ffect of supplementing non-starch polysaccharideydrolyzing enzymes in guar meal based diets onerformance, carcass variables and bone mineralization inanaraja chicken
.V. Rama Rao, B. Prakash ∗, M.V.L.N. Raju, A.K. Panda, O.K. Murthyroject Directorate on Poultry, Indian Council of Agricultural Research, Rajendranagar, Hyderabad 500030, Andhra Pradesh, India
a r t i c l e i n f o
rticle history:eceived 17 October 2012eceived in revised form 23 October 2013ccepted 31 October 2013
The aim of the experiment was to find out the possibility of utilizing guar meal (GM) asa source of protein in Vanaraja chicken diet. In experiment-I, 432 one day-old Vanarajachicks were distributed into 72 battery brooder pens (replicates) as per complete random-ized design. The chicks received soybean meal (SBM) based control diet containing 10.9 MJmetabolizable energy (ME) and 200 g protein per kg. Another two basal diets (BD) con-taining two levels of GM (75 and 150 g/kg) were prepared with similar ME and proteinlevels of the control diet. The three diets were fed either without or with an enzyme pre-mix (xylanase 3250, glucanase 1200, cellulase 890, mannanase 4000 and protease 4000unit/kg diet) from 1 to 42 days of age. Inclusion of GM at 75 g/kg with or without enzymessupplementation resulted in similar body weight (BW) gain (BWG) and feed efficiency withthat of control diet. However, supplementation of GM at 150 g/kg with or without enzymepremix (P<0.01) depressed the BWG and feed conversion ratio (FCR) at 21 days, but notat 42 days of age. In Experiment-II, 420 one day-old Vanaraja chicks were distributed ran-domly into 70 battery brooder pens having 7 treatments with 10 replicates. The chicksreceived SBM based control diet containing 10.9 MJ ME and 200 g protein/kg. Another BDcontaining 200 g/kg of GM was prepared with similar ME and protein level of the controldiet. Further, five BDs with GM 200 g/kg diets were fed with incremental levels of enzymepremix. Inclusion of 200 g GM/kg without enzyme supplementation significantly (P<0.01)depressed the BWG and FCR. However, diet with incremental levels of enzyme supple-ments along with 200 g GM/kg appeared to have higher BW compared to the GM controldiet at 42 days of age. Liver fat and protein were higher (P<0.01) in groups fed 200 g GM/kgsupplemented diets compared to those fed SBM based control diet. These results indicatedthat, feeding chicks with 200 g GM/kg diet with incremental levels of enzyme supplementsresulted in improved performance compared to other 200 g GM/kg supplemented dietarygroups at 42 day of age. Therefore, it has been concluded that GM can be incorporated upto 150 g/kg in Vanaraja diet without affecting the performance at 42 days of age. Guar meal
at 200 g/kg supplementation resulted in depression in performance. However, supplemen-tation of non-starch polysaccharide hydrolyzing enzymes improved the performance ofVanaraja birds compared to those fed 200 g GM/kg without enzymes.
86 S.V. Rama Rao et al. / Animal Feed Science and Technology 188 (2014) 85– 91
1. Introduction
Shortage of feed ingredients gives every scope to search for alternate feed resources for sustaining production andreducing the cost of chicken feed. Guar (Cyamopsis tetragonoloba) is a drought tolerant legume extensively grown in tropicalcountries. Guar is primarily cultivated to cater the culinary preparations besides using the seeds extract (guar gum) forvarious industrial activities like pharmaceuticals, oil well drilling mud, ore flotation and paper making. To produce gum(galactomannan), guar seeds are split, which yields protein rich germ fraction and low protein husk fraction as by-products(Conner, 2002). These two fractions are usually recombined to produce guar meal (GM), which contain similar amount ofcrude protein (CP) and are less expensive than soybean meal (SBM) (Bakshi, 1966). Increased production of guar beans andscarcity of SBM, which is the prime choice of protein source in poultry diet, may offer expanded opportunities to use theGM in least cost poultry feeds. Further, about 88% of the CP in GM is present as true protein and rich in arginine (Vermaand McNab, 1984a), but low in methionine and lysine (Verma and McNab, 1984b) compared to SBM. Similarly, Ambegaokaret al. (1969) suggested that tryptophan, methionine and threonine are the first three deficient amino acids in GM comparedto whole egg protein. Further, GM also a moderate source of energy, which ranges 8.39 and 8.66 MJ/kg (raw and autoclaved,respectively) (Nagpal et al., 1971).
Guar meal contains two main deleterious factors, which limit its use as poultry feed. Primarily is the residual gum, whichis roughly 18–20% of the GM (Nagpal et al., 1971), and the other is trypsin inhibitor (Bakshi, 1966; Couch et al., 1967).Nevertheless, inclusion of GM germ fraction at 75 g/kg of the diet supported the growth, and feed conversion and similarto that observed with maize SBM diet in broilers (Lee et al., 2003). However, majority of the researchers have reportedthat reduction in performance of broilers fed diet containing GM at 25 g/kg or higher levels (Anderson and Warnick, 1964;Conner, 2002). Further, higher levels of GM in diets causes diarrhoea, depresses growth rate and increases mortality ofbroilers (Verma and McNab, 1982; Patel and McGinnis, 1985) and decreases egg production and feed efficiency of layinghens (Ehsani and Torki, 2010).
Supplementation of microbial enzymes in poultry diets based on GM appears to be an effective method to minimizethe deleterious effects of guar gum. Supplementation of �-mananase to feed containing GM reduced intestinal viscosityand alleviated the deleterious effects associated with feeding of GM (Lee et al., 2003). Further, addition of �-mannanasefacilitates higher inclusion level of GM from 25 to 50 g/kg in diet (Lee et al., 2005). However, Kamran et al. (2002) did notobserve improvement in performance and carcass variables in broilers fed diet containing 5, 100 and 150 g GM/kg. Though,they suggested that GM could be used below 100 g/kg in broiler rations without any adverse effects.
Vanaraja is a multi-coloured chicken variety is suitable for free range poultry farming, which is being widely rearedacross the India under diversified agro-climatic conditions (Zuyie et al., 2009; Rama Rao et al., 2013). However, they requirebalanced feed during their initial 6 weeks of age (Rama Rao et al., 2006) before they are left loose under the free rangecondition. In spite of existing reports of processed GM inclusion, very few researchers have used higher levels of GM withvarious concentrations of non-starch polysaccharide (NSP) hydrolyzing enzymes in broiler diets. Therefore, the presentstudy was designed to test the possibility of including higher levels of GM with and without supplementing NSP hydrolyzingenzymes in Vanaraja chicken diet.
2. Materials and methods
Two experiments were conducted to find out the effect of supplementing 0, 75 and 150 g of GM/kg diet (Experiment-I)with or without NSP hydrolyzing enzymes and 200 g GM/kg diets (Experiment-II) with incremental levels of NSP hydrolyzingenzymes in iso-caloric (10.9 MJ/kg) and iso-nitrogenous (200 g CP/kg) diets (Table 1). Guar meal and SBM were analyzed forCP, crude fibre, crude fat, arginine, methionine, cysteine, lysine, threonine, isoleucine, phenyl alanine, Ca and phosphorus(Table 2).
2.1. Experiment-I
A total of 432 one day old Vanaraja chicks were randomly and equally distributed into 72 battery brooder pens (replicates).On day one, chicks were wing banded and housed in wire-floored stainless steel battery brooders. The brooder temperaturewas maintained at 35 ± 0.5 ◦C until 7 days of age and gradually decreased to 27 ◦C by 21 days of age, after which, chickswere maintained at room temperature (20 to 27 ◦C). Birds were vaccinated against Newcastle (7th and 28th day) and infec-tious bursal diseases (15th day). The experimental protocol was approved by the Institute Animal Ethics Committee. InExperiment-I, maize and soybean meal-based control diet was prepared with ME 10.88 MJ and 200 g CP/kg diet. Two basaldiets (BD) containing 75 and 150 g GM/kg diet with similar energy and protein of control diet were prepared. Both basaland control diets were fed without and with NSP enzyme supplementation. Analyzed (Llames and Fontaine, 1994) aminoacid content of feed ingredients was used to calculate and adjust a level of lysine and methionine in the experimental diets.
The NSP hydrolyzing enzyme premix provided xylanase 3250, glucanase 1200, cellulase 890, mannanase 4000 and protease4000 units/kg diet. Each diet was allotted at random to 12 replicates and fed ad libitum from 1 to 42 days of age. Body weight(BW) and feed intake were recorded at 21 and 42 days of age, and feed efficiency per pen was calculated as feed intake perunit BW gain (BWG).
S.V. Rama Rao et al. / Animal Feed Science and Technology 188 (2014) 85– 91 87
CP, crude protein; ME, metabolizable energy; NPP, non-phytate phosphorus.a Supplied per kilogram of diet: 1 mg of thiamin, 2 mg of pyridoxine, 0.01 mg of cyanocobalamine, 15 mg of niacin, 10 mg of pantothenic acid, 10 IU of
�-tocopherol, 10 mg of riboflavin, 0.08 mg of biotin, 2 mg of menadione, 2.75 mg of retinol acetate, 0.03 mg of cholecalciferol, 650 mg of choline, 8 mg ofcopper, 45 mg of iron, 80 mg of manganese, 60 mg of zinc, 0.18 mg of selenium, 50 mg of monensin sodium and 800 mg hydrated sodium calcium aluminosilicates.
b V-fur 200 (Venky’s Pvt. Ltd., Pune, India).c Veldot (Venky’s Pvt. Ltd., Pune, India).d Calculated based on NRC (1994).
Table 2Nutrient composition (g/kg dry matter) of guar meal and soybean meal.
The CP (4.2.03; by Kjeldahl method after acid hydrolysis), fat (4.8.01; after extraction with petroleum ether by Soxhletethod in feed ingredients) and ash (4.8.03; by igniting at 550 ◦C for 3 h in a muffle furnace) were determined using AOAC
1980) procedures.
.2. Experiment-II
A total of 420 one day old Vanaraja chicks were selected and distributed randomly into 70 battery brooder pens (7reatments with 10 replicates). The experimental diets were formulated with maize and soybean meal-based control dieto contain ME 10.88 MJ and 200 g/kg feed. The BD was prepared with 200 g GM/kg containing similar energy and CP ashat of the control diet. The BD was supplemented with the NSP hydrolyzing enzymes at 5 graded (E1, E2, E3, E4 and E5)
oncentrations and a group was fed with BD without the enzyme supplementation. The concentration of NSP hydrolyzingnzymes in different diets is presented in Table 3. Each diet was allotted at random to 10 replicates and fed ad libitum from
to 42 days of age.
88 S.V. Rama Rao et al. / Animal Feed Science and Technology 188 (2014) 85– 91
Table 3Concentration of enzyme (E) supplements in different diets.
Diets Enzymes Enzymes (unit/kg diet)
Xylanase Glucanase Cellulase Mannanase Protease
SBM – – – – – –GM 200 g – – – – – –GM 200 g E1 1625 600 445 2000 2000GM 200 g E2 3250 1200 890 4000 4000GM 200 g E3 4875 1800 1335 6000 6000GM 200 g E4 6500 2400 1780 8000 8000
GM 200 g E5 8125 3000 2225 10,000 10,000
GM, guar meal; SBM, soybean meal.
At 42 days of age, 10 birds from each treatment weighing near to the mean BW of the respective group were selected andslaughtered by cervical dislocation to study carcass traits. The ready to cook yield (including giblet) and relative weight ofbreast, abdominal fat, and liver were recorded and expressed as g/kg live weight of the respective birds. The samples of liverand muscle were subjected for estimation of protein and fat and fat free dried tibia was subjected for estimation of total ash.Fat free and dried tibia were taken in a pre-weighed silica crucible and charred over electric heater to make smoke-free. Thecrucible along with the samples was ignited at 600 ◦C for 3 h in microwave muffle furnace (Phoenix Muffle Furnace, CEMInnovators in Microwave Technology, Buckingham, UK). The crucibles were cooled, and weighed and expressed as total ashon dry matter basis. The ash tibia was dissolved in hydrochloric acid (1:10) and filtered through filter paper (Whatman®
Grade no. 1), and the final volume was made to 250 ml with Milli-Q water (Millipore Corporation, Bedford, MA, USA) forestimation of Ca and P. The Ca and P were estimated using an atomic absorption spectrophotometer according to methodssuggested by the manufacturer (AAnalyst 400, PerkinElmer, Shelton, CT, USA).
2.3. Statistical analysis
The general linear model procedure of SAS (SAS V. 9.2, 2008) was used for analyzing the data. The diet effects were testedfor possible linear and quadratic effects using orthogonal polynomials. The influence of adding enzymes was tested usingorthogonal contrast.
3. Results
3.1. Performance
Increasing dietary inclusion of GM linearly and quadratically reduced (P<0.05) the BWG and increased the FCR at 21 daysof age. The interaction between the levels of GM and enzyme, and GM and SBM supplementation (P<0.05) influenced BWG at21 day of age (Table 4). Though, enzyme supplementation in the GM based diet showed improvement (P<0.05) in growth at21 days. However, the difference in BWG and FCR between with and without enzyme supplemented group did not (P>0.05)differ at 42 days of age.
Among groups fed diets without enzymes supplementation, the FCR was higher in groups fed 150 g GM compared to theSBM control diet at 21 days. However, enzyme supplementation to 150 g GM based diet lower the FCR and similar to thosefed the control diet at 21 days. Among main factors, BWG and FCR were not affected by incorporating GM at 75 g/kg andreduced significantly by further increase of GM to 150 g/kg diet. Enzyme supplementation did not show any benefit on FCR,but the BWG improved significantly compared to those fed diets without enzyme supplementation. At 42 days of age, theFCR was lower among the groups fed GM with enzymes supplemented diets compared to those groups fed GM withoutenzymes. Similarly, the interaction effect of GM and enzymes on FCR was linearly higher at 42 days of age.
3.2. Experiment-II
The BWG decreased and FCR increased (P<0.05) in the group fed 200 g GM based diet compared to those fed the con-trol diet (Table 5). Further, the enzymes supplementation to GM based diets revealed (P<0.05) increased BWG and lowerFCR compared to those groups fed with 200 g GM without enzyme supplementation. Nevertheless, among enzymes supple-mented groups, E4 and 200 g GM fed groups revealed (P<0.05) higher values compared to those groups fed diets with E1,E2 and E3 along with 200 g GM. Further, the interaction between the GM and SBM supplementation (P<0.01) influenced the
BWG and FCR in the present experiment. Similarly, increased (P<0.05) BWG was recorded in groups fed enzyme supple-mented diets compared to those groups fed basal diet. However, dietary supplementation of enzymes did not influence theBWG and FCR linearly and quadratically.
S.V. Rama Rao et al. / Animal Feed Science and Technology 188 (2014) 85– 91 89
Table 4Performance of Vanaraja chicks fed different concentrations of guar meal with and without supplementing non-starch polysaccharide enzymes (ExperimentI).
P value * Ns Ns NsGM × EnzymesP value Ns Ns Ns *Linear * Ns Ns *Quadratic Ns Ns Ns NsSBM × GM ** ** Ns Ns
a,b,c Means in the same column with different superscripts differ (*P < 0.05 and **P < 0.01); Ns, non-significant; SEM, standard error of the mean; SBM,soybean meal; GM, Guar meal; BW, body weight; FCR, feed conversion ratio (g feed/g gain); − without; + with.aEnzymes i.e., xylanase 3250, glucanase 1200, cellulase 890, mannanase 4000 and protease 4000 units/kg diet.
Table 5Effect of supplementing non-starch polysaccharide enzymes (E) in guar meal (GM) based diets on performance of Vanaraja birds (Experiment II).
a,b,c,d,e Means in the same column with different superscripts differ (*P < 0.05 and **P < 0.01); Ns, non-significant; SEM, standard error of the mean; SBM,sBF
3
mG(i
4
a
oybean meal; GM, Guar meal.W, body weight; FCR, feed conversion ratio (g feed/g gain); − without; + with.or concentration of the enzymes (E1–E5) see Table 3.
.3. Slaughter variables
In the present study, supplementation of GM and enzyme did not influence the ready to cook, abdominal fat, liver, breast,uscle fat and muscle protein (Table 6). However, the content of liver fat and liver protein was higher in groups fed 200 gM based diets compared to the control diet. Further, the interaction between the GM and SBM supplementation influenced
P<0.05) the liver, breast, liver fat, muscle fat and tibia weight. Similarly, main effect of enzyme supplementation significantlynfluenced muscle fat and muscle protein.
. Discussion
The BWG reduced and FCR increased as dietary inclusion rate of GM increased from 75 to 150 g/kg diet at 21 days ofge. These results are consistent with the findings of Verma and McNab (1982) and Gheisari et al. (2011) who also reported
90 S.V. Rama Rao et al. / Animal Feed Science and Technology 188 (2014) 85– 91
Table 6Effect of feeding diets containing guar meal (GM) at 200 g/kg diet with increasing levels of non-starch polysaccharide enzymes (E) on slaughter parameters,fat and protein in liver and muscle and bone parameters in Vanaraja birds.
a,b Means in the same row with different superscripts differ (*P < 0.05 and **P < 0.01); Ns, non-significant; P, probability for the main effect of feeding guarmeal with or without enzymes; SEM standard error of the mean; L, linear; Q, quadratic; SBM, soybean meal; GM, Guar meal; RTC, ready to cook; AF,
Abdominal fat; − without; + with.For concentration of the enzymes (E1–E5) see Table 3.
reduced BW and increased FCR in broilers fed diet contained 120, 150 and 180 g GM/kg of starter, grower, and finisher phases,respectively. In the present study, the performance variables were not affected (P>0.05) by including GM up to 150 g/kg dietat 42 days of age. Thus, the growth trend implies the phenomena of catch up growth during later phase following adaptationand tolerance to higher levels of GM (150 g/kg diet), which might be due to less secretion of endogenous enzyme duringearly phase compared to during finisher phase. Similarly, Verma and McNab (1982) and Lee et al. (2005) reported growthdepressing effects of GM are more pronounced in young compared to old birds. The deleterious effects of GM is reported byBurnett (1966) and Lee et al. (2003), who indicated that the guar gum residue contained in the GM increases the viscosityof Digesta, thus lessening the growth and feed efficiency in birds. Supplementation of NSP enzymes in GM based dietimproved BWG at 21 days and lowered FCR in chicks at 21 and 42 days of age. The improved FCR achieved with NSP enzymesupplementation is in agreement with the findings of Jackson et al. (2004) and Zou et al. (2006) who reported that exogenousenzymes greatly improved the FCR of broiler chicks. As growth depression was observed with higher levels of GM (150 g/kg)only during starter phase, the enzyme supplementation proved beneficial during the initial phase. The data also suggestedthe possibility of including GM up to 150 g/kg in Vanaraja chick diet without affecting growth and FCR.
Incorporating GM at 200 g in the diet reduced growth and increased FCR. Supplementation of enzyme premix at higherlevels increased BWG at 21 and 42 days and lowered FCR at 21 days of age compared to those groups fed basal diet. The datathus suggest that the enzyme supplementation improved the nutritional value of 200 g GM based diet. Similarly, Verma andMcNab (1982) and Gheisari et al. (2011) reported that the inclusion of enzymes (Hemicell; ChemGen Corp, Gaithersburg,MD, USA and endo-�-1,4-d-galactanase; Jodhpur Padma Biology Co., Ltd., Kolkata, India) in GM based diets improved feedutilization. Similarly, supplementation of �-mananase to GM based diet was also reported to alleviate the deleterious effectsassociated with feeding GM (Lee et al., 2005). However, Kamran et al. (2002) reported that addition of enzymes to broiler dietscontaining 150 g GM did not result in any improvement in performance in broilers. It has been reported that gum residueincreases intestinal viscosity, which decreases nutrient absorption in the gastrointestinal tract (Rainbird et al., 1984). Further,it has been recorded that the lower FCR in the birds during the Experiment-II compared to the Experiment-I. The higherambient temperature (due to summer) experienced during the Experiment-I might be the reason for decreased BWG andincreased FCR.
Slaughter variables were not influenced by the dietary treatments in Vanaraja chicken. The results of the present studyare in agreement with the results of Brahma et al. (1982) and Gheisari et al. (2011), who reported that no considerablechanges in slaughter parameters are observed when 10% raw or up to 16% toasted GM is incorporated in chicken diet. Fatcontent of liver and muscle was higher in groups fed diets supplemented 200 g GM compared to the group fed control duet.Similarly, Mohayayee and Karimi (2012) reported that increased deposition of triglycerides, cholesterol and high-densitylipoprotein in broiler chicken fed higher levels of GM germ fraction in diet.
5. Conclusions
Guar meal can be incorporated up to 150 g/kg in Vanaraja chicken diet without affecting the performance at 42 daysof age. GM at 200 g/kg supplementation resulted in depression in performance. Supplementation of xylanase, glucanase,cellulase, mnnanase and protease at 6500, 2400, 1780, 8000 and 8000 unit/kg diet, respectively improved the performance
os
A
h
R
AAABB
B
CC
E
G
J
K
L
L
LM
NNP
R
R
R
VV
VZZ
S.V. Rama Rao et al. / Animal Feed Science and Technology 188 (2014) 85– 91 91
f Vanaraja birds compared to those fed GM 200 g/kg diet without enzymes. However, the performance of GM and enzymeupplementation was lower to the soybean meal based control diet fed group.
ppendix A. Supplementary data
Supplementary data associated with this article can be found, in the online version, atttp://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2013.10.021.
eferences
mbegaokar, S.D., Kamath, J.K., Shinde, V.P., 1969. Nutritional studies in protein of ‘gawar’ (Cyamopsis tetragonoloba). J. Nutr. Diet. 6, 323–328.nderson, J.O., Warnick, R.E., 1964. Value of enzyme supplements in rations containing certain legume seed meals or gums. Poult. Sci. 43, 1091–1097.OAC, 1980. Official Methods of Analysis, 13th ed. Association of Official Analytical Chemists, Arlington, VA, pp. 125–142.akshi, Y.K., 1996. Studies on toxicity and processing of guar meal. PhD dissertation, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX.rahma, T.C., Siddiqui, S.M., Reddy, C.V., 1982. A study on the utilization of toasted guar meal with and without supplemental amino acid in broiler rations.
Indian Vet. J. 59, 960–967.urnett, G.S., 1966. Studies of viscosity as the probable factor involved in the improvement of certain barleys for chickens by enzyme supplementation. Br.
Poult. Sci. 7, 55–75.onner, S.R., 2002. Characterization of guar meal for use in poultry rations. PhD dissertation, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX.ouch, J.R., Bakshi, Y.K., Ferguson, T.M., Smith, E.B., Creger, C.R., 1967. The effect of processing on the nutritional value of guar meal for broiler chicks. Br.
Poult. Sci. 8, 243–250.hsani, M., Torki, M., 2010. Effects of dietary inclusion of guar meal supplemented by �-mannanase on performance of laying hens, egg quality characteristics
and diacritical counts of white blood cells. Am. J. Anim. Vet. Sci. 5, 237–243.heisari, A.A., Shavakhi, Z.M., Toghyani, M., Bahadoran, R., Toghyani, M., 2011. Application of incremental program, an effective way to optimize dietary
inclusion rate of guar meal in broiler chicks. Livest. Sci. 140, 117–123.ackson, M.E., Geronian, K., Knox, A., McNab, J., McCartney, E., 2004. A dose-response study with the feed enzyme �-mannanase in broilers provided with
corn-soybean meal based diets in the absence of antibiotic. Poult. Sci. 83, 1992–1996.amran, M., Pasha, T.N., Mahmud, A., Ali, Z., 2002. Effect of commercial enzyme (Natugrain) supplementation on the nutritive value and inclusion rate of
guar meal in broiler rations. Int. J. Poult. Sci. 1, 167–173.ee, J.T., Bailey, C.A., Cartwright, A.L., 2003. Guar meal germ and hull fractions differently affect growth performance and intestinal viscosity of broiler
chickens. Poult. Sci. 82, 1589–1595.ee, J.T., Connor-Appleton, S., Bailey, C.A., Cartwright, A.L., 2005. Effects of guar meal by-product with and without �-mannanase Hemicell on broiler
performance. Poult. Sci. 84, 1261–1267.lames, C., Fontaine, Y., 1994. Determination of amino acids in feeds: collaborative study. J. AOAC Int. 77, 1262–1402.ohayayee, M., Karimi, K., 2012. The effect of guar meal (germ fraction) and �-mannanase enzyme on growth performance and plasma lipids in broiler
chickens. Afr. J. Biotechnol. 11, 8767–8773.agpal, M.L., Agrawal, O.P., Bhatia, I.S., 1971. Chemical and biological examination of guar meal (Cyamopsis tetragonoloba L). Indian J. Anim. Sci. 41, 283–293.RC, 1994. National Research Council, Nutrient requirements of poultry, 9th revised ed. National Academy Press, Washington, DC.atel, M.B., McGinnis, J., 1985. The effect of autoclaving and enzyme supplementation of guar meal on the performance of chicks and laying hens. Poult.
Sci. 64, 1148–1156.ainbird, A.L., Low, A.G., Zebrowska, T., 1984. Effect of guar gum on glucose and water absorption from isolated loops of jejunum in conscious growing pigs.
Br. J. Nutr. 52, 489–498.ama Rao, S.V., Panda, A.K., Raju, M.V.L.N., Sharma, S.R., Shyam Sunder, G., Sharma, R.P., 2006. Performance of Vanaraja chicks fed diets containing different
levels of protein. Indian J. Anim. Nutr. 23, 83–87.ama Rao, S.V., Prakash, B., Kumari, K., Raju, M.V.L.N., Panda, A.K., 2013. Effect of supplementing different concentrations of organic trace minerals on
performance, antioxidant activity, and bone mineralization in Vanaraja chickens developed for free range farming. Trop. Anim. Health. Prod. 45,1447–1451.
erma, S.V.S., McNab, J.M., 1982. Guar meal in diets for broiler chickens. Br. Poult. Sci. 23, 95–105.erma, S.V.S., McNab, J.M., 1984a. Performance of hens fed guar meal containing diets with or without supplemental cholesterol. Indian J. Poult. Sci. 19,
245–250.erma, S.V.S., McNab, J.M., 1984b. Chemical, biochemical and microbiological examination of guar meal. Indian J. Poult. Sci. 19, 165–170.ou, X.T., Qiao, X.J., Xu, Z.R., 2006. Effect of �-mannanase (Hemicell) on growth performance and immunity of broilers. Poult. Sci. 85, 2176–2182.uyie, R., Sharma, V.B., Bujarbaruah, K.M., Vidyarthi, V.K., 2009. Performance of Vanaraja birds under extensive system of rearing at different altitudes in
