Milli Eğitim BakanlığıMehmet Akif Ersoy Primary School

Malatya

ECLIPSE OF THE SUN

 

SOLAR ECLIPSES

• GÜNEŞTUTULMASI

• é’clipse de soleil

• eclisse di sole

ECLIPSE AND CULTURE

• Across the centuries, the Sun’s eclipse has been considered as an evil or a bad omen.

• The early cultures saw the Sun as a life-giver in its unfailing everyday appearance.So, something that could actually undo the Sun was naturally reckoned as terribly bad event filled with foreboding.

ECLIPSE AND CULTURE

• Despite the awareness of the true nature

of this natural phenomena in contemporary

living, many people continue to beat

drums, gongs, pots and pans or fire guns into the

air or simply hide indoors. The event has been

associated with calamities ranging from

wars,floods and famines to political upheavals

and personal misfortunes.

WHAT IS AN ECLIPSE OF THE SUN?

• The total eclipse of the Sun is the most spectacular event in all of Nature!

• Few people have ever witnessed one, but once seen it is an experience never to be forgetten. The Moon’s dark shadow plunges you into an eerie twilight and the Sun’s mysterious and incredibly beautiful corona is revealed.

THE MOON

• The Moon is a cold ,rocky body about 2.160 miles (3.476 km) in diameter. It has no light of its own but shines by sunlight reflected from its surface.• The Moon orbits the Earth about once every 29 and a half days.• As it circles our planet ,the changing position of the Moon with respect to the Sun causes our natural satellite to cycle through a series of phases.

WHY DO ECLIPSES OCCUR?

• Phases of the Moon

• New Moon>New Crescent>First

Quarter>Waxıng Gibbous>Full Moon >

Waning Gibbous>Last Quarter>Old

Crescent>New Moon (again)

                                                                                                                                                                                                        

• An eclipse of the Sun (or solar eclipse) can only occur at NEW MOON when the Moon passes between Earth and the Sun.

• If the Moon’s shadow happens to fall upon Earth’s surface at that time we see some portion of the sun’s disk covered or ‘eclipsed’ by the Moon.

WHY DO SOLAR ECLIPSES NOT OCCUR EVERY MONTH?

• Since New Moon occurs every 29 ½ days you may think that we should have a solar eclipse about once a month.

• Unfortunately this does not happen. Because the Moon’s orbit around Earth is tilted 5 degrees to Earth’s orbit around the Sun. As a result, it passes above or below our planet at New Moon.

• At least twice a year ,the geometry lines up just right so that some part of the Moon’s shadow falls on Earth’s surface and an eclipse of the Sun is seen in that region.

Geometry of the Sun, Earth and Moon During an Eclipse of the Sun

THE MOON’S SHADOW ACTUALLY HAS TWO PARTS

• 1.PENUMBRA• The Moon’s faint outer shadow.• Partial solar eclipses are visible from

within the penumbral shadow.• 2.UMBRA• The Moon’s dark inner shadow.• Total solar eclipses are visible from

within the umbral shadow.

TYPES OF ECLIPSES

• PARTIAL• TOTAL• ANNULAR• HYBRID

PARTIAL ECLIPSES

• When the Moon’s penumbral shadow strikes Earth, we see a partial eclipse of Sun from that region.

• Partial eclipses are dangerous to look at because un-eclipsed part of the Sun is still very bright. You must use special filters or home made pinhole projector to safely watch a partial eclipse of the Sun.

TOTAL SOLAR ECLIPSES AND PATH OF TOTALITY

• If the Moon’s inner or umbral shadow sweeps across Earth’s surface ,then a total eclipse of the Sun is seen.

• The track of the Moon’s umbral shadow across Earth is called the ‘Path of totality’.

WHY IS A TOTAL ECLIPSE ONLY SEEN OVER A SMALL AREA ON EARTH?

• It is typically 10.000 miles long only about 100 miles wide. It covers less than %1 of Earth’S entire surface area. In order to see the Sun become completely eclipsed by the Moon,you must be somewhere inside the narrow path of totality.

• The phase of a solar eclipse is very brief. It rarely lasts more than several minutes. The Corona can only be seen during the few brief minutes of totality.

STEPS OF TOTALITY

STEPS OF TOTALITY

FIRST CONTACT

Partial eclipse : twelve minutes into the eclipse almost 1/5 of the sun’s diameter is obscurred.

STEPS OF TOTALITY

Partial eclipse : 18 minutes before total eclipse begins about 80% of the Sun’s diameter is gone!

Partial eclipse : Nearly ½ of the Sun’s disk is eclipsed.

(TSE of 1999 August 11 Lake Hazar Turkey)

DIAMOND RING AT 2 ND CONTACT

Before totality begins, the corona appears during diamond ring effect.

(TSE of 1999 August 11 Lake Hazar Turkey)

OUTER CORONA

(TSE of 1999 August 11 Lake Hazar Turkey)

VISUAL CORONA

FINAL DIAMOND RING

(TSE of 1999 August 11 Lake Hazar Turkey)

At 3rd contact the diamond ring effect heralds the end of totality.

Partial eclipse : Nearly 4/5 of the Sun’s diameter is still covered by the Moon.

Partial eclipse : Half of the Sun’s diameter is still covered 40 minutes after the totality ends.

Partial eclipse : The final 20% of the Sun remains covered by the Moon.

Animation of TSE

ANNULAR SOLAR ECLIPSES

• Unfortunately, not every eclipse of the Sun is a total eclipse. Sometimes the Moon is too small to cover the entire Sun’s disk .• When the Moon is near side of its orbit, the Moon appears larger than the Sun.• If an eclipse occurs at that time, it will be total eclipse. However, if an eclipse occurs while the Moon is on the far side of its orbit, the Moon appears smaller than the Sun and can’t completely cover it. If an eclipse occurs at that time it will be ‘Annular Solar Eclipse’.

ANNULAR SOLAR ECLIPSE

THE HYBRID ECLIPSE

• A hybrid ,or annular/total, eclipse is an eclipse

which is seen as annular by some parts of the

Earth, and total by others (and also as a partial

eclipse over a much larger area)• This image illustrates how a hybrid eclipse can

occur.

• The Moon is just far

enough from the Earth

that umbra can’t reach

the ‘sides’ of the Earth

so, as the eclipse begins,

the western portions of

the Earth see an annular

eclipse as the day begins,

in the diagram, observers

in the ‘outer’parts of the

eclipse track, coloured

green, see an annular

eclipse.

• As the eclipse path Moves on, the umbra has less for to travel to reach the Earth, and is just long enough to reach the ‘’centre’’ so observes in the area coloured blue above see a total eclipse.• People standing near, but not in, the annular/ total eclipse track, would see a normal partial eclipse.

HOW TO VIEW AN ECLIPSE

• EYE SAFETY• Do not try to view the Sun directly with the

naked eye or through an optical equipment

without proper solar filter.• Human eye does not sense any pain in

case of a direct sunlight!• The Sun can be viewed safely with naked

eye only during the total solar eclipse.

HOW TO VIEW AN ECLIPSE

• Partical eclipses, annular eclipses and the

partial phases of total eclipses are never safe to

watch without taking special precautions.

• Even when 99% of the Sun’s surface is

obscured during a partial phases of a total

eclipse, the remaining photospheric crescent is

intensely bright and cannot be viewed safety

without eye protection.

• Do not attempt to observe the partial or annular

phases of any eclipse with the naked eye.

HOW TO MAKE A SIMPLE PINHOLE PROJECTOR TO VIEW TSE SAFELY

There are safe ways to view the sun. The simplest requires only a long box (at least 6 feet long), a piece of aluminum foil, a pin, and a sheet of white paper.

1. Find or make a long box or tube

HOW TO MAKE A SIMPLE PINHOLE PROJECTOR TO VIEW TSE SAFELY

2. Cut a hole in the center of one end of the box. 3. Tape a piece of foil over the hole. 4. Poke a small hole in the foil with a pin.

HOW TO MAKE A SIMPLE PINHOLE PROJECTOR TO VIEW TSE SAFELY

5. Cut a viewing hole in the side of the box.

6. Put a piece of white paper inside the end of the box near the viewing portal.

HOW TO MAKE A SIMPLE PINHOLE PROJECTOR TO VIEW TSE SAFELY

Point the end of the box with the pinhole at the sun so that you see a round image on the paper at the other end. If you are having trouble pointing, look at the shadow of the box on the ground. Move the box so that the shadow looks like the end of the box (so the sides of the box are not casting a shadow). The round spot of light you see on the paper is a pinhole image of the sun. Do not look through the pinhole at the sun! Look only at the image on the paper.

TSE THAT WE OBSERVED IN TURKEY ON 29 th

MARCH 2006

On Wednesday, 29th March 2006, the shadow of the Moon swept a band starting from Brazil, through Atlantic Ocean, Gold Coast of Africa, Saharan Dessert, Mediterranean Sea, Turkey, Black Sea, Georgia, Russian Federation, northern shores of Caspian Sea, Kazakhstan; ending in Mongolia. The duration of totality was less than 2 minutes near the sunrise and sunset limits, but as long as 4 minutes and 7 seconds in Libya, at the moment of greatest eclipse. The path of totality was 180 kilometers wide at that moment. It was observed over many regions in Turkey. March 29th, 2006 Total Solar Eclipse had a duration of totality of about 4 minutes in Antalya.

MOON’S SHADOW ON THE EARTH

SKY DURING THE ECLIPSE

SHADOWS

SHADOWS

Projected images of the Sun may be seen on the ground in the small openings created by interlacing fingers, or in the dappled sunlight beneath a leafy tree. Binoculars can also be used to project a magnified image of the Sun on a white card, but you must avoid the temptation of using these instruments for direct viewing.

MAP OF ECLIPSES

SOURCES

• http://astronomy.science.ankara.edu.tr• http://www.tug.tubitak.gov.tr• http://derman.science.ankara.edu.tr• http://www.koeri.boun.edu.tr/astronomy• Fred Espenak’s web site(nasa)• http://eclipse.gsfc.nasa.gov/solar.html• http://sunearth.gsfc.nasa.gov/eclipse/solar.html• http://www.exploratorium.edu/eclipse/how.html• http://www.colorsofindia.com/eclipse/ecliseculture.html

Coordinator : Şengül ARSLAN

E-Mail : sengularslan1@hotmail.com

Phone Number : +90 532 515 79 71

MAE Primary School - 2008