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8/10/2019 EFFECT OF CRUSHED HARDENED CONCRETE WASTE AS REPLACEMENT MATERIAL FOR NATURAL SAND IN CONCR
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International Journal of Emerging Technologies and Engineering (IJETE
Volume 1 Issue 8, September 2014, ISSN 23488050
193
www.ijete.org
EFFECT OF CRUSHED HARDENED CONCRETE WASTE AS
REPLACEMENT MATERIAL FOR NATURAL
SAND IN CONCRETE
R. Praba Rajathi*, J. Jai kanth**
*Department of Civil Engineering, A.S.L. Pauls college of Engineering & Technology, Coimbatore** Department of Civil Engineering, A.S.L. Pauls college of Engineering & Technology, Coimbatore
ABSTRACTConcrete is the widely used building material in theworld. River sand has been the most popular choice forfine aggregate in concrete in the past. Scarcity of goodquality Natural River sand due to depletion of resources
and destruction due to environment consideration as madeconcrete manufactures to look of suitable alternative fine
aggregate. To meet the demand of construction industry
excessive quarrying of sand from river beds is takingplace causing the depletion of sand resources. This fact
has forced the government to lay down in destructions onsand quarrying process resulting in the scarcity and
significant increase in its cost. The cheapest & the easiestway of getting natural sand is by crushing natural sandstone to get artificial sand of desired size and grade which
would be free from all impurities. So as to overcome thisproblem, it is very much essential to utilize the hardened
concrete waste materials in concrete construction. In thisstudy, the attempt is made to check the properties ofhardened concrete waste as a replacement of concrete
with conventional concrete and also used chemicaladmixture to increase the strength.
Keywords Natural sand, hardened concretewaste,manufactured sand, Admixtures.
1. INTRODUCTION
Concrete has been around for many centuries, the firstknown use of a material resembling concrete was by theMinoan civilization around 2000 BC. During the early
stages of the Roman Empire around 300 BC, the Romans
discovered that mixing a sandy volcanic ash with limemortar created a hard water resistance substance which wenow known as concrete. Concrete is the widely used
building material in the world. River sand has been the
most popular choice for the fine aggregate in concrete inthe past, but overuse of this material lead to
environmental concerns, reduction of sources and anincrease in price. Quarry dust has been proposed as analternative to river sand that gives additional benefit to
concrete (P. Devi, et al., [1]). A well processed
manufactured sand as partial or full replacement to river
sand is the need of the hour as a long term solution inIndian concrete industry until other suitable alternativefine aggregate are developed (Amol B et al., [2]). Crusher
dust could be effectively used in concrete of above gradesfor replacement levels of sand by 30-60% economically
leading to sustainable development (Chandana Suresh etal., [3]). Common river sand has become more expensive
due to excessive cost and depletion of the naturalresource. In such a situation the M-sand can be analternative material to river sand (Krishna Rao S. et al.
[4]). With natural sand deposits the world over drying upthere is an acute need for a product that matches the
properties of natural sand in concrete. In the last 15 yearsit has become clear that the availability of good qualitynatural sand is decreasing. Crushed aggregate, bottom ash
foundry sand & various by-products are replacing naturasand and gravel in most countries (Bahoria B.V.,et al.
[5]). Huge quantities of construction and demolitionwastes are generated every year in developing countries
like India. The disposal of this waste is a very seriousproblem because it requires huge space for its disposal &very little demolished waste is recycled or reused (Mohd
Monish, et al., [6]). The properties of the recycledaggregate and of the new concrete made from it, withnearly 100% of aggregate replacement were testedSignificant differences were observed between the
properties of the recycled aggregates of various particle
size groups, while the crushing age had almost no effectThe enormous amounts of demolished concrete producedfrom deteriorated and obsolete structures create severe
ecological and environmental problems. One of the ways
to solve this problem is to use this building demolishedwaste concrete as aggregates (M.L.V. Prasad, et al., [7]).
2. MATERIALS
2.1.
CEMENT
Ordinary Portland cement of 53 grade from the locamarket was used and tested for physical and chemical
properties as per IS: 4031 -1988 and found to be
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International Journal of Emerging Technologies and Engineering (IJETE
Volume 1 Issue 8, September 2014, ISSN 23488050
194
www.ijete.org
conforming to various specifications as per IS :12269-
1987.Table 2.1. Tests on Cement
S.NO Properties Limiting
values
1. Normal consistency 30%
2. Initial setting time 35 mins3. Compressive
strength
7 days 37 N/mm2
14 days 47 N/mm2
28 days 53 N/mm2
4. Specific gravity z3.10
2.2. TESTS ON AGGREGATE
2.2.1 FINE AGGREGATE
In the present investigation fine aggregate is naturalsand from local market is used. The physical propertiesof fine aggregate like specific gravity, bulk density,gradation and fineness modulus are tested in accordance
with IS : 2386.
Table 2.2. Fineness Modulus of FineAggregate:
I.S.S Weig Cumula Cum % Rem
eive ht tive % ulati assisg arks
size aggre weight ve
gate retaine %
retain d in weig
ed in Gms ht
Gms retai
ned
10 0 0 0 100
mm
4.75 0 0 0 100
mm
2.36 10 10 1 99 Zone
mm II
1.18 197.5 207.5 20.7 79.25
mm 5
600 371.0 578.5 57.8 42.15
5
300 353.0 931.5 93.1 6.85
5
150 68.5 1000 1000 0
Weight of fine aggregate sample taken=1000g.
Fineness modulus of fine aggregate 272.75/100 =2.72
Table 2.3. Physical properties of fine
aggregate
Property Result
Fineness modulus 2.72
Specific gravity 2.613
Bulk density (Kg/m3)
Loose 1585Compact 1690
2.2.2. Coarse aggregate
The crushed coarse aggregate of 12.5 mmmaximum size rounded obtained from the local
crushing plant,Robo silicon; Tamil Nadu is used inthe present study.The physical properties of coarseaggregate like specific gravity , bulk density,gradation and fineness modulus are tested inaccordance with IS : 2386.
Table 2.4. Fineness modulus of coarse
aggregateI.S.Seiv Weig Cumula Cumula % of
e size ht tive % tive % passi
aggre weight weight ng
gate retained retained
retain in Gms
ed in
Gms
40mm 0 0 0 100
20mm 0 0 0 100
10mm 270 750 15 85
4.75mm 4250 5000 100 0
2.36m 0 5000 100 0
1.18mm 0 5000 100 0
m
600 0 5000 100 0
300 0 5000 100 0
150 0 5000 100 0
Weight of coarse aggregate sample taken=5000g.Fineness modulus of coarse aggregate =615/100 =6.15
Table 2.5. Physical properties of coarse
aggregate
Property Result
Fineness modulus 6.15
Specific gravity 2.625
Bulk density (Kg/m3)
Loose 1475
Compact 1690
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International Journal of Emerging Technologies and Engineering (IJETE
Volume 1 Issue 8, September 2014, ISSN 23488050
195
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2.3. FLY ASH
In the present investigation work ,the fly ashused is obtained from Thermal power plants.Thespecific surface of fly ash used is found to be
4250cm2/gm by blaines permeability apparatus and its
specific gravity is 2.3.
Table 2.6.Chemical composition of fly ash
S.NO. Characteristics Percentage
1. Silica,sio2 49-67
2. Alumina 26-28
3. Iron oxide 4-10
4. Lime 0.7-3.6
5. Magnesia 0.3-2.6
6. Sulfur trioxide 0.1-2.6
7. Surface area m2/kg 230-600
2.4.
GROUND GRANULATED BLAST
FURNACE SLAG (GGBS)
Table 2.7.Physical properties of GGBS
S.NO. Characteristics Properties
1 Specific gravity 2.91
2 Fineness 330
3 Glass content 93
percent
4 Bulk density 11005 Color Grey
Table 2.8.Chemical composition of GGBS
S.NO. Characteristics Requirements
(BS:6699)
1 SiO2 32-42
2 Al2O3 7.16
3 CaO 32-45
4 Fe2O3 0.1-1.5
5 MgO 14 Max
6 SO3 2.5 Max7 CaO/SiO2 1.4 Max
8 Loss on ignition 3 Max
3.0. MIX DESIGN
As per IS 10262:1982 and SP24 :1987 Water/Cement ratio is 0.42
Grade of Concrete M30
Mix ratio of concrete is 1:1.2:2.6
Table 3.1. Volume of the materials for specimens
Specimen Ceme Sand Crushed Coarse
nt(kg) (Kg) concrete aggregate
(45%) Kg (kg)
Cube 4.05 2.67 2.187 10.53
Cylinder 1.88 1.24 1.02 4.88
Prism 6 3.96 3.24 15.6
Fig. 3.1. Raw material(hardened concrete)
Fig. 3.2. Crushed raw material
4.0. RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS4.1. TESTS ON CUBES
Fig. 4.1. Testing of Cube
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International Journal of Emerging Technologies and Engineering (IJETE
Volume 1 Issue 8, September 2014, ISSN 23488050
196
www.ijete.org
Fig.4.2. Testing of cube specimen
40
35
30
25
20 3 days15
7 days10
28 days5
0Normal Replaced With
concrete Concrete chemicalswithout
chemicals
Fig. 4.3. Compressive strength of the concrete for cubes
Hence the above results are discussed by the compressionstrength of the cubes under the 3,7,28 days curing.
From the above graph (Fig.4.3.), the normal concreteattains the strength in general and the replaced materialswithout chemical is normally decreases their strength bymeans of the deterioration of the concrete. It shows thatthe concrete increased the strength by addition of thechemicals as N,N-Dimethyl formamide.
Hence the concrete with the addition of chemicals which
is increased the strength of 8% of the normalconventional concrete.
4.2. TESTS ON CYLINDERS (compression)
Hence the above results are discussed by the compressionstrength of the cylinders under 3,7,28 days curing. Fromthe graph (Fig. 4.5.),the normal concrete attains thestrength in general & replaced materials without chemicalis normally decreases their strength by means of thedeterioration of the concrete It shows that the concrete
increased the strength by addition of the chemicals asN,N-Dimethyl formamide.
Hence the concrete with the addition of chemicals whichis increased the strength of 7% of the normalconventional concrete.
Fig. 4.4. Testing of cylinders
40
35
30
25
20 3 days
15 7 days
10 28 days
5
0Normal Replaced With
concrete concrete chemicalwithoutchemical
Fig.4.5. Compressive strength of concrete cylinders
4.2.1. TESTS ON CONCRETE CYLINDERS (Splittensile)
Hence the above results are discussed by the split tensilestrength of the cylinders under the 3,7,28 days curing.
From the above graph (Fig.4.7.), the normal concreteattains the strength in general and the replaced materialswithout chemical is normally decreases their strength bymeans of the deterioration of the concrete. It shows thatthe concrete increased the strength by addition of thechemicals as N,N-Dimethyl formamide.
Hence the concrete with the addition of chemicals which
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International Journal of Emerging Technologies and Engineering (IJETE
Volume 1 Issue 8, September 2014, ISSN 23488050
197
www.ijete.org
is increased the strength of 9% of the normal conventionalconcrete.
Fig. 4.6. Testing of cylinder(split tensile)
3
2.5
2
1.5 3days
1 7 days
0.5 28 days
0Normal Replaced With
concrete concrete chemicalwithout
Fig. 4.7.Split tensile strength of concretecylinders
4.3. TESTS ON PRISMS
Fig. 4.8. Testing of Prisms
7
6 3 days
5 7 days
4 28 days
3
2
1
0
Normal Replaced With
concrete concrete chemical
without
chemical
Fig.4.9. Flexural strength of concrete prisms
Hence the above results are discussed by the flexuralstrength of the prisms under the 3,7,28 days curing.
From the above graph (Fig.4.9.), the normal concreteattains the strength in general and the replaced materialswithout chemical is normally decreases their strength bymeans of the deterioration of the concrete. It shows thatthe concrete increased the strength by addition of thechemicals as N,N-Dimethyl formamide.
Hence the concrete with the addition of chemicals whichis increased the strength of 9% of the normal conventionalconcrete.
5.0. CONCLUSION
In fact increased use of concrete almost in all type ofconstruction work, it initiates a demand of natural riversand. To reduce the sand demand, using crushed hardenedconcrete waste by the process of utilization of wastematerial which is dumped near by the construction places& important places.
From the experimental studies, the following conclusionswere drawn:
The concrete quarry dust along with plasticizerscan be effectively utilized in the constructionworks.
As the addition of N,N-Dimethyl Formamide asan inhibitor with crushed concrete upto 3%shows that maximum improvement is thecompression strength, split tensile strengthflexural strength & bond strength whencompared to the control specimen.
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International Journal of Emerging Technologies and Engineering (IJETE
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Addition of the organic inhibitors with crushedconcrete offered very good resistance againstchemical attack & resist corrosion by formingtheir oxide layer & shielding the anodic sites.
From the results, the concrete exhibits highperformance as comparison with normal
concrete because the strength from various testfactors was increased by 8%.
It is also said to be eco-friendly concretebecause of reduction of carbon monoxidepresence in concrete by adding the chemical isprevented.
REFERENCES
Journal Papers:
[1] P. Devi, V.Rajkumar and K.Kannan, Inhibitive effectof organic inhibitors in concrete containing quarry dust as
fine aggregate,International Journal of Advances in EngineeringSciences, 1(2), 2012,1-7.
[2] Amol B. Tardale, Surekha Shivaji Patil,an
d N.J. Pathak, Feasibility study of replacement of cementand sand in concrete and mortar by ecosphere material,
International Journal ofEarth Sciences and Engineering,ISSN: 0974-5904, 6(4), 2011, 920-923.
[3]Chandana Suresh, Katakam Bala Krishna, P. SriLakshmi Sai Teja and S. Kanakambara Rao, Partial
replacement of sand with quarry dust in concrete,International Journal of Innovative Technology andExploring Engineering, ISSN: 2278-30745, 6(2), 2013,254-258.
[4] Krishna Rao S., ChandrasekarRao T. and Saravana P.,Effect of manufacture sand on strength characteristics ofroller compacted concrete, International Journal of
EngineeringResearch and Technology, ISSN: 2278-0181,2(2), 2013, 88-90.
[5]
Bahoria B.V., Parbat D.K. & Naganaik P.B.,
Replacement of natural sand in concrete by wasteproducts : a state of art, Journal of EnvironmentalResearch & Development, 4A (7), 2013, 1651-1656.
[6] Mohd Monish, Vikas Srivastava, V.C. Agarwal, P.K.Mehta & Rakesh kumar, Demlished waste as coarseaggregate in concrete, Youth Education and ResearchTrust,2013,540-542.
[7]
M.L.V. Prasad and P. Rathish kumar, Mechaicalproperties of fibre reinforced concretes produced from
building demolished waste, Journal of EnvironmentaResearch anddevelopment (2), 2007,180-187.
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