51
Economic Returns of Gypsum Application in Organic Corn Crops Subbu Kumarappan Ohio State University ATI
Economic Returns of Gypsum Application in Organic Corn Crops
Subbu KumarappanOhio State University ATI
Does this look familiar?
Did you get a survey?
Data and Methods
๏ All the organic corn farmers (N=1662) in the states of IN, MI, OH, and PA.
USDA Organic Integrity Database
๏ Three waves of the survey Introductory letters and reminder postcards
๏ 859 organic corn growers responded
Types of Corn Raised (%)
% of Corn Growers Classified by Principal Source of Farm Income
Many rely on horses for fieldwork
Tractor
Horse Farmer
Soil Amendment Use Overall
All Farms
INPUTS USED IN 2017:Any manure 89%
Any NPK input 42%Fish fertilizer products 10%
Any Micronutrients 25%
Microbial Stim/Innoc 20%
Ca Input Use last 4 yrsAny Ca input 51%
Lime 11%Hi-Cal 25%
Gypsum 25%
Response Rates
Table 1: Sample Size, Response Rates Accuracy Estimates
RESPONSE BY STATEINMIOHPAOverall
Original sample frame3493304775061662
Disqualified26404754167
Adj sample size3232904304521495
Responded214137267238858
Percent of Respondents24.9%16.0%31.1%27.7%100.0%
Response Rate66.3%47.2%62.1%52.7%57.4%
DQ rate7.4%12.1%9.9%10.7%10.0%
Accuracy (plus or minus %)3.2%4.2%2.9%3.2%1.7%
Short Version for OEFFA
Table 1: Sample Size, Response Rates Accuracy Estimates
RESPONSE BY STATEINMIOHPAOverall
Adj sample size3232904304521495
Responded214137267238858
Response Rate66.3%47.2%62.1%52.7%57.4%
FarmChar
Characteristics of Organic Corn Growers
Data for all respondents including extreme valuesAcres Organic Cropland OperatedYears of Experience Farming Organically (%)
Probably including all of this!
CharacteristicStatistic
Acres Organic Cropland Operated
Average118.2
Median60.0
Organic Cropland Size classes (%):
10 to 49 acres364
50 to 99 acres3536
100 to 499 acres2135
500 acres or more4.021
Less than 10 acres44
Proportion of acres owned by operator (%)
All45.00%
More than half33.00%
Less than half15.00%
None7.00%Proportion of acres owned by operator (%)
Years of Experience Farming Organically (%)
Less than 3 years20.9
3 to 5 years20.8
5 to 9 years26.0
10 to 19 years25.6
20 or more years6.7
Percent Using Horses for Fieldwork63.5
Proportion of acres owned by operator (%)AllMore than halfLess than halfNone0.450.330.157.0000000000000007E-2
Years of Experience Farming Organically (%)Less than 3 years3 to 5 years5 to 9 years10 to 19 years20 or more years20.920.82625.66.710 to 49 acres50 to 99 acres100 to 499 acres500 acres or moreLess than 10 acres36352144
Less than 3 years3 to 5 years5 to 9 years10 to 19 years20 or more years20.920.82625.66.7
FarmEnterprises
Farm Enterprises on Organically Certified Corn Farms
(Analyzed for all cases)We may or may not include this? Farm type may be the bigger story
CharacteristicCertified OrganicConventionalCombined
percent of respondents
Grew various crops in 2017
Certified OrganicConventionalCombinedCombined
Corn100.07.2100.014.9
Alfalfa or other hay79.76.983.617.4
Other small grains (barley, oats)31.12.433.029.6
Soybeans27.64.529.633.0
Wheat15.92.217.483.6
Vegetable crops13.41.714.9100.0
Combined
76.0
59.1
18.3
Raised any crops100.011.9100.07.7
16.3
6.8
Certified OrganicConventionalCombined
Any livestock61.225.576.0
Dairy cows53.56.259.1
Beef cattle8.210.718.3
Hogs2.84.97.7
Poultry6.610.516.3
Sheep/goats1.55.26.8
CombinedCornAlfalfa or other hayOther small grains (barley, oats)SoybeansWheatVegetable crops10083.63329.617.39999999999999914.9
Percent
CombinedAny livestockDairy cowsBeef cattleHogsPoultrySheep/goats7659.118.37.716.36.8
Percent
FarmType
Farm Type (classified by main source of income)
(Analyzed for all cases)For sure including this!
Farm TypeAll farmsHorse FarmsTractor Farms
Dairy54%68.954.4
Cash Grain27%15.427
Other Livestock9%6.98.6
Vegetable6%6.55.5
Other Crop4%2.44.5
1100100
Organic Corn Grower Farm Types
All farmsDairyCash GrainOther LivestockVegetableOther Crop0.542000000000000040.272000000000000028.5000000000000006E-25.7000000000000002E-24.3999999999999997E-2Horse FarmsDairyCash GrainOther LivestockVegetableOther Crop68.90000000000000615.46.96.52.4Tractor FarmsDairyCash GrainOther LivestockVegetableOther Crop54.4278.65.54.5
All farmsDairyCash GrainOther LivestockVegetableOther Crop0.542000000000000040.272000000000000028.5000000000000006E-25.7000000000000002E-24.3999999999999997E-2
Horses
Size and Years of Experience of Horse Farming vs Tractor
(Analyzed for all cases)
Organic Cropland Size classes (%):Horse FarmerTractor
Less than 10 acres5.6%0.4%
10 to 49 acres45.5%15.4%
50 to 99 acres42.6%22.8%
100 to 499 acres6.3%49.4%
500 acres or more0.0%12.0%
Years experienceHorse FarmerTractor
Less than 3 years21.5%17.9%
3 to 5 years23.5%17.9%
5 to 9 years30.1%16.8%
10 to 19 years23.5%32.5%
20 or more years1.5%14.9%
Horses or Tractors to pull field equipment
Horse FarmerTractor
63.536.5
‘Did you mainly use horses or tractors to pull field equipment on this field in 2017?’
FrequencyPercentValid PercentCumulative Percent
ValidRelies primarily on horses54163.063.563.5
Relies primarily or exclusively on tractors31136.236.5100.0
Total85299.2100.0
Missing970.8
Total859100.0
Organic Cropland Size Classes
Horse FarmerLess than 10 acres10 to 49 acres50 to 99 acres100 to 499 acres500 acres or more5.5803571428571432E-20.455357142857142850.42633928571428576.25E-20TractorLess than 10 acres10 to 49 acres50 to 99 acres100 to 499 acres500 acres or more3.7453183520599256E-30.153558052434456920.228464419475655430.49438202247191010.11985018726591762
Years of Organic Experience
Horse FarmerLess than 3 years3 to 5 years5 to 9 years10 to 19 years20 or more years0.214601769911504450.234513274336283190.300884955752212410.234513274336283191.5486725663716814E-2TractorLess than 3 years3 to 5 years5 to 9 years10 to 19 years20 or more years0.179104477611940290.179104477611940290.167910447761194010.324626865671641780.14925373134328357
Horse FarmerTractor63.536.5
Horses_OEFFA
Horse FarmerLess than 3 years3 to 5 years5 to 9 years10 to 19 years20 or more years0.214601769911504450.234513274336283190.300884955752212410.234513274336283191.5486725663716814E-2TractorLess than 3 years3 to 5 years5 to 9 years10 to 19 years20 or more years0.179104477611940290.179104477611940290.167910447761194010.324626865671641780.14925373134328357
CornField
Characteristics of Typical Corn Field
(Analyzed for all cases)I am not sure if the acreage for corn field would be that interesting/ seems more important to report total acres operated not sure if I will use most of this greyed out part
Will do one way Anova with LSD and insert letters for average size of field
Presence of LivestockBy Dominant Farm EnterpriseEquipment
CharacteristicTOTAL SAMPLEYesNoCash GrainVegetableDairyHorse FarmsTractor Farms
percent of farmer respondents
Size of field reported in survey
average13.110.421.522.69.08.67.822.3Size of field reported in survey
median8.08.012.013.05.07.57.014.0Average13.1
I am not sure how to do stats on these parts with %Median8.0
Distribution by size class (%)Distribution by size class (%)
Under 3 acres5.85.75.91.727.14.36.93.9Under 3 acres5.8
3 to 5 acres15.017.37.88.714.618.7198.43 to 5 acres15.0
5 to 9 acres35.638.725.522.931.343.544.820.15 to 9 acres35.6
10 to 19 acres28.929.327.931.618.828.927.630.210 to 19 acres28.9
20 to 49 acres10.37.120.622.16.34.11.525.620 to 49 acres10.3
50 or more acres4.31.912.313.02.10.40.211.750 or more acres4.3
Type of Corn Raised
Field corn for grain70.365.086.991.869.454.663.182.2
Field corn for silage36.446.07.88.216.360.448.216.8
Sweet corn1.80.84.90.024.50.01.71.6
Popcorn0.60.21.90.94.10.00.70.3
Seed corn1.40.82.92.12.00.91.51.3
Other1.91.91.90.410.21.51.72.3
Use of Corn
Sells all the corn from this field
Sells at least some corn
Uses all corn on the farm6325.367.474.257.47.421.957.9
Condensed for figure on Power Point
Type of Corn Raised
Field corn for grain70.3
Field corn for silage36.4
Sweet corn1.8
Other3.9
Type of Corn Raised
Field corn for grainField corn for silageSweet cornOther70.336.41.83.9
CornField for OEFFA
Characteristics of Typical Corn Field
(Analyzed for all cases)I am not sure if the acreage for corn field would be that interesting/ seems more important to report total acres operated not sure if I will use most of this greyed out part
Will do one way Anova with LSD and insert letters for average size of field
CharacteristicTOTAL SAMPLE
percent of farmer respondents
Size of field reported in survey
average13.1
median8.0
Distribution by size class (%)
Under 3 acres5.8
3 to 5 acres15.0
5 to 9 acres35.6
10 to 19 acres28.9
20 to 49 acres10.3
50 or more acres4.3
Type of Corn Raised
Field corn for grain70.3
Field corn for silage36.4
Sweet corn1.8
Popcorn0.6
Seed corn1.4
Other1.9
RERUN
Presence of LivestockBy Dominant Farm EnterpriseEquipment
Use of CornYesNoCash GrainVegetableDairyHorse FarmsTractor Farms
Uses all corn on the farm64.974.732.625.842.692.678.142.1
Condensed for figure on Power Point
Type of Corn Raised
Field corn for grain70%
Field corn for silage36%
Sweet corn2%
Other4%
Field corn for grainField corn for silageSweet cornOther0.702999999999999960.363999999999999991.7999999999999999E-23.9E-2
CC and CR
Use of Cover Crops, Crop Rotations
(Analyzed for all cases)
I am not sure how to do stats on these parts with % is like a mean?
Use of Cover Crops, Crop Rotations
Presence of LivestockBy Dominant Farm EnterpriseEquipment
CharacteristicTOTAL SAMPLEYesNoCash GrainVegetableDairyHorse FarmsTractor Farms
percent of farms
Used cover crops prior to planting corn in 201741.738.561.548.351.037.737.848.6
(note - excludes hay in a field prior to planting corn)
Type of Cover Crop Used (% of those reporting cover crops)
Grasses52.455.644.84245.861.861.939.3
Legumes20.414.135.234.820.86.47.937.3
Forbes1.11.21.00.04.21.220.00.0
Mixes26.129.019.023.229.230.628.223.3
Most common rotations (reported on at least 10 farms)
H-H-H-C38.245.327.026.220.447.143.428.9
H-H-C-C16.921.110.29.46.122.623.35.8
Sg-H-H-C4.86.12.42.64.16.55.73.2
C-H-H-C2.43.01.51.32.03.03.01.6
H-H-S-C1.40.23.33.000.41.51.3
H-C-C-C2.22.91.2003.73.10.3
C-Sg-H-C2.22.91.20.92.02.81.14.2
S-Sg-H-C1.92.11.53.900.60.44.5
H-C-S-C1.92.41.53.901.30.93.5
H-C-Sg-C1.32.10.81.34.10.90.62.6
C-S-Sg-C4.71.010.514.22.000.711.6
S-C-S-C2.80.86.07.32.00.20.76.4
Crop Rotation on Reported Corn Field (previous 3 years)
Any additional corn 44.442.251.852.236.441.042.048.7
Any soybeans19.912.743.146.513.64.86.343.8
Any small grains24.119.538.638.134.114.313.243.1
Any hay81.989.058.961.163.695.693.162.2Doug thought original numbers were too low- but the 58.9 was verified
2 or more years of hay68.776.144.746.050.084.483.243.8
No corn or soybeans prior 3 yrs48.552.435.533.259.156.655.236.8
CharacteristicTOTAL SAMPLEHas LivestockDoes not have livestockHorse Farms
Presence of any hay82%89%59%93%
GrassesLegumesForbesMixes52.420.3999999999999991.100000000000000126.1
Presence of any hay0.81899999999999995Presence of any hay0.89Presence of any hay0.58899999999999997Presence of any hay0.93100000000000005
Presence of any hay
TOTAL SAMPLEPresence of any hay0.81899999999999995Has LivestockPresence of any hay0.89Does not have livestockPresence of any hay0.58899999999999997Horse FarmsPresence of any hay0.93100000000000005
Characteristic
Presence of any hay
CC and CR for OEFFA
Use of Cover Crops, Crop Rotations Horse Farms
(Analyzed for all cases)
I am not sure how to do stats on these parts with % is like a mean?
Use of Cover Crops, Crop Rotations
Presence of LivestockEquipment
Has LivestockDoes not have livestockHorse FarmsTractor Farms
39%62%38%49%
Used cover crops prior to planting corn in 201742%39%62%38%49%
Type of Cover Crop Used Grasses52%
Grasses52%56%45%62%39%Legumes20%
Legumes20%14%35%8%37%Forbes11%
Forbes1%1%1%2%0%Mixes26%
Mixes26%29%19%28%23%
Five most common rotations (reported on at least 10 farms)
H-H-H-C38%
H-H-C-C17%
Sg-H-H-C5%
C-S-Sg-C5%
S-C-S-C3%
Presence of LivestockEquipment
TOTAL SAMPLEYesNoHorse FarmsTractor Farms
percent of farms
Crop Rotation on Reported Corn Field (previous 3 years)
Any additional corn 44.442.251.842.048.7
Any soybeans19.912.743.16.343.8
Any small grains24.119.538.613.243.1
2 or more years of hay68.776.144.783.243.8
Presence of LivestockBy Dominant Farm EnterpriseEquipment
TOTAL SAMPLEYesNoCash GrainVegetableDairyHorse FarmsTractor Farms
Any hay821596164969362
CharacteristicTOTAL SAMPLEHas LivestockDoes not have livestockHorse FarmsTractor Farms
Presence of any hay82%89%59%93%62%
Types of Cover Crops
GrassesLegumesForbesMixes0.524000000000000020.203999999999999990.110.26100000000000001
TOTAL SAMPLEPresence of LivestockBy Dominant Farm EnterpriseEquipment0000000Any hay82Presence of LivestockBy Dominant Farm EnterpriseEquipment0.8958.961.163.695.693.162.2
Presence of any hay
TOTAL SAMPLEHas LivestockDoes not have livestockHorse FarmsTractor Farms0.818999999999999950.890.588999999999999970.931000000000000050.622
Presence of any hay
Presence of any hayTOTAL SAMPLEHas LivestockDoes not have livestockHorse FarmsTractor Farms0.818999999999999950.890.588999999999999970.931000000000000050.622
Characteristic
Presence of any hay
Use of Cover for OEFFA
Use of Cover Crops on Field in 2017
Has LivestockDoes not have livestockHorse FarmsTractor Farms0.385000000000000010.614999999999999990.3780.48599999999999999
CC for OEFFA Any Hay
Presence of any hay
TOTAL SAMPLEHas LivestockDoes not have livestockHorse FarmsTractor Farms0.818999999999999950.890.588999999999999970.931000000000000050.622
Tillage
Tillage Practices
(Analyzed for all cases)Maybe only include highlights!? Maybe cultivation?
I am not sure how to do stats on these parts with % is like a mean?
Relies on HorsesBy Dominant Farm Enterprise
CharacteristicTOTAL SAMPLEYesNoCash GrainVegetableDairy
USE OF TILLAGE PRACTICES ON CORN FIELD IN 2017
Moldboard w/ complete inversion63.566.558.259.360.466.7
Moldboard w/o complete inversion21.726.612.918.233.322.0
(any moldboard)84.392.470.176.691.787.9
Vertical tillage5.76.15.16.94.25.4
Chisel tillage6.71.116.412.68.33.2
Strip tillage0.60.41.00.92.10.2
No Till0.40.40.30.00.00.6
(any conservation tillage)12.87.921.219.012.59.5
Subsoiling2.11.13.93.92.11.5
Disk/Harrow82.983.482.380.583.384.2
Rototiller2.12.02.30.42.03.4
Cultivation
Row cultivator92.492.492.695.283.391.6
Rotary hoe30.313.958.851.514.619.9
Tine weeder/harrow8.57.410.69.910.27.3
Cultimulcher5.06.52.37.72.04.3
Tillage for OEFFA
Tillage Practices
(Analyzed for all cases)Maybe only include highlights!? Maybe cultivation?
I am not sure how to do stats on these parts with % is like a mean?
USE OF TILLAGE PRACTICES ON CORN FIELD IN 2017% of sample
Moldboard84.3%
Conservation tillage12.8%
Disk/Harrow82.9%
Cultivation
Row cultivator92.4%
Rotary hoe30.3%
Tine weeder/harrow8.5%
Cultimulcher5.0%
Tillage for OEFFA Part II
Tillage Practices
(Analyzed for all cases)Maybe only include highlights!? Maybe cultivation?
I am not sure how to do stats on these parts with % is like a mean?
Relies on HorsesBy Dominant Farm Enterprise
TOTAL SAMPLEHorse FarmersTractor FarmersCash GrainVegetableDairy
Moldboard84%92%70%77%92%88%
Conservation Tillage13%8%21%19%13%10%
Disk/Harrow83%
Cultivation
Row cultivator92%92%93%
Rotary hoe30%14%59%
Tine weeder/harrow9%7%11%
Cultimulcher5%7%2%
Tillage Practices
Horse FarmersTractor FarmersCash GrainVegetableDairyMoldboardHorse FarmersTractor FarmersCash GrainVegetableDairy0.924000000000000040.700999999999999960.766000000000000010.917000000000000040.879Horse FarmersTractor FarmersCash GrainVegetableDairyConservation TillageHorse FarmersTractor FarmersCash GrainVegetableDairy7.9000000000000001E-20.211999999999999990.190.1250.1
Use of Soil Amndmts
SUMMARY TABLES SHOWING USE OF DIFFERENT INPUTS OF DIFFERENT TYPES OF ORGANIC CORN FARMERS
(Analyzed for all cases)
I am not sure how to do stats on these parts with % is like a mean?Probably not the four year grey out some of what we may not share at OEFFA
Presence of LivestockBy Dominant Farm EnterpriseEquipment
All FarmsYesNoCash GrainVegetableDairyHorse FarmsTractor Farms
INPUTS USED IN 2017:
Any manure89.291.482.081.179.695.393.582.0
Cattle manure38.546.314.122.310.254.842.931.5
Dairy22.928.74.97.72.037.825.918.0
Chicken manure34.729.052.448.142.924.123.853.4
Compost11.29.516.517.218.46.78.116.1
Any NPK input42.142.242.240.351.043.042.042.8
Any N input34.432.535.131.346.936.334.634.4
Fish fertilizer products9.59.210.79.418.48.47.912.2
Any P input20.220.718.917.228.621.723.315.1
Any K input20.220.619.418.526.520.621.418.3
Sulfur12.213.38.712.06.113.512.811.6
Any Micronutrients24.726.418.921.518.428.425.723.2
Boron13.114.68.79.08.215.714.011.9
Microbial Stim/Innoc20.019.222.321.520.419.617.923.8
Foliar applied inputs13.712.617.016.320.412.712.815.1
Any Ca input28.726.229.328.334.729.229.427.7
Lime3.84.32.43.90.04.33.54.5
Hi-Cal 12.312.611.710.724.513.814.88.4
Gypsum14.814.116.019.716.313.313.317.0
Ca Input Use last 4 yrs
Any Ca input50.652.6
: DJacksonSmith: can't be right - double check (too low)
CHANGED44.245.946.942.152.547.6
Lime11.411.49.29.44.112.710.513.2
Hi-Cal 25.526.821.420.628.630.129.418.3
Gypsum25.326.122.324.522.426.524.427.0
Use of Soil Amndmts for OEFFA
(Analyzed for all cases)
All FarmsPresence of LivestockBy Dominant Farm Enterprise
All FarmsYesNoCash GrainVegetableDairy
INPUTS USED IN 2017:Presence of Livestock
Any manure89%INPUTS USED IN 2017:INPUTS USED IN 2017:YesNo
Any manure0.90.9140.881.179.695.3Any manure91%82%
Any NPK input42%22.310.254.8Chicken manure29%52%
Fish fertilizer products10%Dairy0.20.2870.0497.72.037.8Dairy29%5%
Chicken manure0.30.30.52448.142.924.1
Any Micronutrients25%Compost0.10.0950.16517.218.46.7Any NPK input42%42%
Fish fertilizer products9%11%
Microbial Stim/Innoc20%Any NPK input0.40.4220.42240.351.043.0
31.346.936.3Microbial Stim/Innoc19.2%22.3%
Ca Input Use last 4 yrsFish fertilizer products0.10.0920.1079.418.48.4
Any Ca input51%Any P input0.20.2070.18917.228.621.7Ca Input Use last 4 yrs
Lime11%Any K input20.220.619.418.526.520.6Any Ca input26.2%29.3%
Hi-Cal 25%Lime4.3%2.4%
Gypsum25%Sulfur12.213.38.712.06.113.5Hi-Cal 12.6%11.7%
Any Micronutrients24.726.418.921.518.428.4Gypsum14.1%16.0%
Boron13.114.68.79.08.215.7
Microbial Stim/Innoc20.019.222.321.520.419.6By Dominant Farm Enterprise
Foliar applied inputs13.712.617.016.320.412.7INPUTS USED IN 2017:Cash GrainVegetableDairyEquipment
Any manure81.1%79.6%95.3%INPUTS USED IN 2017:Horse FarmsTractor Farms
Any Ca input28.726.229.328.334.729.2Chicken manure48.1%42.9%24.1%Any manure93.582.0
Lime3.84.32.43.90.04.3Dairy7.7%2.0%37.8%Chicken manure23.853.4
Hi-Cal 12.312.611.710.724.513.8Dairy25.918.0
Gypsum14.814.116.019.716.313.3Any NPK input40.3%51.0%43.0%
Fish fertilizer products9.4%18.4%8.4%Any NPK input
Ca Input Use last 4 yrsFish fertilizer products
Any Ca input50.652.644.245.946.942.1Microbial Stim/Innoc21.5%20.4%19.6%
Lime11.411.49.29.44.112.7Microbial Stim/Innoc
Hi-Cal 25.526.821.420.628.630.1Ca Input Use last 4 yrs
Gypsum25.326.122.324.522.426.5Any Ca input45.9%46.9%42.1%Ca Input Use last 4 yrs
Lime9.4%4.1%12.7%Any Ca input
Hi-Cal 20.6%28.6%30.1%Lime
Gypsum24.5%22.4%26.5%Hi-Cal
Gypsum
Soil Philos
Approaches to Soil Management
(Analyzed for all cases)
I am not sure how to do stats on these parts with % is like a mean?Maybe have Remi do a chart with means and do stats on that?
Presence of LivestockBy Dominant Farm EnterpriseEquipment
All FarmsYesNoCash GrainVegetableDairyHorse FarmsTractor Farms
Mean Score% Very Important pecent of farmer respondents listing as 'very important'
Building health soils to ensure healthier crop 3.7374.174.771.974.271.774.773.675.6
Building organic matter content of soil over times 3.6264.464.663.663.171.764.362.367.9
Picking tillage practices based on impact on weed population 3.4553.453.154.459.134.052.851.956.0
Reducing soil compaction3.4456.556.058.255.953.259.362.047.7
Using manure and compost as source of soil nutrients 3.4350.852.046.449.140.452.949.552.6
Choosing crop rotations to improve soil quality 3.3245.645.545.946.942.646.947.543.0
Using cover crop to build soil quality 3.3147.046.050.550.043.845.746.647.5
Choosing crop rotations to break pests and disease 3.1839.538.443.245.037.038.840.937.3
Ensuring soil nutrient levels meet crop needs3.1834.332.440.737.532.632.429.941.5
Picking tillage practices based on impacts on soil quality3.0929.929.232.333.315.230.329.131.5
Replacing nutrients removed by crops3.0529.829.231.433.318.228.024.738.0
Using cover crops to control weed 2.9729.429.429.631.020.829.131.225.9
Adding soil amendments to stimulate soil biology2.8425.024.427.024.839.124.925.524.4
BCSR approach to soil magnesium2.8020.120.419.018.525.021.220.219.7
Presence of LivestockBy Dominant Farm EnterpriseEquipment
YesNoCash GrainVegetableDairyHorse FarmsTractor Farms
Ensuring soil nutrient levels meet crop needs3.153.283.253.223.153.113.30
Replacing nutrients removed by crops3.103.103.112.843.022.983.15
BCSR approach to soil magnesium2.802.802.743.072.842.822.77
Is BCSR saturation level very important for farmer? 0.200.190.190.250.210.200.20
Building organic matter content of soil over times 3.620.193.623.673.613.603.67
Choosing crop rotations to improve soil quality 3.323.623.363.193.343.353.27
Choosing crop rotations to break pests and disease 3.163.343.283.173.163.193.15
Using manure and compost as source of soil nutrients 3.463.243.393.233.483.443.42
Using cover crops to control weed 2.953.353.022.942.953.012.89
Usinf cover crop to build aoil quality 3.293.023.423.293.273.313.31
Adding soil amendmenrs to stimulate soil biology2.382.862.83.132.882.902.75
Building health soils to ensure healthier crop 3.743.73.743.73.743.733.74
Picking tillage practices based on impact on weed population 3.443.473.523.263.433.443.45
Picking tillage practices based on impacts on soil quality3.073.133.132.873.093.063.13
Reducing soil compaction3.443.473.443.453.473.523.323
Soil philos for OEFFA
Equipment
Top Five Soil Management PhilosophiesAll FarmsHorse FarmsTractor Farms
Mean Score% Very Important
1Building health soils to ensure healthier crop 3.7374%74%76%
2Building organic matter content of soil over times 3.6264%62%68%
3Picking tillage practices based on impact on weed population 3.4553%52%56%
4Reducing soil compaction3.4457%62%48%
5Using manure and compost as source of soil nutrients 3.4351%50%53%
Sl Phil OEFFA All farm mean
Mean ScoreBuilding health soils to ensure healthier crop Building organic matter content of soil over times Picking tillage practices based on impact on weed population Reducing soil compactionUsing manure and compost as source of soil nutrients Choosing crop rotations to improve soil quality Using cover crop to build soil quality Choosing crop rotations to break pests and disease Ensuring soil nutrient levels meet crop needsPicking tillage practices based on impacts on soil qualityReplacing nutrients removed by cropsUsing cover crops to control weed Adding soil amendments to stimulate soil biologyBCSR approach to soil magnesium3.73031026252983283.62230215827338143.44524669073405533.44138755980861263.43400713436385273.32095808383233543.31425091352009733.1791767554479423.17769607843137263.0873308733087333.04797047970479712.96932515337423332.83903675538656542.8021108179419527
Soil Phil Very Important
% Very ImportantBuilding health soils to ensure healthier crop Building organic matter content of soil over times Picking tillage practices based on impact on weed population Reducing soil compactionUsing manure and compost as source of soil nutrients Choosing crop rotations to improve soil quality Using cover crop to build soil quality Choosing crop rotations to break pests and disease Ensuring soil nutrient levels meet crop needsPicking tillage practices based on impacts on soil qualityReplacing nutrients removed by cropsUsing cover crops to control weed Adding soil amendments to stimulate soil biologyBCSR approach to soil magnesium74.09999999999999464.40000000000000653.456.550.845.64739.534.29999999999999729.929.829.42520.100000000000001
Ec Overall and by Farm Type
Economic Indicators of Organic Corn Producers(Only reported for cases with reliable data)
Bolded indicates significately higher at p=
Calcium will be a combo of different types over last four years in following calculations
All Farms
INPUTS USED IN 2017:Any manure 89%
Any NPK input 42%Fish fertilizer products 10%
Any Micronutrients 25%
Microbial Stim/Innoc 20%
Ca Input Use last 4 yrsAny Ca input 51%
Lime 11%Hi-Cal 25%
Gypsum 25%
Soil Amendment Use Overall
Response Rates
Table 1: Sample Size, Response Rates Accuracy Estimates
RESPONSE BY STATEINMIOHPAOverall
Original sample frame3493304775061662
Disqualified26404754167
Adj sample size3232904304521495
Responded214137267238858
Percent of Respondents24.9%16.0%31.1%27.7%100.0%
Response Rate66.3%47.2%62.1%52.7%57.4%
DQ rate7.4%12.1%9.9%10.7%10.0%
Accuracy (plus or minus %)3.2%4.2%2.9%3.2%1.7%
Short Version for OEFFA
Table 1: Sample Size, Response Rates Accuracy Estimates
RESPONSE BY STATEINMIOHPAOverall
Adj sample size3232904304521495
Responded214137267238858
Response Rate66.3%47.2%62.1%52.7%57.4%
FarmChar
Characteristics of Organic Corn Growers
Data for all respondents including extreme valuesAcres Organic Cropland OperatedYears of Experience Farming Organically (%)
Probably including all of this!
CharacteristicStatistic
Acres Organic Cropland Operated
Average118.2
Median60.0
Organic Cropland Size classes (%):
10 to 49 acres364
50 to 99 acres3536
100 to 499 acres2135
500 acres or more4.021
Less than 10 acres44
Proportion of acres owned by operator (%)
All45.00%
More than half33.00%
Less than half15.00%
None7.00%Proportion of acres owned by operator (%)
Years of Experience Farming Organically (%)
Less than 3 years20.9
3 to 5 years20.8
5 to 9 years26.0
10 to 19 years25.6
20 or more years6.7
Percent Using Horses for Fieldwork63.5
Proportion of acres owned by operator (%)AllMore than halfLess than halfNone0.450.330.157.0000000000000007E-2
Years of Experience Farming Organically (%)Less than 3 years3 to 5 years5 to 9 years10 to 19 years20 or more years20.920.82625.66.710 to 49 acres50 to 99 acres100 to 499 acres500 acres or moreLess than 10 acres36352144
Less than 3 years3 to 5 years5 to 9 years10 to 19 years20 or more years20.920.82625.66.7
FarmEnterprises
Farm Enterprises on Organically Certified Corn Farms
(Analyzed for all cases)We may or may not include this? Farm type may be the bigger story
CharacteristicCertified OrganicConventionalCombined
percent of respondents
Grew various crops in 2017
Certified OrganicConventionalCombinedCombined
Corn100.07.2100.014.9
Alfalfa or other hay79.76.983.617.4
Other small grains (barley, oats)31.12.433.029.6
Soybeans27.64.529.633.0
Wheat15.92.217.483.6
Vegetable crops13.41.714.9100.0
Combined
76.0
59.1
18.3
Raised any crops100.011.9100.07.7
16.3
6.8
Certified OrganicConventionalCombined
Any livestock61.225.576.0
Dairy cows53.56.259.1
Beef cattle8.210.718.3
Hogs2.84.97.7
Poultry6.610.516.3
Sheep/goats1.55.26.8
CombinedCornAlfalfa or other hayOther small grains (barley, oats)SoybeansWheatVegetable crops10083.63329.617.39999999999999914.9
Percent
CombinedAny livestockDairy cowsBeef cattleHogsPoultrySheep/goats7659.118.37.716.36.8
Percent
FarmType
Farm Type (classified by main source of income)
(Analyzed for all cases)For sure including this!
Farm TypeAll farmsHorse FarmsTractor Farms
Dairy54%68.954.4
Cash Grain27%15.427
Other Livestock9%6.98.6
Vegetable6%6.55.5
Other Crop4%2.44.5
1100100
Organic Corn Grower Farm Types
All farmsDairyCash GrainOther LivestockVegetableOther Crop0.542000000000000040.272000000000000028.5000000000000006E-25.7000000000000002E-24.3999999999999997E-2Horse FarmsDairyCash GrainOther LivestockVegetableOther Crop68.90000000000000615.46.96.52.4Tractor FarmsDairyCash GrainOther LivestockVegetableOther Crop54.4278.65.54.5
All farmsDairyCash GrainOther LivestockVegetableOther Crop0.542000000000000040.272000000000000028.5000000000000006E-25.7000000000000002E-24.3999999999999997E-2
Horses
Size and Years of Experience of Horse Farming vs Tractor
(Analyzed for all cases)
Organic Cropland Size classes (%):Horse FarmerTractor
Less than 10 acres5.6%0.4%
10 to 49 acres45.5%15.4%
50 to 99 acres42.6%22.8%
100 to 499 acres6.3%49.4%
500 acres or more0.0%12.0%
Years experienceHorse FarmerTractor
Less than 3 years21.5%17.9%
3 to 5 years23.5%17.9%
5 to 9 years30.1%16.8%
10 to 19 years23.5%32.5%
20 or more years1.5%14.9%
Horses or Tractors to pull field equipment
Horse FarmerTractor
63.536.5
‘Did you mainly use horses or tractors to pull field equipment on this field in 2017?’
FrequencyPercentValid PercentCumulative Percent
ValidRelies primarily on horses54163.063.563.5
Relies primarily or exclusively on tractors31136.236.5100.0
Total85299.2100.0
Missing970.8
Total859100.0
Organic Cropland Size Classes
Horse FarmerLess than 10 acres10 to 49 acres50 to 99 acres100 to 499 acres500 acres or more5.5803571428571432E-20.455357142857142850.42633928571428576.25E-20TractorLess than 10 acres10 to 49 acres50 to 99 acres100 to 499 acres500 acres or more3.7453183520599256E-30.153558052434456920.228464419475655430.49438202247191010.11985018726591762
Years of Organic Experience
Horse FarmerLess than 3 years3 to 5 years5 to 9 years10 to 19 years20 or more years0.214601769911504450.234513274336283190.300884955752212410.234513274336283191.5486725663716814E-2TractorLess than 3 years3 to 5 years5 to 9 years10 to 19 years20 or more years0.179104477611940290.179104477611940290.167910447761194010.324626865671641780.14925373134328357
Horse FarmerTractor63.536.5
Horses_OEFFA
Horse FarmerLess than 3 years3 to 5 years5 to 9 years10 to 19 years20 or more years0.214601769911504450.234513274336283190.300884955752212410.234513274336283191.5486725663716814E-2TractorLess than 3 years3 to 5 years5 to 9 years10 to 19 years20 or more years0.179104477611940290.179104477611940290.167910447761194010.324626865671641780.14925373134328357
CornField
Characteristics of Typical Corn Field
(Analyzed for all cases)I am not sure if the acreage for corn field would be that interesting/ seems more important to report total acres operated not sure if I will use most of this greyed out part
Will do one way Anova with LSD and insert letters for average size of field
Presence of LivestockBy Dominant Farm EnterpriseEquipment
CharacteristicTOTAL SAMPLEYesNoCash GrainVegetableDairyHorse FarmsTractor Farms
percent of farmer respondents
Size of field reported in survey
average13.110.421.522.69.08.67.822.3Size of field reported in survey
median8.08.012.013.05.07.57.014.0Average13.1
I am not sure how to do stats on these parts with %Median8.0
Distribution by size class (%)Distribution by size class (%)
Under 3 acres5.85.75.91.727.14.36.93.9Under 3 acres5.8
3 to 5 acres15.017.37.88.714.618.7198.43 to 5 acres15.0
5 to 9 acres35.638.725.522.931.343.544.820.15 to 9 acres35.6
10 to 19 acres28.929.327.931.618.828.927.630.210 to 19 acres28.9
20 to 49 acres10.37.120.622.16.34.11.525.620 to 49 acres10.3
50 or more acres4.31.912.313.02.10.40.211.750 or more acres4.3
Type of Corn Raised
Field corn for grain70.365.086.991.869.454.663.182.2
Field corn for silage36.446.07.88.216.360.448.216.8
Sweet corn1.80.84.90.024.50.01.71.6
Popcorn0.60.21.90.94.10.00.70.3
Seed corn1.40.82.92.12.00.91.51.3
Other1.91.91.90.410.21.51.72.3
Use of Corn
Sells all the corn from this field
Sells at least some corn
Uses all corn on the farm6325.367.474.257.47.421.957.9
Condensed for figure on Power Point
Type of Corn Raised
Field corn for grain70.3
Field corn for silage36.4
Sweet corn1.8
Other3.9
Type of Corn Raised
Field corn for grainField corn for silageSweet cornOther70.336.41.83.9
CornField for OEFFA
Characteristics of Typical Corn Field
(Analyzed for all cases)I am not sure if the acreage for corn field would be that interesting/ seems more important to report total acres operated not sure if I will use most of this greyed out part
Will do one way Anova with LSD and insert letters for average size of field
CharacteristicTOTAL SAMPLE
percent of farmer respondents
Size of field reported in survey
average13.1
median8.0
Distribution by size class (%)
Under 3 acres5.8
3 to 5 acres15.0
5 to 9 acres35.6
10 to 19 acres28.9
20 to 49 acres10.3
50 or more acres4.3
Type of Corn Raised
Field corn for grain70.3
Field corn for silage36.4
Sweet corn1.8
Popcorn0.6
Seed corn1.4
Other1.9
RERUN
Presence of LivestockBy Dominant Farm EnterpriseEquipment
Use of CornYesNoCash GrainVegetableDairyHorse FarmsTractor Farms
Uses all corn on the farm64.974.732.625.842.692.678.142.1
Condensed for figure on Power Point
Type of Corn Raised
Field corn for grain70%
Field corn for silage36%
Sweet corn2%
Other4%
Field corn for grainField corn for silageSweet cornOther0.702999999999999960.363999999999999991.7999999999999999E-23.9E-2
CC and CR
Use of Cover Crops, Crop Rotations
(Analyzed for all cases)
I am not sure how to do stats on these parts with % is like a mean?
Use of Cover Crops, Crop Rotations
Presence of LivestockBy Dominant Farm EnterpriseEquipment
CharacteristicTOTAL SAMPLEYesNoCash GrainVegetableDairyHorse FarmsTractor Farms
percent of farms
Used cover crops prior to planting corn in 201741.738.561.548.351.037.737.848.6
(note - excludes hay in a field prior to planting corn)
Type of Cover Crop Used (% of those reporting cover crops)
Grasses52.455.644.84245.861.861.939.3
Legumes20.414.135.234.820.86.47.937.3
Forbes1.11.21.00.04.21.220.00.0
Mixes26.129.019.023.229.230.628.223.3
Most common rotations (reported on at least 10 farms)
H-H-H-C38.245.327.026.220.447.143.428.9
H-H-C-C16.921.110.29.46.122.623.35.8
Sg-H-H-C4.86.12.42.64.16.55.73.2
C-H-H-C2.43.01.51.32.03.03.01.6
H-H-S-C1.40.23.33.000.41.51.3
H-C-C-C2.22.91.2003.73.10.3
C-Sg-H-C2.22.91.20.92.02.81.14.2
S-Sg-H-C1.92.11.53.900.60.44.5
H-C-S-C1.92.41.53.901.30.93.5
H-C-Sg-C1.32.10.81.34.10.90.62.6
C-S-Sg-C4.71.010.514.22.000.711.6
S-C-S-C2.80.86.07.32.00.20.76.4
Crop Rotation on Reported Corn Field (previous 3 years)
Any additional corn 44.442.251.852.236.441.042.048.7
Any soybeans19.912.743.146.513.64.86.343.8
Any small grains24.119.538.638.134.114.313.243.1
Any hay81.989.058.961.163.695.693.162.2Doug thought original numbers were too low- but the 58.9 was verified
2 or more years of hay68.776.144.746.050.084.483.243.8
No corn or soybeans prior 3 yrs48.552.435.533.259.156.655.236.8
CharacteristicTOTAL SAMPLEHas LivestockDoes not have livestockHorse Farms
Presence of any hay82%89%59%93%
GrassesLegumesForbesMixes52.420.3999999999999991.100000000000000126.1
Presence of any hay0.81899999999999995Presence of any hay0.89Presence of any hay0.58899999999999997Presence of any hay0.93100000000000005
Presence of any hay
TOTAL SAMPLEPresence of any hay0.81899999999999995Has LivestockPresence of any hay0.89Does not have livestockPresence of any hay0.58899999999999997Horse FarmsPresence of any hay0.93100000000000005
Characteristic
Presence of any hay
CC and CR for OEFFA
Use of Cover Crops, Crop Rotations Horse Farms
(Analyzed for all cases)
I am not sure how to do stats on these parts with % is like a mean?
Use of Cover Crops, Crop Rotations
Presence of LivestockEquipment
Has LivestockDoes not have livestockHorse FarmsTractor Farms
39%62%38%49%
Used cover crops prior to planting corn in 201742%39%62%38%49%
Type of Cover Crop Used Grasses52%
Grasses52%56%45%62%39%Legumes20%
Legumes20%14%35%8%37%Forbes11%
Forbes1%1%1%2%0%Mixes26%
Mixes26%29%19%28%23%
Five most common rotations (reported on at least 10 farms)
H-H-H-C38%
H-H-C-C17%
Sg-H-H-C5%
C-S-Sg-C5%
S-C-S-C3%
Presence of LivestockEquipment
TOTAL SAMPLEYesNoHorse FarmsTractor Farms
percent of farms
Crop Rotation on Reported Corn Field (previous 3 years)
Any additional corn 44.442.251.842.048.7
Any soybeans19.912.743.16.343.8
Any small grains24.119.538.613.243.1
2 or more years of hay68.776.144.783.243.8
Presence of LivestockBy Dominant Farm EnterpriseEquipment
TOTAL SAMPLEYesNoCash GrainVegetableDairyHorse FarmsTractor Farms
Any hay821596164969362
CharacteristicTOTAL SAMPLEHas LivestockDoes not have livestockHorse FarmsTractor Farms
Presence of any hay82%89%59%93%62%
Types of Cover Crops
GrassesLegumesForbesMixes0.524000000000000020.203999999999999990.110.26100000000000001
TOTAL SAMPLEPresence of LivestockBy Dominant Farm EnterpriseEquipment0000000Any hay82Presence of LivestockBy Dominant Farm EnterpriseEquipment0.8958.961.163.695.693.162.2
Presence of any hay
TOTAL SAMPLEHas LivestockDoes not have livestockHorse FarmsTractor Farms0.818999999999999950.890.588999999999999970.931000000000000050.622
Presence of any hay
Presence of any hayTOTAL SAMPLEHas LivestockDoes not have livestockHorse FarmsTractor Farms0.818999999999999950.890.588999999999999970.931000000000000050.622
Characteristic
Presence of any hay
Use of Cover for OEFFA
Use of Cover Crops on Field in 2017
Has LivestockDoes not have livestockHorse FarmsTractor Farms0.385000000000000010.614999999999999990.3780.48599999999999999
CC for OEFFA Any Hay
Presence of any hay
TOTAL SAMPLEHas LivestockDoes not have livestockHorse FarmsTractor Farms0.818999999999999950.890.588999999999999970.931000000000000050.622
Tillage
Tillage Practices
(Analyzed for all cases)Maybe only include highlights!? Maybe cultivation?
I am not sure how to do stats on these parts with % is like a mean?
Relies on HorsesBy Dominant Farm Enterprise
CharacteristicTOTAL SAMPLEYesNoCash GrainVegetableDairy
USE OF TILLAGE PRACTICES ON CORN FIELD IN 2017
Moldboard w/ complete inversion63.566.558.259.360.466.7
Moldboard w/o complete inversion21.726.612.918.233.322.0
(any moldboard)84.392.470.176.691.787.9
Vertical tillage5.76.15.16.94.25.4
Chisel tillage6.71.116.412.68.33.2
Strip tillage0.60.41.00.92.10.2
No Till0.40.40.30.00.00.6
(any conservation tillage)12.87.921.219.012.59.5
Subsoiling2.11.13.93.92.11.5
Disk/Harrow82.983.482.380.583.384.2
Rototiller2.12.02.30.42.03.4
Cultivation
Row cultivator92.492.492.695.283.391.6
Rotary hoe30.313.958.851.514.619.9
Tine weeder/harrow8.57.410.69.910.27.3
Cultimulcher5.06.52.37.72.04.3
Tillage for OEFFA
Tillage Practices
(Analyzed for all cases)Maybe only include highlights!? Maybe cultivation?
I am not sure how to do stats on these parts with % is like a mean?
USE OF TILLAGE PRACTICES ON CORN FIELD IN 2017% of sample
Moldboard84.3%
Conservation tillage12.8%
Disk/Harrow82.9%
Cultivation
Row cultivator92.4%
Rotary hoe30.3%
Tine weeder/harrow8.5%
Cultimulcher5.0%
Tillage for OEFFA Part II
Tillage Practices
(Analyzed for all cases)Maybe only include highlights!? Maybe cultivation?
I am not sure how to do stats on these parts with % is like a mean?
Relies on HorsesBy Dominant Farm Enterprise
TOTAL SAMPLEHorse FarmersTractor FarmersCash GrainVegetableDairy
Moldboard84%92%70%77%92%88%
Conservation Tillage13%8%21%19%13%10%
Disk/Harrow83%
Cultivation
Row cultivator92%92%93%
Rotary hoe30%14%59%
Tine weeder/harrow9%7%11%
Cultimulcher5%7%2%
Tillage Practices
Horse FarmersTractor FarmersCash GrainVegetableDairyMoldboardHorse FarmersTractor FarmersCash GrainVegetableDairy0.924000000000000040.700999999999999960.766000000000000010.917000000000000040.879Horse FarmersTractor FarmersCash GrainVegetableDairyConservation TillageHorse FarmersTractor FarmersCash GrainVegetableDairy7.9000000000000001E-20.211999999999999990.190.1250.1
Use of Soil Amndmts
SUMMARY TABLES SHOWING USE OF DIFFERENT INPUTS OF DIFFERENT TYPES OF ORGANIC CORN FARMERS
(Analyzed for all cases)
I am not sure how to do stats on these parts with % is like a mean?Probably not the four year grey out some of what we may not share at OEFFA
Presence of LivestockBy Dominant Farm EnterpriseEquipment
All FarmsYesNoCash GrainVegetableDairyHorse FarmsTractor Farms
INPUTS USED IN 2017:
Any manure89.291.482.081.179.695.393.582.0
Cattle manure38.546.314.122.310.254.842.931.5
Dairy22.928.74.97.72.037.825.918.0
Chicken manure34.729.052.448.142.924.123.853.4
Compost11.29.516.517.218.46.78.116.1
Any NPK input42.142.242.240.351.043.042.042.8
Any N input34.432.535.131.346.936.334.634.4
Fish fertilizer products9.59.210.79.418.48.47.912.2
Any P input20.220.718.917.228.621.723.315.1
Any K input20.220.619.418.526.520.621.418.3
Sulfur12.213.38.712.06.113.512.811.6
Any Micronutrients24.726.418.921.518.428.425.723.2
Boron13.114.68.79.08.215.714.011.9
Microbial Stim/Innoc20.019.222.321.520.419.617.923.8
Foliar applied inputs13.712.617.016.320.412.712.815.1
Any Ca input28.726.229.328.334.729.229.427.7
Lime3.84.32.43.90.04.33.54.5
Hi-Cal 12.312.611.710.724.513.814.88.4
Gypsum14.814.116.019.716.313.313.317.0
Ca Input Use last 4 yrs
Any Ca input50.652.6
: DJacksonSmith: can't be right - double check (too low)
CHANGED44.245.946.942.152.547.6
Lime11.411.49.29.44.112.710.513.2
Hi-Cal 25.526.821.420.628.630.129.418.3
Gypsum25.326.122.324.522.426.524.427.0
Use of Soil Amndmts for OEFFA
(Analyzed for all cases)
All FarmsPresence of LivestockBy Dominant Farm Enterprise
All FarmsYesNoCash GrainVegetableDairy
INPUTS USED IN 2017:Presence of Livestock
Any manure89%INPUTS USED IN 2017:INPUTS USED IN 2017:YesNo
Any manure0.90.9140.881.179.695.3Any manure91%82%
Any NPK input42%22.310.254.8Chicken manure29%52%
Fish fertilizer products10%Dairy0.20.2870.0497.72.037.8Dairy29%5%
Chicken manure0.30.30.52448.142.924.1
Any Micronutrients25%Compost0.10.0950.16517.218.46.7Any NPK input42%42%
Fish fertilizer products9%11%
Microbial Stim/Innoc20%Any NPK input0.40.4220.42240.351.043.0
31.346.936.3Microbial Stim/Innoc19.2%22.3%
Ca Input Use last 4 yrsFish fertilizer products0.10.0920.1079.418.48.4
Any Ca input51%Any P input0.20.2070.18917.228.621.7Ca Input Use last 4 yrs
Lime11%Any K input20.220.619.418.526.520.6Any Ca input26.2%29.3%
Hi-Cal 25%Lime4.3%2.4%
Gypsum25%Sulfur12.213.38.712.06.113.5Hi-Cal 12.6%11.7%
Any Micronutrients24.726.418.921.518.428.4Gypsum14.1%16.0%
Boron13.114.68.79.08.215.7
Microbial Stim/Innoc20.019.222.321.520.419.6By Dominant Farm Enterprise
Foliar applied inputs13.712.617.016.320.412.7INPUTS USED IN 2017:Cash GrainVegetableDairyEquipment
Any manure81.1%79.6%95.3%INPUTS USED IN 2017:Horse FarmsTractor Farms
Any Ca input28.726.229.328.334.729.2Chicken manure48.1%42.9%24.1%Any manure93.582.0
Lime3.84.32.43.90.04.3Dairy7.7%2.0%37.8%Chicken manure23.853.4
Hi-Cal 12.312.611.710.724.513.8Dairy25.918.0
Gypsum14.814.116.019.716.313.3Any NPK input40.3%51.0%43.0%
Fish fertilizer products9.4%18.4%8.4%Any NPK input
Ca Input Use last 4 yrsFish fertilizer products
Any Ca input50.652.644.245.946.942.1Microbial Stim/Innoc21.5%20.4%19.6%
Lime11.411.49.29.44.112.7Microbial Stim/Innoc
Hi-Cal 25.526.821.420.628.630.1Ca Input Use last 4 yrs
Gypsum25.326.122.324.522.426.5Any Ca input45.9%46.9%42.1%Ca Input Use last 4 yrs
Lime9.4%4.1%12.7%Any Ca input
Hi-Cal 20.6%28.6%30.1%Lime
Gypsum24.5%22.4%26.5%Hi-Cal
Gypsum
Soil Philos
Approaches to Soil Management
(Analyzed for all cases)
I am not sure how to do stats on these parts with % is like a mean?Maybe have Remi do a chart with means and do stats on that?
Presence of LivestockBy Dominant Farm EnterpriseEquipment
All FarmsYesNoCash GrainVegetableDairyHorse FarmsTractor Farms
Mean Score% Very Important pecent of farmer respondents listing as 'very important'
Building health soils to ensure healthier crop 3.7374.174.771.974.271.774.773.675.6
Building organic matter content of soil over times 3.6264.464.663.663.171.764.362.367.9
Picking tillage practices based on impact on weed population 3.4553.453.154.459.134.052.851.956.0
Reducing soil compaction3.4456.556.058.255.953.259.362.047.7
Using manure and compost as source of soil nutrients 3.4350.852.046.449.140.452.949.552.6
Choosing crop rotations to improve soil quality 3.3245.645.545.946.942.646.947.543.0
Using cover crop to build soil quality 3.3147.046.050.550.043.845.746.647.5
Choosing crop rotations to break pests and disease 3.1839.538.443.245.037.038.840.937.3
Ensuring soil nutrient levels meet crop needs3.1834.332.440.737.532.632.429.941.5
Picking tillage practices based on impacts on soil quality3.0929.929.232.333.315.230.329.131.5
Replacing nutrients removed by crops3.0529.829.231.433.318.228.024.738.0
Using cover crops to control weed 2.9729.429.429.631.020.829.131.225.9
Adding soil amendments to stimulate soil biology2.8425.024.427.024.839.124.925.524.4
BCSR approach to soil magnesium2.8020.120.419.018.525.021.220.219.7
Presence of LivestockBy Dominant Farm EnterpriseEquipment
YesNoCash GrainVegetableDairyHorse FarmsTractor Farms
Ensuring soil nutrient levels meet crop needs3.153.283.253.223.153.113.30
Replacing nutrients removed by crops3.103.103.112.843.022.983.15
BCSR approach to soil magnesium2.802.802.743.072.842.822.77
Is BCSR saturation level very important for farmer? 0.200.190.190.250.210.200.20
Building organic matter content of soil over times 3.620.193.623.673.613.603.67
Choosing crop rotations to improve soil quality 3.323.623.363.193.343.353.27
Choosing crop rotations to break pests and disease 3.163.343.283.173.163.193.15
Using manure and compost as source of soil nutrients 3.463.243.393.233.483.443.42
Using cover crops to control weed 2.953.353.022.942.953.012.89
Usinf cover crop to build aoil quality 3.293.023.423.293.273.313.31
Adding soil amendmenrs to stimulate soil biology2.382.862.83.132.882.902.75
Building health soils to ensure healthier crop 3.743.73.743.73.743.733.74
Picking tillage practices based on impact on weed population 3.443.473.523.263.433.443.45
Picking tillage practices based on impacts on soil quality3.073.133.132.873.093.063.13
Reducing soil compaction3.443.473.443.453.473.523.323
Soil philos for OEFFA
Equipment
Top Five Soil Management PhilosophiesAll FarmsHorse FarmsTractor Farms
Mean Score% Very Important
1Building health soils to ensure healthier crop 3.7374%74%76%
2Building organic matter content of soil over times 3.6264%62%68%
3Picking tillage practices based on impact on weed population 3.4553%52%56%
4Reducing soil compaction3.4457%62%48%
5Using manure and compost as source of soil nutrients 3.4351%50%53%
Sl Phil OEFFA All farm mean
Mean ScoreBuilding health soils to ensure healthier crop Building organic matter content of soil over times Picking tillage practices based on impact on weed population Reducing soil compactionUsing manure and compost as source of soil nutrients Choosing crop rotations to improve soil quality Using cover crop to build soil quality Choosing crop rotations to break pests and disease Ensuring soil nutrient levels meet crop needsPicking tillage practices based on impacts on soil qualityReplacing nutrients removed by cropsUsing cover crops to control weed Adding soil amendments to stimulate soil biologyBCSR approach to soil magnesium3.73031026252983283.62230215827338143.44524669073405533.44138755980861263.43400713436385273.32095808383233543.31425091352009733.1791767554479423.17769607843137263.0873308733087333.04797047970479712.96932515337423332.83903675538656542.8021108179419527
Soil Phil Very Important
% Very ImportantBuilding health soils to ensure healthier crop Building organic matter content of soil over times Picking tillage practices based on impact on weed population Reducing soil compactionUsing manure and compost as source of soil nutrients Choosing crop rotations to improve soil quality Using cover crop to build soil quality Choosing crop rotations to break pests and disease Ensuring soil nutrient levels meet crop needsPicking tillage practices based on impacts on soil qualityReplacing nutrients removed by cropsUsing cover crops to control weed Adding soil amendments to stimulate soil biologyBCSR approach to soil magnesium74.09999999999999464.40000000000000653.456.550.845.64739.534.29999999999999729.929.829.42520.100000000000001
Ec Overall and by Farm Type
Economic Indicators of Organic Corn Producers(Only reported for cases with reliable data)
Bolded indicates significately higher at p=
Economics of Soil Amendments
Economics
Info on Yield, Prices,
and Inputs
Input Use in Organic Corn Production• Info on manure, compost, NPK, microbial products, and soil
amendments– Various ways of applications, wide range in quantities– Dollar values in many cases, quantity values in some cases
• Machinery – Passes for planting, intercultivation, nutrient application, and
harvesting– Imputed values for horses vs. tractor use
• Seed Rates – imputed based on the yield rates
• Land Rent – 20% responded with $ values; supplemented with USDA
data
Quantity Info
• Wide variations in application rates and methods
91%
41% 36%
12%
42%
8%25% 21% 14%
28%
Frequency of Input Use
28%
4%
12%15%
1%
CalciumInputs
Lime Hi-Cal Gypsum Dolomite
Frequency of Calcium Use
Both Grain Corn and Silage Corn
Calcium Appliers
No-Calcium Applications
Fertilizers and Soil Amendments $198 $129Fieldwork $96 $94Seeds $102 $97Land Rent $155 $152Total Expenses $551 $472
Total Revenues $1380 $1280Net Returns to Labor and Management $828 $807
For both Grain Corn and Silage Corn
Calcium Appliers
No-Calcium Applications
Manure and Compost $ 75 $ 80 NPK $ 36 $ 23 Calcium $ 45 $ 2 Micronutrients $ 12 $ 8 Microbial Products $ 8 $ 7 Fish and Foliar Products $ 7 $ 5 Others $ 17 $ 8 Total $ 199 $ 130
Distinction between Corn for Grains
and Corn for Silage
Summary Statistics
Corn Grains SilageYield 133 bu 20 tonsPrice $9.44/bu $69.44/tonRevenues $1267 $1404Estimated Expenses
$497 $495
Net Returns $770 $909
Does Calcium Make a Difference in Corn Grain Crop?
With Calcium
No Calcium
Statistically Different?
Yield 142 bu 130 bu YesRevenues $1360 $1230 YesEstimated Expenses
$551 $475 Yes
Net Returns $809 $755 No
Does Calcium Make a Difference in Corn Silage Crop?
With Calcium
No Calcium
Statistically Different?
Yield 20.4 tons 19.9 tons NoRevenues $1426 $1396 NoEstimated Expenses
$551 $470 Yes
Net Returns $875 $926 No
• Distributions – not just point estimates!
Grains Silage
Yields
Average: 134 bu Average: 20 Tons
Price Average: $70.00Average: $9.00
Grains Silage
Grains SilageAverage: $1,267
Estimated Total Revenue
Average: $1,403
Grains Silage
Average: $497 Average: $494
Total Expenses
Grains Silage
Average: $770 Average: $909
Net Returns to Labor and Management
Farmers • with dairy animals • or Animal enterprises• With horse drawn equipmentreport higher Net Returns!
Farm Economics: Livestock vs No Livestock
Farm Economics: Farm Type
Farm Economics: Type of Equipment
Horses vs. Tractors
Do Tractor vs. Horse Use Make a Difference in Corn Grain farms?
Horse-drawn
Tractor-drawn
Statistically Different?
Yield 137 bu 130 bu YesRevenues $1283 $1249 NoEstimated Expenses
$456 $547 Yes
Net Returns $827 $702 Yes
Do Tractor vs. Horse Use Make a Difference in Corn Silage farms?
Horse-drawn
Tractor-drawn
Statistically Different?
Yield 21 tons 17 tons YesRevenues $1457 $1204 YesEstimated Expenses
$491 $504 No
Net Returns $966 $700 Yes
Correlations!
Correlations can capture the • role of continuous, long-term applications of
Calcium
Correlation between Corn Grain Yield and Frequency of
Any Calcium Applications over 4 years 0.139***
Gypsum Applications over 4 years 0.118***
Hi-Cal Applications over 4 years 0.090**
Dolomite Applications over 4 years 0.021
Lime Applications over 4 years 0
Corn Grain Net Returns and Any Calcium Applications
0.098**
Correlation between Corn Silage Yield and Frequency of
Any Calcium Applications over 4 years 0.094
Gypsum Applications over 4 years 0.066
Hi-Cal Applications over 4 years 0.099
Dolomite Applications over 4 years -0.051
Lime Applications over 4 years -0.047
Corn Silage Net Returns and All Calcium Applications
0.043
Years of Farming
• Slightly matters!
Conclusions
• Some evidence – Applying Calcium helps increase yields in grains• Farmers need to consider the Costs of Calcium applications!
• Statistical difference – yields, estimated expenses• No statistical difference in Net Returns to Labor and Management
• Gypsum and Hi-Cal lime applications over a longer durations have effects
Next Steps
How much Calcium should you apply?
Depends on your soil’s CEC
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16
Pote
ntia
l Inc
reas
e in
Cal
cium
Per
cent
age
CEC
Possible Increase in Calcium % to ‘balance’ soils
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16$ to
be
Spen
t on
Ca
CEC
Prescribed Expense on Calcium
Efficiency Analysis – Preliminary ResultsEfficient Farms – 50 out of 526 farms– Half of them applied Ca during 2014-17 – Half of them did not!– How do you know if you are efficient?
Average Yield (bu/ac)
Average Expenses on Fertilizers, Amendments, Seeds, Machinery, Land ($/ac)
Efficient Farms 160 $413Other Farms 130 $505
More Results and Summaries Available
• Enterprise types (Dairy vs. Crops vs. Vegetables)• Role of cover crops• Horse vs. Tractor comparison• Efficiency of farm productivity
• A summary report will be mailed to survey participants • More reports will be made available on our website!• Please sign up in the sheet to get electronic copies of these reports
https://offer.osu.edu/soil-balancing
Visit our website!
Dr. Subbu Kumarappan [email protected]
The Ohio State University Extension embraces human diversity and is committed to ensuring that all research and related educational programs are available to clientele on a nondiscriminatory basis without regard to race, color, religion, sex, age, national origin, sexual orientation, gender identity or expression, disability, or veteran status. This statement is in accordance with United States Civil Rights Laws and the USDA.
Use of trade names does not imply endorsement of the products named nor criticism of similar ones not named.
Questions/Thoughts? We would love to hear from you
Thank you to..
Imputed Expenses
Which is how we get average total expensesTOTAL EXPENSES $496 $468
Plus Soil Amendment Total= $149
Project Team
stakeholder-designed treatments
Investigator Focus AreaDoug Doohan Weed Mgmnt./Risk Analysis
Steve Culman Soil FertilityDoug Jackson-Smith Engagement; Case StudiesMatt Kleinhenz Vegetable Production/Quality
Subbu Kumarappan EconomicsWarren Dick Soil Biology
The OSU BCSR Project Team*
QUESTIONS?
THANK-YOU and
GOOD LUCK!
Slide Number 1Slide Number 2Slide Number 3Slide Number 4Slide Number 5Many rely on horses for fieldworkSoil Amendment Use Overall Soil Amendment Use Overall Slide Number 9EconomicsInput Use in Organic Corn ProductionQuantity InfoSlide Number 13Slide Number 14Slide Number 15Slide Number 16Distinction between �Corn for Grains �and �Corn for SilageSummary StatisticsDoes Calcium Make a Difference in Corn Grain Crop?Does Calcium Make a Difference in Corn Silage Crop?Slide Number 21GrainsSilageSlide Number 23GrainsSilageGrainsSilageGrainsSilageSlide Number 27Slide Number 28Slide Number 29Slide Number 30Horses vs. TractorsDo Tractor vs. Horse Use Make a Difference in Corn Grain farms?Do Tractor vs. Horse Use Make a Difference in Corn Silage farms?Correlations!Slide Number 39Slide Number 40Years of FarmingSlide Number 42ConclusionsNext StepsHow much Calcium �should you apply?�Depends on your soil’s CECEfficiency Analysis – Preliminary ResultsMore Results and Summaries AvailableSlide Number 48Slide Number 49Slide Number 50Slide Number 51Slide Number 52Slide Number 53Slide Number 54Slide Number 55
