EDXRF-Methods of Prepare Soil

8/13/2019 EDXRF-Methods of Prepare Soil

1/29


2/29

Volume 10

GG uu iidd ee lliinn ee f f oo r r SS oo iill QQ uu aa lliittyy SS aa mm pp lliinn gg aa nn dd HHee aa vvyy MMee ttaa ll A A nn aa llyyss iiss iinn SS oo iill wwiitthh RR ee f f ee r r ee nn cc ee ttoo IInn ttee r r nn aa ttiioo nn aa ll NNoo r r mm ss

Authors: Dr. Hans Werner MUELLER, Ing. Bodo HARAZIM (BGR),Dr. Awadis ARSLAN (ACSAD)

Commissioned by: Federal Ministry for Economic Cooperation andDevelopment (Bundesministerium fr wirtschaftliche

Zusammenarbeit und Entwicklung, BMZ)Project: Management, Protection and Sustainable Use of

Groundwater and Soil Resources in the Arab Region

BMZ-No.: 1996.2189.7

BGR-Archive No.:

Date of issuance: December 2003

No. of pages: 27


3/29

1

Table of Contents Page

ACRONYMS 3

Summary 4

1 Introduction 5

2 Collection of Data and Data Handling 5

2.1 ISO Norms for Soil Sampling and Comments 6

2.2 Soil Sampling in the Field, some practical Aspects 8

3 Analytical Studies 8

3.1 Heavy Metal Analysis 9

4 Presentation of Laboratory Methods for Main and Trace 9Element Analysis in Soil

4.1 XRF Analysis, pressed Sample Pellets 9

4.2 XRF Analysis, using fused Sample Beads 10

4.3 Total Decomposition, using HF-HClO 4-HNO 3 10(open system)

4.4 Total Decomposition, using HF-HClO 4-HNO 3 11(closed system / pressurized)

4.5 Extraction with HCL-HNO 3 (aqua-regia), ISO 11466 11

4.6 Extraction with HClO 4-HNO 3 12

4.7 Extraction with hot 7-mol-HNO 3 13

4.8 Extraction with HCl (Ca, Mg, K, Na, P & SO 4) 13

4.9 Extraction with EDTA, Determination of mobile and 13Complex forming Trace Elements (pH 4,65)


4/29

2

4.10 Extraction with DTPA, Determination of mobile, available 14and slowly released Trace Elements (pH 7,3)

4.11 Extraction with NH 4NO 3, Determination of mobile Trace 15Elements

4.12 Water-soluble Salts, (Soil Extraction with Water / Anions 15Cations)

4.13 Sequential Extraction of Heavy Metals 16

5 Investigations on Contamination with Organic Substances 16

6 GIS Use and Presentation of Data 17

7 Recommendations for Soil Monitoring 18

8 Literature 19

Scheme 1: Minimum Data Set 21


5/29

3

ACRONYMS

ACSAD Arab Center for the Studies of Arid Zones and Dry LandsAOX Absorbable halogenorganic compoundsASTM American Society for Testing MaterialsBGR Federal Institute for Geosciences and Natural ResourcesBMZ Federal Ministry for Economic Co-operation and DevelopmentBW Soil Value (this is a denomination for a level of tolerance)CP CounterpartCEC Cation Exchange CapacityCV-AAS Cold Vapor Atomic Absorption Spectrometer DIN Deutsches Institut fr Normung e.V.DM Dry Matter EC Electrical ConductivityEN European NormETP EvapotranspirationETA-AAS Electro Thermal Atomization Atomic Absorption Spectrometer FAO Food and Agriculture Organization of the United NationsFISBo BGR Technical Information System for Soil Science of BGRGCSAR General Commission for Scientific Agricultural Research (under the MAAR)GIS Geographic Information SystemsGISCON Training Center for Geographic Information Systems, HannoverICP-MS Inductively Coupled Plasma - Mass SpectrometryISE International Soil Analytical Exchange (Program of the Faculty

of Agriculture of the Wageningen University, Netherlands)ISO International Standard OrganizationKA3, KA4 Soil Mapping Manual for Germany, 3rd and 4th EditionMAAR Ministry of Agriculture and Agrarian Reform of SyriaNCRS National Center for Remote Sensing (Lebanon)OM Organic MatterPAH Poly - cyclic Aromatic HydrocarbonsPCB Poly - chlorous Bi phenyls

PET Potential EvapotranspirationPPM Project Planning MatrixT TemperatureXRF X Ray Fluorescence Analysis


6/29

4

Summary

The introduction of regional, national and international measures for the protection ofsoil and water strongly depends on the acquisition of accurate, precise and especiallycomparable analytical data. The aims to equalize (normalize, standardize) all involved procedures leads to the use of international norms like DIN, EN, ISO, ASTM, (EPA)etc. If norms are not applied, data cannot be compared with existing regulations.Inaccurate sampling in the field and even small, not documented changes in the wholechain of the analytical procedure, or the processing of attained data, could lead to sig-nificant differences in the final results.Economic or legal conclusions drawn from these final results are in general focused onsustainable life quality and economic effectiveness. So planning on a faulty databasecauses enormous losses.

Here guidelines for soil quality sampling and heavy metal analysis in soil with refer-ence to international norms are presented. We have incorporated in this paper somehints from our practical work, especially in the Damascus Ghouta in Syria and theBekaa plain in Lebanon.

Also other than the here mentioned norms and standards are important guidelines howto plan, proceed and present activities in all sectors of development, construction, production, control, research and even customer service.

Operating according to ISO STANDARDS will lead to comparable results from whichconclusions, influencing economic and legal aspects of life could be drawn.It shall be mentioned here, that for soil-ecological purposes, and here the estimation oflong-term mobilisation rates of elements and matrix components of the soil the extrac-tion with HCL-HNO3 (aqua-regia) after ISO 11466 is obligatory.


7/29

5

1 Introduction

Any kind of successful survey needs to be planned beforehand. Comprehensive work-ing concepts for the collection and evaluation of data and its management have to bedeveloped beforehand.

Decisions on alternatives of sampling and analysis have to be taken. With a view to theevaluation of results, methodologies for the later appraisal have to be selected. For ex-ample: our results of the heavy metal analysis were supposed to be related with thresh-old-values measured in Aqua Regia after ISO 11466.The documentation of data, their storage, access, handling, evaluation and presentationhad to be pre-planned accordingly. An adequate quality control of soil analytical dataas well as remote sensing data and others had to be assured.

For further information on the soil protection concept itself please refer to the Guide-line for Soil Protection - Concepts for the Assessment of Soil Pollution, volume 9 ofthis series.

2 Collection of Data and Data Handling

In order to secure a complete collection of relevant data from soil sampling the follow-ing Minimum-Data-Set (Scheme 1) must be respected. If all of the here mentionedaspects are filled with the respective information a secure data storage, data manage-ment and data evaluation is possible.

Scheme 1: Minimum Data Set

Profile Horizon LocationType of exposure Upper depth LatitudeSoil unit Lower depth LongitudeParent material Depth unit Grid reference Nomenclature Horizon Location

Land Use Soil texture classDate Soil colorOrg. materialCarbonates

Samples ResultSample identification Sample identificationSampling method Analytical procedureUpper depth Result

Lower depth UnitDepth unit ParameterSample material Relation


8/29

6

The latter describes minimum requirements for data identification.The procedures and alternatives for problem oriented field activities should be drawnfrom international norms.

The use of international norms assures a comparison of results and hence enables theresearchers to use existing thresholds and sound recommendations. These ISO Normsmay not yet be available in all regions but they can be reached easily.

2.1 ISO Norms for Soil Sampling and Comments

Many different sampling patterns may be adopted in soil sampling for contaminatedsoil, a good overview of alternatives is given in the ISO 10381-1 to 5, and they con-form to international standards.

ISO/DIS 10381-1, Publication date: 1995-11Soil quality - Sampling - Part 1: Guidance on the design of sampling programs

Scope:ISO 10381-1 sets out the general principles to be applied in the design of sampling programs for the purpose of characterizing and controlling soil quality and identifica-tion of sources and effects of contamination of soil and related material. Detailed in-structions for specific sampling situations are given in other parts of these internationalstandards.

Annex B provides a Procedure for the determination of a sampling plan.

Annex C gives an overview about Examples for different sampling patterns used insoil sampling programs.

DIN ISO 10381-2, Publication date: 1996-02

Soil quality - Sampling - Part 2: Guidance on sampling techniques (ISO/DIS10381-2: 1995)

This part of ISO 10381 contains an overall guideline of the soil sampling, samplehandling, transport and storage for the determination of soil fertility and contamina-tions.

Also considered:Groundwater sampling,Soil gas,

Disturbed and undisturbed sampling for soil density in different depth,Information about typical equipment for special sampling conditions and representa-tive sampling,


9/29


10/29

8

Here you will also find Industries and related polluting substances in Annex B, Table B1(consists of 13 pages), which gives an overview about e.g. airports via chemical works, pet-rol plants, sewage and waste treatments etc. related to their pollution potential, either inor-ganic or organic.

2.2 Soil Sampling in the Field, some practical Aspects

We chose a systemic way of site selection for sampling in the Ghouta area, where the soilwas more uniform and the area was plain. It was projected to select the locations in a kindof regular grid and to cover 100 km2 with about 100 pits - and as far as possible equidistant.In the Bekaa plain the distribution of sampling spots was mainly bound to the soil units andtopography.

The following procedures were used for sampling:

- because of the lack of uncultivated or virgin sites in the pilot area, onlycultivated sites could be selected,

- generally a distance of 30 m was kept from roads, ditches, buildings and trees,

- only pits were used for sampling, this helped to avoid sample contaminationthrough mixing the special horizon sample with down-falling soil. For the same reasonthe horizons were sampled in the order: from bottom to top,

- the pits were adjusted N to S, the wall exposed to the S was cleaned from top to bottom, horizons were delineated and described in detail according to a soil profile description sheet using F.A.O. system, a photo was taken in full sunlightat noon,

- samples were only taken by horizon, horizons thicker than 50 cm were divided into twosections prior to sampling.

Soil samples were taken to a depth of 2 m or until stagnant or groundwater was hit.The pits were approximately 7-0 cm wide, 250 cm long and 210 cm deep.

3 Analytical Studies

The heavy metal content of the soil samples was determined in the GCSAR-soil-laboratory for the Syrian soil samples and in the BGR-soil-laboratory for the Lebanesesoil samples, respectively. An adequate quality control is absolute indispensable.The analytical work on possible contamination with organic substances took place in

the BGR, Hanover, Germany. All laboratory analysis followed ISO Norms.


11/29


12/29

10

Method selection:Only total-decomposition-techniques based on HF are producing comparable resultsfor the total element-spectrum, Real-total-results.

Restrictions and methodological errors:The fluorescence rays of elements with an atomic number < 19 (potassium) show sig-nificant absorption by the MYLAR-foil; therefore this method is not useable for thequantitative determination of light elements. The sample material has to be < 50 m tominimise so-called shadow effects.

4.2 XRF Analysis, using fused Sample Beads

Descriptors: Heavy metal, soil chemistry

Use:Characterisation of geo-chemical material content of main-and trace-elements, par-tially useful for the upper trace range.Typical parameter spectrum of main- and minor-element contents: SiO2, TiO2, Al2O3,Fe2O3, MnO, CaO, Na2O, K 2O, P2O5. Trace elements e.g. Cr, Rb, Sr, Ba etc.

Method selection:Only total-decomposition-techniques based on HF are producing comparable resultsfor the total element-spectrum. Real-total-results.

Restrictions and methodological errors:To receive reproducible and true results the fused sample tablet has to be clear, flat andhomogenous. Generally the determination of the elements starts with atomic number11 (Na). Numerous elements (especially trace elements) evaporate partially or completely during the process of fusion (1500 C). The following elements show signifi-cant losses: S, Halogens, Zn, Ga, As, Se, Ru, Ag, Cd, In, Sb, Te, Re, Os, Hg, Tl, Pb,Bi.For the determination of trace elements hard-pressed sample tablets should be used, because there is no loss of volatile elements. Optimal determination limits will be

guaranteed, because there is no dilution through flux-mixture. The sensitivity is 10times higher than in fused samples.

4.3 Total Decomposition, using HF-HClO 4-HNO 3 (open)

Descriptors: Heavy metal, soil chemistry

Use:Determination of element concentrations in soil and rock. Comparison with other de-composition- or extraction-methods.Determination of estimated, maximal available element concentrations


13/29


14/29

12

ment concentration according to Deutsche Klrschlammverordnung (AbfKlrV1992) = trace element concentrations in sewerage sludge.

Method selection:Alternatively acid extractions using comparable acid strength: open HClO4-extraction(Hornburg 1991), boiling 7-mol HNO3, boiling 2 mol/l HNO3 (Anderson, 1975, VSBoSchweiz), modified method BZE-working-instructions (BZE 1994): decompose 1 g ofsoil with 20 ml aqua regia.

Restrictions and methodological errors:Minor Hg-results if Ni or Cu is present in high concentrations. (Interference of the hy-dride-system, if used with NaBH4). Could be overcome by using SnCl2 as reductantfor Hg.

4.6 Extraction with HClO 4-HNO 3

Descriptors: Main- and trace-elements, soil-chemistry

Use:Soil-ecology: Estimation of long-term mobilisation rate of elements and matrix components of the soil. Depending on the element and matrix composition of the soil 50 100% of the real-total-concentration (compared with XRF or pressurised acid-decomposition) is reached. Silicates and oxide are not decomposed completely.

Method selection:Alternatively acid extractions using ISO 11466. Open HClO4-extraction offers the ad-vantage that it is usable for soil- and plant-analysis. Even samples with a high concen-tration of organic material (e.g. plant or peat samples) are decomposed without prob-lems. The use of HClO4 (perchloric-acid) demands for especially high security meas-ures. Need of a special perchloric-acid resisting fume cupboard (no organic materialslike wood or plastic).

Restrictions and methodological errors:

HClO4-matrix excludes the use of AAS-graphite-tube atomisation. In case of B-determination, boron-free glassware has to be used. Ready-to-analyse-solutions should be stored in PE-bottles.Minor Hg-results if Ni or Cu is present in high concentrations. (Interference of the hy-dride-system, if used with NaBH4). Could be overcome by using SnCl2 as reductantfor Hg.


15/29

13

4.7 Extraction with hot 7-mol-HNO 3


Use:Prospecting method for colored metal ores (Cu, Ni, Co, Zn, etc.)

Method selection:Prospecting method for colored metal-ores (Cd, Co, Cu, Ni, Pb, Zn, etc.).Similar extraction force to aqua regia, but less working-intensive. Used in prospecting-campaigns in Germany.

Restrictions and methodological errors: No possibility to determine Hg, if sample is decomposed without the use of reflux-condenser and absorption-trap.

4.8 Extraction with HCl (Ca, Mg, K, Na, P & SO 4)

Descriptors: Plant-nutrients, soil-chemistry

Use:Determination of nutrient-supply of soil (fertiliser-use or fertiliser-overuse)

Method selection:

Actually no comments

Restrictions and methodological errors:Actually no comments

4.9 Extraction with EDTA, Determination of mobile and Complex formingTrace Elements (pH 4,65)


Use:Judgement and risk-analysis of trace-elements, plant availability and determination oftoxic components for soil-organisms. Estimation of groundwater pollution. In comparison with total-element-analysis or ISO 11466 plant availability could be calcu-lated.

Method selection:Solution is buffered; therefore the extraction is not taking place at the real pH-range ofthe sample-material. The strongly pH-dependant mobility of most elements is not re-

flected. Elements which are preferably bound carbonated or existing as an organiccomplex are extracted by EDTA-solution in significant higher quantities compared tounbuffered salt solutions. The great advantage of the ETDA-method is to avoid secon-


16/29

14

dary reactions like the formation of insoluble phosphates during the extraction. Com- pared to salt solution the higher extraction force allows to determine a higher quantityof elements by flame AAS. Alternatively extractions with other buffer-solutions (0,01mol/l EDTA pH-7,0 or 0,005 mol DTPA-pH 7,3) could be used.

Restrictions and methodological errors:The EDTA-solution is a pH-buffered complex forming agent; therefore the pH-depending mobility and plant-availability of trace elements are not described suffi-ciently. Elements, bound preferably organically, could be extracted in a range by over80% (Hni & Gupta 1982). If the pH of the soil is < pH 4 minor element concentra-tions will be extracted because of the decreasing complex forming force of the EDTA.

4.10 Extraction with DTPA, Determination of mobile, available and slowlyreleased Trace Elements (pH 7,3)


Use:Proposal for the use of fertilizer, estimation of capacity of plant absorbance, risk-estimation of trace-elements, risk-estimation of groundwater pollution. In connectionwith total-element-analysis or ISO 11466 plant availability could be calculated, depending on the existing element reservoir.

Method selection:Alternatively extractions with other buffer-solutions which contain complex formingagents: 0,01 mol/l EDTA pH-7,0 (French norm), 0,005 mol DTPA-pH 7,3 (French &Italian norm) could be used. The DTPA solution is buffered, therefore the extraction isnot taking place at the real pH-range of the sample-material. The strongly pH-dependant mobility of most elements is not reflected. Better results for the negative or positive influence of trace elements are obtained by using unbuffered salt solutions.DTPA solutions are extracting elements which are preferably bound as an organiccomplex in significant higher quantities compared to weakly buffered or unbufferedsalt solutions. Compared to unbuffered salt solutions the higher extraction force allowsto determine a higher quantity of elements by flame AAS. The close relationsoil/solution (1:2) causes a problem in peat (humin)-rich samples. (Hornburg 1991) proposes a relation 1:4.

Restrictions and methodological errors:The complex forming capacity of chelates is decreasing significantly at a pH < 4(Hornburg 1991). Especially for humin-rich soil this method is not suitable because isnot representing the real pH-range of the sample-material.The close relation soil/solution (1:2) causes a problem in peat-rich samples. Extractionis not complete.Unbuffered salt-solution offers a far better choice to analyse the negative influence oftrace elements or the pedo-chemical influence in soils.


17/29

15

4.11 Extraction with NH 4NO 3, Determination of mobile Trace Elements


Use:Risk estimation and description of the mobile phase of trace elements. Estimation of plant availability, toxic influence of pollutants for soil micro-organisms, risk estima-tion of groundwater pollution. In connection with total-element-analysis or ISO 11466 plant availability could be calculated, depending on the existing element reservoir.

Method selection:Alternatively extractions with other non-buffered salt solutions: 0,01 mol/l CaCl2, 0,1mol/l CaCl2, 0,1 mol/l NaNO3 could be used. The advantage of the NH4 NO3-extractionlies in the advanced normation (DIN ISO 19730) and the presence of reference values(Pre 1994). Compared to the CaCl2-extraction no chlorine-complex-formation (e.g.Cd, Zn), which could cause an overestimation of the mobile trace-element phase oc-curs.

Restrictions and methodological errors: Not yet completed research seems to proof that the use of AAS graphite-furnace tech-niques could show minor values with some elements (e.g. Cr, Ni). If the temperatureduring the heating phase rises to quickly the NaNO3 seems to ignite uncontrolled, thiscauses element loss. Probably furnace programmes have to be modified, that meansslow drying phase and slow heating phase. Under certain conditions other measure-ment methods have to be used. There are no problems using emission spectrophotome-try, but often detection limits are not sufficient. Trace elements which are mobilised ata low redox potential are often underestimated or not found, analyzing air dried soil.Using fresh, humid soil samples could solve the problem.

4.12 Water-soluble Salts, (Soil Extraction with Water / Anions Cations)


Use:General aspects in soil science and agriculture.

Method selection:Actually no comments

Restrictions and methodological errors:Depending on analytical aspects either the extraction- (shaking-) time or the relationsoil / water could be changed to reach optimum salt solubility. Non-constant roomtemperature influences the final extractable salt-concentration. Peat layers must be ex-tracted with higher water amount than mineral soils.


18/29

16

4.13 Sequential Extraction of Heavy Metals

Descriptors: Heavy metals, soil-chemistry

Use:Soil ecological aspects: determination of mobile, often anthropogenic heavy metalcontents in different substrates / soils. Strongly mobile heavy metal components areextracted in the first two steps. Probably a fine differentiation of heavy metal mobilitymakes no sense. Summarizing the percentage element concentrations from each ex-traction step for a single element is possible.

Method selection:Different extraction sequences are used to determine the actual mineral (binding) formof heavy metals. Also different extraction sequences are proposed depending on dif-ferent sample matrixes. No norms are available yet. Actually the method according toZEIEN & BRMMER seems to be the most promising for soils.

Restrictions and methodological errors:Determination limits of the used spectrophotometric methods have to be determinedusing matrix-adapted standard series. Determination limits in the trace range are oftenhigher because of the element-blank-concentration of the used chemicals. The de-scribed method could be used to differentiate heavy metal-binding-forms in oxidised,minor carbonated (< 5 % CaCO3) up to carbonate free soils. The method can not beused for other elements.

More recommended [DIN EN] ISO standards are listed in the bibliography.

5 Investigations on Contamination with Organic Substances

Methodologies for the assessment of the ecological relevance of most organic con-taminants are still lacking. Research on soil reclamation under this aspect is ongoing.Some hints and threshold values can be found in SITTIG & MARSHALL (1994) and

TRENCK (1997).Soil has a significant buffer and transformation capacity for organic contaminants. It isknown that the volatility of organic compounds decreases with increasing molecularweight and that the plant can even take up these compounds. THIELE (1997) found agood correlation between the NH4 NO3 extractable PAH and the PAH uptake of spin-ach.The hydrophobic compounds PAH and PCB do have a high affinity to soil organicmatter and their mobility was estimated to be low. MARSCHNER (1997) found a rela-tively high mobility which was influenced by various biological and chemical factors.Important amounts of PAH and PCB can be transferred to the groundwater by leaching

with water.


19/29

17

Samples were taken from the soil surface at selected points with a possible pollutionwith organic contaminants of the pilot area. For this checkup in our case the reconnais-sance level of sampling was adequate (8 samples in Syria, 4 samples in the Lebanon).The sampling took place on the 25th and 26th of November 1998 in the Syrian pilotarea and on the 8th of December 1998 in Lebanon respectively.The samples had to be taken and stored in special glass containers and transportedwithout delay to the BGR laboratory.

The scope of the investigation for the soils part covered the following:

- absorbable halogen organic compounds (AOX) after DIN 38414 S18 (micro coulometric procedure),

- mineral-oil-carbo-hydrates according to DIN 38409 H53 / ISO 9377 4 (Soil)gas-chromatographic procedure for soils),

- easily volatile halogenated compounds, measured with a BGR designed proce-dure for soils (headspace-gas-chromatography) after DIN 38407 - F5 (Water),

- easily volatile mono-aromatic compounds, measured with a BGR designed pro-cedure for soils (headspace-gas-chromatography) after DIN 38407- F9 (Water).

6 GIS Use and Presentation of Data

Geographic Information Systems (GIS) have emerged as effective tools in decisionmaking in many areas, such as in engineering and the field of environmental assess-ments. The use of attributes, spatial data, methods and their relationship allows for thecreation and visualization of a required localized-area-information.

The objective of using GIS applications here are research, presentation and to facilitatethe models continued use as an analytical tool in future decision making processes asmodifications and new data become available. GIS use should also provide an inte-grated platform of archiving, analyzing, updating and managing the various compo-nents of the project.

The maps were created in the partner institutions and with backup through the project,

they have a scale 1:50,000. All relevant data is stored on a CD for each pilot area at-tached to the individual volumes of the report. Map features are organized in sets oflayers (coverage) of information including the following themes:

Soil profile point coverageContour lines line coverageRoads line coverageRivers line coverageGrid line coverageTowns polygon coverage

Boundary of project area polygon coverage


20/29


21/29

19

8 Literature

AEROGEOLOGY, 1997: Geoenvironmental Map of the South Syria Region, Scale1:100 000, Explanatory Note. Syrian Arab Republic General Organization ofRemote Sensing (GORS) & State Research-and-Production EnterpriseAEROGEOLOGY. Moscow.

AG BODEN, 1996: Anleitung zur Entnahme von Bodenproben. - Geologisches Jahr- buch, Reihe G, Heft 1, Hsg.: Bundesanstalt fr Geowissenschaften und Rohstof-fe. Schweizerbartsche Verlagsbuchhandlung, Stuttgart.

AG BODEN, 1994: Bodenkundliche Kartieranleitung, 4. Auflage, Nachdruck, Han-nover 1994.

AG UMWELTHYGIENE, 1994: Hygienische Bewertung von Schadstoffen im Boden- Metalle im Boden von Kinderspielpltzen. - Zitiert aus: ROSENKRANZ, D.et al., 1988 - 2004.

BACHMANN, G., 1989: Bodensanierung in den USA. - Zitiert aus: ROSENKRANZ,D. et al., 1988 - 2004.

BACHMANN, G., KNIG, W. & KOHL, R., 1995: Handlungskonzept des Boden-schutzes zur Begrenzung von Stoffeintrgen in den Boden. Unverffentlicht.-Zitiert aus: BVB, 2000.

BARTLETT, J. R., 1997: Chromium Redox Mechanisms in Soils: Should we worryabout Cr (VI)?. In: CANALI, S., TITTARELLI, F. & SEQUI, P., eds.: Chro-mium Environmental Issues. p. 1 20. FrancoAngeli, Milano.

BLUM, W. E. H., 1996: Europische Bodencharta. - In Naturopa, Nr. 80, S. 14, Cen-tre Naturopa, Straburg.

BLUME, H. - P., 1990: Handbuch des Bodenschutzes: Bodenkologie und Bodenbe-lastung, vorbeugende und abwehrende Schutzmanahmen. Ecomed, Lands-

berg/Lech.BOWER, C. A. & WILCOX L. V., 1965: Soluble salts. In C.A. BLACK (ed.):

Methods of Soil Analysis, Vol. II., p. 933 36, SSSA, Madison WI.

BRGER, H., 1978: Die Verbreitung der Elemente Blei, Zink, Zinn, Arsen, Cad-mium, Quecksilber, Kupfer, Nickel, Chrom und Kobalt in den land-wirtschaftlichen und grtnerisch genutzten Bden Nordrhein -Westfalens. Dis-sertation, Universitt Bonn.

BVB, 2000: Bundesverband Boden (BVB), ed.: Bden und Schadstoffe Bedeutungvon Bodeneigenschaften bei stofflichen Belastungen. Erich Schmidt VerlagBerlin.


22/29


23/29

21

HOLLEMAN-WIBERG, 1971: Lehrbuch der anorganischen Chemie, 71.-80. Auflage,W. de Gruiter.

German Act on Soil Protection, 1998: Gesetz zum Schutz vor schdlichen Boden-vernderungen und zur Sanierung von Altlasten (Bundes-Bodenschutzgesetz BbodSchG), vom 17. Mrz 1998. BGBl. I, S. 502.

HENNINGS, V., 1991: Die Bedeutung der rumlichen Variabilitt bodenkundlicherBasisdaten fr aktuelle und zuknftige Kartiertechniken, dargestellt an einemBeispielsgebiet im nrdlichen Harzvorland. - Geologisches Jahrbuch, Reihe F,Heft 28, Hsg.: Bundesanstalt fr Geowissenschaften und Rohstoffe. Schweizer- bartsche Verlagsbuchhandlung, Stuttgart.

HENNINGS, V., 1994: Methodendokumentation Bodenkunde, Auswertungsmetho-den zur Beurteilung der Empfindlichkeit und Belastbarkeit von Bden. - Geolo-gisches Jahrbuch, Reihe F, Heft 31, Hsg.: Bundesanstalt fr Geowissenschaftenund Rohstoffe. Schweizerbartsche Verlagsbuchhandlung, Stuttgart.

HENS, P. R., 1971: Text Book of Soil Chemical Analysis. 88 104, Chem.Publishing Co., New York.

ISO 3696, 1987: Water for analytical Laboratory Use Specification and Test Methods.

ISO 5666, 1999: Water Quality-Determination of Mercury, Referencenumber: ISO 5666:1999(E).

ISO 5667-1, 1980: Water Quality - Sampling - Design of Sampling Programs.

ISO 5667-1, 1991: Water Quality - Sampling - Guidance on SamplingTechniques.

ISO 5667-3, 1985: Water Quality - Sampling - Guidance on the Preservationand Handling of Samples.

ISO 5667-4, 1987: Water Quality - Sampling - Guidance on Sampling from Lakes, natural and man-made.

ISO 5667-5, 1991: Water Quality - Sampling - Guidance on Sampling ofDrinking Water and Water used for Food and BeverageProcessing.

ISO 5667-6, 1991: Water Quality - Sampling - Guidance on Sampling Riversand Streams.

ISO 5667-10, 1992: Water Quality - Sampling - Guidance on Sampling of Waste Waters.


24/29


25/29

23

ISO 11074-2, 1997: Soil Quality - Vocabulary - Part 2: Terms and Definitionsrelating to Sampling (used as draft).

ISO 11074-3, 1997: Soil Quality - Vocabulary - Part 3: Terms and Definitionsrelating to Risk Assessment (used as draft).

ISO 11074-4, 1997: Soil Quality - Vocabulary - Part 4: Terms and Definitionsrelating to the Rehabilitation of Soils and Sites(used as draft).

ISO 11259, 1997: Soil Quality - Simplified Soil Description.

ISO 11466, 1995 (E): Soil Quality Extraction of Trace Elements soluble in Aqua Regia, first edition 1995-03-01.

ISO/DIS 15175, 2000: Soil and Site Assessment, Characterization of Soil relatedto Groundwater.

ISO/DIS 20280, 2003: Soil quality Determination of Arsenic, Antimony andSelenium in Aqua Regia Soil Extracts with electro thermal

or Hydride Generation Atomic Absorption Spectrometry.

ISO/TC 190/SC 7/WG 2-N 6-3 ( Ref. No.): Soil Quality - Soil and Site Assessment. (Document is still under study and subject to change).

KIENITZ, H., BOCK, R., FRESENIUS, W., HUBER, W., & TLG, G., 1980: Ana- lytiker Taschenbuch Band 1, Springer-Verlag, Berlin, Heidelberg, New York.

KUNTZE, H., FLEIGE, H., HINDEL, R., WIPPERMANN, T., FILIPINSKI, M.,GRUPE, M. & PLUQUET, E, 1991: Empfindlichkeit der Bden gegenber ge-ogenen und anthropogenen Gehalten an Schwermetallen - Empfehlungen frdie Praxis. - Zitiert aus: ROSENKRANZ, D. et al., 1988 - 2004.

KSTER-THIEL, FISCHBECK, 1985: Logarithmische Rechentafeln fr die

chemische Analytik, 103. Auflage, W. de Gruyter, Berlin-New, York.LNDERARBEITSGEMEINSCHAFT WASSER, 1991: AQS - Merkblatt zu den

Rahmenempfehlungen der (LAWA) fr die Qualittssicherung bei Wasser-,Abwasser- und Schlammuntersuchungen, A-2, Febr. 1991.

LNDERARBEITSGEMEINSCHAFT WASSER, 1993: AQS - Merkblatt zu denRahmenempfehlungen der (LAWA) fr die Qualittssicherung bei Wasser-,Abwasser- und Schlammuntersuchungen, P-3/1, Jan. 1993.


26/29

24

LBBEN, S., & SAUERBECK, D., 1991: Transferfaktoren und Transferkoeffizien- ten fr den Schwermetallbergang Boden-Pflanze: In SAUERBECK, D., &

LBBEN, S., Hrsg.: Auswirkungen von Siedlungsabfllen auf Bden,Bodenorganismen und Pflanzen. Berichte aus der kologischen Forschung,Band 6, 1991. Forschungszentrum Jlich Gmbh.

MARSAL von, DIETRICH, 1967: Statistische Methoden fr Erdwissenschaftler,E. Schweizerbartsche Verlagsbuchhandlung, Stuttgart.

MARSCHNER, B., 1997: Chemische und biologische Einflussfaktoren der PAK- undPCB-Mobilisierung im Boden: In RENGER, M., ALAILY, F. & WESSOLEK,G., Hrsg.: Bodenkologie und Bodengenese, Bd. 25, TU Berlin.

MASSARAT, M., 1996: Nachhaltige Entwicklung durch Kosteninternalisierung,Theorieanstze zur Analyse und Reform globaler Strukturen. - Entwicklung undZusammenarbeit, 37. Jg. 1996 Nr. 9, Frankfurt.

MLLER, H. W., AGUIRRE, I., SCHWARZ, F., & VILLALOBOS, M. 1996:Fachbericht Bodenkunde - Projekt Aufbau eines Umweltdepartments im Servi-cio Nacional de Geologa y Minera in Santiago de Chile. Bundesanstalt frGeowissenschaften und Rohstoffe, Hannover und Servicio Nacional de Ge-ologa y Minera, Santiago de Chile. BGR Archiv - Nr. 115575. Aufraggeber:Bundesministerium fr wirtschaftliche Zusammenarbeit und Entwicklung(BMZ). Hannover u. Santiago, Dezember 1996.

MLLER, H.W., HARAZIM, B. & KRONE, F., 1998: Dienstreise-Bericht BGR Archiv Nr.: 117 447, Hannover, Juni 1998.

N. N. 1996: Regierungsentwurf zum Gesetz zum Schutz des Bodens vom 25. 09.1996.Bundesratsdrucksache 702/96, Gesetz zum Schutz vor schdlichen Boden-vernderungen und zur Sanierung von Altlasten, Bundesbodenschutzgesetz -BBodSchG. - Zitiert aus: ROSENKRANZ, D. et al., 1988 2004.

PADEKEN, K. 1998: Schwermetallaufnahme verschiedener Pflanzenarten unter

besonderer Bercksichtigung der N- und P-Ernhrung. Landbauforschung Vl-kenrode, Sonderheft 182, 1998. Braunschweig-Vlkenrode.

PERKIN ELMER, 1991: Running the THGA Graphite Furnace, Techniques and Recommended Conditions, Germany.

PHILIPS SCIENTIFIC ATOMIC ABSORPTION DATA BOOK, 1988: PhilipsScientific, York Street, Cambridge CB1 2PX, England, Black Bear Press Ltd.Cambridge.

PLUQUET, E., 2000: personal communication.


27/29

25

PRESS, A., 1994: Einstufung mobiler Spurenelement in Bden. Zitiert aus: RO-SENKRANZ, D. et al., 1988 - 2004.

PRESS, A., 1997: Mobile (NH4 NO3 extractable) Chromium and other Trace Ele-ments in Soils based on the Standard DIN 19730. In: CANALI, S., TIT-TARELLI, F. & SEQUI, P., eds.: Chromium Environmental Issues. p. 21 38.FrancoAngeli, Milano.

REUTER, D. J., & ROBINSON, J. B. ed., 1988: Plant Analysis - An InterpretationManual. Inkata Press, Melbourne and Sydney, Australia.

ROBERTSON, G. P., COLEMAN, D. C., BLEDSOE, C. S. & SOLLINS, P. 1999:Standard Soil Methods for Long-Term Ecological Research. Oxford UniversityPress, New York.

ROSENKRANZ, D., BACHMANN, G., EINSELE, G. & HARRES, H.M., 1988 -2004: Hsg.: Bodenschutz - Ergnzbares Handbuch der Manahmen und Emp-fehlungen fr Schutz, Pflege und Sanierung von Bden, Landschaft undGrundwasser. Loseblatt - Ausgabe, Erich Schmidt Verlag, Berlin.

ROTHERY, E., ed. 1986: Varian, Analytical Methods for Graphite tubes Atomizers.Varian Australia Pty. Ltd., Mulgrav, Victoria, Australia.

SITTIG & MARSHALL (1994): World-Wide Limits for toxic and hazardous Chemi-cals in Air, Water, and Soil. Noyer Publications, Park Ridge NJ, U.S.A.

SOON, Y. K., 1981: Solubility and Sorption of Cadmium in Soils amended withSewage Sludge. Journal of Soil Science, 1981, 32, 85-95.

SPTE, A., 1988: Die Dngung mit Mllklrschlammkompost als Vorratsgabe undihre Auswirkungen auf Ertragsentwicklung, Nitratauswaschung und Schwer-metallbelastung des Systems Boden, Rebe und Sickerwasser. Diss. Uni. Bonn.Zitiert aus: REINARTZ, F. 1989.

SPECTRAA SYSTEMS, VARIAN, 1997: Pre-installation manual, VARIAN Australia Pty. Ltd., Mulgrave Victoria Australia, Publication No 85-101193-00.

SSSA (1997): Glossary of Soil Science Terms. SSSA Inc., Madison WI.

SUKARIEH, W. 1999: Vulnrabilit des Sols Arable de la Plaine de la Bekaa Cen-trale la Pollution. DEA-Thse, Centre National de Tldtection, Beyrouth,Liban.

STYPEREK, P., 1986: Die Cd-Aufnahme von Pflanzen aus verschiedenen Bden und

Bindungsformen und ihre Prognose durch chemische Extraktionsverfahren.UBA-Forschungsbericht 103 01 225. Zitiert aus ROSENKRANZ et al. 1988 -2004.


28/29


29/29

WANG, X. L., & TAO, S. 1998: Spatial Structures and Relations of Heavy MetalContent in Wastewater Irrigated Agricultural Soil of Beijings Eastern FarmingRegions. Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol., 61: 261-268, Springer New York.

WOHLFART, R., 1967: Geologie von Syrien und dem Libanon. Mit Beitrgen vonSTREBEL, O. und WEBER, H. H. in: Beitrge zur regionalen Geologie derErde. Bd. 6, Borntrger Berlin.

ZINCK, J. A., 1990: Soil Survey Epistemology of a Vital Discipline. InauguralAddress - 28. 09. 1990, Internat. Inst. F. Aerospace Survey and Earth Sci.(ITC). Enschede, The Netherlands.

Date post:	04-Jun-2018
Category:	Documents
Upload:	ljubicica1965
View:	227 times
Download:	0 times

EDXRF-Methods of Prepare Soil

Documents