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1
Education and Training in Nuclear Science and
Technology
Andrej Stritar
“Jožef Stefan” Institute
Nuclear Training Centre
Ljubljana, Slovenia
IAEA Seminar, Ankara, 1-3 November 2001
Education and Training in Nuclear Science and Technology
• This is very broad subject!• What should I be talking about?
– Need for the research and knowledge?– Decrease of governmental support for
nuclear?– Negative public perception?– Grey hear of us?– No interest among young people?– Safety concerns because of the loss of
competence?
Education and Training in Nuclear Science and Technology
• Why could I speak about that?• I am
– Head of the Nuclear Training Centre at– “Jožef Stefan” Institute in Ljubljana
• I am also– President of the Nuclear Society of Slovenia– President-elect of the European Nuclear Society
• …and I have substantial experience in co-operating with IAEA and other organizations
Slovenia, the smallest nuclear country
K o p e r
P o s to jn a
C e lje
L ju b lja n a
N o v oM e s to
K o e v je
Z a g re b
M a r ib o r
K ra n jB le d
N o v aG o r ic a
T r ie s te
A d r ia ticS e a
K la g e n fu r t
H R
I
A H
How come we are Nuclear?
• Used to be Yugoslavia• Nuclear program started in 1950• Nuclear Institutes were formed in:
– Belgrade– Zagreb– Ljubljana – “Jožef Stefan” Institute
Jožef Stefan Institute
• First it was only nuclear• In 1966 TRIGA reactor constructed• It is still operable
Jožef Stefan Institute
• In mid sixties need for nuclear has changed
• End of financing by federal government
• Restructuring was a must!• NEW RESEARCH FIELDS WERE
INTRODUCED
Jožef Stefan Institutetoday
T heoret ical Physics
Low and I ntermediate Physics
T hin Films and S urf aces
S olid S tate Physics
Reactor Physics
Experimental Part icle Physics
Physics
A utomation, Biocybernet ics and Robot ics
Computer A utomation and Control
O pen S ystems and N etworks
Computer S ystems
Digital Communicat ions and N etworks
I ntelligent S ystems
Electronics and IT
Physical and O rganic Chemistry
I norganic Chemistry and T echnology
Ceramics
Biochemistry and M olecular Biology
Environmental S ciences
Chem istry and B iochem istry
Reactor Engineering
T RI GA
N uclear T raining Centre
Energy Effi ciency Centre
Reactor Techniques and Energy
Director
About 740 employees, out of that 300 PhDs
Jožef Stefan Institutetoday
About 100 in nuclear
T heoret ical Physics
Low and I ntermediate Physics
T hin Films and S urf aces
S olid S tate Physics
Reactor Physics
Experimental Part icle Physics
Physics
A utomation, Biocybernet ics and Robot ics
Computer A utomation and Control
O pen S ystems and N etworks
Computer S ystems
Digital Communicat ions and N etworks
I ntelligent S ystems
Electronics and IT
Physical and O rganic Chemistry
I norganic Chemistry and T echnology
Ceramics
Biochemistry and M olecular Biology
Environmental S ciences
Chem istry and B iochem istry
Reactor Engineering
T RI GA
N uclear T raining Centre
Energy Effi ciency Centre
Reactor Techniques and Energy
Director
Jožef Stefan Institutefinancing
• Institute– ~80% from research projects
• Nuclear part– ~50% from research projects
• Nuclear Training Centre– 0% from the state budget
Why do we need nuclear research?
• NPP Krško• Medicine applications• Industrial applications• Support to regulatory bodies
NPP Krško
• Westinghouse PWR
• Two loop• 656 MWe• Commercial
operation 1983
NPP Krško role in Slovenian electricity
supply
Hydro31%
Fossil43%
NPP26%
Power2395 MW
Hydro28%
Fossil34%
NPP38%
Energy11475 GWh
Nuclear Education and Training
• Slovenia never had undergraduate nuclear education
• 2 Graduate Schools• 4-6 Ms.C. per year• Training for NPP Krško well developed
What is the difference between education and training?You probably don’t react if your child comes from school and says: “We had education about sex today.”You react differently if he says: “We had training in sex today!”
W eeklyExam s
TheoreticalTraining
HighSchool orCollege
Graduate
Internal Exam
W eeklyExam s
Trainingabout NPP
System s
Internal Exam16 weeks of
S im ulator Training
InternalS im ulator
Exam
On-the job Training andSelfstudy(6 m onths to 1
year)
2 weeksRefresher
Course
ReactorOperator S tate
Exam
At least 1m onth
selftraining
Dubbing inthe MCR
(2-3 m onths)
W ork asReactorOperator 1 year
Reactor OperatorS tate Exam
7 dayS im ulatorRefresher
S im ulatorExam
1-2 weeksRefresher
Course
Senior ReactorOperator S tate
Exam
W ork as Reactor Operator
7 dayS im ulatorRefresher
S im ulatorExam
1 year
1-2 weeksRefresher
Course
3 daysRadiologicalProtection
State Exam
5 years
1-4 years
W ork as Senior ReactorOperator
7 dayS im ulatorRefresher
S im ulatorExam
1 year
3 daysRadiologicalProtection
State Exam
5 years
1-4 years
Senior ReactorOperator S tate
Exam
W ork as SeniorReactorOperator(1 year)
1-2 weeksRefresher
CourseAt least 1
m onthselftraining
At least 1m onth
selftraining
Sel
ectio
n of
MC
RP
erso
nnel
O ther duties
4,5 m onths
4,5 m onths
State Examin RP
Control Room Operator Training in SloveniaComplete System
Nuclear Training Centre
Areas of activity
• Training for Krško NPP
• Radiological protection training
• International courses
• Public information
Staff and organization
• Only 12 people• 7 professionals• No financing from the government• NPP finances just about 2/3 of
activities• We were forced to find new
sources.
Radiological protection
• Commercial:– About 3000 people in Slovenia must
be licensed– We are authorized to provide training
Public Information
• Central visitors centre• Well recognized• NPP approved additional funding• Funding also by the Radwaste
Agency• About 7500 visitors per year
International Training Courses
Vision of our Nuclear Training Centre:
To be internationally recognized as a good source of knowledge
in the nuclear area
IAEA - Outsourcing
• Long History of IAEA events in Ljubljana (more than 70)
• Outsourcing – a method of sharing the implementation burden for IAEA activities:– Most of organizational work is done
by us.
Outsourcing – why do it?
• Challenge• Logical way towards the
independent competence of our NTC
• We wish to become internationally recognized
• At some point we wish to become independent from IAEA
Outsourcing - problems
• Finances• Taxes• Visas• Transportation• Hotels• Insurance
Outsourcing – crucial things
• Internal implementation procedures• Three implementing crews available
– (workshop coordinator, workshop administrator)
• Strong cooperation with authorities• QA/QC procedures• Computerized support
Outsourcing - results
• Improved capabilities of NTC• Beneficial for everybody involved
– Labor cost in Slovenia is lower than at IAEA
– IAEA has more time and funds for other things
Outsourcing – friendly advice
• It is not easy…• …but it is fun!• Do it, if you find it challenging• Don't do it, if you hate
organizational work…
Outsourcing – friendly advice
…because at some point you will be asking yourself why you have studied engineering,
when you have to deal with bureaucrats most of your time!
Why we have problems with the sustainability of nuclear
research?
• No major developments in research• Most of nuclear activities are routine• Other, more challenging technologies• No nuclear power expansion
• NEGATIVE PUBLIC PERCEPTION!
Isn’t negative perception also our
fault?• We are not aware of our
performance!• We most of the time just complain
over bad destiny.• But facts are on our side!
History of Primary EnergyWorld primary energy consumption growth
1990-2000
90%
95%
100%
105%
110%
115%
120%
125%
130%
1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000
com
pare
d to
199
0
Coal Nuclear Oil Hydro Gas Total
History of Primary EnergyWorld primary energy consumption growth
1990-2000
90%
95%
100%
105%
110%
115%
120%
125%
130%
1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000
com
pare
d to
199
0
Coal Nuclear Oil Hydro Gas Total
Future of Nuclear Power
World NPP power - future
300
325
350
375
400
1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010 2012 2014
TW
Turkey: Change in primary energy sources and carbon releases
0%
20%
40%
60%
80%
100%
120%
140%
160%
1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000
80%
90%
100%
110%
120%
130%
140%
150%
Coal O il Gas Hydro Ceq release
BSEC: Change in primary energy sources and carbon releases
0%
20%
40%
60%
80%
100%
120%
1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000
0%
20%
40%
60%
80%
100%
120%
140%
Coal O il Gas Hydro Ceq release Nuclear
Germany: Change in fossile fuels use,carbon releases and nuclear energy use
0%
5000%
10000%
15000%
20000%
25000%
30000%
1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000
80%
85%
90%
95%
100%
105%
110%
115%
Coal O il Gas Ceq release Nuclear
World: Change in fossile fuels use,carbon releases and nuclear energy use
0%
100000%
200000%
300000%
400000%
500000%
600000%
700000%
800000%
900000%
1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000
95%
100%
105%
110%
115%
120%
125%
130%
Coal O il Gas Ceq release Nuclear
Silver lining!
• Energy program of president Bush.• Import of waste to Russia!• Finland – (waste repository, fifth
unit)• UK• PBMR• Generation IV
For the end
• So, what to do with sustainability, education and training in nuclear?
• Stress the benefits an facts to public!
• Find challenging and commercial applications
• Think and act globally.