevery cubicmeterofhemp-lime sequestrate

110kgofCO2.

Hemp-limematerialshavealsosignificantthermalperformance

advantages.Aersimulaonsshown in literature, ithasbeensaidthat

hemplimeconstruconhasimportantinsulaonproperes,anditregu-

latesextremeindoortemperaturevariaons.Forinstance,insomecases

Uvaluesof0.3W/mKinwallshavebeenachieved4.

However, the thermalproperesofhemp-limematerialshave

been tested indry condionswithin laboratoryenvironments. Further

studies,usingspecializedsowarefordynamicsimulaons,haveproved

thatmoisturecontentcouldaffectitsthermalproperes.Forexample,a

raise in the relavehumidityof thematerialalso increases its thermal

conducvity.This issuealsohelps thematerial to regulate the internal

relavehumiditywithbeneficialimprovementinairqualityfortheoccu-

pants.Usingthismaterial, indoorrelavehumiditycouldremainwithin

therangeof40to60%.5

1EvrardA.(2008).TransienthygrothermalbehaviourofLime-HempMaterials2EvrardA.(2008).TransienthygrothermalbehaviourofLime-HempMaterials3BevanRandWolleyT(2008).Hemplimeconstruconguidetobuildwithhemplimecomposites4BevanRandWolleyT(2008).Hemplimeconstruconguidetobuildwithhemplimecomposites5BevanRandWolleyT(2008).Hemplimeconstruconguidetobuildwithhemplimecomposites

FigureA.5: Simulaoninternaltemperaturecon-

FigureA.6: BRERenewablehouse/innovaon

Thismaterialanditsprecedentstudyisadaptedfromthe reportLocalTechniquessubmiedinMay12attheAAschool.Itwasproducedbytheauthorandhispeers.

Source:Barros,J.L.etal.(2012).LocalTechniques.AASchool


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136

BU I LT PRECEDENTS BRE S RENEWABLE HOUSE [ F i g . A .7 ]

Themainobjecveofthisprojectwastoachievealowcostand

lowcarbonbyusingalternavebuildingtechniqueswithoutcompromising

theaffordability.Thehouseislabelledassustainablehousecode4,andits

developersclaimedthatitscostisaround75,000.However,thedesignof

thehouseenablesenhancementtomeetLevel5and66.

Thebriefprovidesa3bedroomdetachedhousebuiltenrelyon

hempcretewith mber framestructure.Built inonly12weeks, thecon-

struconcontemplateskeyfactorsastripleglassedwindowsandrenewa-

bleinsulaonmaterialsinordertoachievethecode4.

The appropriate construconwith thesematerials prevents in-

necesaryheatlossesthroughminimizingthethermalbridgesinthejoints

[Fig:A.8].Thevisittotheprojectshowsthefewthermalbridgesthrough

thebuildingenvelop.

Finally,thehouseisverythermalefficient,byusingtheproperes

ofthematerialsandreducingthe thermalbridging theenergyconsump-

onisverylow.Nevertheless,itusesheangsystemisbasicallyprovidedbyheatpumpsandairrecoverysystems

7.Inmanyaspectsthehousecould

beaninteresngbuiltprecedentforfurtherdevelopments.

FigureA.8: Thermalpicturetoshowtheheat

lossesthroughthebuildingenvelope

6hp://www.renewable-house.co.uk/news/2/ -BRErenewablehousewebsite

7hp://www.renewable-house.co.uk/news/2/ -BRErenewablehousewebsite

FigureA.7: BRERenewablehouse/innovaon




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137

STRAW BALE

Oilandfossilfuelshavepoweredthedevelopednaonsforthe

past150 years resulng in anenormous releaseof greenhouse gases.

Earths climate is changingand carbonemissionsmustbe reduced.As

building regulaons go forward with regulaons to curb operaonal

energy in buildings, their embodied energy and embodied carbon be-

comes a big concern. Using natural renewable materials which se-

questerscarbonduringtheirgrowthandlockitinthebuildingsfabricis

beneficial frombothembodied carbon andembodiedenergypointof

view.

Straw isa renewablematerialofferingmuch lowerembodied

energyimpactthanmanycurrentmainstreammaterials.Itisverysuita-

ble for infill insulaon in lightweight structureswith render on either

side. Itprovidesavapourpermeableconstrucon,howevercarefulde-

tailingandconstruconneedstobedonetoavoidtheingressandreten-

on

of

moisture.

In-situ

construc

on

as

well

as

prefabrica

on

can

be

donewiththismaterial.

Strawconsistsofdrieddeadstemsofcerealgrainssuchasrice,

wheat,oats,barley,rye,spelt,flaxetc,aertheyhavebeenharvested.

Strawitselfistheplantstructurebetweentherootcrownandthegrain

head.Balescanalsobemadefromotherfibrousmaterialssuchasbean

orcornstalks,pineneedles,oranykindofgrass(TLS,1994:5).Chemical-

ly,strawiscomposedmainlyofcellulose,hemicelluloseandligninvery

similartowood,yetcontainshigheramountsofsilica(Eisenberg,1998).

Many of the first bale buildingswere constructed fromwhat

wasabundantlyavailablewithinthelocalarea:baledmeadoworprairie

grass(Marks,L.R.,2005)AccordingtotheresearchdonebyCarolAtkin-

son(EnergyAssessmentofStrawBaleBuildings,2008)strawbalebuild-

ingswerefirstconstructedinthelate1800sintheUSAasaresultofthe

inventofthebalingmachines (Jones,2002).Aremakeofanearly19th

century home can be seen in Figure: A.9. The oldest bale house sll

standing in theNebraskaplainswasbuilt in1903 (King,2006)and the

oldest European strawbalehousewasbuilt in France in1921 (Steen,

2000).ThefirststrawbalebuildingintheUKwasbuiltin1994andthere

arenowoverfiyofthem18.Oneofthelatestbuildingsbuiltwithstraw

baleistheSwordersauconrooms,Essex,2008[Fig:A.10]

Figure A.9: Re-make of an early 19th century

strawbale home. Now an exhibit at a historicaltouristaracon,whichinformsitsvisitorsofthelifestyles, homes, and work of the eras home-

steaders.

FigureA.10: Swordersauconrooms,StanstedMounitchet, Essex a single-storey 1100 mbuilding, constructed in 2008 using straw bale

wallconstrucon.

Source:BREpublicaon:StrawBale




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138

ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES OF STRAWBALE AS BU I LD ING MATER IAL

ADVANTAGES

Avoidsthermalbridgingandprovidesgoodairghtnesswithsimpledetailing.

Goodinsulaonqualies

Lightweightmaterialwithsimpleconstrucondetailsandprocesses.

Lightweightreducesloadonfoundaons,reducingtheneedformaterialswithhighembodiedenergy(egconcrete)

Low-costrenewablematerial,widelyavailablefromlocalsources,thatstorescarbonthroughoutitslife.

Simplebuildingskillssuitedtoself-buildandcommunityprojects

Suitableforinsituandprefabricatedapproaches

Vapour-permeableconstruconenvelope

DISADVANTAGES

Asanagriculturalco-product,inconsistentproperes(egdimensions,densityandmoisturecontent)canbeproblem-acduringconstrucon.

Detailsrestrictedbyneedtoprotectthestrawfromwateringress;carefuldetailingneededforexposedareas

Limitedtorelavelylightweightfixings

Limitedwaterresilience(givingrisetoconcernsoverflooddamage)andproblemsforrepairifwaterdamaged(especiallyloadbearingwalls).

Requiresshelterbeforefinishescanbeapplied

Suitabilityofrenderedexternalfinisheslimitsapplicaoninsomeareas

Uselimitedtoabovedamp-proofcourseorequivalentlevel

TYP ICAL PROPERT IES OF STRAW BALE

Minimumrecommendedbaledrydensity:110-130kg/m

Thermalconducvity:0.055-0.065W/mK(density110-130kg/m)

Recommendedinialmoisturecontent:10-16%

Recommendedmaximumin-servicemoisturecontent:normallynottoexceed20-25%.

FigureA.11: ThermalflywheelofSMS(SparMembraneSystem)wall.

Source:hp://www.integratedstructures.com/sms/sustainability.html


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139

BU I LT PRECEDENT STRAW BALE CAB IN EAST YORKSH IRE

ConstruconJune2006toMarch2007

TemperatureandrelavehumiditymonitoringFebruary2007

January2008

ConducvityofStrawBale:0.06W/mK

UvalueofWall:0.123W/mK

Temperatureinsidethestrawbalecabinisgreatlydampenedcom-

paredtooutsidediurnaltemp.swings[Fig:A.15].However,itisnot

clearwhetherthisisdueto:

Ahighlevelofinsulaon

Verythickwalls(525mm),

ThermalMass(25mm)providedbyclayplaster

Acombinaonofalloftheabove

LimePlasterontheCabinsexteriorhasahighvolumespecificheat

capacity[Fig.A.13].Ithelpstokeepthebuildingcoolinsummerby

absorbingheatduringthedaythenreleasingittothecoolnightair.

Relavehumiditybetween40-70%isgoodforthehumanhealthashumidity

levelbeloworaboveacceleratesbacteriaintheair,mouldgrowth,etc.

(Minke,G.,2009).Clayplasteronstrawbalewalls(inside)appearstoregulate

indoorhumiditylevelstoprovideahealthyindoorenvironment[Fig.A.14]

FigureA.12: Plan(Dimension4mx10m)

FigureA.16: Graph showing energy embodied in thewallsoftheStrawBaleCabinandtheenergythatwould

have been embodied if the walls had beenmade ofconvenonalproducts.

FigureA.18: Graph showing energy embodied inthewallsoftheStrawBaleCabinandtheenergythat

would have been embodied if the walls had been

madeofconvenonalproducts.

TableT2: Energyembodiedinthestrawwallsof

theStrawBaleCabinFigureA.13: Acrossseconthroughthecompletedstrawbalewall(nottoscale).

FigureA.14: Relavehumidityrecord-edattheStrawBaleCabinbetween11:25amon21stSeptember2007and

thesame meon21stDecember2007.

FigureA.15: Temperatureinsidethe

unoccupiedStrawBaleCabin(blueline)andoutsidetheCabin(pinkline)on8th

and9thAugust2007

DATAFrom:

Atkinson,C.2008.EnergyAssessmentofaStrawBaleBuilding.UniversityofEastLondon.


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140

5 .3 THE RAUCH HOUSE 5 .3 THE RAUCH HOUSE [ F i g . A .21 ][ F i g . A .21 ]

ThehouseislocatedinCentralEuropeinavillagecalledtheShlins,

Austria.Thedwellingismadeupofthreestoreys-thetwoupperfloorsare

the livingroomsandbedroomswhilstthegroundfloor istheentranceand

storageroomsrespecvely.Itismainlybuiltbyusingearthentechniquesfor

thewalls,floors,roofsandplasteringwhilstthefurnituresandfinishesare

madeupofclayandearthmaterials.

ENV IRONMENTAL FEATURES

Embodiedenergyof thehousewas significantly reducedbyusing

naturalmaterials.Furthermore,theprevenonfromusingplasc,silicones

orsynthecaddiveswastoavoidanyindoorairpolluon.

Internally,thewoodused forfloorsoriginated fromwoodswithin

thislocalityreducingtransporngdistances.Inaddion,theuseofearthen

materialshelpedto improvethethermalcomfortofthehouse incompari-

son toconvenonalmaterials.Thisadvantage is in thematerialsability to

regulate internalair temperaturesandhumidityvoidingany largefluctua-

onsbetweendayandnighttemperatures[FigA.20].

FigureA.21: RauchHouse

Source:MarnRauch

FigureA.22: RauchHouse

Source:MarnRauch

FigureA.19: EmbodiedEnergy Comparison

Source:Kapfinger,O,Simon,A(2011).

FigureA.20: Thermalmass;Rauchhousethermalperformance,summerweek

Source:Kapfinger,O,Simon,A(2011).

FigureA.23: Interiorof RauchHouse

Source:BoltshauserArchitektenandBuhler.B(Photographer)(2013)

FigureA.24: ExteriorRammedEarth

Source:BoltshauserArchitektenandBuhler.B(Photographer)(2013)


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141

The significancewasenhancedbyadding30mmearthplasteronto

theinteriorwallsofthedwellingwithoutpainngasthiswouldhavehindered

theearthshygroscopiceffect. Through this the regulaonofhumiditywas

reduced to a rangeof40% to60% [FigA.25]. The combinaonofdifferent

localmaterialsandearthmaterialsinthebuildingenvelopewasalsoaccount-

edforresulnginUvaluesofaround0.3W/m2kforwallsand0.1w/m

2kfor

theroofasshowninFigureA.26.

FigureA.25: Hygricmass;Rauchhouserelavehumidity,summerweek.Source:Kapfinger,O,Simon,A(2011)

FigureA.26: Earthenmaterialsapplicabilityonhousingenvelope.Source:AdaptedfromKapfinger,O,Simon,A(2011).




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F IND INGS AND CONCLUS IONS

Embodiedenergyofthehousewassignificantlyreducedbyusingnatu-

ralmaterials.

Theprevention fromusingplastic, siliconesor syntheticadditiveswas

toavoidanyindoorairpollution.

Materialswereextractedlocallyreducingtransportingcostsandcarbon

emissions.

Rammedearthhastheabilitytoregulatetemperaturewithininternal

spaceslimitingdiurnalfluctuationsintemperaturesthroughouttheday

andnight.

Humiditylevelsarekeptwithinaconstantrangeof40%to60%within

the internal spacesdue to the rammedearthwith less respect to the

externalenvironmentalconditionsincomparisontoconventionalcon

structionmaterialswherebyfluctuationsarestillpresent.

ResultingUvaluesdue to the thickness and combinationsofearthen

construction materials led to the good thermal performance of the

buildingenvelope.


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Hoursofoccurrence CumulaveHoursofoccurrence

FigureB.2:FrequencyofGlobalHorizontalSolarIrradiance

Source:Climpro.WeatherdatafromMeteonormv6.1.

FigureB.1:FrequencyandcumulavefrequencyofwindspeedsSource:Climpro.DatafromMeteonormv6.1.

FigureB.3:FrequencyofairtemperatureswingsSource:Climpro.WeatherdatafromMeteonormv6.1.

APPENDIXB

CLIMATIC ANALYSIS

L IGHT ING LEVELS

Formula E=Ein/(102XD.F.) Source:Robinson,D.(2003).ClimateasaPre-designTool

where:

E=Thresholdexternalilluminance

Ein=Indoordesignilluminance

D.F.=Averagedaylightfactoraimortoachieve

ThereforeforEin=300luxandD,F.2.5

E=12Klux


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JANUARY FEBRUARY

MARCH APR I L

MAY JUNE

ANNUAL DA I LY AVERAGE OF GLOBAL HORIZONTAL I RRAD IANCE (GH I )

Source:SolarEnergyCentre,NaonalRenewableEnergyLaboratory


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JULY AUGUST

SEPTEMBER OCTOBER

NOVEMBER DECEMBER

Source:SolarEnergyCentre,NaonalRenewableEnergyLaboratory


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COMFORT BAND CALCULACOMFORT BAND CALCULAT ION T ION [ F i gu r e C .1 & Tab l e t3 ][ F i gu r e C .1 & Tab l e t3 ]

Tc=17.6+0.38To (ReferenceNicoletal.1996)

Result MaxTc=29.5C Min.Tc=22.0C

Adapvecomfortrange:3.5K

Result- MaxTCH=33.0CMinTCL=18.5C

MonthTa

(C)

Tadmin

(C)

Tadmax

(C)

Tc

(C)

TCL

(C)

TCH

(C)

Jan 13.1 8.1 18.9 22.0 18.5 25.5

Feb 17 11.3 23.3 23.5 20.0 27.0

Mar 23 16.9 29.8 25.7 22.2 29.2

Apr 29.3 22.3 35.8 28.1 24.6 31.6

May 33 27.1 39.1 29.5 26.0 33.0

Jun 32.6 27.7 36.7 29.4 25.9 32.9

Jul 31.2 28.0 34.8 28.9 25.4 32.4

Aug 30.2 27.1 33.6 28.5 25.0 32.0

Sep 29.2 25.0 32.9 28.1 24.6 31.6

Oct 25.5 20.1 31.6 26.7 23.2 30.2

Nov19.9

13.2

27.0

24.6

21.1

28.1

Dec 14.4 8.8 21.3 22.5 19.0 26.0

TaMeanoutdoorairtemperature TadminAveragedailymin.airtemperature

TadmaxAveragedailymax.airtemperatureTcThermalcomfortneutraltemperature

TCLThermalcomfortlowerlimit TCHThermalcomfortupperlimit

TableT3:Thermalneutralityandthermalupperandlowerlimit.(Adapverange3.5K).

APPENDIXC

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

45

50

Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec

Ta Tamin Tamax Tc TCL TCHFigureC.1:Preliminarycalculaonsofcomfortband(3..5K).

COMFORTBANDANDPASSIVESTRATEGIES

TemperatureC


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ANSWERSTOTHEINTERVIEWQUESTIONNAIRECONDUCTEDBYAUTHORWITHAR.REVATHIKAMATHON7THJULY12.

Source: Author

APPENDIXD

FIELDWORK


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Source: Author


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Source: Author


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ANSWERSTOTHEINTERVIEWQUESTIONNAIRECONDUCTEDBYAUTHORWITHMR.DHUNASALION10THJULY12.

DUETOISSUEWITHLANGUAGEANDFAILURETOUNDERSTANDCERTAINQUESTIONSBYOCCUPANT,SOMEOF

THEMREMAINUNANSWERED.


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Source: Author


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Source: Author


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APPENDIXE ANALYTICALWORK

TAS MODELS

FigureE.1: ViewofmodelinEDSLTAS(2%WFR)

Source: EDSLTAS

FigureE.4: ViewofmodelinEDSLTAS(RoofTopOpening)

Source: EDSLTAS

FigureE.2: ViewofmodelinEDSLTAS(10%WFR)

Source: EDSLTAS

FigureE.3: ViewofmodelinEDSLTAS(AddionalSmallOpenings)

Source: EDSLTAS

FigureE.5: ViewofmodelinEDSLTAS(0.5mUndergroundand1m

highwallaroundexceptatwindowopenings)

Source: EDSLTAS

FigureE.6: Solargainduringsummerandmonsoonseasonwithdifferentwindowtofloorrao.Source: RadianceusingEcotectv2011.


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160

FigureE.10: Graphshowingno.ofhourstheindoortemp.isabove33Cduringmonsoonnightforvariousintervenons.Source: EDSLTAS

FigureE.9: Graphshowingno.ofhourstheindoortemp.isabove33Cduringmonsoondayforvariousintervenons.Source: EDSLTAS

FigureE.8: Graphshowingno.ofhourstheindoortemp.isabove33Cduringsummernightforvariousintervenons.Source: EDSLTAS

FigureE.7: Graphshowingno.ofhourstheindoortemp.isabove33Cduringsummerdayforvariousintervenons.Source: EDSLTAS

TableT4: Graphshowingno.ofhourstheindoortemp.isabove33CduringsummerandmonsoonDayandNight.

Source: AerEDSLTAS


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INTERVENT IONS TO BASE CASE I N ORDER

A NewCSEBBhungawithTiledRoof(BaseCase)

B A+AddingglazingtoopeningswithNightTimeVenlaonSchedule(NTV)

C B+OpeningdoorsduringnighttoprovideNTV

D C+Adding50mmMineralWoolInsulaontotherooffrominside.

E D+Increasingwindowtofloorraoto10%fromcurrent2%

F E+Creangsmallopeningmeasuring0.15mx0.15m(15inno.)onthe

envelope.

G F+Creangcircularopeningintheroofmeasuring0.60m.

H G+Painngtheroofandwallswhite

I H+Pungstructure0.5mundergroundandcreangabermallaround

exceptatopenings.

(earth

sheltering)

J I+Tilespaintedwhite(minusinsulaon)

Jb I+Thatchroof(minuswhitepaintandnoinsulaon)

Jc I+Thatchroofover les(nowhitepaintandnoinsulaon)

Effectonindoortemperaturesinthesummerandmonsoonseasoncanbeseenon

thenextpage.


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FigureE.1

1:Gra

phshowing

effectonindoortemperatureswithseveralinterven

ons(Cumula

v

e)insummerseason

Source:EDSLTAS


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163

FigureE.1

2:Gra

phshowing

effectonindoortemperatureswithseveralinterven

ons(Cumula

v

e)inmonsoonseason.

Source:EDSLTAS


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164

Source: EDSLTASSource: EDSLTAS



MATER IAL SPEC IF ICAT IONS

TableT5: DetailsofCSEBblocksusedintheTASmodel. TableT6: DetailsofcementrenderingusedintheMod-el.

TableT8: Detailsofglazing usedintheTASmodel.TableT7: DetailsofdoorusedintheTASmodel.

TableT10: DetailsofthatchroofusedintheTASModel.TableT9: DetailsofmudwallsusedinTASModel.


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Source: EDSLTAS

Source: EDSLTAS Source: EDSLTAS Source: EDSLTAS

Source: EDSLTAS

SCHEDULES

INTERNAL CONDIT IONS

Source: EDSLTAS

Source: EDSLTAS

TableT12: DetailsofstoneplinthusedinthemodelTableT11: Detailsofceramic leusedintheTASModel

TableT14: NTVschedule TableT15: Fanschedule TableT16: LightscheduleTableT13: 24hourschedule

TableT17: DetailsofinternalcondionsusedintheTASmodel


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SHADING STUDY

ShadingstudywascarriedoutusingAutodeskEcotectv2011fortwowindowsizes(0.30x0.30mand0.70x0.70

m)Currentroofoverhangis0.45mwhichprovestobesufficientinblockingthehighanglesuninthesummermonthsand

allowing thelowanglesuninwinters inbothwindowsizes.Theseresultsallowmodificaonstobemadetothewindow

size(abovethecurrentsillheightonly).

FigureE.13: Shadingonsouthfaade(2%WFR)producedby0.45mroofextensiononSummerSolsce(21stJune)Source: AutodeskEcotectv2011

6:00AM 9:00AM 12:00PM

3:00PM 6:00PM

FigureE.14: Shadingonsouthfaade(2%WFR)producedby0.45mroofextensiononWinterSolsce(22ndDecember)Source: AutodeskEcotectv2011

6:00AM 9:00AM 12:00PM

3:00PM 6:00PM


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