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ABSTRACT
Housingisaveryimportantsectorhavingenormouspotenalforsavingenergyandcarbonemissions.With32%ofthe
peoplebelowthe internaonalpoverty lineand70%ofthepeoplebelowawageof2$perday,there isanenormous
lackof soundhousinginIndia.Praccesinrecentyearsisseeingahugeshi fromvernaculartotheuseofmodernma-terialsarguedonbasisofbeerdurabilityandbeerindoorperformancecomparedtonaturalmaterials. Thisresearch
invesgatestheapplicaonofvariousnaturalmaterials,specificallyearthwithinruralhousing.Ittriestoimproveliving
condions in current built form by using passive design strategies, ulising various building simulaon tools and
knowledgefromtradionalpracces. Italsolooksintothebenefitsofusingenvironmentalfriendlynaturalmaterialsto
thatofconvenonalones.
ThisstudywascarriedoutattheArchitecturalAssociaonSchoolofArchitecture,London,UKin2012.
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
Iwishtothankmyfamilyfortheiruncondionalsupportduringthetenureofthisdissertaon.
Iwouldespeciallyliketothankmytutor,Dr.RosaSchiano-Phanforprovidingconnuousguidanceandsupportthrough-
outtheprocessofthisstudy. Iwouldliketothankthecoursedirector,Dr.SimosYannas,forprovidingintegralandvalu-
ableinsights.
SpecialthanksandacknowledgmenttoArchitectVasant&RevathiKamanthandDhunasAliforprovidingandgranng
accesstotheirresidence, informaonand literatureforthefieldworkstudies. Id liketothankHumbertoM.andJose
LuisB.forthereinsightsandforcollaborangduringgroupwork.Finally,thankstomycolleagues,friendsandalltutors
fortheirvaluedcomments,guidanceandreviewstowardsmyresearchstudy.
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VII
TABLE OF CONTENTS CHAPTER 1 1_SCENARIO. 01
1.1 Introducon.. 03
1.2 PopulaonbelowthePovertyLine.. 03
1.3 RuralLivingCondions. 03
1.4 CurrentApproachtoHousing.. 04
1.5 ClassificaonofHouses 05
1.6 HousingShortage. 05
1.7 INDIRA AWAAS YOJNA 06
1.8 Shi from KutchatoPakka.. 07
1.9 Conclusion. 08
CHAPTER 2 2_ NATURAL MATERIALS 11
2.1 EnvironmentalImpactsofConvenonalMaterials.. 13
2.2 LifeCycleofMaterials 14
2.3 EmbodiedEnergyandEmbodiedCarbon.. 14
2.4 EmbodiedEnergyandCarbonAssessment... 16
2.5 ThermalPerformance 17
2.6 ThermalCapacity.. 18
2.7 EnvironmentalImpactofBuildingTech.inKutchDistrct,Gujrat,India(NWregionofIndia)... 18
2.8 Conclusion. 20
CHAPTER 3 3_CLIMATEANALYSIS.. 23
3.1 ClimacZoneandLocaon 25
3.2 TemperatureandSeasonVariaons 25
3.3 WindStudies 28
3.4 VenlaveCooling.. 28
3.5 GlobalHorizontalRadiaon.. 30
3.6 TemporalDistribuonofGlobalHorizontalIrradianceandSolarBins.. 30
3.7 DaylightHoursinaYear 31
3.8 LighngLevels 31
3.9 TemperatureSwings.. 32
3.10 GroundTemperature. 32
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CHAPTER 4 4_COMFORTZONE ANDMEANSTO ACHIEVE IT PASSIVELY 35
4.1 ComfortBand.. 37
4.2 Shading. 39
4.3 ThermalMass.. 39
4.4 NightTimeVenlaon 39
4.5 PhysiologicalCooling 40
4.6 EvaporaveCooling.... 40
4.7 DynamicEarthContactBuilding:PotenalHeatSink. 41
4.8 CooledSoilasaCoolingSource.. 42
CHAPTER 5 5_PRECEDENT.. 45
5.1 GenesisCentre 47
5.2 CourtyardHouse 55
CHAPTER 6 6_FIELDWORK.. 61
6.1 CAT-WISEAuditorium 63
6.2 KamathHouse. 71
6.3 BHUNGAArchitecture. 85
CHAPTER 7 7_ANALYTICAL WORK... 93
7.1 Introducon.. 95
7.2 FlowChart.. 96
7.3 BasicPrinciplesAppliedtoDesignandforModellingin TASforNWRegionofIndia. 97
7.4 ModelInputs 98
7.5 VernacularVSNewCSEBStructures 100
7.6 Intervenons 103
CHAPTER 8 8_CONCLUSIONANDFUTURERESEARCH. .... 119
8.1 Conclusion..... 121
8.2 FutureResearch.. 123
REFERENCES &BIBLIOGRAPHY 125 APPENDIX 129
AppendixA_NaturalMaterials. 131
AppendixB_ClimacAnalysis. 145
AppendixC_ComfortZoneandMeanstoachieveitpassively... 149
AppendixD_Fieldwork... 151
AppendixE_AnalycalWork.. 159
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L I ST OF F IGURES Figure1.1_Figure1.2_ PovertyHeadcount$1.25&$2perdayFigure1.3_ Percentagepopulaonlivingonlessthan$1.25/dayFigure1.4_ Worlddistribuonofeartharchitecture.Figure1.5_ RuralRajasthanFamilyHouseFigure1.6_ StructureinKhuriVillageFigure1.7_ ClusterofhousesinRajasthanFigure1.8_ TemporarykutchahouseFigure1.9_ Embodiedenergyinvarioustypesofwallconstruconmaterials.Figure1.10_ Carbonemissionsofvarioustypesofwallconstruconmaterials.
Figure2.1_Figure2.2_ Worldpercapitaproduconofsteelandcement.Figure2.3_ Carbonemissionsofvarioustypesofbricks/blocks.Figure2.4_ Materialslife-cycleandemissions.Figure2.5_ Industriesdistribuonschemes.Figure2.6_ Typicallifecarbon.Figure2.7_ Contemporaryscenariosofoperaonalandembodiedcarbonaccordingtouse.Figure2.8_ Futurescenariosofoperaonalandembodiedcarbonaccordingtouse.Figure
2.9_
Embodied
carbon
and
energycradle
togate.
Figure2.10_ ComparavegraphofU-valuesbasedonaveragedensiesandwallthickness.Figure2.11_ Comparavegraphshowingthermalcapacityfordifferentmaterials.Figure2.12_ GraphShowingTotalEnergyconsumponforconst.andmaintenancefordifferentbuildingtechnology. KutchDistrict,
Gujrat,India.
Figure2.13_ GraphShowingTotalNREandREincludingtransportaonfordifferentbuildingtechnology.KutchDistrict,Gujrat,India.Figure2.14_ GraphShowingCO2emissionsforconstruconandmaintenanceincludingtransportfordifferentbuildingtechnology.
KutchDistrict,Gujrat,India.
Figure2.15_ GraphShowingWaterConsumponinlt/m2fordifferentbuildingtechnology. KutchDistrict,Gujrat,India.Figure2.16_ Rammedearthprocess
Figure3.1_WorldClimateMapFigure3.2_ LocaonofIndiaFigure3.3_ ClimacZonesinIndiaFigure3.4_ Graphicalrepresentaonofthemonthlyaveragetemperaturerangewithdisnctseasonalclassificaon.Figure3.5_ RelaveHumidityFigure3.6_ YearroundhoursanddireconofprevailingwindsFigure3.7_ HoursandDireconofwindsFigure3.8_ MonthlyWindSpeedsFigure3.9_ JanuaryWinds
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Figure3.10_ AugustWindsFigure3.11_ MonthlyGlobalHorizontalRadiaonandCloudCoverFigure3.12_ SolarRadiaonFrequency(Upper)&Temporaldistribuon(Lower)Figure3.13_ DailydaylighthoursFigure3.14_ DaylightavailabilitycurveFigure3.15_ Monthlymin/mean/maxtemperatureswingsFigure3.16_ Groundtemp.at1mand4mdepth.
Figure4.1_GraphshowingyearlyclimaccondionsoverlaidwiththeadapvecomfortbandFigure4.2_ Graphshowingyearlyclimaccondionsoverlaidwiththeadapvecomfortbandandstrategies.Figure4.3_ GraphshowingtheAverageDailyIncidentSolarRadiaon(Wh/m)forallorientaonsforNewDelhiFigure4.4_ Differentearth-structureconfiguraonswithdifferentboundaryinterfacesFigure4.5_ DBTandsoiltemperaturesofthetreated(boom)&untreatedsoilFigure4.6_ Alayerofgravelblockssolarradiaonawayfromthesoilsurfaceandreducesconvecveexchange.
Figure5.1_GenesiscentreentranceFigure5.2_ EarthPavilioninterior(GenesisCentre)Figure5.3_ StrawPavilion(GenesisCentre)Figure5.4_ GlassPavilion(GenesisCentre)Figure5.5_ TimberPavilion(GenesisCentre)Figure5.6_ ClayPavilion(GenesisCentre)Figure5.7_ SchemacplanoftheGenesisCentreinSomersetFigure5.8_ SchemacPlanoftheGenesisCentrehighlighngtheearthpavilion.Figure5.9_ Rammedearthwallunderconstrucon.(GenesisCentre)Figure5.10_ Cobblocksusedonsite(GenesisCentre)Figure5.11_ Massedcobwallunderconstrucon(GenesisCentre)Figure5.13_ EarthPavilionFloorPlan(GenesisCentre)Figure
5.14_
Earth
PavilionRoof
Plan.
(Genesis
Centre)
Figure5.15_ RubbleRoof(GenesisCentre)Figure5.15_ RubbleRoof(GenesisCentre)Figure5.16_ Rammedearthwallsunderconstrucon.(GenesisCentre)Figure5.17_ ExternalInsulaon:WoodwasteFibreboards(GenesisCentre)Figure5.18_ DetailofGlassPavilionroofmeengEarthPavilionandVenlaonslots(GenesisCentre)Figure5.19_ Conneconbetweentheroofandthecobwall.(GenesisCentre)Figure5.20_ StreetfaadeofthecourtyardhouseFigure5.21_ CourtyardresidenalUnits(CourtyardHouse)Figure5.22_ CourtyardhouseInterior(CourtyardHouse)Figure5.23_ CoolingToweronWestwalls(CourtyardHouse)Figure5.24_ TransparentRoofonSouth(CourtyardHouse)
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Figure6.1_ Cat-wisepremisesFigure6.2_ Centreofalternavetechnologies,WalesInstuteofSustainableEducaonFigure6.3_ GeneralPlanofCat-WiseFigure6.4_ SeconshowingthebufferspacesandtheinteriorofauditoriumFigure
6.5_
Sec
on
showing
diff
erent
loca
on
of
the
sensors
Figure6.6_ Recordedtemperaturesandhumidityon25thand26thofMayFigure6.7_ SpotMeasurementstaken on245thand26thofMayFigure6.8_ RecordedtemperaturesfromtheinstalledsensorsonSouthWallFigure6.9_ RecordedtemperaturesfromtheinstalledsensorsonNorthwallFigure6.10_ UpperFloorLivingRoomKamathHouseFigure6.11_ Mainentrancetohouse(KamathHouse)Figure6.12_ Northeastfaade(KamathHouse)Figure6.13_ Upperlivingroom(KamathHouse)Figure6.14_ Lowerlivingroom(KamathHouse)Figure6.15_ Imagesshowingadobeandstone const.(KamathHouse)Figure6.16_ Courtyardnearlowerlivingcum dining (KamathHouse)Figure6.17_ Misters installedinthecourtyard provideevaporavecooling.(KamathHouse)Figure6.18_ Imagesshowingopeningsinupper Livingandstaircasespaces(KamathHouse)Figure6.19_ GreenroofsupportedonbambooCreteandroughwood.(KamathHouse)Figure6.20_ Sketchshowingcrossvenlaonthroughthehouse.Smallopenings atvariouslevelsreducethermal
straficaon.(KamathHouse)
Figure6.21_ Sketchshowingseconofhousewithvarioustechniquesandstrategiesincorporatedintothehandsofdesignof thehouse(KamathHouse)
Figure6.22_ Upperfloorplan(KamathHouse)Figure6.23_ Lowerfloorplan.(KamathHouse)Figure6.24_ PosionofdataloggerinUpper livingroom (KamathHouse)Figure6.25_ PosionofdataloggerinLowerlivingroom (KamathHouse)Figure6.26_ PosionofdataloggerinBedroom(KamathHouse)Figure6.28_ Graphshowingtemperatureandrelavehumidityreadingsintheupperlivingroom.(KamathHouse)Figure6.29_ Graphshowingtemperatureandrelavehumidityreadingsinthelowerlivingroom.(KamathHouse)Figure6.30_ Graphshowingtemperatureandrelavehumidityreadingsinthemasterbedroom.(KamathHouse)Figure6.31_ Graphshowingsurfacetemperaturemeasurementsoftheinnersurfaceofanadobewallorientedsouth
west.(KamathHouse)
Figure6.32_ Graphshowingspotmeasurementinvariousplacesofthehouseon16thJuly12.(KamathHouse)Figure6.33_ Graphshowingspotmeasurementinvariousplacesofthehouseon16thJuly12.(KamathHouse)Figure6.34_ SketchshowingindoorsurfacetemperaturemeasurementsintheUpperLiving Room.(KamathHouse)Figure6.35_ StoneSlates inKamathHouseFigure6.36_ Graphshowingspotsurfacetemperaturemeasurementsofstoneslatecoveringroofsurfacetakenon16thJuly12.
(KamathHouse)
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Figure6.37_ StonewallinKamathHouseFigure6.38_Graphshowingspotsurfacetemperaturemeasurementofstonewalltakenon16thJuly12.Figure6.39_ TradionalBhungainKutchregionofGujrat.NWregionofIndia.Figure6.40_ TypicalVernacularbhunga.Figure6.41_ Centreof2001EarthquakeBhuj.Figure6.42_ Damagetoconvenonalstructures.(Bhunga)Figure6.43_ PlanandElevaonviewofatypicalBhunga showingkeydetails(Withwoodenpost).Figure6.44_ CircularandrectangularhouseunderConstruconin2001Figure6.45_ Completedstructuresbuiltby NGOs andthegovernment.Figure6.46_ Housethatwasmeasured.Author(ingreen)withtheoccupant ofthehouse(inpurple).(Bhunga)Figure6.47_ WindowopeninginBhungaFigure6.48_ PyramidalroofstructureoftheBhungaFigure6.49_ NewCSEBhouseadjacenttothevernacularbhungaFigure6.50_ Graphshowingspottemperatureandrelavehumidityreadingsofthe(Bhunga)
Figure7.1_ FlowchartofAnalycWorkFigure7.2_ Flowchartofthemethodologyfollowedforanalyticwork.Figure7.3_ SketchshowingorientaonandbuiltformincorporatedindesignandformodelinginEDSLTAS.Figure7.4_ SketchshowingroofformincorporatedindesignandformodelinginEDSLTAS.Figure7.5_ Sketchshowingadvantageofusingpitchedflatroofanddifferentgroundcovering.Figure7.5a_ Sketchshowinghowvegetaoncanhelpinaidingvenlaonbydirecngandincreasingwindspeeds.Figure7.6_ Housewifewaitingforherhusbandtoreturnfromfarm,Rajasthan.Figure7.7_ Housewiveswiththeirchildrenduringtheday.Gujrat.Figure7.8_ Schedulesofvariousmemberofthistypeofhousing.Figure7.9_ AverageoccupancypatternFigure7.10_ VernacularstructureFigure7.11_ ModernCSEBstructureFigure7.12_ TASgraphofatypicalsummerweekcomparingperformanceofvernacularstructuretothatofnewbuiltCSEB
structures.
Figure7.13_ TASgraphofatypicalmonsoonweekcomparingperformanceofvernacularstructuretothatofnewbuiltCSEBstructures.
Figure7.14_ Graphshowingtemp.abovecomfortbandinvernacularandCSEBstructures.Figure7.15_ ElevationandsectionshowingchangenwindowopeningwithouttowithglazingFigure7.16_ Graphshowingeffectonindoortemp.duetotheapplicationofglazedshutterstoopeningswithaNTVschedule.(MS)Figure7.17_ Graphshowingeffectonindoortemp.duetotheapplicationofglazedshutterstoopeningswithaNTVschedule(MS).Figure7.18_ ElevationandSectionshowing changeindooropeningwithout towith0.5%openingFigure7.19_ Graphshowingeffectonindoortemp.duetoopeningdoorsfornighttimeventilation.(SS)
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Figure7.20_ Graphshowingeffectonindoortemp.duetoopeningdoorsfornighttimeventilation.(MS)Figure7.21_ Additionofinsulationonthe lowerpartoftheroofFigure7.22_ Graphshowingeffectonindoortemperaturesduetoinsulatingtheroof.(SS)Figure7.23_ Graphshowingeffectonindoortemperaturesduetoinsulatingtheroof.(MS)Figure7.24_ ElevationandSectionshowingchangeinwindowsizeFigure7.25_ Daylightdistributionwithinthespacewithdifferentwindowtofloorratio..Figure7.26_ Graphshowingeffectonindoortemperaturesduetoincreasedwindowsize(WFRoriginal2%, increasedto10%).(SS)Figure7.27_ Graphshowingeffectonindoortemperaturesduetoincreasedwindowsize(WFRoriginal2%, increasedto10%).(MS)Figure7.28_ Graphshowingeffectonindoortemperaturesduetoadditionofsmallopenings.(SS)Figure7.29_ Graphshowingeffectonindoortemperaturesduetoaddionofsmallopenings.(MS)Figure7.30_ Sectionshowingopeningin theroofFigure7.31_ Graphshowingtheeffectonindoortemp.duetoprovisionofanopeningontopofroof.(SS)Figure7.32_ Graphshowingtheeffectonindoortemp.duetoprovisionofanopeningontopofroof.(MS)Figure7.33_ IncreaseofAlbedovaluesonwallandroofsurfaces.Figure7.34_ Graphshowingtheeffectofusinghighalbedopaintsonthesurfaceofthebuilding.(SS)Figure7.35_ Graphshowingtheeffectofusinghighalbedopaintsonthesurfaceofthebuilding.(MS)Figure7.36_ EarthShelteringFigure7.37_ Graphshowingeffectofearthshelteringonindoortemperatures.(SS)Figure7.38_ Graphshowingeffectofearthshelteringonindoortemperatures.(MS)Figure7.39_ RoofScenariosFigure7.40_ Graphcomparingeffectofdifferentroofconfigurationsonindoortemperatures(SS).Figure7.41_ Graphcomparingeffectofdifferentroofconfigurationsonindoortemperatures(MS).Figure7.42_ Graphshowingtotalno.ofhoursthetemp.isabove33Cintwoseasons.Figure7.43_ Graphshowingtotalno.ofhoursthetemp.isabove33Cinthetwoseasonsduring day&night.Figure7.44_ Graphshowingeffectofcumulativeeffectofinterventionsonindoortemperaturescomparedtovernacularandnew
builtpresentsituation.AlsoplottedareWBTandTpdectemperatures.(SS)
Figure7.45_ Graphshowingcumulativeeffectofinterventionsonindoortemperaturescomparedtovernacularandnewbuiltpresentsituation.(MS)
Figure7.46: Sketchshowingoccupantwateringthesurroundingareaofthehouseearlyinthemorninginsummerseason.Figure7.47_ Sketchshowingstrategiesappliedduringdaymeinsummerandmonsoonseasontoreduceindoortemperaturerise.Figure7.48_ Sketchshowingstrategiesappliedduringlateeveningandnighthourstoreduceindoortemperatureduringsummer
andmonsoonseason
Figure7.49_ Sketchshowingsolargainindoorsduringwinterseason.Openingsareclosedtoretainheatduringeveningandnighthours.
Figure8.1_ImageshowingIndiahasmediumtohighvulnerabilitytoclimatechange.
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L I ST OF TABLES
Table1_ RuralandUrbanPopulaon,IndiaTable2_ Classificaonofdifferenttypesofhousingaccordingto2001CensusTable3_ EsmatedShortageofHousinginIndiaTable4_ ConstruconassistanceprovidedunderIndira Awaas Yojna (IAY)Table5_ Graphoflocalandconvenonalmaterialscomparingvariouscharacteriscsofthematerial.Table6_ WeatherreadingsforNewDelhiTable7_ GroupWiseregressionanalysisforNeutralTemperaturesTable8_ MorningandAernoonRH(%)Table9_ Averagewindspeedduringthe Dayandnight.Table10_ Temperaturegradientfordifferent earthshelteredstructureTable11_ Heatfluxacrossfloorsindifferentearthshelteredstructures.Table12_ PhysicalcharacteriscsofdifferentearthconstruconsTable13_ CostofconstrucngcircularrammedearthstructureatHastkalaNagar,Kutch,Gujrat,India.Table14_ CostofconstrucngrectangularrammedearthstructureatHastkalaNagar,Kutch,Gujrat,India.Table15_ Sensibleheatgaininthestructure.Table16_ SpecificaonsofmaterialsusedinEDSLTASModel.Table17_ MorningandAernoonRH(%)
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APPENDIXAPPENDIX
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Earth: a stable,dense,non-volale inorganic substance found in the
ground.(TheNewOxfordDiconaryofEnglish,1998)
Masonry: theartofshaping,arranginganduningstone,brick,build-
ingblocks,etc,toformwallsandotherpartsofabuilding.(Diconary
ofArchitectureandConstrucon,1975)
Earthbuildingshavebeenverypopularandprevalentworldwide
withathirdoftheworldspopulaon livinginearthbuildings.Also20%of
UNESCOworldheritagesiteswereconstructedfromunfiredearth. Struc-
turesliketheGreatWallofChina[Fig.A.1],FridayMosqueinMali[Fig.A.2]
andbuildingsinTaosPueblo-aretheoldest,connuouslyinhabitedstruc-
tures,areallconstructedofearth.
Therearemanygood reasons touseearthmasonry.Apart from
being a naturally abundant material, it is environmentally sustainable,
cheap, requires lowmaintenance,provides thermalstabilitycompared toitscounterpartsandisagoodmoderatorofhumidity. Zamicompiledalist
of advantages of using earthwhichwere published by different authors
[TableT1].
Theidealbuildingmaterialwouldbeborrowedfromtheenvironmentand
replacedaeruse.Therewouldbelileornoprocessingoftherawmateri-
alandall theenergy inputswouldbedirectly,or indirectly,from thesun.
Thisidealmaterialwouldalsobecheap.Mudbrickscancomeclosetothis
ideal. PaulDowton
ADOBE
Adobe isgenerallypreparedworldwidebymixingearthwithwa-
terandplacingthemixtureintomoulds.Aerinialdryinginoutdoorair,it
is removed from themouldsandallowed todry indirectsun.Thedrying
processcan last fromaweek to3weeksdependinguponclimaccondi-
ons.
Thefirstearthbrickswerehandmouldedanddried inthesun in
theNeolithicera.Theywereat mesmixedwithstrawandanimaldungto
createastrongerbondhowever,awelldriedmud-brickcanprovidesuffi-
cientstrengthfora1-2storeystructures.
Contemporaryearthconstruconexists intwo formatswhich in-
cludes un-stabilized and stabilized earth construcon. In stabilized earth
construcon,earthisusuallymixedwithstabilizerstoenhancetheirpoten-
als such as compressive strength,water resistance, etc. Some of these
stabilizersarenatural -ricehusk,straw,bagasse,etc.leadingtothecrea-
on of adobe bricks containing agricultural by-products with improved
strengthandlowermoistureabsorpon. Thisisanenvironmentallysound
andsustainablepracceresulnginlowembodiedenergyandvery lowto
zerocarbonemissionproducts.
On theotherhand,buildersworldoverhaveexperimentedwith
man-made products such as flyash, bitumen, emulsion, portland cement
andacombinaonofthesematerialstocreateastrongerby-product.Ac-
cordingtoKing,thestrongestbinderamongstalltheseis foundtobe
FigureA.1: Greatwallofchinamainlymadeoutofearthmasonry,albeitcladwithstoneatitseasternend
Source:Morton,T.2008
FigureA.2: 19thcenturyFridayMosque,Djenne,Mali;withgrainstoresandhousesin front,allbuiltofearthmasonry.
Source:Morton,T.2008
NATURALMATERIALS
APPENDIXA
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EarthAdvantages Authors
Earthconstruconiseconomicallybeneficial.
Lal,1995;Easton,1996;Minke,2006;Zami&Lee,2007;Morton,
2007;Katereggaetal,1983;Cassell,1993;Walkeretal,2005;Hadjri
etal,2007;MorrisandBooysen,2000;AdamandAgib,2001,p11;
Itrequiressimpletoolsandlessskilledlabour. Kateregga,1983;Easton,1996;Minke,2006,p15;Hadjrietal,2007;MorrisandBooysen,2000;AdamandAgib,2001,p11;Maini,2005;
Itencouragesselfhelpconstrucon Kateregga,1983;Minke,2006,p15;
Suitableforverystrongandsecuredstructure Lal,1995,p119;Houben&Guillaud,1989;Walkeretal,2005;
ItsavesenergyMorton,2007;Lal,1995,p119;Minke,2006;Hadjrietal,2007;Adam
andAgib,2001,p11;Maini,2005;
Itbalancesandimprovesindoorairhumidityand
temperaturewhichensuresthermalcomfort.
Cassell,1993;Howieson,2005;Alphonseetal,1985;Minke,2006;
Katereggaetal,1983;Lal(1995,p119);Walkeretal,2005;Hadjriet
al,2007;AdamandAgib,2001,p11;
EarthisverygoodinfireresistanceAlphonseetal,1985;Walkeretal,2005,p43;Hadjrietal,2007;Ad-
amandAgib,2001,p11;
Loampreserves mberandotherorganicmateri
als.Minke,2006,p15;(Mohler1978,p.18).
Earthconstruconisregardedasalocaljobcrea
onopportunity.AdamandAgib,2001,p11;Moreletal,2001;
EasytodesignandhighaesthecalvalueMorton,2007;Houben&Guillaud,1989;Walkeretal,2005;Hadjriet
al,2007.
Earthwall(loam)absorbspollutants. Cassell,1993;Minke,2006;
Earth construcon is environmentally sustaina
ble.
Minke,2006;Easton,1998;Walkeretal,2005;Hadjrietal,2007;
AdamandAgib,2001,p11;Maini,2005;Ngowai,2000.Reddy,2007,
p194;Moreletal,2001;
Earth is readily available in large quanes in
mostregion.
AdamandAgib,2001,p11;Easton,1996;Lal,1995;Hadjrietal,2007;
MorrisandBooysen,2000;AdamandAgib,2001,p11;
Earthbuildingprovidesnoisecontrol Kateregga,1983;Alphonseetal,1985;Hadjrietal,2007;
Earth construcon promotes local culture andheritage.
Frescura,1981.
Table T1: Tableshowingadvantagesofusingearth.
Source: CompiledbyZamietal.-ContemporaryEarthConstruconinUrbanHousingStabilisedorUnstabilised (2010).
portlandCement (King,B. 1996). Pracce includesmixing earthwith58% of
Portland cement resulng in the creaon of Cement Stabilised Earth Blocks
(CSEB). Incomparison tokilnfiredbricks,CSEBprovidescarbonandenergysav-
ingsandaremoredurableand strong compared toadobehowever,cannotbe
returnedtoearthattheendofabuildingslifecycle.
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Addingcementnotonlyreducesearthsinherentproperestoactas
a temperatureandhumidity regulatorbut itsproducon is labour intensive
andrequiresprofessionalguidanceforappropriatesoilseleconandpropor-
onofcementtobeaddedtoit.
Thereforethepredicamentliesinadebatebetweenchoosingstabi-
lizedandun-stabilizedearthmasonry. EventhoughCSEBoffers alowenergy
alterna
ve
to
kiln
fried
bricks,
its
accessibility
to
the
rural/urban
poor
is
far
fromsasfactory.AccordingtoJagdish(2007),stabilizedearthconstruconis
lessexpensivethanbrickmasonry,howeveritissllexpensivethanwhatthe
poorcanafford.Moreover, its suitability for self-buildbyuneducated,poor
individuals indevelopingcountries isofmajorconcernandcannotbetaken
forgranted.
However, one cannot overlook the increased strength a stabilized
earthblockprovides. Thisistheviewoftheauthorthatbyusingnaturalsta-
bilizerswhich donotreducetheinherentproperesofadobesignificantly,is
thewayforward.InthenorthwestregionofIndia,theruralpoorareinvolved
mainlyinfarming
orhave
access
tofamilies
involved
infarming.
Therefore
obtainingricehusk,bagasseorstrawwouldnotonlybeeasierbuttouseitas
stabilizer willbeenvironmentallyfriendlycomparedtoPortlandcement.
Researchcarriedoutby Lertwaanaruketal.(2011)concludes on
thebenefitsofusingnatural stabilizerssuchas ricehuskandbagasse. Ler-
twaanarukfoundthattheuseimprovedthecompressivestrengthofadobe
[FigA.3],reducedshrinkageandthermalconducvity. Inaddion itreduced
moistureaccumulaonincomparisontoconcreteand whensubjecttoload-
ingadobestabilizedwithbagasseeroded less incomparison to the restof
thetestproducts.
Current pracces in the villages of developing naonswhere self-
buildistheprimarymodeofconstruconbythepoor,emphasisonthestand-
ards forconstruconarevery liletonone. Inorder tomakeadobequalify
for use as soil block for construcon in India, IS 1725 states that it should
haveaminimum compressive strengthof20kg/cm.Bymixingadobewith
1%bagasseandaboveor3%ricehusk,thesestandardscanbemet[FigA.3]
Adobe+
1%Fiber Adobe+
2%Fiber Adobe+
3%Fiber Adobe+
6%Fiber CSEB(5
10%
cement) Masonry
Brick Concrete
CompressiveStrength(Kg/cm)
0.00
10.00
20.00
30.00
40.00
50.00
60.00
70.00
80.00
Adobe
0%Fiber
RiceHusk Bagasse
Minimum required
compressivestrengthfor
class 20 bricks. [Source:
Indian Standard
Specificaon for soil
based blocks used in
general building con-strucon(IS1725)]
FigureA.3: Compressivestrengthofadobecontainingricehuskandbagasse.Source: AerLertwaanaruketal.(2011)
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Rammedearth requires tools suchas those required toassemble
and disassemble the formwork, compacon of earth using rammers, etc.
Thesoil iscompressedandwouldrequiregreaterstrengthtocreateniches
forelectricalducts,lightsandsanitaryhardware.
Ontheotherhand,Adobehaslowerembodiedenergyandcarbon
ascomparedtorammedearth.Itneedsnotechnicalknowledge,requiresno
specializedtoolsandnoformworkforitsproduconandcanbeeasilyman-
agedandmovedabout.Creangnichesandmakingalteraonstothestruc-
tureismucheasierthanrammedearth.Hence,theuseofadobeseemsap-
propriatewhen tools and technical knowledge to produce rammed earth
arenotavailable.
FigureA.4: RammedearthprocessSource: hp://bartleyear1architecture.blogspot.co.uk/2010/02/rammed-earth-construcon.html
2 .8 ADOBE VS RAMMED EARTH
Adobeandrammedeartharebothbornefromtheearthandtheirprac-
ces have existed since ancient mes.One involvesmaking bricks inmoulds
whereasthelaterinvolvescompacngmoistsubsoilinsideformworksbyusing
metalorwoodenrammers.[FigA.4]
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HEMP L IME AS CONSTRUCT ION MATER IAL
Alonghistorymanyvegetalfibershavebeenusedasconstruc-
onmaterials.For instance, inmanycountriesaround theworldstraw
and linen fibers are used to lighten concrete and improve its perfor-
mance1.
Hemp-lime is one example of this building technique.Hemp-
lime is the combinaonofhempfibers, limebasedbinder andwater.
Thismixtureformsasolidcompositematerialthatcanbeusedinawide
varietyofelements inconstrucon2.Thismaterial is referredby itsge-
nericnameofhempcrete.
Theuseofhemphurdhassomeenvironmentalbenefits.First,
hempplanthasaveryfastgrowthrate.Forexample,30,000tonnesof
hemphavebeenharvestedin2003,andthisnumberhasbeenduplicat-
edin2005.Also,duetoitsfastgrowthratehempplantcanadapteasily
tomostclimaccondionswhat isbeneficial foragriculturalpurposes.
Furthermore,hempplantcouldgroworganically.Comparavelytoother
fi
bers
like
co
on
could
spend
up
to
7.4
millon
US
dollars
per
year
in
pes-cides for its culvaon
3. Finally, the most important environmental
benefitofhempplantisitCO2sequestraonduringitsculvaonperi-
od. Ithasbeen said thatevery cubicmeterofhemp-lime sequestrate
110kgofCO2.
Hemp-limematerialshavealsosignificantthermalperformance
advantages.Aersimulaonsshown in literature, ithasbeensaidthat
hemplimeconstruconhasimportantinsulaonproperes,anditregu-
latesextremeindoortemperaturevariaons.Forinstance,insomecases
Uvaluesof0.3W/mKinwallshavebeenachieved4.
However, the thermalproperesofhemp-limematerialshave
been tested indry condionswithin laboratoryenvironments. Further
studies,usingspecializedsowarefordynamicsimulaons,haveproved
thatmoisturecontentcouldaffectitsthermalproperes.Forexample,a
raise in the relavehumidityof thematerialalso increases its thermal
conducvity.This issuealsohelps thematerial to regulate the internal
relavehumiditywithbeneficialimprovementinairqualityfortheoccu-
pants.Usingthismaterial, indoorrelavehumiditycouldremainwithin
therangeof40to60%.5
1EvrardA.(2008).TransienthygrothermalbehaviourofLime-HempMaterials2EvrardA.(2008).TransienthygrothermalbehaviourofLime-HempMaterials3BevanRandWolleyT(2008).Hemplimeconstruconguidetobuildwithhemplimecomposites4BevanRandWolleyT(2008).Hemplimeconstruconguidetobuildwithhemplimecomposites5BevanRandWolleyT(2008).Hemplimeconstruconguidetobuildwithhemplimecomposites
FigureA.5: Simulaoninternaltemperaturecon-
FigureA.6: BRERenewablehouse/innovaon
Thismaterialanditsprecedentstudyisadaptedfromthe reportLocalTechniquessubmiedinMay12attheAAschool.Itwasproducedbytheauthorandhispeers.
Source:Barros,J.L.etal.(2012).LocalTechniques.AASchool
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BU I LT PRECEDENTS BRE S RENEWABLE HOUSE [ F i g . A .7 ]
Themainobjecveofthisprojectwastoachievealowcostand
lowcarbonbyusingalternavebuildingtechniqueswithoutcompromising
theaffordability.Thehouseislabelledassustainablehousecode4,andits
developersclaimedthatitscostisaround75,000.However,thedesignof
thehouseenablesenhancementtomeetLevel5and66.
Thebriefprovidesa3bedroomdetachedhousebuiltenrelyon
hempcretewith mber framestructure.Built inonly12weeks, thecon-
struconcontemplateskeyfactorsastripleglassedwindowsandrenewa-
bleinsulaonmaterialsinordertoachievethecode4.
The appropriate construconwith thesematerials prevents in-
necesaryheatlossesthroughminimizingthethermalbridgesinthejoints
[Fig:A.8].Thevisittotheprojectshowsthefewthermalbridgesthrough
thebuildingenvelop.
Finally,thehouseisverythermalefficient,byusingtheproperes
ofthematerialsandreducingthe thermalbridging theenergyconsump-
onisverylow.Nevertheless,itusesheangsystemisbasicallyprovidedbyheatpumpsandairrecoverysystems
7.Inmanyaspectsthehousecould
beaninteresngbuiltprecedentforfurtherdevelopments.
FigureA.8: Thermalpicturetoshowtheheat
lossesthroughthebuildingenvelope
6hp://www.renewable-house.co.uk/news/2/ -BRErenewablehousewebsite
7hp://www.renewable-house.co.uk/news/2/ -BRErenewablehousewebsite
FigureA.7: BRERenewablehouse/innovaon
Thismaterialanditsprecedentstudyisadaptedfromthe reportLocalTechniquessubmiedinMay12attheAAschool.Itwasproducedbytheauthorandhispeers.
Source:Barros,J.L.etal.(2012).LocalTechniques.AASchool
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STRAW BALE
Oilandfossilfuelshavepoweredthedevelopednaonsforthe
past150 years resulng in anenormous releaseof greenhouse gases.
Earths climate is changingand carbonemissionsmustbe reduced.As
building regulaons go forward with regulaons to curb operaonal
energy in buildings, their embodied energy and embodied carbon be-
comes a big concern. Using natural renewable materials which se-
questerscarbonduringtheirgrowthandlockitinthebuildingsfabricis
beneficial frombothembodied carbon andembodiedenergypointof
view.
Straw isa renewablematerialofferingmuch lowerembodied
energyimpactthanmanycurrentmainstreammaterials.Itisverysuita-
ble for infill insulaon in lightweight structureswith render on either
side. Itprovidesavapourpermeableconstrucon,howevercarefulde-
tailingandconstruconneedstobedonetoavoidtheingressandreten-
on
of
moisture.
In-situ
construc
on
as
well
as
prefabrica
on
can
be
donewiththismaterial.
Strawconsistsofdrieddeadstemsofcerealgrainssuchasrice,
wheat,oats,barley,rye,spelt,flaxetc,aertheyhavebeenharvested.
Strawitselfistheplantstructurebetweentherootcrownandthegrain
head.Balescanalsobemadefromotherfibrousmaterialssuchasbean
orcornstalks,pineneedles,oranykindofgrass(TLS,1994:5).Chemical-
ly,strawiscomposedmainlyofcellulose,hemicelluloseandligninvery
similartowood,yetcontainshigheramountsofsilica(Eisenberg,1998).
Many of the first bale buildingswere constructed fromwhat
wasabundantlyavailablewithinthelocalarea:baledmeadoworprairie
grass(Marks,L.R.,2005)AccordingtotheresearchdonebyCarolAtkin-
son(EnergyAssessmentofStrawBaleBuildings,2008)strawbalebuild-
ingswerefirstconstructedinthelate1800sintheUSAasaresultofthe
inventofthebalingmachines (Jones,2002).Aremakeofanearly19th
century home can be seen in Figure: A.9. The oldest bale house sll
standing in theNebraskaplainswasbuilt in1903 (King,2006)and the
oldest European strawbalehousewasbuilt in France in1921 (Steen,
2000).ThefirststrawbalebuildingintheUKwasbuiltin1994andthere
arenowoverfiyofthem18.Oneofthelatestbuildingsbuiltwithstraw
baleistheSwordersauconrooms,Essex,2008[Fig:A.10]
Figure A.9: Re-make of an early 19th century
strawbale home. Now an exhibit at a historicaltouristaracon,whichinformsitsvisitorsofthelifestyles, homes, and work of the eras home-
steaders.
FigureA.10: Swordersauconrooms,StanstedMounitchet, Essex a single-storey 1100 mbuilding, constructed in 2008 using straw bale
wallconstrucon.
Source:BREpublicaon:StrawBale
Thismaterialanditsprecedentstudyisadaptedfromthe reportLocalTechniquessubmiedinMay12attheAAschool.Itwasproducedbytheauthorandhispeers.
Source:Barros,J.L.etal.(2012).LocalTechniques.AASchool
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ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES OF STRAWBALE AS BU I LD ING MATER IAL
ADVANTAGES
Avoidsthermalbridgingandprovidesgoodairghtnesswithsimpledetailing.
Goodinsulaonqualies
Lightweightmaterialwithsimpleconstrucondetailsandprocesses.
Lightweightreducesloadonfoundaons,reducingtheneedformaterialswithhighembodiedenergy(egconcrete)
Low-costrenewablematerial,widelyavailablefromlocalsources,thatstorescarbonthroughoutitslife.
Simplebuildingskillssuitedtoself-buildandcommunityprojects
Suitableforinsituandprefabricatedapproaches
Vapour-permeableconstruconenvelope
DISADVANTAGES
Asanagriculturalco-product,inconsistentproperes(egdimensions,densityandmoisturecontent)canbeproblem-acduringconstrucon.
Detailsrestrictedbyneedtoprotectthestrawfromwateringress;carefuldetailingneededforexposedareas
Limitedtorelavelylightweightfixings
Limitedwaterresilience(givingrisetoconcernsoverflooddamage)andproblemsforrepairifwaterdamaged(especiallyloadbearingwalls).
Requiresshelterbeforefinishescanbeapplied
Suitabilityofrenderedexternalfinisheslimitsapplicaoninsomeareas
Uselimitedtoabovedamp-proofcourseorequivalentlevel
TYP ICAL PROPERT IES OF STRAW BALE
Minimumrecommendedbaledrydensity:110-130kg/m
Thermalconducvity:0.055-0.065W/mK(density110-130kg/m)
Recommendedinialmoisturecontent:10-16%
Recommendedmaximumin-servicemoisturecontent:normallynottoexceed20-25%.
FigureA.11: ThermalflywheelofSMS(SparMembraneSystem)wall.
Source:hp://www.integratedstructures.com/sms/sustainability.html
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BU I LT PRECEDENT STRAW BALE CAB IN EAST YORKSH IRE
ConstruconJune2006toMarch2007
TemperatureandrelavehumiditymonitoringFebruary2007
January2008
ConducvityofStrawBale:0.06W/mK
UvalueofWall:0.123W/mK
Temperatureinsidethestrawbalecabinisgreatlydampenedcom-
paredtooutsidediurnaltemp.swings[Fig:A.15].However,itisnot
clearwhetherthisisdueto:
Ahighlevelofinsulaon
Verythickwalls(525mm),
ThermalMass(25mm)providedbyclayplaster
Acombinaonofalloftheabove
LimePlasterontheCabinsexteriorhasahighvolumespecificheat
capacity[Fig.A.13].Ithelpstokeepthebuildingcoolinsummerby
absorbingheatduringthedaythenreleasingittothecoolnightair.
Relavehumiditybetween40-70%isgoodforthehumanhealthashumidity
levelbeloworaboveacceleratesbacteriaintheair,mouldgrowth,etc.
(Minke,G.,2009).Clayplasteronstrawbalewalls(inside)appearstoregulate
indoorhumiditylevelstoprovideahealthyindoorenvironment[Fig.A.14]
FigureA.12: Plan(Dimension4mx10m)
FigureA.16: Graph showing energy embodied in thewallsoftheStrawBaleCabinandtheenergythatwould
have been embodied if the walls had beenmade ofconvenonalproducts.
FigureA.18: Graph showing energy embodied inthewallsoftheStrawBaleCabinandtheenergythat
would have been embodied if the walls had been
madeofconvenonalproducts.
TableT2: Energyembodiedinthestrawwallsof
theStrawBaleCabinFigureA.13: Acrossseconthroughthecompletedstrawbalewall(nottoscale).
FigureA.14: Relavehumidityrecord-edattheStrawBaleCabinbetween11:25amon21stSeptember2007and
thesame meon21stDecember2007.
FigureA.15: Temperatureinsidethe
unoccupiedStrawBaleCabin(blueline)andoutsidetheCabin(pinkline)on8th
and9thAugust2007
DATAFrom:
Atkinson,C.2008.EnergyAssessmentofaStrawBaleBuilding.UniversityofEastLondon.
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5 .3 THE RAUCH HOUSE 5 .3 THE RAUCH HOUSE [ F i g . A .21 ][ F i g . A .21 ]
ThehouseislocatedinCentralEuropeinavillagecalledtheShlins,
Austria.Thedwellingismadeupofthreestoreys-thetwoupperfloorsare
the livingroomsandbedroomswhilstthegroundfloor istheentranceand
storageroomsrespecvely.Itismainlybuiltbyusingearthentechniquesfor
thewalls,floors,roofsandplasteringwhilstthefurnituresandfinishesare
madeupofclayandearthmaterials.
ENV IRONMENTAL FEATURES
Embodiedenergyof thehousewas significantly reducedbyusing
naturalmaterials.Furthermore,theprevenonfromusingplasc,silicones
orsynthecaddiveswastoavoidanyindoorairpolluon.
Internally,thewoodused forfloorsoriginated fromwoodswithin
thislocalityreducingtransporngdistances.Inaddion,theuseofearthen
materialshelpedto improvethethermalcomfortofthehouse incompari-
son toconvenonalmaterials.Thisadvantage is in thematerialsability to
regulate internalair temperaturesandhumidityvoidingany largefluctua-
onsbetweendayandnighttemperatures[FigA.20].
FigureA.21: RauchHouse
Source:MarnRauch
FigureA.22: RauchHouse
Source:MarnRauch
FigureA.19: EmbodiedEnergy Comparison
Source:Kapfinger,O,Simon,A(2011).
FigureA.20: Thermalmass;Rauchhousethermalperformance,summerweek
Source:Kapfinger,O,Simon,A(2011).
FigureA.23: Interiorof RauchHouse
Source:BoltshauserArchitektenandBuhler.B(Photographer)(2013)
FigureA.24: ExteriorRammedEarth
Source:BoltshauserArchitektenandBuhler.B(Photographer)(2013)
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The significancewasenhancedbyadding30mmearthplasteronto
theinteriorwallsofthedwellingwithoutpainngasthiswouldhavehindered
theearthshygroscopiceffect. Through this the regulaonofhumiditywas
reduced to a rangeof40% to60% [FigA.25]. The combinaonofdifferent
localmaterialsandearthmaterialsinthebuildingenvelopewasalsoaccount-
edforresulnginUvaluesofaround0.3W/m2kforwallsand0.1w/m
2kfor
theroofasshowninFigureA.26.
FigureA.25: Hygricmass;Rauchhouserelavehumidity,summerweek.Source:Kapfinger,O,Simon,A(2011)
FigureA.26: Earthenmaterialsapplicabilityonhousingenvelope.Source:AdaptedfromKapfinger,O,Simon,A(2011).
Thismaterialanditsprecedentstudyisadaptedfromthe reportLocalTechniquessubmiedinMay12attheAAschool.Itwasproducedbytheauthorandhispeers.
Source:Barros,J.L.etal.(2012).LocalTechniques.AASchool
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F IND INGS AND CONCLUS IONS
Embodiedenergyofthehousewassignificantlyreducedbyusingnatu-
ralmaterials.
Theprevention fromusingplastic, siliconesor syntheticadditiveswas
toavoidanyindoorairpollution.
Materialswereextractedlocallyreducingtransportingcostsandcarbon
emissions.
Rammedearthhastheabilitytoregulatetemperaturewithininternal
spaceslimitingdiurnalfluctuationsintemperaturesthroughouttheday
andnight.
Humiditylevelsarekeptwithinaconstantrangeof40%to60%within
the internal spacesdue to the rammedearthwith less respect to the
externalenvironmentalconditionsincomparisontoconventionalcon
structionmaterialswherebyfluctuationsarestillpresent.
ResultingUvaluesdue to the thickness and combinationsofearthen
construction materials led to the good thermal performance of the
buildingenvelope.
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Hoursofoccurrence CumulaveHoursofoccurrence
FigureB.2:FrequencyofGlobalHorizontalSolarIrradiance
Source:Climpro.WeatherdatafromMeteonormv6.1.
FigureB.1:FrequencyandcumulavefrequencyofwindspeedsSource:Climpro.DatafromMeteonormv6.1.
FigureB.3:FrequencyofairtemperatureswingsSource:Climpro.WeatherdatafromMeteonormv6.1.
APPENDIXB
CLIMATIC ANALYSIS
L IGHT ING LEVELS
Formula E=Ein/(102XD.F.) Source:Robinson,D.(2003).ClimateasaPre-designTool
where:
E=Thresholdexternalilluminance
Ein=Indoordesignilluminance
D.F.=Averagedaylightfactoraimortoachieve
ThereforeforEin=300luxandD,F.2.5
E=12Klux
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JANUARY FEBRUARY
MARCH APR I L
MAY JUNE
ANNUAL DA I LY AVERAGE OF GLOBAL HORIZONTAL I RRAD IANCE (GH I )
Source:SolarEnergyCentre,NaonalRenewableEnergyLaboratory
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JULY AUGUST
SEPTEMBER OCTOBER
NOVEMBER DECEMBER
Source:SolarEnergyCentre,NaonalRenewableEnergyLaboratory
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COMFORT BAND CALCULACOMFORT BAND CALCULAT ION T ION [ F i gu r e C .1 & Tab l e t3 ][ F i gu r e C .1 & Tab l e t3 ]
Tc=17.6+0.38To (ReferenceNicoletal.1996)
Result MaxTc=29.5C Min.Tc=22.0C
Adapvecomfortrange:3.5K
Result- MaxTCH=33.0CMinTCL=18.5C
MonthTa
(C)
Tadmin
(C)
Tadmax
(C)
Tc
(C)
TCL
(C)
TCH
(C)
Jan 13.1 8.1 18.9 22.0 18.5 25.5
Feb 17 11.3 23.3 23.5 20.0 27.0
Mar 23 16.9 29.8 25.7 22.2 29.2
Apr 29.3 22.3 35.8 28.1 24.6 31.6
May 33 27.1 39.1 29.5 26.0 33.0
Jun 32.6 27.7 36.7 29.4 25.9 32.9
Jul 31.2 28.0 34.8 28.9 25.4 32.4
Aug 30.2 27.1 33.6 28.5 25.0 32.0
Sep 29.2 25.0 32.9 28.1 24.6 31.6
Oct 25.5 20.1 31.6 26.7 23.2 30.2
Nov19.9
13.2
27.0
24.6
21.1
28.1
Dec 14.4 8.8 21.3 22.5 19.0 26.0
TaMeanoutdoorairtemperature TadminAveragedailymin.airtemperature
TadmaxAveragedailymax.airtemperatureTcThermalcomfortneutraltemperature
TCLThermalcomfortlowerlimit TCHThermalcomfortupperlimit
TableT3:Thermalneutralityandthermalupperandlowerlimit.(Adapverange3.5K).
APPENDIXC
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec
Ta Tamin Tamax Tc TCL TCHFigureC.1:Preliminarycalculaonsofcomfortband(3..5K).
COMFORTBANDANDPASSIVESTRATEGIES
TemperatureC
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ANSWERSTOTHEINTERVIEWQUESTIONNAIRECONDUCTEDBYAUTHORWITHAR.REVATHIKAMATHON7THJULY12.
Source: Author
APPENDIXD
FIELDWORK
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Source: Author
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Source: Author
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ANSWERSTOTHEINTERVIEWQUESTIONNAIRECONDUCTEDBYAUTHORWITHMR.DHUNASALION10THJULY12.
DUETOISSUEWITHLANGUAGEANDFAILURETOUNDERSTANDCERTAINQUESTIONSBYOCCUPANT,SOMEOF
THEMREMAINUNANSWERED.
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Source: Author
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Source: Author
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APPENDIXE ANALYTICALWORK
TAS MODELS
FigureE.1: ViewofmodelinEDSLTAS(2%WFR)
Source: EDSLTAS
FigureE.4: ViewofmodelinEDSLTAS(RoofTopOpening)
Source: EDSLTAS
FigureE.2: ViewofmodelinEDSLTAS(10%WFR)
Source: EDSLTAS
FigureE.3: ViewofmodelinEDSLTAS(AddionalSmallOpenings)
Source: EDSLTAS
FigureE.5: ViewofmodelinEDSLTAS(0.5mUndergroundand1m
highwallaroundexceptatwindowopenings)
Source: EDSLTAS
FigureE.6: Solargainduringsummerandmonsoonseasonwithdifferentwindowtofloorrao.Source: RadianceusingEcotectv2011.
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FigureE.10: Graphshowingno.ofhourstheindoortemp.isabove33Cduringmonsoonnightforvariousintervenons.Source: EDSLTAS
FigureE.9: Graphshowingno.ofhourstheindoortemp.isabove33Cduringmonsoondayforvariousintervenons.Source: EDSLTAS
FigureE.8: Graphshowingno.ofhourstheindoortemp.isabove33Cduringsummernightforvariousintervenons.Source: EDSLTAS
FigureE.7: Graphshowingno.ofhourstheindoortemp.isabove33Cduringsummerdayforvariousintervenons.Source: EDSLTAS
TableT4: Graphshowingno.ofhourstheindoortemp.isabove33CduringsummerandmonsoonDayandNight.
Source: AerEDSLTAS
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INTERVENT IONS TO BASE CASE I N ORDER
A NewCSEBBhungawithTiledRoof(BaseCase)
B A+AddingglazingtoopeningswithNightTimeVenlaonSchedule(NTV)
C B+OpeningdoorsduringnighttoprovideNTV
D C+Adding50mmMineralWoolInsulaontotherooffrominside.
E D+Increasingwindowtofloorraoto10%fromcurrent2%
F E+Creangsmallopeningmeasuring0.15mx0.15m(15inno.)onthe
envelope.
G F+Creangcircularopeningintheroofmeasuring0.60m.
H G+Painngtheroofandwallswhite
I H+Pungstructure0.5mundergroundandcreangabermallaround
exceptatopenings.
(earth
sheltering)
J I+Tilespaintedwhite(minusinsulaon)
Jb I+Thatchroof(minuswhitepaintandnoinsulaon)
Jc I+Thatchroofover les(nowhitepaintandnoinsulaon)
Effectonindoortemperaturesinthesummerandmonsoonseasoncanbeseenon
thenextpage.
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FigureE.1
1:Gra
phshowing
effectonindoortemperatureswithseveralinterven
ons(Cumula
v
e)insummerseason
Source:EDSLTAS
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FigureE.1
2:Gra
phshowing
effectonindoortemperatureswithseveralinterven
ons(Cumula
v
e)inmonsoonseason.
Source:EDSLTAS
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Source: EDSLTASSource: EDSLTAS
Source: EDSLTASSource: EDSLTAS
Source: EDSLTASSource: EDSLTAS
MATER IAL SPEC IF ICAT IONS
TableT5: DetailsofCSEBblocksusedintheTASmodel. TableT6: DetailsofcementrenderingusedintheMod-el.
TableT8: Detailsofglazing usedintheTASmodel.TableT7: DetailsofdoorusedintheTASmodel.
TableT10: DetailsofthatchroofusedintheTASModel.TableT9: DetailsofmudwallsusedinTASModel.
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Source: EDSLTAS
Source: EDSLTAS Source: EDSLTAS Source: EDSLTAS
Source: EDSLTAS
SCHEDULES
INTERNAL CONDIT IONS
Source: EDSLTAS
Source: EDSLTAS
TableT12: DetailsofstoneplinthusedinthemodelTableT11: Detailsofceramic leusedintheTASModel
TableT14: NTVschedule TableT15: Fanschedule TableT16: LightscheduleTableT13: 24hourschedule
TableT17: DetailsofinternalcondionsusedintheTASmodel
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SHADING STUDY
ShadingstudywascarriedoutusingAutodeskEcotectv2011fortwowindowsizes(0.30x0.30mand0.70x0.70
m)Currentroofoverhangis0.45mwhichprovestobesufficientinblockingthehighanglesuninthesummermonthsand
allowing thelowanglesuninwinters inbothwindowsizes.Theseresultsallowmodificaonstobemadetothewindow
size(abovethecurrentsillheightonly).
FigureE.13: Shadingonsouthfaade(2%WFR)producedby0.45mroofextensiononSummerSolsce(21stJune)Source: AutodeskEcotectv2011
6:00AM 9:00AM 12:00PM
3:00PM 6:00PM
FigureE.14: Shadingonsouthfaade(2%WFR)producedby0.45mroofextensiononWinterSolsce(22ndDecember)Source: AutodeskEcotectv2011
6:00AM 9:00AM 12:00PM
3:00PM 6:00PM
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6:00AM 9:00AM 12:00PM
3:00PM 6:00PM