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Ecology
Ecology
• Ecology is the study of organisms and their interaction with the environment.
– An organism is any living thing• Examples: Humans, animals, plant, bacteria
Organism
• An organism is any living thing that can carry out all of the basic life activities.
Population
• Population is a group of individuals of the same species that live together in the same area.
Population
Population
+ Population
COMMUNITY
Living things in an ecosystem are called a…
COMMUNITY
Community
• Community– Is composed of all of the populations of
different organisms living together in a given are such as your lawn (contains grass, insects, and worms)
Community
Name the three members in every community.
Producers
Consumers
Decomposers
Producers and consumersGreen plants provide the entire input of energy
to an ecosystem and are called producers. When animals (herbivores) eat plants, the
carbohydrates stored in plants are converted
back into glucose. The glucose is broken down
during respiration to provide the animal’s
energy requirements.
Similarly, when carnivores eat other animals, this chemical energy is passed on.
Producers and Consumers
Decomposers
Organisms that use the organic matter of
dead plants and animals are called
decomposers. They release digestive enzymes
to break down organic matter and then absorb
the products of digestion. Decomposers include fungi and bacteria.
Decomposers
• worms • Fungus/mushrooms
• bacteria • Bacteria attacking a cell
Living things
+ Nonliving things
ECOSYSTEM
Ecosystem
• The Ecosystem– Is a self supporting area composed of
living and nonliving things such as the Rain Forest or the Desert
– It produces energy, transfers energy, decomposes, and recycles
– It made up of two (2) types of factors:• Biotic and Abiotic
Biotic
• Biotic Factors– The living parts of
the environment such as plants, bacteria, and animals
Abiotic
• Abiotic Factors– are non
living parts of the environment such as rocks, the sun, and temperature
All energy in a food web comes from the…
Uses of energy by organismsLiving organisms need a constant supply of
energy to maintain cellular activities and stay
alive. In ecosystems the initial source of energy
is light from the sun. This is used by plants
during photosynthesis to produce carbohydrates.
Organisms (i.e. plants) that can manufacture their
own food from inorganic materials are called
autotrophs.
Food chains and webs
Food chains show the flow of energy through
ecosystems.
grass wallaby dingo
PRODUCER FIRST ORDER CONSUMER
SECOND ORDER CONSUMER
Food webs
The interrelationship between many food chains
is called a
food web.
Adaptations
All organisms have adaptations that help them to survive. Organisms that are adapted to their environment are able to:• obtain air, water, food and nutrients • cope with physical conditions such as
temperature, light and heat • defend themselves from their natural enemies • reproduce • respond to changes around them
Adaptations
What makes ecosystems different?
Amount of water
Amount of sunlight
Type of soil
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What causes ecosystems to change?
Natural causes:
Drought
Disease
Fire
Overpopulation
3
2
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4
What causes ecosystems to change?
Changes caused by humans:
Water pollution
Air pollution
Land pollution
Construction
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2
3
4
How can humans help to prevent changes in ecosystems?
Use resources wisely
Laws that control pollution
Clean up litter
Keep rivers and lakes clean
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