Edited by: Prof. Ir. Titien Saraswati, M.Arch., Ph.D.

Dr.-Ing. Wiyatiningsih, S.T., M.T.

ISBN: 979813996-8

Copyright and Reprinted Permission

All rights reserved. This book, or parts of thereof, may not be reproduced in any form or by

any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording or any information

storage and retrieval system now known or to be invented, without written permission from

the organizer.

All rights reserved. © 2011 by

Duta Wacana University Press

Organized by:

Department of Architecture

Faculty of Architecture and Design

Duta Wacana Christian University

Jl. dr. Wahidin Sudirohusodo 5 – 25

Yogyakarta, Indonesia 55224

Ph. +62 274 563929

Fax +62 274 513235

University Website : http://www.ukdw.ac.id

Conference Website : http://cib2010.blogspot.com

E-mail : cibjogja@gmail.com

i

FOREWORD

It is an honour for Department of Architecture, Faculty of Architecture and Design, Duta

Wacana Christian University (DWCU) at Yogyakarta, Indonesia; to be the host of CIB

International Conference on Local Wisdom in Global Era. The Conference being run by the

collaboration among Faculty of Architecture and Design DWCU, Institute of Technology 10

November Surabaya (ITS), International Council for Research and Innovation in Building and

Construction (W110 CIB), and Nusantara Urban Research Institute (NURI). The theme

“Enhancing the Locality in Architecture, Housing, and Urban Environment” provides papers

and presentations on a wide range of topics indicating the breath and scope for both research

and teaching within the area of architecture and the built environment.

Actually this Conference would be held on November 26-27, 2010. Due to the eruption of

Merapi Volcano since October 26, 2010; especially the most dangerous eruption on November 05, 2010; the Conference has been rescheduled to January 21-22, 2011. We thank

you for your kind commitment to this Conference.

These proceedings have been prepared from the papers provided by more than 60 presenters

accepted from approximate 135 abstracts from about 10 countries. Finally, on behalf of the Department of Architecture, Faculty of Architecture and Design (formerly Department of

Architecture, Faculty of Engineering) we thank you to all contributors to the Conference: CIB, ITS, NURI, the members of Steering Committee and Organizing Committee as well,

International Reviewers, all presenters and participants, and last but not least to all members

of Duta Wacana Christian University for their generous supports. Without them, this

Conference would not be possible.

Prof. Ir. Titien Saraswati, M.Arch., Ph.D.

Dr.-Ing. Wiyatiningsih, S.T., M.T.

Editor

ii

INTRODUCTION

The incongruous impact of globalization towards the existence of indigenous and national

resource has gained international interest. Efforts to restore the quality of the threatened

environment for the living have raised concerns on finding local strategies to understand and

manage the impact world widely. Unfortunately, the most common answer to this situation

cannot be done only by a single discipline. In term of design, it is not enough to give solution

to the problems unless we deal with the uniqueness of the social, economic, and cultural

context of the local community in each country.

One of spatial characteristics of urban areas in developing countries is the emergence of slum

areas and squatter settlements which are only seen partly in the urban development. These

settlements are occupied by the poor working in informal sectors around the city centre. These

people demonstrate great ingenuity in developing their residential neighbourhoods, organizing

open spaces and constructing their houses, even though the government views them as illegal. To view the poor not as a problem requires honest and good motivation. This International

Conference explores new paradigms which focuses on enhancing and fostering local knowledge and wisdom for sustainable developments in Architecture, Housing, Urban Design

as well as Urban and Regional Planning.

AIM AND SCOPE

The Conference discusses and critically examines the phenomena occurred in Architecture, Housing, and Urban Developments within developing countries. Sub-themes might be related,

but not limited, to the following topics:

A. Indigenous Architecture as a Basic Architectural Design

- The use of Local and Recycled Materials

- Innovative Building Construction

- Traditions and Vernacular Architecture

- Sustainable Design and Construction

- Indigenous Strategy for Disaster Preparedness

B. Informal Settlements as a Basic Development for Housing Improvement

- Self-sufficient Built Environment

- Pro-poor Housing Policy, Planning and Efficiency

- Parametric Computational Tools for Sustainability

- Total Participatory and Advocacy Development Planning

C. Harmony with Nature for Sustainable Urban Development - Assessment for Sustainable Urban Planning and Design

- Man-made and Natural Environment in Harmony - Sustainable Urban Greenery

- Appropriate Technology for Sustainable Built Environment

iii

STEERING COMMITTEE

Ir. Henry Feriadi M.Sc, Ph.D.

Ir. Eddy Christianto, ST., MT.

Ir. Eko Agus Prawoto, M.Arch.

Prof. Ir. Titien Saraswati, M.Arch. Ph.D.

Dr. –Ing. Ir. Paulus Bawole, MIP

ORGANIZING COMMITTEE

Chairperson : Dr.-Ing. Ir. Winarna, MA.

Secretary : Imelda Damanik, ST., MAUD. Treasurer : Sita Yuliastuti Amijaya, ST., M.Eng

Call for Paper : Ir. Eko Agus Prawoto, M.Arch.

Prof. Ir. Titien Saraswati, M.Arch., Ph.D.

Conference : Dr.-Ing. Wiyatiningsih, ST., MT.

Dr.-Ing. Ir. Paulus Bawole, MIP.

Documentation : Parmonangan Manurung, ST., MT.

Yulianto, ST., M.Eng. Publication : Ir, Eddy Christianto , MT., and DWCU Office of

Publication and Relation Event Facilities : Doewi Koesworo, Paulus Margono, and DWCU

Home Affairs

Fund Raiser : Ir. Henry Feriadi, M.Sc. Ph.D.

Gregorius Sri Wuryanto, ST., M.Arch.

REVIEWER TEAM

Prof. Dr.-Ing. Eckhart Ribbeck - Professor of Städtebauliche Institut, Fakultät Architektur

und Stadtplanung – Universität Stuttgart and Head of Institut für Städtebauliche in Asia, Africa und Latin America (SIAAL), Stuttgart – GERMANY

Assoc. Prof. Dr. Ir. Johannes Widodo - Acting Deputy Head (Research), National University of Singapore - SINGAPORE

iv

Asosc. Prof. Dr. Julaihi Wachid – Lecturer at School of Housing and Planning, Universiti

Sains - MALAYSIA.

Prof. Ir. Titien Saraswati, M.Arch., Ph.D - Lecturer at Duta Wacana Christian University,

Yogyakarta - INDONESIA.

Dr.-Ing. Ir. Paulus Bawole, MIP. – Lecturer at Duta Wacana Christian University,

Yogyakarta - INDONESIA.

Dr. Ir. Henry Feriadi M.Sc, – Lecturer at Duta Wacana Christian University, Yogyakarta -

INDONESIA.

Dr.-Ing. Ir. Winarna, MA., - Lecturer at Duta Wacana Christian University, Yogyakarta -

INDONESIA.

v

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Copyright and Reprinted Permission

Foreword i

Introduction ii

Aim and Scope ii

Steering Committee iii

Organizing Committee iii

Reviewer Team iii

Table of Contents v

Introduction from the Secretary General of CIB 1

1. Keynote Speakers 1.1 Sri Sultan Hamengku Buwono X (Governor of Yogyakarta Special

Province, Indonesia)

1.2 Suharso Monoarfa (Indonesian State Minister for Public Housing)

2. Featured Speakes

2.1 Wardah Hafidz (Urban Poor Consortium, Indonesia)

2.2 Prof. Dr.-Ing. Eckhart Ribbeck (University of Stuttgart, Germany) 2

2.3 Dr. Amira Osman (Council for Scientific and Industrial Research,CSIR, Pretoria, South Africa) and Ahmed Abdalla (Faculty of Architecture, University of Khartoum, Sudan)

5

2.4 Prof. Liana Arrieta de Bustillos and Jose Bufanda

(Centroccidental University Lisandro Alvarado Barquisimeto,

Venezuela, South America)

10

2.5 Assoc. Prof. Dr. Ir. Johannes Widodo (National University of

Singapore Singapore)

22

2.6 Prof. Dr. Ir. Atyanto Dharoko, M.Phil. (Vice Rector IV of Gadjah

Mada University, Yogyakarta, Indonesia)

29

2.7 Assoc. Prof. Dr. Julaihi Wahid (University Sains Malaysia, Malaysia) 34

2.8 Dr.-Ing. Ir. Paulus Bawole, MIP (Duta Wacana Christian University,

Yogyakarta, Indonesia)

45

3. Parallel Session’s Speakers

3.1 A. Indigenous Architecture as a Basic Architectural Design A 3.1.1 A Potency Of A Local Material To Achieve A Creativity

- Aulia Fikriarini Muchlis, Ernaning Setiyowati (UIN Maliki, Malang,

Indonesia)

A-1

3.1.2 Malay Decorative in Modern Building Architectural

- Yohannes Firzal (University of Riau, Indonesia)

A-10

3.1.3 Traditional Architecture Formers as Character City Face Jogjakarta

- Indartoyo (Trisakti University, Jakarta, Indonesia)

A-16

3.1.4 The Influence of Norms “Pasang” on Settlement Environment

Ammatoa Kajang, South Sulawesi

A-25

vi

- Mimi Arifin, Happy Ratna Santosa, Purwanita Setijanti (Institute of

Technology Sepuluh November, Surabaya, Indonesia)

3.1.5 Anecdote of Bengal Vernacular Spaces

- Ashik Vaskor Mannan, Sudipta Barua (American International

University–Bangladesh [AIUB]

A-37

3.1.6 Climatic Responsive Space in Melayu Pontianak House: A

Preliminary Study

- Tri Wibowo CAESARIADI, Emilya KALSUM (Tanjungpura

University, Indonesia)

A-47

3.1.7 Architectural And Physical Characteristics Of Indigenous Limas’

Houses In South Sumatra

- Ari Siswanto, Azizah Salim Binti Syed Salim, Nur Dalilah Dahlan, Ahmad Hariza (Sriwijaya University, Palembang, Indonesia; and

Universiti Putra Malaysia)

A-56

3.1.8 Vernacular Architecture In Jakarta And Surroundings

- Agung Wahyudi (Gunadarma University, Jakarta, Indonesia)

A-64

3.1.9 The Aesthetics Interpretation through Experience in Place at Umah

Balinese Architecture - A. A. Ayu Oka Saraswati, Josef Prijotomo, Purwanita Setijanti

(Udayana University, Denpasar, Indonesia; and Institute of

Technology Sepuluh Nopember, Surabaya, Indonesia)

A-73

3.1.10 An Inquiry Into The Usage of Recycled Waste Materials by Urban

Poor to Provide Affordable Housing

- Anand Mata (CEPT University, Ahmedabad, India)

A-79

3.1.11 Accommodating Temporality

- Yenny Gunawan, ST., MA. (Parahyangan Catholic University,

Bandung; and Visiting Lecturer at Pelita Harapan University,

Karawaci, Indonesia)

A-88

3.1.12 Architectural Education In Papua: To Emerge The Local Indigenous

Architecture In Built Environment - Alfini Baharuddin (Jayapura University of Science and Technology, Indonesia)

A-95

3.1.13 Sustainability of the Traditional Form of Batak House in Samosir

Island - Dr.-Ing. Himasari HANAN (Bandung Institute of Tecnology,

Bandung, Indonesia)

A-102

3.1.14 Tobong Roof Tile Architecture and Female Labors in Wirun Village,

Regency of Sukoharjo - Harmilyanti Sulistyani (Indonesian Art Institute, Surakarta,

Indonesia)

A-110

3.1.15 Understanding Space Based on the Symbol of Batang Garing

on Dayak Ngaju House

-Indrabakti Sangalang, ST, MT, Prof. Ir. Endang Titi Sunarti

Darjosanjoto, M.Arch, PhD, Ir. Muhammad Faqih, MSA, PhD

(Palangka Raya University; and Institute of Technology 10 Nopember

Surabaya, Indonesia)

A-118

3.1.16 Recycle-Material Block From Repulped Paper For Wall of Low-Rise

Building

- V. Totok Noerwasito (Institute of Technology 10 Nopember

Surabaya, Indonesia)

A-127

3.1.17 Preliminary Study on The Thermal Environment of The Flores’s A-135

vii

Vernacular House for Development Tropical Responsive Design

- Agung Murti Nugroho, PhD (Brawijaya University, Malang,

Indonesia)

3.1.18 Pacitan: City without Local Wisdom for Tsunami Hazard

-Fadly Usman, Agus Suharyanto, Keisuke Murakami (Brawijaya

University, Malang, Indonesia; and University of Miyazaki, Japan)

A-142

3.1.19 Spatial Perception Strategy in Orientation Design

- Bertha Bintari, ST, MT, MAID (Duta Wacana Christian University,

Yogyakarta, Indonesia)

A-151

3.1.20 Sustainable Design and Construction in the Javanese Architecture

- Mohamad Muqoffa (Sebelas Maret University, Surakarta, Indonesia)

A-159

3.1.21 The Spirit of Revitalization Vernacular Architecture: Response to Declining Environmental Quality

- Priyo Pratikno (Duta Wacana Christian University, Yogyakarta, Indonesia)

A-168

3.1.22 Theoretical Understanding and Analysis Model on Disaster Preparedness and Post-Disaster Spatial Transformation of the

Indonesian Indigenous Culture of Dwelling - Gregorius Sri Wuryanto, M.Arch.(Duta Wacana Christian

University, Yogyakarta, Indonesia)

A-174

3.1.23 Space for the Dead

-Jeanny Dhewayani .(Duta Wacana Christian University, Yogyakarta,

Indonesia)

A-182

3.1.24 In search of “Mamminasata Style”: Model for the Application of

Local Architectural Characteristics for Contemporary Designs Based

on Shape Grammar

- Ria Wikantari, Ph.D., Mochsen Sir, Syarif Beddu, Waluya Hadi,

Baharuddin Hamzah, Ph.D. (Hasanuddin University, Makassar,

Indonesia)

A-190

3.1.25 The Concept of Banua in Mandailing Architecture

- Cut Nur’aini, Achmad Djunaedi, Sudaryono, T. Yoyok W. Subroto

(ITM Medan, Indonesia; and Gadjah Mada University, Yogyakarta,

Indonesia)

A-200

3.1.26 Sustainable Incremental House with Modular Construction - Eunike Kristi Julistiono (Petra Christian University, Surabaya, Indonesia)

A-208

3.1.27 ”One Kampung One Public Facility” as an Initial Phase of Kampung Oriented Development: Studio`S Considerations - Dr.Eng. Muhammad Sani Roychansyah (Gadjah Mada University, Indonesia)

A-217

3.1.28 Local Architecture Image of Sawai Bay in Central Maluku - Hestin Mulyandari, Muhammad Zein Kelanohon (University of Technology Yogyakarta, Indonesia)

A-225

3.1.29 Morphological On Local Wisdom Coastal Community Settlement as a Product Vernacular Architecture - Ahda Mulyati Muluk, Prof. Nindyo Soewarno, M.Phil., Ph.D (Tadulako University, Palu, Sulawesi, Indonesia; and Gadjah Mada

University, Yogyakarta, Indonesia)

A-234

3.1.30 Use of Recycled Aggregates from Construction and Demolition

(C&D) Waste for Building Construction in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania - Mwita Sabaia, Prof. Jos Lichtenbergb, Dr. Emilia Egmondc, Dr.

A-242

viii

Rubhera Matod, Dr Joseph Ngowie (Technische Universiteit Eindhoven, Eindhoven, The Netherlands; and Ardhi University, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania)

3.2 B. Informal Settlement as a Basic Development for Housing

Improvement

B

3.2.1 ‘Participatory Research’ Approach in the Structuring Activity of

Touristm Village of ‘Jelekong’ - Bandung Regency

- Udjianto Pawitro (National Institute of Technology – Itenas,

Bandung, Indonesia)

B-1

3.2.2 Semendo Traditional Settlement as One of Vernacular Architecture Case Study: Pulau Panggung Village, Muara Enim, South Sumatra - Tutur Lussetyowati (Sriwijaya University, Palembang, Indonesia)

B-8

3.2.3 Housing Development on the Urban Fringe Areas with case study at

Semarang City-Indonesia -Bambang Setioko, Joesron, A.S (Diponegoro University, Semarang, Indonesia)

B-13

3.2.4 Morpho-Ecological Strategy in Architetural Design Process

- Dr.Eng. Firza Utama S. (BINUS University, Jakarta, Indonesia)

B-19

3.2.5 Informal Settlements Housing Improvement and Family Income in

Caracas, Venezuela - Jean Martin Caldieron (Florida Atlantic University, USA)

B-27

3.2.6 The Future of Informal Settlements: A Reflection of Government’s Effort

- Rulli Pratiwi Setiawan (Sepuluh Nopember Institute of Technology, Surabaya, Indonesia)

B-34

3.2.7 Characteristic of Slums in Denpasar City, Bali

- I Made Adhika (Udayana University,Denpasar, Indonesia)

B-40

3.2.8 The Impact of Adequate and Reachable House for Migrants

on Urban Social Stability

- Wisnu Sasongko, ST., MT., Gunawan Prayitno, SP., MT. (Brawijaya

University, Malang, Indonesia)

B-44

3.2.9 Housing Model for Low Income People in Palembang City

Based on Housing Preference and Affordability

- Wienty Triyuly (Sriwijaya University, Palembang, Indonesia)

B-53

3.2.10 Analyzing The Core Components of Urban Planning Base on Local

Knowledge Diversifications of Local Knowledge in Urban Planning

- Noriss K. HAMMAH, Kamaria DOLA (Ph.D.) (University Putra

Malaysia)

B-62

3.2.11 Issues of Service Charges of Stratified Residential Buildings in

Malaysia and The Role of Cob - Rohaya, Ghani, Mastura, Jaafar @Mustapha (Universiti Sains

Malaysia, Penang, Malaysia)

B-71

3.2.12 Sustainability Model of Flats For Low-Income Communities

Development - DR. Setyo S. Moersidik, Setia Damayanti (Cand. DR) (University of

Indonesia, Jakarta, Indonesia)

B-78

3.2.13 Community Participation in Conservation of Traditional House in

Kotagede

- Punto Wijayanto (Gajah Mada University, Yogyakarta, Indonesia)

B-87

ix

3.2.14 Cultural Ladscape Characteristic Identification of The Code

Riverbank, Yogyakarta

- Luhur Sapto Pamungkas, Endah Tisnawati (Yogyakarta University

of Technology, Yogyakarta, Indonesia)

B-95

3.3 C. Harmony with Nature for Sustainable Urban Development C

3.3.1 Settlement Pattern of ‘Using’ Ethnic Community in Kemiren Village Banyuwangi

- Prof. Antariksa, Nindya Sari, Tri Kurnia Hadi Muktining Nur (Brawijaya University, Malang, Indonesia)

C-1

3.3.2 Greenhouse Effect in the Housing Area with Modern Minimalist Style Home Design

- Ir. Unik Praptiningrum Wardhono,MM (University of 17 Agustus 1945, Surabaya, Indonesia)

C-14

3.3.3 The Influence of Postmodernism in Urban Planning and Design in Indonesia.

- A. Rudyanto Soesilo (Soegijapranata Catholic University, Semarang,

Indonesia)

C-21

3.3.4 Conflicts Between The Economic Space and Natural Landscape

- Wahyu Utami, Prof.Ir. Atyanto Dharoko, M.Phil., Ph.D, Ir.Ikaputra,

M.Eng., Ph.D, Dr.Ir.Laretna Trisnantari, M.Arch. (Gadjah Mada

University, Yogyakarta, Indonesia)

C-27

3.3.5 Urban Settlement and Its Environment; A Case Study of Menteng Atas, Jakarta - Indonesia

- Danto Sukmajati (Mercu Buana University, Jakarta, Indonesia)

C-32

3.3.6 Empowerment of Informal Settlements Related to the Character of

Community Capacity

- Winny Astuti, Ph.D., Ana Hardiana, Dyah Widi Astuti (Sebelas

Maret University Surakarta, Indonesia)

C-41

3.3.7 Application of Social Relationship in Vernacular Architecture

-Ema Yunita Titisari, Noviani Suryasari (Brawijaya University,

Malang, Indonesia)

C-50

3.3.8 Traditional Architecture as a Tourism Asset

- Syaiful Muazir (Tanjungpura University, Pontianak, Indonesia)

C-58

3.3.9 Concept of Integrated Surakarta Urban Center Using Urban Heritage Role - Soedwiwahjono (Sebelas Maret University, Surakarta, Indonesia)

C-65

3.3.10 Enhancement of Ecological Wisdom of Vernacular Architecture Into

Global Ethic

- Ir.Marcus Gartiwa., MT (University Of Langlangbuana, Bandung,

Indonesia)

C-77

3.3.11 Architecture, Community, and Social Capital: Contribution of

Environment Order and Spatial Behaviour to Social Capital of Housing Resident Community

- M. Syaom Barliana, Diah Cahyani Permana Sari (Indonesia

University of Education (UPI), Bandung, Indonesia)

C-92

3.3.12 Understanding of Harmony in Lakon Wayang

- Johannes Adiyanto, Josef Prijotomo, Galih Widjil Pangarsa (Institute

C-103

x

of Technology Sepuluh Nopember, Surabaya, Indonesia; and

Brawijaya University, Malang, Indonesia)

3.3.13 Coastal Area And Its Potentiality to Provide Thermal Comfort to the

City Of Makassar

- Juhana Said, Iwan Sudrajat (Bandung Institute of Technology,

Indonesia)

C-115

3.3.14 Simulation of Thermal Environment Using STEVE Tool to Assess

Urban Greenery as Mitigation Strategy for Urban Heat Island in High

Density Commercial Districts of Dhaka: Potential Of Dhaka Building

Construction Regulation, 2008

- Nyuk Hien WONG, Nabanita Islam, Marcel Ignatius, Steve Kardinal

Jusuf (National University of Singapore, Singapore)

C-121

3.3.15 Articulation of Urban Spatial: A Conceptual Approach Toward

Sustainable Urban Spatial Planning For ‘Third World’ Cities - Tommy S.S. Eisenring, Batara Surya (Pepabri University of

Makassar; and “45” University of Makassar, Indonesia)

C-131

3.3.16 Local Wisdom in “Wetland Architecture”

- Bani Noor Muchamad, Ira Mentayani, Arya Ronald (Gadjah Mada

University, Yogyakarta, Indonesia)

C-140

3.3.17 Is There Any Role of Local Community on Tourism Development in Kota Tua (Oud Batavia), Jakarta–Indonesia?

- Primi Artiningrum, Danto Sukmajati (Mercu Buana University, Jakarta, Indonesia)

C-148

3.3.18 The Meaning of Space-Use Efficiency for The Inhabitants of Four

Low-Cost Multi-Storey Public-Housings In Bandung, Cimahi, and

Soreang, Indonesia

- DR. Yasmin Suriansyah (Parahyangan Catholic University,Bandung, Indonesia)

C-156

3.3.19 Comfort Comparison Study on Office Colonial Building and Modern Office Today.

- Antonius Ardiyanto, Arif Kusumawanto (Soegijapranata Catholic University, Semarang, Indonesia; and Gadjah Mada University,

Yogyakarta, Indonesia)

C-165

3.3.20 Simulation of the Impact of the Climate Change on the Current

Building’s Envelope Thermal Transfer Value (ETTV) Regulation in Singapore

- Nyuk Hien Wong, Steve Kardinal Jusuf, Nedyomukti Imam Syafii,

Wen Hui Li (National University of Singapore, Singapore)

C-175

3.3.21

Slums Versus Squatting: Informal Tenure and Speculative Settlements

in Yogyakarta

-Wiryono Raharjo (Universitas Islam Indonesia, Yogyakarta,

Indonesia)

C-182

xi

3.3.22 Self-built housing improvement Using housing queue method - Prof. Dr. Ir. Happy Santosa, MSc, dan Hartatik, ST, MT Department of Architecture, Faculty of Civil Engineering and Planning Institute of Technology Sepuluh Nopember (ITS)

C-193

B. Informal Settlement as a Basic Development for Housing Improvement

B - 19

3.2.4

MORPHO-ECOLOGICAL STRATEGY IN ARCHITETURAL

DESIGN PROCESS

Dr.Eng. Firza Utama S.

BINUS University, Jakarta, INDONESIA

Firza.utama@binus.ac.id

ABSTRACT

This paper employs algorithmic design methods in a design process that uses natural phenomena as the basis of

its architectural morphology. It implements digital morphogenesis in reaction to ecology and the influential

forces of the building environment. This paper is divided into two equally important sections; the description of

the process and the project discussion. The description of the process demonstrates the methods used and the

thinking involved in incorporating nature’s influential elements as part of the creative task, and the project

discussion showed practical case of the outcome of that process. Tools for simulating nature’s environmental

and visual forces are showed using algorithmic design methods. These tools create transformations in NURBS-

based surfaces through the translation of their respective control point matrices. Using these tools several

different generations that would work as the starting point for the evolutionary process are tested and analyzed.

Keywords: Morphogenesis, Ecology, Algorithmic Design.

I. INTRODUCTION The field of architecture is going through a shift where its basic principles are being challenged by the changes that are happening around us. The abundance of new techniques and technologies in architectural design, as well as in fabrication and construction, force us to rethink our design methods and processes. The global changes that drive us toward an ever-growing need for technology in our buildings provide us with the opportunity to search for new holistic solutions. But new solutions cannot be made with obsolete tools. Michael Weinstock stated that the direct emulation of the past is fruitless, yet we must learn from the lessons it provides

1).

New architectural paradigms are forming with the help of the transition to digital design; new tools allow us to find new sources of inspiration and solutions. But these tools only mimic old design processes and do not themselves any new possibilities or inspiration for design. Kostas Terzidis states that they offer the benefits of computerisation but not the overwhelming opportunities of computing

2).

The use of scripting and parametric software offers designers the potential to search for optimal results through the whole design process. It offers the incorporation of interdisciplinary knowledge into the early stages of the process, where it can influence the rationality of the outcome, rather than, afterwards, trying to solve the problems in sequential order. The changes in the design process are gradually happening and with the digital integration of architecture, engineering and biological processes, it will affect architecture in the future. II. ALGORITHMIC DESIGN TOOLS Algorithms are not just about software and computers, they describe a process of logical thinking and as such its history precedes the computer. According to Terzidis, they are commonly associated with computer science, as the term is mostly used there, but the use of instructions, commands and rules in architectural practise are, in essence, algorithms. Many of our design choices are controlled by laws and regulations, and certain decisions rule out or enable new options. As with algorithms, we too are controlled by if-then-else conditional choices. We make decisions based on validated data and those decisions guide us through the design process

2).

Terzidis points out, that design is about conceptualization, imagination and interpretation, it is the activity of formulating ideas, as opposed to planning, which is about accomplishing a pre-set objective. Design should leave room for serendipity, a chance to find something completely

B. Informal Settlement as a Basic Development for Housing Improvement

B - 20

unexpected, yet desired. This cannot be achieved by conforming to current rules and practises. It applies to the use of algorithms as well; if we control the end result with overly specific rules, we leave no room for new emerging forms. There is no point in designing something, if you already know the final outcome. Terzidizstates that algorithms are only a single tool used in the design process, not the design process itself and that design is strongly influenced by the tools utilized, so conversely, tools have a profound effecton the design

2). Some claim that the prolific use of computers in design produces recognizable

results in form and structure. This seems to be a critique toward computer models, as though a computer had played a determining role in forming the design. Terzidis explains that the mouse-based manipulation of control points on NURBS-based (Non- uniform rational B-Spline) or mesh surfaces is not an act of computing, as much as it is transformations, based completely on the visual decisions of the designer

2). The use of the computer or computing in architectural design does not dictate any pre-

defined shapes or style. But with the help of algorithmic design methods, it is possible to extend our creativity as designers. Using an open design process and incorporating the use of different design branches simultaneously, rather than consecutively, we can search logical and effective options. For this to happen, we must wander beyond our traditional comfort zone and Terzidissuggests that this might be the first time architectural design is not aligned with formalism or rationalism but with intelligent form and traceable creativity

2). The use of these new methods does not limit the intuition of the designer or the

form of the design. As change can only be additive, not subtractive, they do not reject or deny existing approaches to design

3).

III. DIGITAL MORPHOGENESIS Natural organisms form through evolution, which requires numerous generations of mutation and genetic selection. An organism’s DNA holds the coded sequence that controls their growth. As a general rule, nature tries to do things as simply as possible. Their mechanics may, at first, seem incomprehensibly complex but underneath lays a set of very simple algorithms

1). Many of the

emergent algorithms we may use in our design are based on these natural processes. Terzidis points out that the processes may not be regarded as human inventions but rather human discoveries

2).

Genetic algorithms, cellular automata and voronoi-diagrams are just a few examples of nature’s ingenuity that we often exploit in contemporary architectural design

4). Alberto Estévez says, that the

new methods in architecture allow us, not simply to create in nature, but to create with nature5)

.

Figure 1. Diagram demonstrating the different phases of the design process.

Natural morphogenesis is a process of evolutionary development and growth. It produces polymorphic systems that obtain their complex organization and shape through interaction between their material capacities and the external environmental influences and forces, as described by Achim Menges

6).This

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process gives the organism its distinctive shape and internal cellular structure. Through simulation, the mathematical representation of the interaction of real-worldobjects, we can use these methods for the benefit of architectural design.Using evolutionary methods and the active modulation of simulated environmental conditions, morphological differentiation of form and structure can emerge. Attempts to find finite and in some ways completed geometrical forms which will be ruined when they are added to or removed from, are defied by nature’s total disrespect towards them. ReimaPietilä calls them terminable and interminable objects, where terminable objects find a state of completion and interminable objects allow infinite enrichment both qualitatively and quantitatively. Though, the “completion” of an object is indicative of the inner tensions of the composer and are, as such, more a psychological expression

7).

During morphogenesis, natural or digital, the organism is in a constant state of change. Whether through growth or environmental factors, every moment is different in structure and composition. Because of this, every single moment in its composition is as meaningful and as beautiful as the next and we cannot point at a moment of completion. Nature is never complete, nor is it ever exactly the same. Derived from the way in which nature works, the way a simulation of nature should work is based on our choice of a point when we are satisfied with the results. Using these methods in architecture, we cannot expect a “finished” product, optimized to perfection, but we will receive a form that is just a snapshot in its evolutionary history. IV. ECOLOGY Michael Hensel describes ecology as the interdisciplinary, scientific study of the relation between an organism and their hosting environment. It can be studied at various levels ranging from the individual organism to populations, communities of species, ecosystems or even the whole biosphere. The specific host environment is in constant and dynamic feedback relation with the organism, which evolves functionality

8). As a term, ecology can be expanded to describe a way of thinking that leans

towards sustainable living. In that meaning, ecology implies actions that influences our environment as little as possible or does not leave long-term effects. Sustainable living tries to minimize the effects of man on his environment. The use of the term in this paper is not in its expanded meaning, but in its original root where it describes the study of the relationship between organism and its environment

1).As such, the term does not imply or hold any indication of the nature of this relationship

or the possible impact the organism and the environment have on each other. Environment is a collective term for the conditions in which an organism lives. It is the complex and dynamic exchange between these two that enables evolving functionality, as stated by Hensel

1).As

external environmental factors influence the development of form and function; it makes this subject interesting in the field of architectural design. Hensel points out, that the response to external stimuli could be in the core of the generative process of architecture, instead of the consecutive step-by-step, objective-by-objective optimization at the end of the design process

1).

Ecology enables mutation in genetic processes, as it acts as a motivation for the form or structure to evolve to be better suited in surviving in its environment. The simulation of mutation and its effects are completely in the hands of the designer, who makes the decision as tohow the best solution of a population will be calculated. One criterion for that can be the structural optimization of a form, but that alone does not take into account all the effects of the environment, but only a narrow sector of the physical forces affecting the form, albeit a very crucial force in the realization of a construction. Different factors can be used in the mutation of the form as well as in the criteria on which the fittest solution is evaluated. V. PARAMETRIC EXPERIMENT The link between environmental data, which becomes available through simulation, and the impact it has on the design process is further explored. The natural environmental forces that affect the experiment are too complex and enumerable to simulate to their full extend. Because of that, the simulations were limited to only a few decisive factors that would hold the most influence in the mutation. CFD (Computational Fluid Dynamic) simulations were used to provide information on the performance of the configuration and its components.

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5.1. Deciding on influential forces The environmental toolset is applied to the generation with varying parameters for a finite amount of times. This produces a small population for visual evaluation, from which the fittest solution will be selected to become the next generation. Through evolutionary methods and consecutive generations of different solutions, the shape and form of the final solution slowly starts to emerge. The purpose of the toolset is to simulate, to a certain accuracy, the behavioral characteristics of natural and visual forces, and most importantly, to convert that information into the transformation of a simulated surface. Through consecutive runs, or iterations of the tools, their effects on the surface become clearer after new iteration. The tools are designed with different parameters that control the amount of their effects and allow a certain degree of variation in their application, enabling different compositions of environmental forces. Using the tools with varying settings causes different results in parallel runs. The affected object is represented by a NURBS (Non-uniform rational B-spline) based surface that is controlled by a matrix of control points and their weights. With respect to the Bézier curves, it allows local modification of the surface by changing the control point coordinate, without affecting the rest of the surface31. The level of detail, and thus the level of effect the tools have on the surface, is controlled through the density of the control points. As the move of a control point affects the surface only locally, their degree and density dictates the shape and the amount of the transformation. The modifications of the surfaces are controlled through the modification of their respective control points. The resolution of the control points can be used to control the complexity of the solution. The surface’s resolution also determines the level of detailing the tools have on it; more control points on a surface means a more defined result. The amount and direction of the transformation is directly controlled by the individual tools which all function differently from each other in order to facilitate force-specific results. The tools are applied through scripting and the useof parametric application. The simulation environment was created using Rhinoceros 4.0 three-dimensional modeling program based on NURBS and a parametric plug-in, called Grasshopper. All of the different simulated environmental and visual forces function through the displacement of the surface’s control points. The vector for each transformation is calculated through the internal algorithm of the tool in question and each force’s effect on the surface is unique. The amount of single transformation is relatively small, but the cumulative effects of the forces together yield distinctive results (Figure 5). 5.2. Algorithm: Pseudocode The algorithm of the simulation can be described as using pseudocode as follows:For each individual in the population > create a surface using genes as paameters in the surface equation > attach the control points of the surface to a set of springs > run the physics simulation between the springs until the surface reaches equilibrium (Figure 2)> attach hexagonal pattern to the surface > calculate the normals of the surface > attach the normals to the fluid’s vector field > create particle system and add its density to the fluid’ density field (Figure 3) > run the computational fluid dynamics for the particle system > calculate the rate of particle entering the core volume over generated particles and evaluate the invidual (Figure 4).

Figure 2. Created Surface using genes as parameters (Above). Attached control points to the surface running physics

simulation (Below).

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Figure 3. Created particle system and its density to the fluid’s density field.

Figure 4. Individual evaluation of particle rates entering the volume over the generated solution.

Figure 5. Simulation result.

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VI. PROJECT DISCUSSION In order to discuss the practical example of morpho-ecological design, the works of R&Sie(n) are presented and discussed. By analyzing pictures, plans, diagrams of R&Sie(n)’s projects showsthe use of modeling and scripts, values in understanding the behavior of nature, and its interaction with urban structure, and the complexity of the design process.By using morphogenetic and parametric tools, they try to demonstrate that nature cannot be domesticated and predictable.R&Sie(n) uses these tools to question the evolution of nature and its interaction with urban elements of housing. An interesting evolution in R&Sie(n)’s research and a focus on ecologycan be seen from the system ofevolutionary development and diversification (phylogenesis). R&Sie(n) questions the way nature and molecular nature of cities interact. Nature is unpredictable so that it cannot be easily domesticated and the notion of 'contingent' is appropriate. They have reappropriated this notion in their research on ecological architecture and urbanism. Their latest project I’m Lost In Paris (2008-9) examines how the intrusion of nature (fern) causes stress not only on the plants but also the inhabitant of a quiet haussmannian-style housing. For R&Sie(n) nature is reactive and not proactive. I’m Lost in Paris is an ecological house with 1200 ferns that grow around the building. These ferns are fed by hydroponic tubes that carry water from the roof to the plants. The choice of this plant is strategic. As we know, there is a strong relationship between a mass of plant form and its lifespan. Big plants live longer than small ones, as noted Michael Weinstock.Michael Weinstock

9), has undertaken research since a decade

on the interaction of evolution of biological elements. He found similarities between the biological structure and parametric and morphogenetic architecture and urbanism. As he wrote:plants are hierarchical structures, made of material with subtle properties that are capable of being changed by the plant in response to local or global stresses.

Figure 5. R&Sie(n) I’m Lost In Paris project.

A similar project is Spider Net in the Wood, that R&Sie(n) constructed in 2007, confirm Michael Weinstock’s assertion. The scenario is clear and simple: Over density of existing forest plantation (trees will be at the right level in 5 years).R&Sie(n) has posted a series of pictures of the evolution of the plant one year after the construction, entitled Growing plants. As we can see, plants, gradually, seem to absorb the house. The structure is made of netting and wrapping the forecasted size of adult trees with a polypropylene mesh in order to develop a labyrinth in the branches. The house consists of stealth indoor 400 m2 building that has been plugged and connected to the labyrinth by a sliding glass door.This house functions as the principle of plants: it is unpredictable, if not to say, self-organizational. It aims at demonstrating that building as well as plants is capable of being changed in response to local or global stresses. This house is a prototype of François Roche and StéphanieLavaux’s interest for the behavior of building stressed by nature. The plan of the house shows the relationship of the building and its surrounding environment. Nature will gradually control the building the building and will gradually be absorbed by its surrounding environment.

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Figure 5. R&Sie(n) Spider Net in the Wood project.

From the concept of adaptive: in R&Sie(n)’s architectural projects, the building functions as the plants, meaning: it is adaptive. It will be obliged to manage its behavior facing the plants as the plants will resist to this structure made of various technologies and techniques. Plants as well as buildings function in the same way. Precisely, building needs to capture light, ventilation as well as it will exchange gases such as metabolic structures.For instance, the project Mosquito Bottleneck, a house project built in 2003 for an art collector in Trinidad. The design was based on the movement of mosquito. This movement produces a simple form that, then, will be assembled to form a complex structure that have behaviors which, in turn, will self-assembled into a more complex structure, and so forth. The descriptions and digital models permit a better understanding of the structural performance not only of the biological structure (the mosquito, surrounding environment, the ferns) but also the building. In the case of Mosquito Bottleneck, the analysis of the movement of the mosquito turned into a klein-bottle twist between the two contradictory data: that of humans and that of insects. It is interesting to note that the architects used a fragile structure and materials for this building to simulate the fragility of the mosquito lifespan and our fragility facing with the virus. The skin of the building consists of plastic wire and plastic shrink-warp to weave together the house from the floor to the roof. The goal was to build a skin that would actually attract mosquitoes and move them through the building, while, of course, keeping them separate from the occupants. The result is: the dwelling structure behaves like the mosquitoes as it vibrates like the buzzing of the mosquitoes.

Figure 5. R&Sie(n) Mosquito Bottleneck project. Digital models facilitate the construction of these projects Mosquito Bottleneck, Spider in the Wood, I’m Lost in Paris. It enables analysis and simulations. The natural behavior of the mosquito is then shifted into a structural behavior that will be modeled, then, scripted with the use of softwares from 3D softwares to mathematical softwares. The analysis of natural environment leads to the construction of house that will be progressively controlled by nature. Conversely, the intrusion of nature (the ferns) in an urban environment has previously been simulated with advanced tools in order to draw various scenarios of relationship and conflict between nature, urban environment and humans, etc.

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VII. CONCLUSION In conclusion this paper has shown the possibilities of algorithmic design methods in a design process that uses natural phenomena as the basis for its architectural morphology. It implements digital morphogenesis in reaction to ecology and the influential forces of the building environment.These Morpho-ecological strategies permit to test, simulate at various scale behaviors, scenarios that will then be reinterpreted into meaning, architecture and engineering. They reveal an agenda for new strategies not only in terms of design but also in terms of construction that is new system for advanced architectural engineering. VIII. REFERENCES Achim, Menges (2006). Instrumental geometry. Architectural Design. Vol 76 No 2. John Wiley &

Sons Ltd. Achim, Menges (2006). Polymorphism. Architectural Design. Vol 76 No 2. John Wiley & Sons Ltd. Coates, Paul. (2010). Programming Architecture. New York: Routledge. Estévez, Alberto T.; Puigarnau, Alfons (2003). Genetic Architectures. Barcelona: Lumen, Inc. Hensel, Michael (2006). Computing Self-Organisation: Environmentally sensitive Growth Modelling.

Architectural Design 76. Hensel, Michael &Menges, Achim (2008). Morpho-Ecologies – Towards an Inclusive Discourse on

Heterogeneous Architecture. London: Architectural Association (second. edit., first. published 2006). p. 12.

Pietilä, Reima (1958). Morphology of Expressive Space. Le Carré Bleu. Terzidis, Kostas (2006). Algorithmic Architecture. Amsterdam: Elsevier. Weinstock, Michael (2006). Techniques and morphogenetic of the Architectural Design.

Architectural Design. John Wiley & Sons Ltd.