Eia Project 3 Alaojipowerstationrep1

NATIONAL INTEGRATED POWER PROJECT

(NIPP)ABUJA. NIGERIA

ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT (EIA)

OF ALAOJI 378.3MW THERMAL POWER STATION

DECEMBER 2006

Alaoji Power Station EIA December 2006 ii

This report was prepared by Science Energy Environment Management Systems (SEEMS) Nigeria Limited, who executed the Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) studies for the Alaoji Gas Turbine Power Project under the National Integrated Power Project (NIPP) of the Federal Ministry of Power & Steel. The SEEMS team worked very closely with the NIPP project team to ensure quality assurance, quality control and consultation during the EIA process.

The EIA team includes:

SEEMS Nigeria LimitedProf. A. F. Oluwole Director Prof O.I. Asubiojo Project Coordinator Dr I Obioh Field CoordinatorProf P. O. Aina Soil ScientistDr J Ojo Air MonitoringDr. D. J. Oyedele Soil Classification, Land UseProf. M. O. Olorunfemi Geology, Geophysics, GeomorphologyDr V Olaleye Ecology (Water Quality, Hydrobiology)Dr. Jide Oke Ecology (Vegetation)Dr J.A. Akinfala WildlifeDr T Alimi Socio-EconomicsFrancisca Okoye Socio-EconomicsJoshua Oluwasesan Socio-EconomicsDr. O. Kola-Jebutu Health ImpactMs B. Bello Field AssistantEngr. T. Awojobi Safety Officer

Project Proponents: FMP&S Supervisor

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Table of Contents

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List of Tables

Alaoji Power Station EIA December 2006 v

List of Figures

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Executive Summary

IntroductionThe Power Holding Company of Nigeria (PHCN) that is charged with the responsibility of generation, transmission and distribution of electricity in Nigeria has proposed to construct under the National Integrated Power Projects (NIPP) Scheme, a Gas Turbine Electric Power Station in Alaoji in Abia State, Nigeria.

The scenarios associated with Gas Turbine Electric Power Station project development involve activities which have the potential to implicate the environment and for which an Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) is mandatory in Nigeria as stipulated by Environmental Impact Assessment Decree No. 86 of 1992 of the Federal Environmental Protection Agency (FEPA). It is in compliance with the above national regulations that the Federal Ministry of Power and Steel (FMP&S) has commissioned Science Energy Environment Management Systems (SEEMS) Nigeria Limited (SEEMS) to carry out the Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) for the proposed Project.

This EIA has been conducted in compliance with statutory requirements from the Department of Petroleum Resources (DPR) and the Federal Ministry of Environment (FMEnv) including the EIA Act 86 of 1992 and the DPR Environmental Guidelines and Standards (2002). International guidelines, such as the World Bank’s Environmental Assessment Source Book, have been used when applicable to evaluate potential impacts and mitigation measures.This EIA report was prepared by SEEMS Nigeria Ltd. for NIPP, the Project sponsors. The scope of work included literature review, baseline environmental and socioeconomic data gathering of the study area, and the identification of potential impacts due to construction activities; land preparation; operation, maintenance and decommissioning. Also included in the EIA are stakeholder consultations and recommendations for mitigation measures.

Project JustificationNigeria’s electric power generating and grid distribution capability is currently in the range of 3,500 to 4,500 megawatts (MW) which is far short of that required to support the current population and to keep the economy growing. The Government estimates that current demand for power throughout the country is in the range of 20,000 to 25,000 MW. Power is currently produced from eight major generating stations, made up of three hydrostations and five thermal stations with a total installed capacity of 5,610 MW in all (total installed capacity of thermal power plants is 3,672 MW). Power from the electricity distribution grid is supplemented by numerous small, costly diesel powered generators in the country’s towns and villages. The electricity supply in Nigeria is characterized by frequent power failures and load shedding, resulting in economic losses through lost production, damaged equipment and the need for expensive stand by power. To address the increasing electricity demand by consumers in Nigeria and achieve the 10,000MW target by year 2007, the Federal Government of Nigeria is embarking on the construction of seven Power Plants in the Niger Delta region under the National

Alaoji Power Station EIA December 2006 vii

Integrated Power Projects (NIPP) Scheme, one of which is the proposed Gas Turbine Electric Power Station in Alaoji in Abia State.

The benefits of the project include: Value addition to the economy by way of improved power supply through the

development of additional power station Minimization of natural gas flaring thereby contributing to the development of

the nation’s growing energy needs Improvement of the socio-economic status of the nation and the immediate

Project vicinity Generation of employment opportunities

Project and Process DescriptionThe project is an electric energy generation project. Electric energy will be generated through the operation of a Thermal Power Plant which will be natural gas - fired. The Plant comprising three units of compressor, gas turbine and generator, is expected to generate 378.3MW of electricity which will be transmitted via cable to the National Grid. The facility which is planned to be constructed on approximately 10.47ha of land will be located within co-ordinates 5˚ 03’ 52.9”E, 7˚ 19’ 08.7”N at Alaoji in Abia State of Nigeria.

FIGURE 01: MAP OF NIGERIA SHOWING ABIA STATE

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Description of the Existing Environment

Methodology

The baseline data for the study area was acquired through desk-based or literature research, field data collection and laboratory analysis. Desk-Based Study entailed consultation of relevant books, articles and reports. The field data acquisition campaign was carried out by a multidisciplinary team of experts. Sampling regime was designed to cover the entire study area and sampling points were geo-referenced using a handheld Global Positioning System (GPS). The field data acquisition which was carried out over two seasons - between February12 and 18, 2006 for Dry Season and between June 8 and August 24, 2006 for the wet season, involved collection of air quality samples, collection of soil samples and characterizing of soil types, collection of surface water, sediment and groundwater samples, benthic macrofauna, plankton, and fish, description of socioeconomic and health status using quetionnaire survey, focus discussion group and in-depth interview tools. The same sampling locations were covered in both the dry and wet seasons. The methods of sample collection, handling and subsequent laboratory analysis were those specified in DPR Guidelines and other international analytical standards and are presented in detail in the Baseline and Social Impact Studies reports.Relevant stakeholders were identified, and appropriate contacts were established before and during the EIA study. Stakeholder groups identified and consulted include community leaders and community groups in State government, local government areas officials and the Nigerian environmental regulatory agencies (FMEnv, DPR, State Ministries of Environment).

Climate/Meteorology

The project area is dominated by two seasonal reverse winds, the dry tropical wind or the north-east trade wind and the tropical maritime wind or the south-east trade wind. The dominant wind direction is south-west at an average speed of 2.7 m/s. Temperature and humidity are generally high throughout the year with an average

range of 200C -35

0C and 65% - 85%, respectively. Rain falls in all the months of the

year with an annual average 2500 mm and peak periods in July and September.

Air Quality

Measured air quality parameters measured in both the dry and wet seasons at various

locations in the project area ranged from 15 (g.m-3

) to 34 (g.m-3

) for SOx, from 7.5

(g.m-3

) to 11.5(g.m-3

) for NOx, Total Suspended Particulation (TSP) ranged from

30.5(g.m-3

) -150 (g.m-3

). Results of concentrations of these gases for both wet and dry seasons were below FMEnv, WHO and IFC standards.

Noise

The ambient noise levels (LA90) measured at different locations within and outside the study area ranged from 42 dB(A) to 78 dB(A) during daytime and 30 dB(A) to 44 dB(A) at night. All the ambient noise levels recorded were well below the applicable national noise standard of 90 dB(A) (day) and 50-55 dB(A) (night), indicating a high quality acoustic environment under the existing conditions.

Alaoji Power Station EIA December 2006 ix

Soils, Land Use and Agriculture

The Power Station which is on a relatively flat terrain is underlain by two predominant soil types derived from the sedimentary Coastal Plain Sands deposits. The soils are Eutric Nitisol, and Dystric Nitisol. They are characterized by are predominantly of sandy loam and sandy clay loam surface soils underlain by sandy clayey at varying depths of subsoil. The soil reaction is acidic with pH ranging from a mean of 4.6 in the surface 15cm to a mean of 5.1 at lower depths. The soils are free from soluble salt build-up with low electrical conductivity (45 to 110S/cm). Organic carbon content is low, ranging from 0.07 to 1.82% in the profiles. The values of exchangeable bases (Ca, Mg, K and Na) and heavy metals (Fe, Mn, Pb, Cr, Ni, V, Cd, Hg, Zn) ) (except for Fe and Mn) are also very low. The soils support moderately high populations of soil fauna (such as earthworms) and flora and there was no evidence that the soils were contaminated.

Arable and permanent crop production is the main landuse in the project area, while the settlements and vegetal covers constitute the other land use features. Both the soils and the terrain of the project location favour intense agriculture. At least 75% of the land area had cultivated arable and economic tree crops, including oil palm, and kolanut and the rest arable crops or forest and bush re-growth. The main arable crops were cassava (Manihot esculenta), maize (Zea mays), yam (Dioscorea spp) as sole or mixed. Others were okra, cocoyam, pepper and a variety of leafy vegetables.

Geology, Geomorphology, and Hydrogeology

Geological and geophysical investigations involving surface lithological observation and vertical electrical soundings were carried out at the proposed Power Station. The station is underlain by the Coastal Plain Sands otherwise referred to as the Benin Formation. The Coastal Plain Sands is composed of predominantly unconsolidated and porous sands with shale intercalations. The sands are coarse grained, gravelly, locally fine grained, poorly sorted, sub-angular to well rounded and bear lignite streaks and wood fragments in places while the Lignite Formation is composed of clays, sandstone, lignite and shale. The sand/sandstone constitutes the aquifer unit with confined/unconfined characteristic with tendency shallow groundwater level.

Water Quality

The results of the physico-chemical analysis of the surface water and groundwater indicate the following properties: slightly acid (pH 6.0-6.6) surface waters to slightly alkaline (pH 6.3-7.1) for boreholes, fresh and non-saline with low conductivities ranging

between 6 and 35Scm-1

and medium to high levels of dissolved oxygen (DO = 2.0-

5.0mgl-1

). Turbidity was generally low ranging from 4.5-10.6 NTU, especially in the wet season. The biogenic nutrient levels are low for phosphate (0.08-0.22mg/l), nitrates (0.02-0.09mg/l), sulphate (1.52mg/l) and chloride (0.0-2.85 mg/l), indicating low trophic water bodies. The concentrations of heavy metals especially the pollution indicators - Cr, Pb, Ni and Zn, are very low or below both detectable limits and FMENV limits.

Benthos

Sediments from the surface water bodies in the study area are sandy (67.2% sand, 14.8% clay and 18.0% silt) with pH, and conductivity of 7.1, 112S/cm, respectively and low concentrations of organic matter (<1%), nutrient levels of SO4, PO4 and NO3 and heavy metals, thus indicating no pollution sources. The microbial populations of the sediments

Alaoji Power Station EIA December 2006 x

also compare favourably with values known for unpolluted environments.

Plankton

The planktonic flora and fauna consists of 16 phytoplanktons and 7 zooplankton species. The phytoplankton flora consists of 4 blue greens, 8 green algal species and 4 diatomic species. The zooplankton fauna is largely made-up of rotifers (5 species) and copepods (2 species). The richness of the water bodies in the diversity and composition of the Plankton flora (phytoplankton) and fauna (zooplankton) and the low incidence of pollution indicator species such as Stylaria sp. (Oligochaeta), Chaoborus sp. (Diptera), Cloeon sp. (Ephemeroptera) and Branchampiella sp. (Rotifera) indicate unimpacted aquatic environment of the project area.

Vegetation

The vegetation of the proposed station area is secondary having been influenced by past agricultural landuse without planned ecological conservation. The vegetation comprises the following communities: Farmlands and fallow areas consisting of tree (oil palm (Elaeis guineensis) and arable crops and together constituting about 65% of the project area; forest, bush re-growth in the fallow areas and occupying about 35% of the project area; The fallowland communities are dominated by trees and shrubs that are early colonizers after disturbances. The Alchornea and Elaeis guineensis are the dominant plant species in most of the area. Other trees, shrubs, herbs and grasses were encountered, occurring in various densities. Widely spaced stands of Daniella oliveri, Lophira lanceolata, Piliostigma thonnigli and Nauclea spp are found on the croplands. There were no existing planned conservation areas in the project area and no notable or protected species were encountered. There was no significant difference in the features and floristic composition of the various vegetation physiognomy between the rainy season and dry season samples.

Wildlife

Record of wildlife forms of the study area consists of inventories carried out by desk-based study, direct observations in the habitats and interviews with local communities. The Avian population was dominant in terms of species types and number. Most noticeable in diverse habitats such as farmlands, oil palm plantations and forests were the black kites, Pin-Tailed Whydah (Vidua macroura), Pied Crow (Corvus albus), Bronze Manikin (Lonchura cucullatus), and Weaver bird (Ploessus cuculatus). Also prominent are alligators, lizards and different species of snakes (reptiles). Mammals occasionally encountered include the ground squirrel, rats, grass-cutters. Generally, wildlife is sparse around the project area due to human activities - the long-standing farming pressure and uncontrolled hunting by the indigenes which had led to persistent disturbance and the disappearance of the climax vegetation and the associated wildlife. In general there were more wildlife sightings in the dry season than in the wet season sampling.

Archaeology and Cultural ElementsPhysical survey, observation of earth surface materials and oral interviews conducted with community and traditional religious leaders within the project area showed that there were no archaeological features, historical and cultural elements such as traditional burial grounds, shrine sites, heritage properties, national historic sites, protected or restricted sites within the proposed Power Station location.

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Socioeconomics and Community Health Status

The study area is located in the Ugwunagbo Local Government of Abia State and comprises the following main communities located within 500m of the proposed Station: Umuakparu, Umuokorombele, Umuabasi–Ukwu and Alaoji with an estimated total population of about 25,000. The inhabitants of the project area belong predominantly to one ethnic group – the Ibo and have agriculture and trading as main occupations. Other minority ethnic groups include Yorubas, Hausas. The Igbo Language is spoken throughout the area with minor differences in dialects. The people have a well defined hierarchical social structure with a traditional leadership through Igwe, chiefs and elders, an Executive Council headed by the chairman and supported by members of the executive. There is also a Youth Council with elected chairman and members. The people are predominantly polygamous and christians. In general the quality of life and socio-economic status of the people are low with poor physical and infrastructural development. Health care facilities are very few, ill-equipped and inadequately maintained. The inhabitants patronise traditional healers, using traditional medicine and self-medication for their health needs. Common causes of morbidity are malaria, diarrhoea, typhoid, hypertension, respiratory tract infections and various forms of domestic and work-related injuries. For both adults and children, malnutrition was not observed to be prevalent. A quick assessment of the local diet showed it to be mainly carbohydrates and below balanced standard, with the major food sources being root crops and grains.

Waste InventorySources and inventory of wastes have been carried out for each phase of the project and categorized into biodegradable and non-biodegradable. Solid wastes likely to arise from gas turbine electric power generation activities include: Felled vegetation during clearing and land preparation, camp domestic refuse, oil and grease, water run-off, soil and sanitary wastes and combustion products from construction engines, gaseous emissions from operational phase of the project.

Environmental Impacts and Mitigation MeasuresThe Alaoji Power Station (APS) project activities could potentially result in environmental or socioeconomic impacts during each of the following project phases: site preparation, construction and commissioning, plant operation and maintenance, and decommissioning activities. A preliminary assessment of these potential impacts is summarised below, together with possible mitigation measures.

Air Quality

The concentrations of land clearing and construction-related atmospheric emission - CO2, CO, SO2 and NOx could be elevated from particulate (dust) and construction vehicle emissions during the land preparation and construction phases. The effects of emissions from these sources are not expected to be significant since these emissions are transient. The project operational phase activities are also expected to have impact on the ambient air quality. Ambient air quality may be impaired by Stack NOx and SOx emissions. SOx emission may be low if the Natural gas/distillate liquid fuels used for firing are sweetened, but NOx emission from the Gas Turbine may be a concern. NOx has been recognized as one of the major pollutants of power generation. NOx like SO2 is

Alaoji Power Station EIA December 2006 xii

responsible for acid rain. NOx also takes part in number of chemical reactions with hydrocarbon present in urban air to produce toxic pollutants like ground level ozone. Incomplete combustion will result in unburned Hydrocarbons.

Mitigation Measures All clearing, land preparation and construction equipment and vehicles that

show excessive emissions of particulates due to poor engine adjustment or other inefficient operating conditions shall not be operated unless corrective measures are taken.

The construction site shall be watered regularly to minimize fugitive dust emissions.

low-NOx equipment and equipment with low combustion emis-sions will be used

Facilities will be designed to meet Nigerian and international air quality standards (World Bank, IFC, FMEnv and DPR).

Gas turbines will be designed to minimize incomplete combus-tion

NoisePotential impacts from noise could occur during all project phases. During the construction, noise level of 65dB can be temporarily exceeded due to the operation of lorries and equipment in the working zone of the Power Station. The operational phase noise from turbines may be significant but, din of the high tension cable and noise generated by corona effect around live conductors have limited impact on the health and comfort of people who live in the immediate vicinity (within 100m) of the Station. Generated noise has been estimated to be 53 dB on rainy weather and 33 dB on dry weather at 25m from the Station. Mitigation measures include:

noise abatement measuresw illbe taken in thework zones eg demarcation of an exclusion (safety) zone of 500-m radius with tree belt between work zone and the residential areas

workers will be provided with ear muffs and other protectors

Using low-NOx equipment and equipment with low combustion emissions.

Designing facilities to meet Nigerian and international air quality standards (World Bank, IFC, FMEnv and DPR).

Soil and Land Use

Land preparation could potentially cause increased runoff to the surrounding areas. During construction and operation pases, accidental spills of oil products and mineral oils from the operation vehicles and equipment and chemical effluents from the Plants may contaminate the soil. Conservation with excavation materials used in the civil works may also occur. Mitigation measures include:

Selective and controlled clearing of vegetation will be carried out Land will be seeded to grass to provide vegetal cover of soil

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Geology and Geomorphology

Construction of access roads, excavation will alter the geomorphology of the study area, but only to a limited extent.Mitigation measures include properly disposal of spoils so as not to impact the drainage and geomorphology pattern of the area.

Water Quality

Surface runoff carrying facility effluents, waste streams, fuel and oil from construction and plant operational sites could potentially impact the nearby surface water quality. The construction and permanent residential camps will generate solid waste and domestic sewage discharge, which could also impact the surface water quality or the shallow aquifer. Leaks and spills from the facility could also potentially impact the surface water quality and shallow aquifer. Excavation could introduce suspended solids into the shallow aquifer as well.

Mitigation measures include: All contractors will be required to use mobile eco-toilets at their construction

camps for waste disposal. They will also be required to have sound environmental management programs for the storage of hazardous materials, solid waste collection and disposal, and environmental contingency plans.

During construction, surface water flows shall be controlled and if necessary channelled to temporary discharge points to minimize the potential threat of erosion and siltation in the receiving water channels.

Ecology

The project site clearance activities could potentially impact the area ecology through loss of flora, loss of wildlife habitat and a reduction of biodiversity. In addition, excavation could lead to wildlife mortality. However, because the main project area is on existing corridor which has already been cleared and significantly impacted by human agricultural activities and hunting, the overall impact of the project on the study area ecology is not expected to be significant. No rare or endangered species f flora and fauna are found in the project area.Mitigation measures include:

Limiting any additional site clearance to only those areas es-sential for project construction and operation.

Re-vegetation of project area with small trees and grass

Wildlife Noise of clearing and construction equipment and machinery may cause minor dis-comforting noise that may cause the migration of wildlife away from study site.

The impact is however not significant because of limited extent and short duration.

Social and Economic Impacts

The project will require a landtake of about 10ha, displacement of farmers and loss of crops. There may be need for compensation for crops. The local economy is projected to benefit from the completion of the project, provide employment opportunities in the

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downstream industries that depend on electric energy supply, such as in distribution, transport, additional demand equipment maintenance.

All phases of the project implementation will positively impact the employment opportunities for community members, but it is a minimal direct job creating project. The project will also provide sustainable community development. Interference with cultural relics and historic sites is expected to be minimal.However, the project activities could also potentially cause significant negative impacts to the study area socioeconomics and health including:

Nuisance noise generated from construction and plant opera-tion

Increased safety risk to local people from electrocution

Contamination of surface water and groundwater from con-struction operation effluents, construction camp solid waste and domestic sewage discharge

Mitigation Measures:Payment of commensurate compensation for economic crops and surface rights will be made to displaced or dispossessed parties.

Provision of employment opportunities to local community members will be ensured.

Training unskilled and semi-skilled workers during the con-struction and project operation periods.

Providing a training and marketing program for selected ten-ants who cannot be employed in the plant.

Implementing safety regulations at all times.

Providing a construction camp, potable water and mobile eco-toilets.

Establishing participatory, sustainable, community assistance projects.

Providing onsite medical facilities.

Occupational Health and SafetyDuring project operation, failures and accidents can occur (eg. fire resulting from short-circuit between conductors, earthlings, steel structures energizing, etc), which impose emergency intervention for its remedy. As protective measures, the yard will be provided with warning danger plates to prevent people entering the Station.Health hazards resulting from induced effects from electromagnetic fields will be taken care of by ensuring that human settlements close to the station are prevented at all times. Increased safety risk to workers from potential failures leading to fires and electrocution or electric shocks from distribution lines.The risks will be mitigated through preventive actions, including

Maintaenance of good technical conditions, clearance between conductors and buildings, other structures, facilities, transport ways, groundwater etc;

Mounting warning plates, warning local population about the electric shocks risk;

Solid and Liquid Wastes

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Land preparation and construction discharges and effluents and a number of waste streams (listed below) such as water, carbon dioxide, and trace metals (e.g. Hg) may be washed off the land into receiving water. If improperly disposed, this may reduce the quality of environmental biological resources and lead to aquatic fauna mortality.

Cleared vegetation spoil from excavation Domestic refuse, liquid wastes and sewage Runoff water from site carrying effluents, oil and grease etc

Mitigation Measures Provide vegetation/trunks and stumps to dwellers for firewood, otherwise they would biodegrade with

time Establish good land rehabilitation with topsoil management programme Ensure compliance of an effective waste management scheme in place Establish good drainage system to channel runoff water into where it can be treated before disposal Wastes should be treated before discharge into the environment.

Environmental Management PlanBased on the result of the EIA, prediction of possible impacts of the project on the receiving environment and DPR/FMENV environmental guidelines, the Environmental Management System approach which is designed to guarantee and achieve the implementation of this study’s findings, will include:

Effective integration of EIA into project design, operation through decommissioning or abandonment; Environmental Management Audit and or Ecological Management and Auditing Scheme of the

facilities to ensure that standards are kept; Environmental Monitoring of development phases including operations and close down; Specific training of staff and contractors to enhance environmental awareness; and Sustained consultation with all stakeholders on the project development.

Decommissioning

Improperly disposed wastes - scrap metals, aluminum, cables, plastics/glass, sludge, oil, grease, and oil sludge, non-functional equipment and materials from dismantling activities and removal of civil works will contaminate the soil environment.At the end of the useful life of the facility, standard procedures for decommissioning shall be invoked. A decommissioning team will be set up to plan and implement laid down guidelines on decommissioning. The following activities are involved in decommissioning:

Demolition and site clean-up; Disposal of Wastes; and Rehabilitation of Site.

Summary of Environmental, Health and Safety Impacts

The Alaoji Power Station project has potential impacts of varying degrees on many aspects of the physical, ecological and social environment of the project area. This EIA has identified and addressed the major environmental issues and provided adequate mitigating measures and EMP. The environmental impacts of the Project will take place during construction, operation, and decommissioning. The environmental impacts during construction will primarily be from noise and dust. The potential impacts during operation will be noise from the generators and cooling towers; risk from oil spill and fire; air pollution from flue gas emissions, specifically SO2 and NOx. The main impact during decommissioning is the disposal of soil that

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might be contaminated with spilled fuel and lubricants. Impact levels are low on soil and land use, water quality, fauna and flora, vegetation and positive on the socio-economic aspects and the population. Interference of the proposed project with cultural relics and historic sites is negligible. Overall, industry and the social economy are projected to benefit greatly from the completion of the Alaoji Power Station project.

The results of the EIA have demonstrated that:

although the existing environmental conditions of the Alaoji Power Station project area are not in a pristine state, they present no overriding environmental constraints to project development;

the ecosystem is of high environmental value that should be protected from development activities impacts;

with the adoption of the mitigation measures and Environmental Management Plan (EMP) established by the EIA process, as well as those proposed by FMP&S policy and guidelines, the overall environmental impact of the power plant will not be significant.

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CHAPTER ONE

BACKGROUND AND INTRODUCTION

1.1 BACKGROUND The Power Holding Company of Nigeria (PHCN), created from former National Electric Power Authority (NEPA) through the Electric Power Sector Reform Act of 2005 is the body charged with the responsibility of generation, transmission and distribution of electricity in Nigeria. As at 2003, National Electric Power Authority (NEPA) (now PHCN) has a total installed generating capacity of about 6210MW. Nigeria’s electric power generating and grid distribution capability is currently in the range of 3,500 to 4,500 megawatts (MW)-far short of that required to support the current population and to keep the economy growing. The Government estimates that current demand for power throughout the country is in the range of 20,000 to 25,000 MW. Power is currently produced from eight major generating stations, made up of three hydrostations and five thermal stations with a total installed capacity of 5,610 MW in all (total installed capacity of thermal power plants is 3,672 MW). The electricity supply in Nigeria is characterized by frequent power failures and load shedding, resulting in economic losses through lost production, damaged equipment. To address the increasing electricity demand by consumers in Nigeria, the Federal Government of Nigeria is embarking on the construction of seven Power Plants in the Niger Delta region under the National Integrated Power Projects (NIPP) Scheme, one of which is the proposed Alaoji 378.3MW Gas Turbine Power Generation Station.

A project of this nature and magnitude falls under the class of projects requiring a full Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA), which is mandatory in Nigeria as stipulated by Environmental Impact Assessment Decree No. 86 of 1992 of the Federal Environmental Protection Agency (FEPA). This Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) report has been prepared by Science Energy Environment Management Systems (SEEMS) Nigeria Limited for NIPP. The report deals with the environmental, social and health implications of the proposed Alaoji Power Station project.

1.2 TERMS OF REFERENCE, SCOPE AND OBJECTIVES OF THE EIA

1.2.1 Terms of Reference

To ensure that this EIA is conducted in accordance with statutory requirements and FMP & M’s Corporate Policies, the Terms of Reference (TOR) document has therefore been developed to achieve the following:

Outline of the general scope of EIA study including the overall data requirements on the proposed project and affected environment.

identification and assessment of associated and potential impacts. Recommendation of appropriate mitigation measures for such impacts

and an effective Environmental Management Plan (EMP) for the project.

Development of framework for interaction and integration of views of a multi-disciplinary project team with regulators, host communities and other stakeholders.

Alaoji Power Station EIA December 2006 1

Development of the relevant framework of legal and administrative requirements of the project.

1.2.2 Scope and Objectives of the EIA

EIA WorkscopeThe EIA workscope includes an extensive literature review and a two season detailed site investigation to generate comprehensive baseline data on the project area. Specifically, the workscope include include:

(i) Review of available reports of previous EIA and relevant studies on the environmental characteristics of the study area.

(ii) Identification and selection and procurement of appropriate maps and satellite imagery including time lapse mapping with remote sensing for the area coverage

(iii) Development of the GIS database(iv) Consultations with host communities, Local Government Council,

State and Federal Ministries of Environment and other stakeholders.(v) Site reconnaissance survey (vi) Design and sampling programme and field data acquisition and

laboratory analysis to confirm literature information and fill data gaps (vii) Analysis of acquired data(viii) Identification and qualification of potential impacts prediction and

evaluation of their significance using appropriate models(ix) Development of an integrated plan for effective mitigation measures,

environmental management plan, including monitoring, decommissioning/abandonment and remediation

EIA ObjectivesThe purpose of the study is to establish a baseline of existing conditions in the area and to assess proactively the potential and associated impacts (including Social, Health and Economic impacts) of the proposed Alaoji Power Station on the project area. The main objectives of the EIA are to:

Establish the existing biological, physical, social and economic conditions of the project area.

Characterize the environment thereby identifying the resultant hazards (including social) associated with thermal power generation.

Make recommendations to eliminate/mitigate/control the magnitude and significance of identified potential and associated adverse impacts of the project.

Develop cost effective EMP that recommends plans and procedures to manage the consequences and recover from exceptional events throughout the lifecycle of the project.

Ensure proper consultation with the communities bordering the proposed Power Station in line with the Federal Ministry of Environment (FMENV) guidelines, and other international standards.

Obtain EIA project certification by the FMENV and other environmental permits.


1.3 POLICY, LEGAL, AND ADMINISTRATIVE FRAMEWORKThe development of the Alaoji Power Station will take account of the following Nigerian laws and regulations as well as the International Conventions and Protocols to which Nigeria is a signatory. In this section, an overview of the laws that relate to the Alaoji Power Station project is presented.

1.3.1 FMP&S Health, Safety, and Environment Policy Statement

FMP&M is committed to conducting its operations with excellence and in a socially responsible and ethical manner that protects safety, health and the environment.We recognize that the protection of the health and safety of our employees and others affected by our operations, and the protection of the environment are an integral part our business performance and a prime responsibility of management and employees at every level. To achieve this, we will: Integrate health, environment and safety into every aspect of our project

activities, and set objectives to drive continual improvement. Comply with all relevant health, environment and safety laws and regulations. Initiate and maintain an open dialogue within the project, with our contractors,

with the public or its agents and other stakeholders regarding health, environment and safety matters.

Apply relevant international standards, good engineering practices and principles of risk management to protect health, environment and safety, and ensure the integrity, reliability and efficiency of the FMP&M facilities.

Exhibit socially responsible leadership, demonstrate exemplary health, environment and safety performance and publicly report performance.

Conserve project and natural resources by careful management of emissions and discharges and by eliminating unnecessary waste generation. This also includes wise use of energy in our operations.

Conduct hazard and risk assessments to identify, characterize and effectively manage present or future potential hazards from our operations.

Develop and implement a health, environment and safety plan which includes the rolling out of prioritized procedures which will form a complete management system.

Maintain adequate emergency preparedness and response capabilities. Ensure adequate degree of health, environment and safety controls over all

contractors and subcontractors through effective contract wording and management/supervision.

Ensure conformity with this policy by a comprehensive compliance program including audits.

Adequately resource health, environment and safety functions throughout the project.

FMP&M Project Leadership will foster a culture in which all employees, partners and contractors share these commitments and we accept ultimate responsibility for implementation of our Health, Environment and Safety Policy. HES Management is a key responsibility of line management. In addition, every project team member has a responsibility to ensure they prevent harm to themselves, others and the environment.

1.3.2 Existing Nigerian Guidelines and EIA Report Formats

Two regulations relate specifically to the EIA of the proposed Alaoji Power Station


project. The first is the Department of Petroleum Resources (DPR) Environmental Guidelines and Standard (EGASPIN, 2002). The key EIA report format stipulated by EGASPIN 2002 is summarized in Table 0-1.

Table 0-1: Contents of EIAs Specified by the DPR EGASPIN, 2002

1. Summary Sheet2. The Project Setting

Declaration The Need and Description Proposed Action General Layout Construction Detail Operation and Maintenance Abandonment

Plan3. Alternatives4. Baseline Description of the Existing

Environment and Resources Used Land Water Flora and Fauna

Socioeconomics Aspect Water Use Air Quality Assessment Waste Management Noise Assessment

5. Hazard and Risk Assessment (i) Hazard Identification(ii) Quantitative Hazard Assessment (iii) Risk Assessment

6. Environmental Impacts7 Mitigating and Ameliorating Measures8. Environmental Management Plan (EMP)

Annexes

The erstwhile Federal Environmental Protection Agency (FEPA), now subsumed under the Federal Ministry of Environment (FMEnv), published Environmental Guidelines and Standards as well as the Environmental Impact Assessment Act No. 86 of 1992. The second key EIA report format is that stipulated by the FMEnv, summarised in Table 0-2. Environmental standards for various regulatory bodies (FEPA, WHO, World Bank and International Finance Corporation) are presented in the Appendices to this report.


Table 0-2: Contents of EIAs Specified by the FMEnv, 1995

Table of ContentsList of AcronymsExecutive SummaryAcknowledgementEIA PreparersChapter 1 – Introduction

Terms of reference Background information Legal and regulatory framework

Chapter 2 – Project Justification Need for the project Value for the project Envisaged sustainability

Chapter 3 – Project and Process Description Type of project Input and output of raw materials and

products Location Technological layout Construction Production process Project operation and maintenance Project schedule

Chapter 4 – Description of the Environment Baseline data acquisition methods Study approach Geographical location Field data Climatic conditions Air quality assessment Noise level assessment Vegetation cover characteristics Potential land use and landscape Patterns Ecologically sensitive areas Terrestrial fauna and wildlife Soil studies Aquatic studies, including hydrology and

fisheries Groundwater resources Socioeconomic studies Infrastructures services

Chapter 5 – Associated and Potential Environmental Impacts Impact prediction methodology Significant positive impacts Significant negative impact Site preparation and construction impacts Transportation impacts Raw materials impact Project–specific incremental

environmental changes (if any) Project-specific cumulative effects Project-specific long/short term effects Project-specific reversible/irreversible

effects Project-specific direct/indirect effects Project adverse/beneficial effects Project-specific risk and hazard

assessmentsChapter 6 – Mitigation Measures/Alternatives

Best available technology Liability compensation/resettlement Site alternative, location, routes No project option Table listing impacts with corresponding

mitigation measures Compliance with health and safety Hazard requirements

Chapter 7 – Environmental Management Plan Monitoring schedule Monitoring methodology Parameters to be monitored Scope of monitoring

Chapter 8 – Remediation Plans After Decommissioning, Closure, AbandonmentChapter 9 – ConclusionBibliographyAppendices

1.3.3 The FMEnv EIA Process

Decree 58 of 1988 established the Federal Environment Protection Agency (FEPA) as the chief regulatory body for environmental protection in Nigeria, with the responsibility of ensuring that all industries meet the limits prescribed in the national guidelines, standards and associated various regulations for environmental pollution management (e.g., effluent limitation, management of solid hazardous wastes). From time to time, the FMEnv may update the national guidelines and standards.In 1992, the federal government released the Environmental Impact Assessment Act No. 86 of 1992, which has now been amended to read Environmental Impact Act No. 86 of


1992. The act makes the EIA process mandatory for any major development project and prescribes the procedure for the conduct and reporting EIAs.

The national EIA procedure developed by the FMEnv for all industries under Act No. 86 of 1992 is illustrated in Figure 2-1 and consists of the steps described below.

Figure 0-1: FMEnv EIA Process

1.3.4 Project Proposal Submittal

Project proposals are submitted to the FMEnv accompanied with a draft check of two hundred and fifty thousand naira (N250, 000) only for registration. This fee also includes an application fee of N10, 000. Thereafter, FMEnv issues a project registration number, necessary documentation, and acknowledgement receipt of the fees paid.


Screening

The FMEnv categorises the project using criteria such as magnitude, scope, duration, risks, impact significance, and magnitude of mitigation measures proposed. The FMEnv may undertake a site visit, and the FMEnv shall provide advice (screening report) within 10 working days of proposal receipt.

Scoping

The project proponent is expected to ensure that all significant impacts and reasonable alternatives are addressed in the EIA. The Terms of Reference indicating the scope of the EIA are to be submitted to the FMEnv for approval. The FMEnv may demand a preliminary assessment report to assist in vetting the scope and Terms of Reference of the proposed study.

Draft EIA Report

Fifteen copies of the draft EIA report are to be submitted to FMEnv. It is important to note that the report is required to contain proceedings of consultation with adjoining settlements and other stakeholders held in a public forum. Participation should be a continuous programme for the environmental and economic sustainability of the project.

Draft EIA Review

The review of the EIA may be carried out by the FMEnv in-house, by a panel or by the public. Public review includes a display for 21 days of the EIA document at the Local Government Area, state EPA and FMEnv headquarters. This may also include site visits. The FMEnv informs the project proponent of the method chosen within 15 days of the date of acknowledgement of the draft report.

Final EIA

The Final EIA report shall be submitted to the Ministry within 6 months of the receipt of the Ministry’s comments. This final report is expected to contain all necessary amendments suggested by the FMEnv.

Certification

Upon receipt of the final EIA report, the FMEnv shall issue a certificate. The FMEnv shall publish its decisions to inform the public, after which the proponent may commence with project implementation.

Monitoring

The FMEnv shall ensure compliance monitoring during construction and conduct an environmental audit during the operation of the project.

1.3.5 Legislation on Oil and Gas Industry Activities

Relevant national legislative framework pertinent to oil and gas industry activities is summarised in Table 0-3, while Table 1-4 lists international conventions and treaties that could be relevant to the proposed project. It is common to prepare an EIA to meet the requirements of both DPR and FMEnv guidelines. However, international guidelines, such as the World Bank's Environmental Assessment Source Book, are also used, where applicable, to evaluate potential impacts and recommend appropriate mitigation measures.


Table 0-3: Nigerian Regulations and Legislations Governing Electrification Projects

S/No Applicable Regulations Year Adopted

Oil and Gas Industry Regulations

1 Department of Petroleum Resources (DPR) Environmental Guidelines and Standards for the Petroleum Industry in Nigeria (EGASPIN)

2002

2 States Environmental Protection Agencies Edict (now State Ministries of Environment)

1997

3 Environmental Impact Assessment Act No. 86 [Decree No. 86 of 10 December 1992: National Environmental Protection (Management Procedure on Environmental Impact Assessment) Regulations]

1992

4 Guidelines and Standards for Environmental Pollution Control in Nigeria Effluent Limitation Regulations (S.1.8)

1991

5 Pollution Abatement in Industries and Facilities Producing Waste (S.I.9)Management of Solid Hazardous Wastes (S.1.15)Federal Environmental Protection Agency Act (No. 58 of 30 December 1988)

1988

Environmental Protection Regulations

6 Forest Act 1958

7 Wild Animals Preservation Act 1916

8 Endangered Species Decree 1965

9 Land Use DecreeLand of Acquisition and Compensation in Nigeria

1978

10 FORMECU, Guidelines on Vegetation and Land Use of Changes in Nigeria 1998

11 Nigeria Inland Waterways Authority Decree 1987

Table 0-4: Relevant International Protocols to which Nigeria is a Signatory

S/No Regulation Year Adopted

1 World Bank Environmental Assessment Source Books 1998

2 Kyoto Protocol to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Control 1994

3 UN Convention on Biological Diversity 1994

4 UN Framework Convention on Climate Change 1992

7 Basel Convention on the Control of Trans-boundary Movements of Hazardous Wastes and their Disposal of 1989 (Basel Convention)

1989

8 Montreal Protocol on Substances that Deplete the Ozone Layer NOTE: The protocol was amended for the first time on 29 June 1990 in London. A second set of amendments was adopted in Copenhagen in November 1992; these entered into force in 1994.

1987

9 Vienna Convention for the Protection of the Ozone Layer 1985

12 Protocol Concerning Cooperation in Combating Pollution in Cases of Emergency in the West and Central African Region

1981

17 Convention Concerning the Protection of the World Cultural and National Heritage (World Heritage Convention)

1972

21 African Convention on the Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources 1968

1.3.6 The DPR EIA Process

In 1981, the DPR issued a major legal instrument for environmental pollution management within the oil and gas industry (i.e., the Interim Guidelines and Standards). These guidelines and standards have been reviewed and updated, and most regulations related to protection of the environment from oil and gas activities were detailed for implementation and enforcement by the Minister of Petroleum Resources, as empowered by the Petroleum Act of 1969. This review resulted in the issuance of the DPR


Environmental Guidelines and Standards for the Petroleum Industry in Nigeria (EGASPIN) in 1991. These regulations have been reviewed and updated, and the latest revision of these guidelines was published in August 2002. The DPR EGASPIN published in 2002 serves as a key to non technical personnel providing advice on the activities conducted, the nature and amounts of wastes and discharges expected, and regulations and standards pertaining to these wastes and discharges. DPR permit requirements and other specific regulatory guidelines are presented below.

Permit Requirements

The DPR guidelines specify that an EIA is a mandatory permit requirement for hydrocarbon processing facilities. The Honourable Minister of Petroleum Resources grants licenses on a stage-by-stage basis (see Table 0-6 at the end of this chapter). The DPR EIA process is depicted in Figure 2-2 below.

Process Technology and Mitigation Measures

In Nigeria, both the FMEnv regulations and the DPR guidelines stipulate that an EIA is mandatory prior to operating the facilities. In some cases, project proponents are obliged to adopt specific mitigation measures as part of the EIA. For example, the selection of technologies in Nigeria is subject to EIA approval from both FMEnv and DPR. Furthermore, the DPR guidelines require operators to adopt the Best Practical Control Technology (BPT) as part of the selection process. Similarly, FMEnv’s Effluent Limitation Regulations (1991) require that pollution control equipment is selected on the basis of Best Available Technology (BAT), BPT or Uniform Effluent Standards (UES). As such, the Nigerian EIA requirements place an obligation on the applicant to define explicitly the operational process that is to be adopted. Although not a legal instrument, the FMEnv’s EIA Guidelines include a number of requirements with regard to abandonment. For example, the EIA report undertaken prior to the field development stage must include a remediation plan for implementation when the project is decommissioned or temporarily halted.

1.3.7 Other Regulations Governing Environmental Protection

There exist other regulations governing environmental protection in Nigeria. These include:

Forest Act, 1958Provides for preservation of forests, making it an offence, punishable with a fine of N100 or up to six months imprisonment, to cut down trees over 2 ft in girth or to set fire to the forest except under special circumstances.

Wild Animals Preservation Act, 1916

Endangered Species (control of International Trade and Traf-fic) Decree, 1985

Land Use Decree, 1978This is the principal legislation on land acquisition and compensation in Nigeria today.

FORMECU, 1998Gives guidelines on vegetation and land use changes in Nigeria.

Nigeria Inland Waterways Authority (NIWA) Decree, 1987


1.3.8 State Legislation

The Nigerian constitution allows states to make legislations, laws and edicts on managing the environment. The EIA Decree No. 86 of 1992 also recommends the setting up of State Environmental Protection Agencies (SEPAs), to participate in regulating the consequences of project development on the environment in their area of jurisdiction. SEPAs thus have the responsibility for environmental protection at the state level within their states. The functions of the SEPAs include:

Routine liaison and ensuring effective harmonisation with the FMEnv in order to achieve the objectives of the National Policy on the Environ-ment.

Cooperation with the FMEnv and other relevant national direc-torates/agencies in the promotion of environmental education.

Responsibility for monitoring compliance with waste manage-ment standards.

Monitoring the implementation of the EIA and the Environmen-tal Audit Report (EAR) guidelines and procedures on all developments projects within the state.

In accordance with the provisions of Section 24 of Decree 58 of 1988 and Chapter 131 of the Laws of the Federation of Nigeria, the Abia State Environmental Protection Agencies were formed. These agencies are also important stakeholders for the proposed project because of the site location.

1.3.9 Employment Laws, Labour, and Procurement

The legislations affecting issues on labour in Nigeria are:

Trade Union Act, 1973

Wages Boards and Industrial Councils Act, 1973

Workmen’s Compensation Decree Act, 1987

Trade Disputes Act, 1926 (as amended)

Factories Act, 1956

1.3.10 Nigerian Content Policies Development

In the Presidential Directives on the Nigerian Content Policy Development, targets have been set for 2006-2010. The following guidelines have been issued for implementation on all JV, PSC and/or GAS projects:

Front -end engineering design (FEED) and detailed engineer-ing for all projects are to be domiciled in Nigeria by the end of 2005.

Henceforth, all fixed platforms (offshore and onshore) are to be fabricated in-country to maximise the use of local fabrication yards.

Henceforth, all piles, anchors, buoys, jackets, bridges, flare booms and similar structures are to be fabricated in Nigeria.

The fabrication scope earmarked for Nigerian content in all in-vitations to tender (ITTs) must include process equipment and pressure vessels.


All storage tanks shall be fabricated by companies resident in Nigeria.

All floating, production, storage and offloading (FPSO) con-tract packages are to be bided on the basis of carrying out integration within the country starting from mid-2006.

Domestication of all seismic data processing projects is effec-tive the end of 2005.

Domestication of all reservoir management studies is effective the end of 2005.

Clauses that create impediments for or exclude participation of local companies should not be included in any ITT.

Harmonise and apply international codes and standards to sup-port the use of locally manufactured products such as paints, cables, etc. to im-prove capacity usage in local industries by the second quarter of 2005.

It is already assumed that for others like the proposed project, EIAs shall be wholly conducted locally.

1.3.11 International Protocols, Treaties, and Conventions

Global and regional treaties and conventions are, in principle, binding in first instance on national governments that accede to them. They are obliged to implement such arrangements through national legislation. However, in order to anticipate developing legislation, it is prudent for longer-term projects to ensure that the intent of such treaties is respected. At the international level, Nigeria is party to a number of conventions that are relevant to the proposed development project. The United Nations Environmental Programme (UNEP, 1991) provides an overview of applicable, international treaties and conventions. The more relevant ones are reviewed briefly below:

Vienna Convention for the Protection of the Ozone Layer, in-cluding the Montreal Protocol and the London Amendment

The objectives of this convention are to protect human health and the environment against adverse effects resulting or likely to result from human activities, which modify or are likely to modify the ozone layer, and to adopt agreed measures to control human activities found to have adverse effects on the ozone layer.

Convention on the Conservation of Migratory Species of Wild Animals or Bonn Convention

The Bonn Convention adopted in 1979 aims at the conservation and management of migratory species (including waterfowl and other wetland species) and promotion of measures for their conservation, including habitat conservation.

Convention on Biological DiversityThe objectives of this convention, which was opened for signature at the 1992 Rio Earth Summit, are the conservation of biological diversity, the sustainable use of its components, and the fair and equitable sharing of benefits arising out of the use of genetic resources, including access to genetic resources by appropriate transfer of relevant technologies.

Convention concerning the Protection of the World Cultural and Natural Heritage or World Heritage Convention


This convention defines cultural and natural heritage. The latter is defined as areas with outstanding universal value from the aesthetic and conservation points of view.

1.3.12 Other International Standards

Since external funding bodies, such as the World Bank (WB), International Finance Corporation (IFC), African Development Bank (ADB) have requirements for EIA, reports will be produced in accordance with the following international standards:

World Bank Operational Policies (OP 4.01) Environmental As-sessment

African Development Bank, Environmental and Social Assess-ment Procedures: Public Sector Operations of the ADB, 2001

World Bank: Environmental Assessment Sourcebook, Volumes 1, II and III, Technical Papers No. 139, 140 and 154, 1991

1.3.13 Environmental Permitting

FEPA Decree 1988.All industries in Nigeria, the electrical industry inclusive, are subject to environmental permitting carried out under the FEPA Decree 1988. Implementation of the FEPA Decree 1988 is carried out within the legislative framework provided by Decree No. 58/88, the Pollution Abatement Regulations 1991 and Decree No. 86/92. The Pollution Abatement Regulations 1991 states that the discharge of any effluent with constituent concentrations above permitted limits is prohibited without a licence from the competent authorities (i.e., FMEnv).

Permitting Mechanism

Environmental permit applications to FEPA (now Federal Ministry of Environment) must be carried out using the forms provided in the attachments to the Pollution Abatement Regulations 1991. Where a new pollution source is to be established, an application for a discharge licence must be made at least 180 days before effluent discharge commences. In the case of E&P operations, an EIA is only mandatory for the development of industry or facility. FMEnv may prevent an industrial installation from commencing operations where it is felt that the industry or facility concerned may constitute a new source of pollution. Furthermore, FMEnv may revoke the effluent discharge licence where the industry or facility has not complied with the conditions specified in the permit.The approval times for environmental permits for production activities are not defined explicitly by Act No. 86/92 but are dependent, in part, on the duration of the EIA review.

Sanctions

Decree 58/88, Articles 27, 35, 36 DPR Guidelines 1991In accordance with Decree No. 58/88, overall responsibility for the enforcement of environmental legislation rests with FMEnv. Sanctions for the violation of national environmental legislation are prescribed in a number of different legislative instruments and are summarised in Table 1-5. For legislation issued in support of Decree No. 58/88 (e.g., Effluent Limitation Regulations 1991, Pollution Abatement Regulations 1991) provisions concerning sanctions refer to the sanctions prescribed by Articles 35 and 36 of Decree No. 58/88. In summary, Article 35 states that whosoever contravenes the provisions of Decree No. 58/88 or regulations issued in its support and in the absence of


sanctions prescribed in other legislation, is liable for fines not exceeding N20, 000 and/or imprisonment for a maximum of two years. Note: The fines in this section were stipulated when the exchange rate was $1 = N4; now it is $1 = N135. Some adjustments of such fines are anticipated.

Table 0-5: Sanctions Under Environmental Legislation in Nigeria

Environmental Contravention

Level of Fine

Jail Sentence

Suspension of Activity

Legal Basis Scope

Damage to Water Resources

£ N2,000 £ 6 months Permanent Decree No. 101/93, Article 18

Unlicensed use of water resources, pollution of freshwater resources

Marine Pollution Temporary Regulations 1991

Pollution of the marine environment

Atmospheric Pollution

£ 6 months Criminal Code 1958, Article 247

Any activities, which cause adverse health effects

Hazardous and Toxic Materials/ Wastes

Decree No. 42/88, Article 6

Sale, onshore and marine dumping, import, unlicensed transportation of hazardous wastes

£ N50,000 £ 5 years Decree No. 42/88, Article 11(6)

Illegal entry of an area sealed for the purpose of hazardous waste disposal. Obstruction of operations.

EIA Requirements £ N100,000 £ 5 years Decree No. 86/92, Article 62

Failure of an individual to comply with EIA requirements

N50,000 - N1,000,000

Decree No. 86/92, Article 62

Failure of a firm or corporation to comply with EIA requirements

Damage to Protected Areas

£ N2,000 £ 5 years Act No. 36/91, Article 32

Unlawful possession or killing of animals, flying at less than 200m, drilling or levelling of ground, any water pollution

The concept of corporate responsibility is introduced through Article 36 of Decree No. 58/88, which states that where the offence is the responsibility of a corporate body or a member of a partnership or firm, every director or management representative is liable for a fine of N500,000. In addition, liability extends to compensation payments and remediation costs. Finally, where FMEnv representatives are obstructed in carrying out inspections/environmental monitoring, the person(s) responsible are liable for fines of up


to N500,000 or imprisonment for a maximum of ten years.

Approval and Permitting Milestones

From the existing EIA guidelines a summary of permit application milestones relevant to the Alaoji Power Station project has been developed (see Table 2.6). Several of the approvals and permits are required prior to construction. While most of the applications shall be made to the FMEnv, some approvals required from service providers like NITEL and government agencies like the Federal Ministry of Power and Steel are included.

Table 0-6: Milestones of Approvals/Permits Required for Alaoji Power Station Project

S/NoTitle of

Approval

Project Stage when

Applicable

Type of Approval

Applicable Legislation

Approval Authority

Application Documentation Required from

Proponent

1 Approval of EIA Scoping Report

FMEnv

2 EIA Draft Report

Prior to EIA Panel Review

3 Environmental Impact statement and Certificate

Prior to construction

FMEnv Regulations EIA Act 86 of 1992

FMEnv EIA Application documentation1. Final EIA Report with information on:No-project optionDetailed engineering design (PFD)Construction planWaste management plan (for construction and commissioning phasesEmission dataAbandonment and decommissioningSocial and Health Impact Assessment2. Layout Plan

9 License to generate own power

Prior to operation

Letter of Approval

(CAP 57) LFNElectrical Act Revised 1979

Federal Ministry of Power and Steel

Ministry supplies the list

10 Communication system (radio)

Prior to operation

Operating license

NITEL requirement

NITEL NITEL supplies the required list


1.4 STRUCTURE OF THE REPORTThis EIA report is presented in nine chapters, preceded by an Executive Summary that summarizes the report. Chapter One is the Introduction. It provides relevant background information on the project, terms of reference, its objectives and scope of EIA and legal and regulatory framework. Chapter Two presents the justification for the project and its sustainability. Chapter Three describes the proposed project, its associated facilities and processes, input and output of raw materials and products, project operation and maintenance, and the schedule of the project. Chapter Four provides a description of the existing baseline conditions – the biophysical, socioeconomic and health conditions of the area. Chapter Five presents the result of the project’s consultation programme with different stakeholders. Chapter Six identifies and predicts the associated and potential impacts. Chapter Seven proffers mitigation and ameliorative measures to the identified potential impacts. Chapter Eight presents the Environmental Management Plan (EMP) and Chapter Nine contains the conclusions and recommendations of the study.

15

CHAPTER TWO

PROJECT JUSTIFICATION

2.1 NEED FOR THE PROJECT

Nigeria’s electric power generating and grid distribution capability is currently in the range of 3,500 to 4,500 megawatts (MW), which is far short of that required to support the current population and to keep the economy growing. The Government estimates that current demand for power throughout the country is in the range of 20,000 to 25,000 MW. Power is currently produced from eight major generating stations, made up of three hydrostations and five thermal stations with a total installed capacity of 5,610 MW in all (total installed capacity of thermal power plants is 3,672 MW) producing at sub-optimal levels due to low water level limitations in parts of the year in the case of the hydrostations, and inadequate natural gas supply for the thermal stations. PHCN has been unable to cope with the electricity demand that is growing at an average rate of about 7 percent annually. The electricity supply in Nigeria is therefore characterized by frequent power failures and load shedding due to energy shortages, which invariably result in economic losses through lost production, damaged equipment and the need for expensive stand by power. Electricity cannot be stored in large quantities and generally must be used as it is generated. Therefore, electricity must be generated in accordance with supply-demand requirements. The demand for electricity in Nigeria has been growing at approximately 7% per annum. The growing demand is placing increasing pressure on Nigeria’s existing power generation capacity. Government through PHCN need to address what can be done to meet these electricity needs both in the short- and long-term.

To address the increasing electricity demand by consumers in Nigeria and achieve the 10,000MW target by year 2007, the Federal Government of Nigeria has embarked on the construction of seven Power Plants in the Niger Delta region, under the National Integrated Power Projects (NIPP) Scheme, one of which is the proposed Gas Turbine Electric Power generation Station in Alaoji in Abia State.

2.2 BENEFITS OF THE PROJECTThe Federal Government has demonstrated its commitment to boost the nation’s power capacity by initiating the privatization of the energy sector through the enactment of the Electric Power Sector Reform Act of 2005 which unbundled the former National Electricity Power Authority (NEPA) into generation, transmission and distribution companies that became privatized. Meanwhile, several independent Power Producers (IPPs) are already operating in Lagos, Abuja and ort Harcourt. In addition to this, many natural gas-fired power generating facilities are planned to be constructed. This will harness Nigeria’s large petroleum and gas resources along its Atlantic Coastal basins for power generation within the country.The benefits from this project accruing to the nation include the following:

16

Value addition to the economy by way of improved power supply through the development of additional power station

Minimization of natural gas flaring thereby contributing to the development of the nation’s growing energy needs

Improvement of the socio-economic status of the nation and the immediate Project vicinity

2.3 VALUE OF THE PROJECT??????????????????????

2.4 PROJECT SUSTAINABILITYThe Alaoji Power Station project shall be undertaken according to best industry practice to ensure project sustainability, including standard and time-tested design, and use of proven technology as a means of improving life cycle costs, project economics, and environmental performance. The project shall also ensure standard construction methods to keep the disruption of the environment to acceptable levels, standard operational and maintenance procedures and fully-trained and qualified personnel to staff the project. Periodic inspection of facilities shall be carried out in accordance with the operational procedures developed through the Project Team’s extensive experience.

The sustainability principle of ‘engaging and working with stakeholders’ requires that during the EIA, project-affected groups and local non-governmental organizations (NGOs) be consulted about the project’s environmental and social aspects and taking their views into account as necessary. Effective community relations and conducive environment will be maintained in the project area during construction and throughout the life span of the project.

2.5 PROJECT ALTERNATIVESFor any project there are a number of alternative scenarios that must be considered. These include no-project, delayed project, modified project, and the project options. The various options are considered for this project in this section.

2.5.1 No Project OptionA no-project or no-development scenario in which power generating Station development is not executed. With the “no-project” option, existing levels of service in the project area will worsen as demand for electricity continues to rise and would make industrial and socio-economic development impossible or unaffordably expensive. This will negatively impact the nation’s economy that is highly dependent on electric energy. This scenario is therefore rejected as it would prevent meeting the nation’s growing demand for electricity. In general all the interactions with the communities were positive. They wanted the project to commence in earnest. The results of the public meetings and the completed questionnaires, supported the Project and considered it a necessity to promote economic development and reduce poverty in the region.

2.5.2 Using Other Energy SourcesOther energy generating sources include hydro- and coal-fired generating plants as most plausible alternatives. However, apart from the fact that there is no water that can be dammed in the area, a new hydropower plants will also be plagued by low

17

water level limitations in parts of the year resulting in serious drops in electricity output. Nigeria has major coal resources that have not been well explored or exploited which can be utilized to increase the country’s electrical generating capacity. Unfortunately, these large coal resources have not been producing since 1990s to facilitate the development of coal-fired generating plants in the Country. Therefore other electric energy generating sources are not seen as feasible alternatives.

2.5.3 Alternative Project Location The project location selection was based on (i) the regional planning consideration to locate the development in the Niger Delta Area where there is access to natural gas and (ii) to integrate the proposed power station into the existing national transmission network to evacuate electricity generated by the proposed Alaoji and other stations in the region.

Alternative location options would be prohibitively expensive and more disruptive. It would also entail very high costs for property acquisition and compensation claims, lost employment, a decreased tax base, and reduced access. This alternative is not acceptable as it would be prohibitively expensive.

2.5.4 Developing Alaoji Gas-Powered Generating StationNigeria has large petroleum and gas resources along its Atlantic Coastal basins, with an estimated 176 trillion cubic feet (Tcf) of proven natural gas reserves approximately 55 percent of which the World Bank estimated in November 2004 is being flared due to a lack of infrastructure. Development of gas-fired power generating facilities will therefore not only enable a major reduction in gas flaring in Nigeria but also increase revenue earnings for the nation. This alternative is acceptable

On the basis of environmental considerations, and with the goals of increasing electricity production in the Country with minimal environmental impact and in a cost effective manner, scenario (2.5.4) is the most attractive and acceptable.

18

CHAPTER THREE

PROJECT AND PROCESS DESCRIPTION

3.1 TYPE OF PROJECT

This project is an electric energy generation project belonging to the Nigerian Infrastructures sector projects.

3.2 PROJECT OVERVIEW

The project involves the construction, commissioning, start-up, operation, and maintenance of a new Gas Turbine Power Plant and associated facilities that will utilize natural gas as a fuel source to generate electricity. The facility comprises generating sets and three Gas Turbine Units, Waste Heat Recovery Boilers and gas transmission system (GTS) to transport natural gas from an LNG project in the Niger Delta to the plant. The Plant is proposed to consist of 3 units with a total nominal capacity of 378.3MW. Each unit will consist of one gas turbine driving an electric generator. The generated electricity will be transmitted to the national Grid via 135km 330kV Double Circuit transmission line.

The facility which shall be designed, developed and operated in accordance with Nigerian codes, standards and regulations.

3.3 PROJECT LOCATION

The proposed Power Generation Station is located within co-ordinates 5˚ 03’ 52.9”E, 7˚ 19’ 08.7”N) at Alaoji in Osisioma LGA of Abia State some 10km from Aba Business District. The terrain is relatively flat with fairly uniformly geomorphic unit. The area is characterised by rain forest vegetation with farmlands of arable crops, oil palm plantations and bush regrowth interspersed with fallow land. The major settlements around the proposed station are Umuabasi –Ukwu, Asaopkulo, Umuakparu (Ugwunagbo LGA) and Alaoji (Osisioma LGA) (Table 3-1 and Figures 3-1 and 3-2).

Table 3-1: Communities around the proposed Gas Turbine Station

S/N

Settlement Local Government/State

Coordinates

Latitude Longitude

1 Umuabasi –Ukwu Ugwunagbo/Abia 5˚ 04’ 0.5” 7˚ 18’ 56.6”2 Umuakparu Ugwunagbo/Abia 5˚ 03’ 25.6” 7˚ 18’ 39.7”3 Umuokorombele Ugwunagbo/Abia 5˚ 03’ 32.1” 7˚ 19’ 04.5”4 Alaoji Osisioma/Abia 5˚ 04’ 23.5” 7˚ 19’ 26.8”

19

FIGURE 3-1: MAP OF NIGERIA SHOWING STATES

20

FIGURE 3-2: LOCATION MAP OF PROPOSED ALAOJI GAS TURBINE STATION

TARED ROAD TO ABA TOWN

NE

PA

P

OW

ER

S

TAT

ION

,, AL

AO

JI

U.O

.OA

GR

OC

OM

PA

NYA

LA

OJI

PORTHARCOURT, ABA

, ENUGU

EXPRESS

SLOAK VEGETABLE OIL COMPANY

ALAOJI VILLAGE

UMUGO VILLAGE

ASAOPHULO VILLAGEASAEME VILLAGE

OHABIAM VILLAGE

UMUNKA VILLAGEN

NE

NT

U

MA

RK

ET

/ P

AR

K

NG

BU

KA

M

AR

KE

T

RAILWAY TO PORTHARCOURT

BRIDGE

TO

E

NU

GU

UNTARED ROAD TO UMUGO VILLAGE

PROPOSED SITE FOR ABIA STATE GAS TURBINE

UM

UO

BA

SIU

KW

U

VIL

LA

GE

UM

UA

KP

AR

U

VIL

LA

GE

UNTARED ROAD TO ASAOKPULO VILLAGE

UN

TA

RE

D

RO

AD

T

O

UM

UO

ZU

O

CO

MM

UN

IT

Y

POINT .1

POINT .2

POINT .3

WEST

EAST SOUTH/EASTRAILWAY TO UMUAHIA, ENUGU

21

3.4 PROJECT ACTIVITIES

3.4.1 Site Preparation

The activities during the site preparation are intended to prepare the site to allow construction to begin. These consist essentially of bush clearing and de-stumping of approximately 10.47ha of farmland for the Power Station, and additional varying amounts of land for the access road and right of way (ROW) for the transmission line connecting the station to the national grid.

3.4.2 Construction

The construction of the Power Plant and its associated facilities will involve land preparation of the machine powerhouse foundation base through piling, etc and installation of generating sets and Gas Turbine Units, installation of the cables to existing Alaoji 330/132kV Transmission line and Waste Heat Recovery Boilers and Steam Turbine units and other accessories.Major inputs in the project include the various construction equipment and machinery for vegetation (bush) clearing, excavation and earth (soil) movement.

3.4.3 Facility Operation and Maintenance

Facility operation and maintenance activities will include periodic visual inspection and monitoring of facilities including hazard detection and shut-down systems and emergency response facilities, calibration/testing both their input and output functions as detailed in the Maintenance Job Routines to determine the condition of structures and performance, refurbishment activity to restore the integrity of structures and rehabilitation as necessary for timely rectification of failures.

3.4.4 Decommissioning

Adequate decommissioning plans shall be developed according to industry standards. Plans shall include methods for handling industrial refuse, scrap metals, plastics, glass, sludge, oil and grease, including recycling of some materials (for example steel angle, conductors), and disposal of some according to the legislation. After the completion of works, the landscape will be returned to its initial form.

3.5 FACILITY DESCRIPTION

The Thermal Power Plant and associated facilities include the following:

Generating sets Gas turbine units Steam Turbine units Waste heat recovery boilers Gas transmission system Transmission cables.

22

3.6 POWER GENERATION PROCESS DESCRIPTION

The gas-fired power station will consist of a combustion chamber, a compressor, a gas turbine and a generator. The compressor and the gas turbine are mounted on the same shaft. The compressor draws fresh air from the atmosphere and raises that air pressure, by compressing it, before sending it to the combustion chamber. At the combustion chamber fuel (natural gas) is added to the compressed air and the total mixture is combusted resulting in hot gas entering the turbine (sometimes at a temperature greater than 1300oC). This hot gas imparts the majority of its energy via the turbine to both the compressor and generator and causes the shaft and its armature (copper coils) of the generator to spin (as high as 3600 revolutions per minute) and generate an electric current. Natural gas is thus burned and the hot gas produced from combustion is used to turn the turbine, which in turn, spins the generator to produce electricity. Electricity generated will be transmitted via cables to the national grid. The gas turbine discharges exhaust to the atmosphere. The process units will also produce a number of waste streams such as water, carbon dioxide and trace metals.

3.7 PROJECT SCHEDULE

???????????????????

23

CHAPTER FOUR

DESCRIPTION OF THE PROJECT ENVIRONMENT

4.1 STUDY APPROACH

A comprehensive description of the existing bio-physical and socio-economic conditions of the project area which could potentially be affected by the proposed Power Generation Station development is given in this chapter. This was obtained from the results of Environmental Baseline Survey involving, desk-based or literature search, stakeholder consultations and field data gathering and laboratory analysis.

4.1.1 Literature Searches

The reference collection dataset includes past environmental studies specific to the study area, data readily available from the Power Holding Company of Nigeria, Federal Ministry of Environment, Department of Petroleum Resources, Federal Ministry of Power and Steel and other organizations. Internet search using Cambridge Scientific Abstracts and EROS Data Center databases, with appropriate keywording were also used. All consulted literature is included in the reference list following the main text of this report.

4.1.2 Field SurveyThe field data acquisition which was carried out over two seasons - between February12 and 18, 2006 for Dry Season and between June 8 and August 24, 2006 for the wet season. It involved sampling and observation of the attributes of the project environment that are likely to be affected by the project development including climate, noise/vibration, collection of air quality samples, soil samples and characterizing of soil types, geology, surface and groundwater, sediment, benthic macrofauna, plankton, and description of the physical and social, cultural and economic environment using questionnaire survey and in-depth interview tools. Sampling activities were conducted based on a pre-determined sampling plan and the same sampling locations were covered in both the dry and wet seasons.

Field Sampling Rationale

Because the study area had varied vegetation, drainage pattern and geomorphic units, a base map was developed from the combination of the Landsat TM (with 20 meter resolution (viz. Pixel size) imagery, geological and topographical maps (at 1:50,000) of the project area that served as a guide for field sampling for the wet and dry seasons. Vegetation mapping in particular was based on land classification analysis of the recent satellite image of the area and ground-truthing during the field survey and through GIS analysis of land use and vegetation characteristics in the study area. In order to provide an accurate spatial dimension to the obtained data, all observation and sampling points were geo-referenced using handheld Global Positioning System (GPS) receivers. The grid coordinates of the sampling stations are defined in Table 4-1.

24

For effective spatial coverage of the area, sampling regime was designed to cover the entire study area by using N-S and E-W transects extending from the centre of the Station to as far as 2 km radius outside the proposed project site. The methods of sample collection and handling and subsequent laboratory analysis of samples collected were those specified in DPR Guidelines and other International Analytical Standards.

Table 5-1: Coordinates of Sampling/Observation Stations

LocationLatitude Longitude

Air

No

ise

Wat

er Q

ua

lity

Eco

log

y

So

il

Geo

log

y

Veg

eta

tio

n

Wild

life

So

cio

eco

n.

Umuabasi-Ukwu

5˚ 03’ 0.5” 7˚ 18’ 56.6”

Umuakparu 5˚ 03’ 25.6” 7˚ 18’ 39.7”

Umuokorombele 5˚ 03’ 32.1” 7˚ 19’ 04.5”

Alaoji 5˚ 04’ 23.5” 7˚ 19’ 26.8”

Alaoji Station

Alaoji Station

Alaoji Station

Alaoji Station

Alaoji Station

Alaoji Station

4.2 Characteristics of the Project Environment

4.2.1 Climate/MeteorologyThe climate of the area is influenced by the movement of two air masses – the warm and dry tropical continental north-east winds from the Sahara Desert and the hot and humid maritime monsoon south-west winds. The movement of these air masses which are separated by the Intertropical Discontinuity Zone (ITDZ) results in the two weather seasons typical of the project area - the wet season from April to November, and the relatively dry season from December to March. Some climatological data are presented in this section for the study area.

4.2.2 Precipitation Figure 4-1a shows a ten-year annual rainfall record for the area while Figures 4-1b shows the monthly rainfall amounts for the study area. Rain falls in all the months of the year averaging 2055 mm annually. The rainfall pattern shows a double maxima, with a relatively dry period occurring in July. About 80% of the total rainfall occurs between June and September whilst only about 12% of annual total fall between November and February. Rainfall is heaviest during the months of July and September.

4.2.3 Temperature and HumidityThe air temperature within the project area is generally high throughout the year, varying from 23.9oC to 32.5oC (Table 4-1). The lower air temperature of occurs during the wet season while the

25

higher values (28-32oC) are recorded in the dry season. Monthly temperatures vary on the average from a minimum of 22°C at 0900 hrs to a maximum of 35°C at 1400 hrs in the dry season. During the field work, the maximum day-time temperature found was 28°C whilst the minimum was 22°C.

The area is characterised by a relatively high relative humidity throughout the year (Table 4-1, ranging between 40% and 55% in the dry season and >80% in the rainy season. During the field work, the humidity was 55% and 85% in the early hours of the day and decreased to 45% and 60% in the afternoon, respectively in the dry and wet seasons sampling periods, respectively.

Figure 4-1a: Rainfall Regimes (cm) in the Study Area

Figure 4-1b: Total Monthly Rainfall for Onitsha and Owerri between October2005-Sept 2006

26

Table 4-1: Temperature and Relative Humidity Regimes in the Study Area

Year

Temperature (°C) Relative Humidity (%)Onitsha Owerri Onitsha Owerri

Max Min Max Min am pm am pm

1994 32.3 23.2 31.8 22.3 78 59 77 64

1995 32.5 23.1 31.9 22.4 79 59 76 64

1996 32.4 24.0 32.5 23.0 81 60 79 63

1997 32.2 23.8 32.3 23.5 79 60 81 66

1998 33.3 24.5 33.1 23.6 77 57 80 63

1999 32.0 24.0 31.8 23.7 81 61 77 61

2000 32.3 24.0 32.2 23.6 78 57 81 67

2001 32.6 24.1 32.3 23.8 80 58 77 66

2002 32.5 24.0 32.3 23.7 80 60 78 63

2003 32.7 24.1 32.4 24.1 80 60 77 622004 32.3 24.0 32.6 23.9 80 60 77 64

4.2.4 WindThe project area has a calm weather with wind speed ranging between 2 m/s (corresponding to light breezes on the Beaufort scale) and 5 m/s (Figure 4-2a). The wind speed is lower than 2.7 m/s about 60% of the time, and seldom (< 2% of the time) exceeds 3 m/s. Wind speeds are generally lower in the night than during the day with the highest wind speed recorded at the onset of the rainy season. Light breezes occur mostly from June to September. The prevailing wind direction (about 55% of the time) is Southwest (Tables 4-2b). However, during the dry season, winds are distributed in all directions, but predominantly south-to-south-west.

Figure 4-2a: Wind Speed Distribution in the Project area

27

Table 4-2b: Seasonal Wind Direction in the Project Area

OnitshaYEAR JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUN JUL AUG SEP OCT NOV DEC1994 W W SW S S W SW W W W W NE1995 W NE W SW SW S SW SW SW SW SW E1996 NE NE W SW SW SW SW SW SW SW SW W1997 NE SW SW SW S SW W SW SW SW W W1998 NE SW SW SW SW SW SW SW SW SW SW NE1999 SW NE SW SW SW SW SW SW SW SW SW E2000 NE NE SW SW SW SW SW SW SW SW SW E2001 NE NE SW SW W SW W W SW SW SW W2002 NE NE W SW SW SW SW SW SW SW SW W2003 NE NE W SW SW SW SW SW SW SW SW W2004 NE SW SW SW S SW W SW SW SW W W

OwerriYEAR JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUN JUL AUG SEP OCT NOV DEC1994 W W SW S S W W W W W S NW1995 NW NE W W SW W W W W W S NW1996 NW NW SW SW S S W W W W S NW1997 W W S S S S S W S S S W1998 W SW S S S W S S SW S S W1999 S S S S S S S S W W S S2000 S N S S S S S W W S S W2001 W W S S S S S W S S S W2002 W W S S S S S W S S S W

28

2003 W W SW S S W W W W W S NW2004 NW SW W W SW W S S W W S NW

NOISE REPORT

1.0. Materials and Methods

Noise levels were determined at the proposed Alaoji Power Station Site on 8th June 2006 for Dry Season measurements, and on 22nd August, 2006 for the Wet Season measurements. Measurements were made using a CR:811B sound level meter from Cirrus Research Plc. The meter was calibrated at the UK factory on 6th March, 2006 and the calibration is valid for 12 months.

Broadband measurements with the audible frequencies weighted to reflect the response of the human ear to noise (A weighting) were carried out both within the 1 km x 1 km perimeter walls of the site and at various locations outside the wall. These locations were chosen to coincide with the locations being monitored for other EIA parameters. The locations and their descriptions together with the GPS identification (where available) are shown in Table 1 below.

Table 1: Description of Sites where Sound Level Measurements were made at Alaoji Station

S/No Description of Site GPS coordinates1 A, INSIDE THE PERIMETER WALLS -2. B, West Point 05 04 23.5N

07 19 26.8E3. C, South Point 05 03 51.1N

07 19 07.4E4. D, Along Railway line 05 03 42.4N

07 19 12.9E5. E, Along Railway line (end of perimeter wall) -6. F, Towards Main road (Opp. Deeper Life

Church) -

7. G, Towards Main Aba - Port Harcourt road -

Slow time weighting was applied to allow a good determination of the background noise levels as appropriate for a baseline study as in this project. For each measurement made, the CR:811B sound level meter automatically determines and stores the following noise level parameters

LAeqt - Equivalent continuous sound pressure level (with A weighting)LCpeak – Peak sound pressure level with ‘C’ frequency weightingLAE – Sound Exposure Level (SEL) with ‘A’ frequency weighting

29

LASmin – The minimum Sound level with ‘A’ Frequency weighting and Slow Time weighting

LASmax -The maximum Sound level with ‘A’ Frequency weighting and Slow Time weighting

L01.0 – Noise level exceeded for 1% of the measurement period with ‘A’ frequency weighting calculated by statistical analysis.





2.0. Results

2.1. Dry Season

For the dry season measurements, sound levels were determined at four locations as indicated in the table below. The location identifiers are those previously listed in Table 1. The run time for each measurement was 5 minutes.

Location Time Run Duration Leq dB Lmax dB Peak dBC L1 L10 L50 L90 L95Lmin

(hh:mm:ss)

A, INSIDE 8:44:22 00:04:47 64.7 89.2 115.3 73.7 67.2 58.3 52.8 51.7

46.9

F, CITYWARD 8:58:14 00:04:59 82.3 109.9 114.1 84.6 78 74.4 71.4 70.7

67.4

G, CITYWARD 9:05:40 00:04:59 75.2 82.3 90.5 79.6 77.3 74.3 71.3 70.6

67.2

G, CITYWARD 9:12:22 00:04:59 79.4 101.1 108.9 83.1 76.6 75.1 73.9 73.5

71.8

2.2. Wet Season

For the wet season measurements, two 1 hour runs, followed by two half-hour runs were made within the perimeter walls of the station. Five 10-minute runs were then carried out at the various locations as described in the table below.

Location Time Run Duration Leq dB Lmax dB Peak dBC L1 L10 L50 L90 L95

Lmin

(hh:mm:ss)A, INSIDE 11:17:42 00:59:59 67.5 84.6 105.7 78.3 71.2 61.4 54.2 52.3

48.5

A, INSIDE 12:50:34 01:00:00 63.9 82.5 121.9 75.8 67 54 49.6 49.1

30

47.6

A, INSIDE 1:58:19 00:30:09 71.5 93.8 119.1 82.2 72.7 63.2 54.3 52.7

48.9

A, INSIDE 3:59:53 00:27:50 60 80.6 118.5 70.3 62.8 52.1 42.8 42.2

40.4

B, WEST 4:30:08 00:11:50 69.5 83.8 118.1 79.4 72.8 63.9 43.4 42.5

40

C, SOUTH 4:42:33 00:09:59 56 74 100.2 67.5 58.5 46.5 41.1 40.7

39.9

C, SOUTH 5:02:58 00:09:59 53.2 70.5 95.3 66.3 53.8 46.7 42.4 42

40.7

D,RAIL LINE1 5:20:54 00:09:59 60.4 74.6 99.6 69.9 64.5 54.1 48.5 47

44.1

E,RAIL LINE2 5:58:34 00:09:59 57.1 74.9 105 65.3 60.3 53.7 42 40.9

40.2

3.0. DiscussionThe minimum sound levels ranged from 46.9 – 71.8 dBA during the dry season, compared with 39.9 – 48.9 dBA during the wet season. The ranges for the maximum levels for the two seasons were 82.3 – 109.9 dBA and 70.5 – 93.8 dBA respectively. These maximum levels were episodic short-lived events as reflected in the much lower L95 values (51.7 – 73.5dBA and 40.7 – 52.7 dBA for the two seasons respectively). These L95 values indicate the maximum levels recorded for 95% of the measuring period. The equivalent levels (averages) for the measurement intervals ranged from 64.7 – 82.3 dBA for the dry season, and 53.2 – 71.5 dbA for the wet season.

The observation that the wet season noise levels were slightly lower than the dry season values is a reflection of the reduced speed (and consequent noise emission) at which vehicles move around as a result of the flooding of most of the road at this time. The main sources of the sound level measured, in descending order of importance, were Construction works in the neighbourhood, Vehicular traffic, Human traffic (talking, farming, walking etc), and Chirping of birds. The levels of sound measured at these locations compare well with literature values, as indicated in the Table below.

Sources Noise level (dB(A))Close to jet engine 130Rock drilling machine 120Pop concert 110Heavy lorry 90Passenger car 75Normal conversation 65Quiet suburban street 55Threshold for sleep disturbance 45Very quiet room 30“Uncomfortably” quiet 15Hearing threshold 0

From: Dietrich Schwela and Olivier Zali (eds): Urban Traffic Pollution. WHO and E&FN Spon (London and New York), 1999 [Table 3.1, Page 74]

31

The overall deleterious impact of the noise levels measured at the Alaoji Station on humans is not expected to be significant. Physical effects, such as temporary or permanent damage to the hearing organs can be ruled out. According to Berglund and Lindvall, [Berglund, B. and Lindvall, T., 1995 Community Noise. Archives of the Center for Sensory Research, Vol 2, Issue 1, Stockhold University and Karolinska Institute, Stockholm] the risk for such damages could be considered negligible at equivalent noise exposure levels below 75dB(A) over an exposure period of 8 hours. Physiological effects, such as increased blood pressure are also not expected to be considerable due to habitation/adaptation, as no startle reflex is involved from the identified sources of noise on the location.

There is a fairly uniform consensus that noise levels of 45 – 50 dB(A) peak levels can lead to sleep disturbance ( both the depth and pattern of sleep) as well as psychological effects such as increased irritability, annoyance and moodiness. These could trigger adverse physiological reactions in individuals who are so predisposed. This point (minor, since the major noise-producing activities are day-time events) should however be borne in mind by Management and appropriate allowances

SOIL STUDIES.

Soil Physico-Chemical CharacteristicsThe soil physico-chemical properties are presented in Tables 4-5a and 4-5b. The soils are predominantly sandy loam and sandy clay loam in the surface 15cm and underlain by sandy clay loam at varying depths of subsoil. The soil reaction is acidic with pH ranging from a mean of 4.6 on the surface 15cm to a mean of 5.1 at lower depths. They are free from soluble salt build-up as evidenced from the low electrical conductivity values ranging between of 42 and 105S/cm. Organic carbon content is low, ranging from 0.07 to 1.82% in the profiles so are the contents of exchangeable bases (Ca, Mg, K and Na) and heavy metals (Fe, Mn, Pb, Cr, Ni, V, Cd, Hg, Zn) ) (except for Fe and Mn). The soils support moderately high populations of soil fauna (such as earthworms) and flora and there was no evidence that the soils were contaminated.

Landuse and AgricultureThe Power Station will be located on approximately 10Ha of land. Agriculture is a major landuse. Both the soils and the terrain of the project location favour intense agriculture. Tree and arable crop production are the main agricultural practice and landuse in the project area. At least 65% of the land area had cultivated arable and economic tree crops, including oil palm, and the rest arable crops or forest and bush re-growth. The main arable crops are cassava (Manihot esculenta), maize (Zea mays), yam (Dioscorea spp) as sole or mixed. Others were okra, cocoyam, pepper and a variety of leafy vegetables.

32

Table 4-5a: Physico-Chemical Properties of Soils in the Project Area

PedonSamplingLocation Depth Sand Silt Clay Texture

pHH2O

pHCaCl2

ECTOC Ca Mg K Na

% µS/cm % Cmol(+) Kg-1

Soil

Dystric Nitisol

0-15 80 1 19 SL 4.4 3.9 54.7 1.09 0.38 0.19 0.09 0.07

15-30 77 3 20 SCL 4.5 3.9 68.3 1.01 0.23 0.18 0.10 0.04

30-50 72 2 26 SCL 4.7 3.9 78.8 0.08 0.27 0.12 0.15 0.07

I 50-80 71 2 27 SCL 4.7 3.9 65.4 0.09 0.28 0.14 0.12 0.08

0-15 81 2 17 SL 4.5 4.1 45.0 0.51 0.35 0.11 0.08 0.06

15-30 72 2 26 SCL 4.8 4.3 72.2 0.35 0.28 0.11 0.10 0.07

30-50 72 2 26 SCL 4.8 4.3 66.8 0.08 0.25 0.13 0.07 0.05

Eutric Gleysol0-15 74 5 21 SCL 4.4 4.0 72.8 0.55 0.65 0.14 0.11 0.08

15-30 76 4 20 SCL 4.6 4.0 53.3 0.25 0.38 0.14 0.12 0.07

30-50 74 2 24 SCL 6.5 4.5 66.7 0.15 0.35 0.11 0.07 0.05

II 50-80 66 5 29 SCL 5.2 4.1 90.8 0.12 0.24 0.09 0.12 0.10

0-15 77 3 20 SCL 4.9 4.3 70.9 0. 48 0.44 0.22 0.14 0.11

15-30 74 2 24 SCL 5 4.2 67.8 0.16 0.28 0.16 0.11 0.06

30-50 70 2 28 SCL 4.7 4 55.9 0.07 0.33 0.08 0.13 0.07

50-80 63 8 29 SCL 4.8 4 65.6 0.15 0.24 0.18 0.17 0.06

33

Table 4-5b: Heavy Metal Contents of Soils in the Project AreaSampling Location

Depthcm

Pb Ni Fe Mn Cd Hg Cr

(µg g-1 soil)

Dystric Nitisol0-15 0 1 69 3.1 13.2 BDL 0

15-30 0 0.9 62 3.1 1.2 BDL 0

30-50 0 1 28 1.3 0 BDL 0

50-80 0 0.1 56 1.1 0.9 BDL 1

0-15 0 0 16 0 3.5 BDL 1.4

15-30 0 0 17 0.2 1.3 BDL 1.5

30-50 0.05 0.2 14 0.3 2.1 BDL 2.1

Eutric Gleysol0-15 0 1 16 10.3 0.1 BDL 0.5

15-30 0 0.6 22 6.2 1.1 BDL 0.6

30-50 0 0.3 30 2.3 0 BDL 0.7

50-80 0.01 0.8 14 3.4 0.5 BDL 0

0-15 0 1 5 1.7 0 BDL 0

15-30 0 1.2 58 1.1 0.4 BDL 0.5

30-50 1.72 5 57 0 1.9 BDL 2.8

50-80 0.12 2.5 36 0.8 0.6 BDL 1.3

34

GEOLOGY/GEOPHYSICAL STUDIES

3.0 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

3.1 Description of the Existing Environment

3.1.1 Geology of the Project Area

3.1.1.1 Regional Geology

The regional geological sequence in the study area is composed of the Quaternary and Tertiary Formations. The Quaternary Formation is composed of recent sediments/alluvial deposits while the Tertiary Formations are made up of the Coastal Plain Sands otherwise referred to as the Benin Formation, the paralic Agbada Formation and the Akata Formation.

6.

3.1.1.2 Local Geology

The project area is underlain by the Coastal Plain Sands otherwise referred to as the Benin Formation. The formation is composed of predominantly unconsolidated and porous sands with shale intercalations. The sands are coarse grained, gravelly, locally fine grained, poorly sorted, sub-angular to well rounded and bear lignite streaks and wood fragments in places. The sands constitute the aquifer units with unconfined characteristic (Short and Stauble, 1967; Asseez, 1976 and Offodile,1992)

35

3.1.2 Hydrogeological Characteristics

The survey area falls within the coastal sedimentary lowlands. The area is underlain by unconsolidated, porous and permeable sand with tendency for high groundwater yielding capacity. Groundwater occurs in essentially unconfined condition with the water table generally trending southerly towards the coast. The groundwater table varies from few meters to several tens of meters and sometimes over 100 m in some places due to the unconfined nature of the sandy aquifer. The groundwater table, according to Federal Surveys (1978), generally averages about 45.7 m below the ground surface.

Because of the unconfined nature of the sand aquifer, it is susceptible to surface and near surface sourced pollution.

3.1.2.1 Recharges and Discharges

The major source of aquifer recharge in the project area is surface precipitation (rainfall). The high annual average rainfall over the area ensures adequate groundwater recharge. Other sources include lateral water movement from near by stream and basal groundwater flow.

Discharge sources include groundwater abstraction from boreholes located within the project area and evapo-transpiration.

3.1.3 Geophysical (Geoelectric) Characteristics

3.1.3.1 General Features of the VES Curves

The VES curves are the A, H, K, AK, HK, KH, KHK and KHKH type.

3.1.3.2 Geoelectric Parameters and Geoelectric/Stratigraphic Sections Figures 3 and 4 display geoelectric sections along profiles A - B,

36

7.

and C - D and a geoelectric fence diagram relating VES 17 – 20. The geologic sequence is composed of mainly sands with varying texture. The geoelectric characteristics are the following:

1st Layer: Topsoil: Fine - Medium Grained Sand.

Resistivity: 360 - 2679 ohm-m; Thickness: 0.4 – 3.9 m

2nd Layer: Fine - Medium Grained Sand

Resistivity: 305 - 2329 ohm-m; Thickness: 2.8 – 43.7 m

3rd Layer: Medium - Coarse Grained Sand.

Resistivity: 2673 - ohm-m; Thickness: 9.5 – 65.3 m

4th Layer: Fine – Medium Grained Sand

Resistivity: 211 – 2381 ohm-m; Bedrock at: 13 – 66 m

3.1.3.3 Groundwater Quality

The Coastal Plain Sands are generally known to be fresh water saturated except in areas that have been inundated by saline sea water or where there is up-coning of the basal saline water due to excessive groundwater abstraction in the coastal areas.

The resistivities of the presumably saturated sand aquifer within the upper 100 m of the subsurface vary from 211 to 2381 ohm-m. This range of values correlated with Angenheister, 1982 fresh water sand resistivity values. The groundwater is therefore not saline.

37

3.1.3.4 Evaluation of Overburden Protective Capacity

The earth medium acts as a natural filter to percolating fluid (e.g. pollutant). Its ability to retard and filter percolating fluid is a measure of its protective capacity. The protective capacity of an overburden overlying an aquifer is according to Henriet, 1976, proportional to its hydraulic conductivity. But high clay contents generally correspond with low resistivities and low hydraulic conductivities. Hence the protective capacity of the overburden could be considered as being proportional to the longitudinal unit conductance (S) defined as the ratio of the overburden (i.e. material overlying the aquifer) thickness to its resistivity. In essence, the higher the overburden longitudinal conductance, the higher is the protective capacity.

8.

The protective capacity ratings (see Table 3) that will be used in this study are based on Henriet, 1976.

Table 3: Longitudinal Conductance/Protective Capacity Rating

LONGITUDINAL CONDUCTANCE (mhos) PROTECTIVE CAPACITY RATING> 10 Very Good1.1 – 10 Good0.05 – 1 Medium< 0.05 Weak

The sand aquifer is overlain by a variably thick sandy overburden whose longitudinal conductances are presented in Table 4 below.

Table 4. Overburden Longitudinal Conductance and the Protective Capacity Rating of the Sampled Stations.

VES No. OVERBURDEN OVERBURDEN PROTECTIVE

38

THICKNESS (m) LONGITUDINAL CONDUCTANCE (mhos)

CAPACITY RATING

1 0.8 0.0008 Weak2 0.9 0.0014 Weak3 0.8 0.0007 Weak4 1.7 0.0010 Weak5 0.6 0.0004 Weak6 1.0 0.0018 Weak7 0.4 0.0003 Weak8 0.9 0.0004 Weak9 3.5 0.0014 Weak10 1.8 0.0007 Weak11 0.6 0.0006 Weak12 0.7 0.0009 Weak13 0.9 0.0003 Weak14 3.5 0.0015 Weak15 0.9 0.0005 Weak16 0.8 0.0005 Weak17 0.5 0.0002 Weak18 3.9 0.0037 Weak19 0.7 0.0019 Weak20 0.6 0.0011 Weak

(Protective capacity rating based on Henriet,1976)

Table 4 shows that the overburden protective capacity rating within the premises of the proposed Gas Turbine Station is weak.The groundwater beneath the station is highly susceptible to surface or near surface sourced pollutants.

9.

39

3.1.3.5 Soil Resistivity and Corrosivity Evaluation

The formation of corrosion cells which can lead to severe corrosion failures are known to be associated with low resistivities. Low electrical resistivities are indicative of good electrical conducting paths arising from reduced aeration, increased electrolyte saturation or high concentration of dissolved salts in soils.

Soil resistivity can therefore be classified in terms of the degree of soils corrosivity as shown in Table 5.

Table 5: Classification of Soil Resistivity in terms of its Corrosivity

SOIL RESISTIVITY (ohm-m) SOIL CORROSIVITYUp to 10 Very Strongly Corrosive (VSC)10 – 60 Moderately Corrosive (MC)60 – 180 Slightly Corrosive (SC)180 and above Practically Non-Corrosive (PNC)(Based on Baeckmann and Schwenk, 1975 and Agunloye, 1984)

The subsoil resistivity within the depth range of 0 - 2 m within which gas pipes are likely to be buried varies from 360 - 2639 ohm-m. Based on Table 5 above, soils with layer resistivity values within this range are practically non-corrosive. Buried gas pipes within the premises of the Gas Turbine Station are practically not under any threat of corrosion.

3.1.3.6 Electrical System Earthing

Heavy electrical transformers (high voltage substations) require to be properly earthed. This is to avoid discharges of excess charges through electric spark with the attendant damages to such electrical systems and danger to the operators. The earthling medium (usually clayey) must have high electrical conductivity or low electrical resistivity. Clays are characterized by layer resistivity values in the 1 - 100 ohm-m range.

40

The sub-soils (up to 10.0 m) within which transformers would be earthed have resistivity values varying from 305 – 2679 ohm-m typical of sands with varying texture. The sandy sub-soils are generally poor earthling medium. Conductive earthling medium will have to be artificially created in form of clay or salt (brine) chambers.

10.

4.0 IMPACT PREDICTION METHODOLOGY

The electrical resistivity of earth material is strongly influenced by the degree of fluid (groundwater) saturation, the chemistry or salinity of the saturating fluid, cation exchange capacity of the matrix (clay minerals) and the lithological composition.

Dry soils, for example, have higher resistivity values than wet (saturated) soils. Saline water saturated sand has lower resistivity value than a fresh water saturated sand of the same lithological composition. Clayey sandy formation will display high cation exchange capacity with consequently lower resistivity (or higher conductivity) than non-clayey sandy formation.

Clayey medium with low resistivity and low permeability/low hydraulic conductivity has high protective capacity. Low resistivity (or high conductivity) soils are more corrosive while high resistivity materials are usually more competent in foundation works.

When, therefore, resistivity measurements are made with respect to depth about a fixed center (e.g. VES), such measurements can be interpreted in terms of : (i) the subsurface geologic sequence and the competence of the near-surface earth material,

(ii) the quality of the groundwater in identified aquiferous zones for identification of incidence of groundwater pollution,

(iii) protective capacity of the overburden to fluid (pollutant) infiltration and

41

(iv) degree of soil corrosivity.

Where such resistivity measurements are made at several stations within a Gas Turbine Station, the data can be used to predict:

(i) the degree of soil corrosivity,

(ii) the protective capacity and

(iii) evolve subsurface stratigraphy.

11.

5.0 POTENTIAL IMPACT EVALUATION

5.1 Site Preparation and Construction Impact

(i) Clearing of site and excavation works may precipitate surficial erosion, if site is not properly graded subsequently.

(ii) Construction of the pipe trenches will lead to temporary reduction of the lithostatic pressure (until trenches are back-filled). This could precipitate minimal geologic instability in form of subsoil subsidence.

5.2 Impact due to Project Environment and Gas Turbine Operations

42

(i) Air pollution from smoke generated by fired gas. (ii) When gaseous emissions (e.g. HS2) of the fired gas get dissolved in rain water, acid rain will result with its attendant corrosion effect on iron roofing sheets, in the premises.

(iii) Atmospheric warming from heat generated from fired gas and possible change in the local weather condition.

6.0 ASSESSMENT OF POTENTIAL IMPACT

The assessment of potential environmental impact is patterned after Rau, 1990 "Ad hoc method". The assessment is based on the following:

Nature of impact: short term or long term

Severity of impact: mild or severe

Reversibility of impact: reversible or irreversible

This method indicates whether potential impact will be short or long term, mild or severe, reversible or irreversible. Based on the above, the potential environmental impacts are classified as shown in Table 6.

43

12.

Table 7: Assessment of Potential Environmental Impact.

POTENTIAL IMPACT 1 2 3 4 5 6I. Site Preparation/Construction (i) Site Clearing - Erosion (ii) Unloading during trenching /loading during back filling

- Settlement/Subsidence II. Project Operations

- Air Pollution- Atmospheric Warming- Acid Rain

*

*

***

*

*

**

*

*

*

***

Note: 1. Short term; 2. Long term; 3. Mild; 4. Severe; 5. Reversible; 6. Irreversible.

7.0 MITIGATION MEASURES

(i) Gas combustion must be total or near total to minimize the volume of dark exhaust (smoke) generated and released into the atmosphere.

(ii) Exhaust chimney must be high enough to ensure release of exhaust into the upper atmosphere where ease of dispersion into the larger atmosphere can be ensured

44

(iii) The protective capacity of the sandy subsoil is weak hence disposal of toxic material (particularly fluid) on bare ground must be avoided else the groundwater stands the risk of being polluted. The premises of the Gas Turbine Station should be paved.

(iv) The subsoil is a poor earthling medium hence artificial conductive chamber will need to be created to ensure proper earthling of transformers and high voltage substations.

8.0 CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS

8.1 Conclusions

The Alaoji proposed Gas Turbine site is underlain by fine-medium-coarse sands. The layer resistivity values vary from 211 to ohm-m. The sand aquifer system is unconfined with tendency for low groundwater table.

The longitudinal conductance of the overburden varies from 0.0002 to 0.0019 mhos. The protective capacity rating is weak. The 13.

groundwater is highly susceptible to pollution arising from dissolved gaseous emission and toxic waste disposed on bear ground within the premises of the gas station.

The soils within the premises of the station is practically non-corrosive. Buried metal gas pipes are not under any serious threat of corrosion.

The sandy sub-soils are generally poor earthling medium. Conductive earthling chambers of clay or salt (brine) will have to be created for proper earthling of transformers and high voltage substations.

8.2 Recommendations

(i) Complete or near complete combustion of fired gas must be ensured as a way of minimizing emission of dark exhaust (smoke) into the atmosphere.

45

(ii) Exhaust chimney must be high enough to ensure release of emission into the upper atmosphere where ease of dispersion into the larger atmosphere can be ensured.

(iii) The protective capacity of the sandy subsoil is weak hence disposal of toxic material (particularly fluid) on bare ground must be avoided else the groundwater stands the risk of being polluted. The premises of the Gas Turbine Station should be paved. (iv) The subsoil is a poor earthling medium hence artificial conductive chamber of conductive clay or salt (brine) will need to be created for proper earthling of the transformers and high voltage substations.

9.0 REFERENCES

Agunloye,O.,1984. Soil aggressivity along steel pipeline route at Ajaokuta. Journal of Mining and Geology, Vol.21, Nos. 1 & 2, pp. 97 - 101.

Angenheister, G. Ed., 1982. Physical properties of rocks. Landolt- Bornstein, New Series:1b. Springer-Verlag.

Asseez,I.O.,1976. Review of the stratigraphy, sedimentation and structure of the Niger Delta. In Geology of Nigeria. Ed. by Kogbe,C.A.,Elizabethan Publishing Co. Lagos. Nigeria. pp. 259 - 272.

14.

Baeckmann, W.V. and Schwenk,W.,1975. Handbook of cathodic protection: The theory and practice of electrochemical corrosion protection techniques. Portucullis Press. Surrey. 396pp.

Federal Surveys (1978) Atlas Map of the Federal Republic of Nigeria. 1st Edition. Federal Surveys, Lagos. Nigeria. 136 pp.

46

Geological Survey Nigeria (GSN),1962. Geological Series. Sheet 69.

Henriet,J.P.,1976. Direct application of the Dar Zarrouk parameters in groundwater surveys. Geophysical prospecting, Vol. 24, pp. 344 - 353.

Keller, G.V. and Frischknecht,F.C.,1966. Electrical Methods in Geophysical Prospecting. Pergamon Press, Oxford. pp. 33 - 39.

Offodile,M.E..1992. An approach to groundwater study and development in Nigeria. Mecon Services Ltd.,Jos. Nigeria. pp 138.

Rau,J.G.,1990. Summerisation of environmental impact. In Rau, J.G. and Wooten, D.L. (Eds.). Environmental Impact Analysis Handbook. McGrono-Hill Inc. U.S.A. pp. 1-6- 31.

Short,K.C. and Stauble,A.J.,1969. Outline of geology of the Niger Delta. Bull. Am. Assoc. Petrol. Geology. Vol. 54. pp. 761 - 779.

Telford,W.M., Geldart,L.P., Sheriff,R.E. and Keys,O.A.,1976. Applied Geophysics. Cambridge University Press, London.

47

48

FIGURES

49

50

APPENDIX I

VES CURVES/INTERPRETATION MODELS AND FIELD DATA

51

WATER QUALITY STUDIES (ALAOJI THERMAL STATION)

METHODOLOGY

Water Sample Collection

Duplicate surface water and borehole samples were collected at designated points within the Thermal station premises by standard water sampling techniques (APHA et al., 1992) (Table 1) between August 21st – 24th, 2006. In situ determinations carried out on the field include water temperature, electrical conductance (conductivity) and pH. Other physico-chemical parameters as well as the ionic content of water samples were assayed in the laboratory using standard water quality methods.

Water Sample Preservation

The water samples collected in the field were immediately preserved to retard the chemical and biological changes that would inevitably occur when the samples are removed from the parent source. The various preservative methods adopted after the sample collection and which were expected to retard biological action; hydrolysis of chemical compounds; complexing, reduce volatility of constituents and reduce inherent absorption effects is shown in Table 1.

Laboratory Procedures

In the laboratory, the preserved water samples were analysed for both physical and chemical parameters as well as for their ionic contents using appropriate analytical techniques as shown in Table 2. Means of concentrations of the various parameters determined in the collected duplicate samples were determined by appropriate descriptive statistical techniques.

Planktonic Studies

1000 ml each of the collected surface water sample from within the premises of the Thermal station was filtered and concentrated through 45 plankton net to 20 ml. The resultant concentrated aliquot preserved for analysis by addition of 5% formalin was analysed for the phytoplanktonic and zooplanktonic quantity and quality. Planktonic identification was done in a whipple plankton counting chamber designed to hold 1 ml of the concentrated planktonic sample. Counting was done under a Stereozoom Olympus Binoculars. Planktonic identification was done to generic level only using plankton identification keys prepared by Adeniyi (1978) and APHA et al. (1992).

RESULTS

Borehole and surface water samples were collected within the premises of Alaoji Thermal station under construction.

Physical Properties of Water

Temperature

The temperature of borehole water sample collected from the premises (28.5°C) was slightly lower than those of the surface water samples (29.0-30.5°C). The slight variation recorded was most probably due to the nature of the samples and the prevailing weather conditions during the period of study.

Colour, Turbidity and Suspended Solid Load

Colour, turbidity and the suspended solid load are closely related factors especially when the suspended solids are fine-grained. The true colour of the borehole sample collected from the Thermal Station premises (6.75 Pt-Co) was slightly lower than those of

52

the surface water samples (8.75 – 9.75 Pt-Co) (Table 3). The result showed that the apparent colour, turbidity and the suspended load were closely related. The higher the suspended load, the higher the turbidity and the apparent colour recorded. For example, the surface water samples with a suspended solid load of 21.0 ± 0.5 mg/l had a turbidity value of 11.50 N.T.U. and an apparent colour of 128.75 Pt-Co. The high turbidity and suspended solid load in the surface water could be as a result of its flow pattern. There is also a clear relationship between velocity of the current in a surface flow and the amount of matter carried suspended in its waters. The greater the current, the larger the load and the particle size.

Conductivity

Conductivity is a measure of the total amount of ions present in a body of water. It is usually a useful approximation of its chemical richness. As a measure, however, it does not give an indication of the actual ionic composition of the water. The result showed that the conductivity of the borehole water sample was slightly lower (10.50 ± 0.5Scm-1) than those of the surface water samples (15.5 ± 1.0 – 16.0 ± 0.5Scm-1) (Table 3). The low conductivity is indicative of the poor ionic load of the water samples and the fact that conductivity of river waters are always less variable than those of the lakes.

pH, Alkalinity, Acidity and Bicarbonate Levels

The alkalinity of water is it’s capacity to neutralize acids. The alkalinity of some waters is due only to the bicarbonates of calcium and magnesium and the pH of such water rarely exceeds 8.3. The pH of water samples irrespective of the point of collection was slightly acidic to moderately neutral (6.75-6.80). The level of acidity in the surface water was 8.0 ± 0.5-9.0 ± 0.5 mgl-1 CaCO3 while the alkalinity was between 9.5±1.0 mgl-1 CaCO3 (Borehole sample) and 34.0 ± 0.5mgl-1 CaCO3. The bicarbonate ionic content of the water samples varied between 12.8 ± 1.5 CaCO3.

Dissolved Oxygen and Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD5)

The dissolved oxygen content of the borehole water sample was low (2.5 ± 0.5 mg/l) compared to the relatively high values (3.5 ± 1.0 – 4.0 ± 0.5 mg/l) obtained for the running surface water samples. The mixing of atmospheric oxygen with water at the air-water interphase was probably responsible for the higher value obtained for the surface water. The biochemical oxygen demand (BOD5) of water samples irrespective of point of collection was low (1.5 ± 0.5-2.5 ± 0.5) the low values was probably indicative of the poor biota in the water which always account for most of the biochemical oxygen demand of water.

Biogenic Anions

The sulphate ion was not detected in any of the water samples assayed. The chloride ion was only detected in the borehole water sample (0.85±0.15mg/l). The phosphate ion content of the water samples were relatively low ranging between 0.12 ± 0.01 mg/l – 0.18 ± 0.06 mg/l. The concentrations of the nitrate ions were also very low during the period of study. Values ranging between 0.03 ± 0.01 and 0.09 ± 0.01 mg/l were obtained when the water samples were assayed for nitrate ion.

The Cations

Although their levels were relatively low in the collected water samples, calcium (Ca2+), Sodium (Na+) and potassium (K+) could be regarded as the main cations (Table 4). Magnesium (Mg2+), Copper (Cu2+) and Lead (Pb+) could be regarded as minor elements while Manganese (Mn2+), Cobalt (Co2+), Iron (Fe2+), Nikel (Ni2+) and Cadmium (Cd2+) could said to occur in trace amounts. Chromium and mercury ion were not detected in the water samples irrespective of its nature. In most cases, the concentration of the assayed cations were lower in the borehole water samples than in the surface water samples.

Conclusion

The physico-chemical characterization of the water samples collected within the premises of Alaoji Thermal Station showed that:

1. the levels of the various parameters determined were very low and it fell within the permissible level recommended for the Nigerian environment (FEPA, 1991).

2. the heavy metals also occur in very minute concentration at the site.

53

3. absence of farming activities involving the use of agrochemicals was primarily responsible for the low levels of biogenic anions at the project site.

Planktonic Quality

Three (3) divisions of phytoplankton were recorded in the surface water samples during the period of study. These were the blue green algae (Cyanophyta), the green algae (Chlorophyta) and the diatoms (Bacillariophyta) (Table 5). Qualitatively, the blue green algae and the green algae with six species each were the most dominant phytoplanktons. Quantitatively, the diatomic species were the most dominant. The most numerous chlorophyte was Spirogyra varians while Synedra species was the most dominant diatom. Other important diatomic species include: Diatoma species, Pinnularia viridis and Navicula pelliculosa.

The zooplanktonic fauna was made up of the Rotifers (Rotifera) and the Copepods (Copepoda). During the period of study four (4) rotiferic species were identified and enumerated. Although, they were numerically poor, Brachionus caudatus, Keratella tropica and Lecane curvicornis were dominant. Acartia tonsa was the most numerous copepodid species encountered during the period of study. The other copepod identified Themocyclops neglectus was not as numerous as A. tonsa.

Conclusion

The nature of the running surface water was responsible for the poor quantitative and qualitative planktonic flora and fauna.

Table 1: Summary of the various analytical method for determinations of the physico-chemical parameters of water samples.

Parameters Analytical method Reference

Physico-chemical

Temperature Electrometric (Thermometer) APHA et al., 1992

pH Electrometric (pH meter) APHA et al., 1992

Conductivity Electrometric (YSI meter) APHA et al., 1992

Colour Electrometric APHA et al., 1992

Acidity Titrimetric APHA et al., 1992

Turbidity Electrometric (Turbidity meter) APHA et al., 1992

Hardness Titrimetric APHA et al., 1992

Alkalinity Titrimetric APHA et al., 1992

Dissolved Oxygen Titrimetric APHA et al., 1992

Biochemical Oxygen Demand Titrimetric APHA et al., 1992

Organic Matter Titrimetric APHA et al., 1992

Suspended Solids Gravimetric APHA et al., 1992

Cations

Sodium Flame photometric Golterman et al. 1978

Potassium Flame photometric Golterman et al. 1978

Calcium A.A.S APHA et al., 1992

54

Magnesium A.A.S APHA et al., 1992

Manganese A.A.S APHA et al., 1992

Cadmium A.A.S APHA et al., 1992

Cobalt A.A.S APHA et al., 1992

Copper A.A.S APHA et al., 1992

Iron A.A.S APHA et al., 1992

Lead A.A.S APHA et al., 1992

Nickel A.A.S APHA et al., 1992

Chromium A.A.S APHA et al., 1992

Mercury A.A.S APHA et al., 1992

Anions

Chloride Argentometric Golterman et al. 1978

Nitrate Titrimetric Golterman et al. 1978

Bicarbonate Titrimetric Golterman et al. 1978

Sulphate Titrimetric Golterman et al. 1978

Table 2: Preservative methods adopted on the water samples collected

Parameters Preservative method Holding Time

Physico-chemical

Temperature None Required -

Conductance Cool at 4°C 24 hrs

pH None Required 6 hrs

Temperature None Required -

Metal ions Cool 4°V 7 days

Heavy Metalic ions 2ml conc. HNO3 to l-1 sample 7 days

Suspended Solids Filter on Site 7 days

Acidity None Required 24 hrs

Alkalinity Cool, 4°C 24 hrs

Sulphate Cool, 4°C 7 days

Chloride Cool, 4°C 24 hrs

Nitrate Cool, 4°C 24 hrs

Dissolved Oxygen Fix on site 4-8 hrs

Biochemical Oxygen Demand Cool, 4°C 24 hrs

Organic Carbon Cool, 4°C, H2SO4 to pH<2 24 hrs

55

Table 3: Physico-chemical characterization of water samples collected within Alaoji Thermal Station premises

Parameters Thermal station

(borehole)

Surface water (Eastern End)

Surface water (Northern End)

Temperature (°C) 28.5±0.5 29.0±0.5 30.5±1.5

True Colour (Pt-Co) 6.75 8.75 9.75

Apparent Colour (Pt-Co) 7.60 120.15 128.75

Turbidity (N.T.U.) 1.50 10.62 11.50

Conductivity (Scm-1) 10.50±0.5 15.5±1.0 16.0±0.5

pH 6.75±0.50 6.75±0.50 6.80±0.10

Acidity (CaCo3 mg/l) ND 8.0±0.5 9.0±0.5

Dissolved Oxygen (DO) (mg/l) 2.5±0.5 3.5±1.0 4.0±0.5

Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD) (mg/l) 1.5±0.5 2.0±0.5 2.5±0.5

Suspended Solid (mg/l) 1.5±0.5 25.5±2.5 21.0±0.5

Alkalinity (CaCo3 mg/l) 9.5±1.0 34.0±0.5 22.5±1.5

Biocarbonate (HCO-3) (mg/l) 15.0±1.5 14.8±0.5 12.8±1.5

Sulphate (SO42-) (mg/l) ND ND ND

Chloride (Cl-) (mg/l) 0.85±0.15 ND ND

Nitrate (NO-3) 0.03±0.01 0.09±0.01 0.06±0.005

Phosphate (PO43-) (mg/l) 0.15±0.01 0.12±0.01 0.18±0.06

ND = Detected

56

Table 4: Concentration of the elements assayed in water samples collected from different locations within Alaoji Thermal Station premises

Thermal Station

(borehole)

Surface Water (Eastern End)

Surface water (Northern End)

Sodium (Na+) 0.80±0.02 1.86±0.04 1.66±0.01

Potassium (K+) 0.4±0.1 0.8±0.1 1.1±0.5

Calcium (Ca2+) 1.08±0.3 1.75±0.2 1.92±0.0

Magnesium (Mg2+) 0.49±0.02 0.81±0.00 0.91±0.01

Manganese (Mn2+) ND 0.05±0.002 0.06±0.003

Cobalt (Co2+) 0.090±0.010 0.031±0.001 0.009±0.005

Iron (Fe2+) 0.20±0.00 0.09±0.01 0.10±0.05

Copper (Cu2+) 0.46±0.04 0.521±0.019 0.675±0.019

Lead (Pb+) 0.125±0.011 0.275±0.11 0.195±0.048

Nickel (Ni2+) 0.05±0.01 0.09±0.02 0.08±0.05

Chromium (Cr2+) ND ND ND

Cadmium (Cd2+) 0.029±0.010 0.06±0.008 0.08±0.008

Mercury (Hg2+) ND ND ND

ND = Not Detected

57

Table 5: Planktonic flora and fauna of surface water within Alaoji Thermal Station premises

Planktons

(Cell x 103/m3)

Surface Water

(Eastern End)

Surface Water (Northern End)

Cyanophyta (Blue Green)

Merismopedia spp. 8 10

Oscillatoria brevis 45 0

Chlorophyta (Green Algae)

Cosmarium turgidum 20 35

Micrasterias truncate 20 10

Pediastrum biradiatum 10 10

Scenedesmus quadricauda 15 10

Spirogyra varians 200 45

Staurastrum orbiculare 10 10

Bacillariophyta (diatoms)

Bacillaria sp. 30 40

Diatoma sp. 60 45

Navicula pelliculosa 40 60

N. radiosa 45 75

Pinnularia viridis 160 145

Synedra sp. 1250 1110

Rotifera (Rotifers)

Brachionus caudatus 10 24

Keratella tropica 15 10

Lecane curvicornis 15 18

Notholca sp. 10 0

Copepoda (Copepods)

Acartia tonsa 10 10

Thermocyclops neglectus 5 6

58

REFERENCES

APHA, AWWA and WEF (1992) Standard Methods for Examination of Water

and Waste Waters. 18th Edition, Prepared and published by American

Public Health Association, American Water Works Association and Water

Environment Federation, New York, pp3-9-4-134.

FEPA (1991). Federal Environmental Protection Agency. Guidelines and

Standards for Environmental Pollution control in Nigeria.

Golterman, H.L., Oymo, R.S. and Onhstad, M.A.M. (1978). Methods for

Physical and Chemical Analysis of Freshwaters. IBP handbook No. 8.

Blackwell Scientific Publication, Oxford. Pp 31-85.

59

Plankton Flora and FaunaThe planktonic flora and fauna of the sampled stream in the project area consisted of 16 phytoplanktons and 7 zooplankton species (Tables 4-10 and 4-11). The phytoplankton flora consists of four (4) blue greens, ten (8) green algal species and six (4) diatomic species. The zooplankton fauna was largely made-up of rotifers (5 species) and copepods (2 species). Numerically, the diatomic species were dominant irrespective of the location of sample collection with Synedra species being the most abundant. The most frequently encountered green algal species were Closterium kuctzingu, Cosmarium turgidum, Micrasterias truncata and Scenedesmus quandricauda. The zooplanktonic assemblages were quantitatively poor in the waterbodies with Brachiomus caudatus, Keratella tropica and Lecane curvicornis being a regular occurrence. Acartia tonsa and Thermocylops neglectus were the two (2) copepodid species recorded.

Table 4-10: Zooplanktonic fauna of the sampled waterbody in the Project Area

Zooplantons (Cell x 103/m3)

Stream

Rotifera (Rotifers)Argonotholca sp. 10Asplancha sp. 0Brachionus caudatus 20Keratella tropica 25Lecane curvicornis 15Notholca sp. 10Testudinella patina 0Copepoda (Copepods)Acartia tonsa 40Thermocyclops neglectus 10

Table 4-11: Phytoplanktonic flora of the sampled waterbody in the Project Area

Phytoplantons (Cell x 103/m3)

Stream

Cyanophyta (Blue Green)Anacystis incerta 0Clastidium rivulare 0Merismopedia spp. 10Oscillatoria brevis 45Chlorophyta (Green Algae)Closterium acerosum 5C. balmacarense 10C. elongatum 35C. Kuctzingu 0

60

Cosmarium turgidum 10Micrasterias truncate 0Pediastrum biradiatum 0Scenedesmus quadricauda 35Spirogyra varians 100Staurastrum orbiculare 30Bacillariophyta (diatoms)Bacillaria sp. 30Diatoma sp. 40Navicula pelliculosa 10N. radiosa 15Pinnularia viridis 60Synedra sp. 750

VEGETATION

Importance of Vegetation

The vegetation of a given region consists of the totality of the plants

growing on the soils and the waters region. Plants occur as populations of

individual species with definite relationships with other species and displaying

specific arrangement both in space and time. Such an assemblage is called a plant

community. Plant communities are usually characterized by a few dominant

species which are used most often by ecologists to describe them. Each

community is in turn characterized by a particular structure and physiognomy

impacted by the numerical proportion of the various species composing it. The

physiognomy/structure classification of vegetation has relevance to land use

planning and vegetation management (Sanford, 1982). It is also very useful in

separating distinct types of vegetation a forest, savanna, desert and others.

Natural vegetation provides us with an array of products and services that

are vital for our survival and balanced development. Prominent among the

61

products from forests is wood, a versatile raw material, the use of which is almost

infinite. In many parts of Nigeria, leaves, fruits, nuts and oils of wild plants

provide a significant portion of the food supply for human, livestock and wildlife

consumption. The leaves and barks of many tropical forest trees also serve as

sources of drugs, resins, gums and latex. Vegetation cover forms habitats for a

great variety of wildlife which are of economic and aesthetic value. Many

Nigerians depend on wildlife as their main source of animal protein.

Vegetation plays indispensable roles in creating and preserving a stable and

high quality environment. It moderates local climates, reduces soil erosion and

regulates stream flow by forming a protective screen over the land. Vegetation

also influences local climate by reducing wind speed and temperature extremes

and by increasing atmospheric humidity. Vegetation is also the major factor

controlling the conservation of soil and water (Fu Bojie, 1989) while its canopy

intercepts raindrops and reduces the kinetic energy of rainfall thereby minimizes

soil dispersion by raindrop impact (Lal, 1974). It has been a basic support for the

society, providing goods such as timber, game-meat, fodder, medicinal plants and

services such as soil formation and protection, watershed protection and climatic

amelioration (Rapport and Whiteford, 1999). All indicates that vegetation provides

not only tangible products for our use and consumption but also performs vital

environmental protection functions.

Methods

62

Sampling was carried out during the rainy season (21st – 24th August 2006).

Prior to sampling a reconnaissance visit was undertaken to all areas that are likely

to be affected by the project activities and subsequent development. Based on the

reconnaissance visit, the vegetation types of the study area was identified and

photographs taken. For effective spatial coverage of the area, footpaths and

transects were used for the sampling. All observations and sampling points were

geo-referenced using hand held Global Positioning System (GPS) receivers while

photographs of the major vegetation types were taken.

Species composition and density and habitat conditions were studied in

detail using the Quadrat and Belt Transect Methods. The quadrat for the

determination of frequency and density of the species within a specific diagnosis

sampling technique, 5m x 5m quadrat at very 20-meter interval for a length of 100

meter was employed to provide maximum chance of encountering most of the

species. All plants within each quadrat were systematically evaluated and the

number of individuals of each species enumerated. Specimens of plant species that

could not be readily identified on the field were collected and pressed in a plant

press and taken to IFE Herbarium for proper identification.

The number of strata in the vegetation was noted and the dominant species

recorded. Where counting of individuals was not possible in situations where there

are creeping plants, cover was measured according to Greig-Smith (1983).

Land-use investigation were carried out along four cardinal points with the

tracks serving as the baseline. The major crop species, farming system, habitat and

63

non-farming activities along each of the cardinal points were documented. Plants

that were of economic importance were identified and counted.

Observations of Field Investigation

The species nomenclature is in accordance with Hutchinson and Dalziel of

Flora of West Tropical Africa (Hutchinson and Dalziel, 1954-1972). On the basis

of density, proportion of plant species and their distribution, the following three

(3) major types of vegetation with their respective extent of occurrence were

revealed:

(a) Fallowland 30%

(b) Plantation of Elaeis guineensis 65%

(c) Farmland 5%

Fallowland

The fallowland includes fallow of less than five years of age. The rotational

fallow systems of cultivation accounts for much of the structural and floristic

variations as well as the micropattern of the present cover at the study site. This

vegetation has no significant nature conservation and occupy about 30% of the

area.

Elaeis guineensis (oil palm) forms an upper stratum with isolated crowns

(Plate 1a) while a great variety of species with relatively small crowns generally in

lateral contact with each other such as Alstonia boonei,Rauvolvia vomitoria,

Alchornea spp., Cnestis ferruginea (Plate 1b). Anthocleista vogelli, Ficus spp.,

64

Mangifera indica and Clumps of Bambussa vulgaris form the middle stratum

Herbaceous and grass species such as Aspilia africana, Commelina spp.,

Andropogon tectorum form the ground layer/stratum (Plate 1c). Climbers,

epiphytes, saprophytes and parasite were also found in this community. The tree

density and diversity were medium. The vegetation inventory of the common plant

species found in this fallowland community is presented in Table 1.

Plantations of Elaeis guineensis (Oil Palm)

The plantations of Elaeis guineensis occupy about 65% of the study area.

The plantations are of two types of various sizes and age and spread throughout

the study area except along the railway line. The plantations of the hybrid Elaeis

guineensis are located northwards of the study area. The hybrid Elaeis guineensis

are short type of equal height and not well maintained because ferns were found

growing all over their bodies (Plate 2a). The Elaeis guineensis have high density

and form a close canopy and this is responsible for the scanty undergrowth of

Panicum maximum and Andropogon tectorum. The litter layer is sparse. The girth

at breast height (GBH) of the Elaeis guineensis range from 165cm - 270cm.

The plantation of the indigenous type of Elaeis guineensis are located

mainly southwards of the study area. The indigenous Elaeis guineensis are tall

type of various height and they are well maintained (Plate 2b). The indigenous

Elaeis guineensis have high density and form a close canopy and this is also

responsible for low density and low cover of the undergrowth (Plate 2c). The girth

65

at breast (GBH) of the oil palm range from 105cm to 210cm. Many of the oil palm

are in fruits (Plate 2d).

Farmlands

The farmlands occupy a very small portion (5%) of the study area. The

farmlands are located westwards of the study area. The main crop found in almost

every farm is Cassava (Plate 3a). In the farmlands, Elaeis guineensis form the

upper stratum. Few, young and scattered stands of trees and shrubs which were

found in the farmlands include Newbouldia laevis, Alchornea spp. and

Anthocleista vogelli (Plate 3b). The farmlands are in various state of maintenance.

66

Table 1: Comparative features of the vegetation types found in the study areaVegetation Type Grid Co-ordinates Dominant Plant species Density of woody

speciesSpecies diversity

Maximum tree height

Fallowland (i) N 05° 03.857’E 007° 19.144’

(ii) N 05° 03.793’E 007° 19.181’

(iii) N 05° 03.762’E 007° 19.346’

(iv) N 05° 03.916’E 007° 19.162’

(v) N 05° 03.995’E 007° 19.112’

Alchornea spp.Elaeis guineensisBambusa vulgarisChromolaena odorataPanicum maximumAxonopus compresusAspilia africanaCommelina spp.Cnestis ferugineaAndropogon tectorum

Medium Medium 10cm

Plantations(a) Hybrid Elaeis guineensis

(b) Indigenous Elaeis guineensis

N 05° 04.159’E 070° 19.546’

N 05° 03.857’E 007° 19.144’

Elaeis guineensis

Elaeis guineensis

-

-

Low

Low

8m

15m

Farmlands

(i) N 05° 04.247’ E 007° 19.542’

(ii) N 05° 04.177’ E 007° 19.271’

(iii) N 05° 03.995’ E 007° 19.191’

Manihot esculenta

Elaeis guineensis- Low 10m

Table 2: Checklist of common economic plant species recorded at the study area.

Economic Plant Species

Common name Economic importance (Uses)

Magnifera indica Mango Edible fruit

Alchornea spp. Christmas bush Medicinal

Elaeis guineensis Oil palm Palm oil, Palm wine, broom

Alstonia boonei Alstonia Medicinal

Manihot esculenta Cassava Food product

Bambusa vulgaris Bamboo Building materials

REFERENCES

Fu Bojie (1989). Soil erosion and its control in the loess plateau of Ghana. Soil

use and Management 5(2): 76-82.

Greig-Smith, P. (1983). Qualitative Plant Ecology (3rd edition) Blackwell

Scientific Publication, Oxford.

Rapport, D.J. and Whiteford, W.G. (1999). How ecosystem respond to stress?

Bioscience 49(3): 193-203.

Lal, R. (1974). Soil erosion and shitting Agriculture, F.A.O. Soil Bulletin 48-

41.

Hutchinson, J. and J.M. Dalziel (1954-1972). Flora of West Tropical Africa

(Revised by R.W.J. Keay and F.N. Hepper). Crown Agents, London.

Sanford, W.W. (1982). Savanna. A General Review pp. 3-23 In: Nigerian

Savanna. Selected papers from State of Knowledge Workshop, W.W.

Sanford, H.M. Yesufu and J.S.O. Ayeni (eds) KLRI, New Bussa,

Nigeria.

2

Plate 1a: Fallow land where Elaeis guineensis forms the upper stratum with isolated crowns in the study area

3

Plate 1b: Cnestis ferruginea, a dominant shrub in the fallow land in the study area

Plate 1c: Fallow land where Elaeis guineensis forms the upper stratum, Anthocleista spp., Bambusa vulgaris form the middle stratum and Andropogon tectorum form the ground layer in the study area

4

Plate 2a: Plantation of Elaeis guineensis (Oil Palm- hybrid) located North-ward of the study areas

Plate 2b: Plantation of Elaies guineensis (Oil palm- Indigenous) located mainly South-wards of the study area

5

Plate 2c: Plantation of Elaies guineensis (Oil palm- Indigenous) showing high density and close canopy located mainly South-wards of the study area

Plate 2d: Harvested Oil palm fruits from the indigenous Elaeis guineensis gathered together at the study site

6

Plate 3a: Cassava farmland in the study area showing Elaeis guineensis forming the upper stratum

Plate 3b: Cassava farmland showing few, young and scattered strands of trees and shrubs in the study area

7

8

9

10

11

WILDLIFE STUDIES (ALAOJI THERMAL STATION)

Methodology of Study

The wildlife fauna within the Alaoji Thermal power station and its surroundings were documented between August 21st – 24th, 2006. The geographic coordinates the Thermal station were determined using GARMIN GPS 12 Personal Navigator. Observation of the wildlife fauna were done by working about within the premises of the station and along its outward perimeter. Wildlife fauna within 50 meters radius of the station’s perimeter fence were also documented.

Sampling and documentation were done through direct observation and enumeration of the wildlife on the field. Other methods used were identification of animal spoors within the sampling area, collection and typification of feacal droppings and oral interviews of people in the vicinity of the Thermal station. Habitat preferences and behavioural pattern of the wildlife fauna were also noted and recorded.

Observation

The Birds

The bird fauna within the premises of Alaoji Thermal Station and around the perimeter fencing is shown in Table 6. Observations revealed that 11 different bird species were cited. Three of the species were sighted within the thermal station premises, while 10 species were recorded outside the perimeter fence around the Thermal Station under construction. The Pied Crow (Corvus albus) with a black plumage with white breast and collar was one of the most numerous species recorded. The bird which is a carrion eater was also the biggest bird seen on the premises. The bird association with the site probably had to do with roosting and nesting behaviour because no dead or decaying animal material was observed within the premises. The Pied Crow was observed to show preference for perimeter light towers which in most cases were the highest structure around.

The West African Thrush (Turdus pelios) was the most numerous bird species within the premises of the Thermal Station. Fifteen of the birds which are solitary in habit were counted and were documented pecking and feeding on insects and worms. Their occurrence in large number were most probably diet related as the whole premises (1 Kilometer x 1 Kilometer) was recently cleared of plant vegetation thereby exposing the worms and insects for the bird to consume.

The Pin-Tailed Whydah (Vidua macroura) whose male has long narrow ribbon-like tail streamers and females with stripped head and pinkish bill were also seen feeding on drying grass spikelets with seeds on the disturbed ground.

Outside the thermal Station, the undisturbed rainforest had very rich bird fauna dominated by the Weaver bird (Ploessus cuculatus – 25 birds) and the Bronze Manikin (Lonchura cuculllatus – 15 birds. Apart from the Senegal Coucal Centropus senegalensis which is relatively big (about 50cm in length from the tip of the bill to the tail) all other bird species were smallish (total length between 4cm and 6cm). Two species of sunbird (Nectarina olivacea and Anthreptes gabonicus and the Yellow Fronted Canary (Serinus mozambicus) were also very visible.

The Mammals

The vegetation within the premises of the Thermal Station has been massively disturbed leading to the exit or destruction of most of the mammalian fauna and their habitat. What was visible were spoors of small rodents and those of the Giant Pouch Rat (Cricetomys gambianus). Outside the premises perimeters however, the Gambian sun squirell (Heliosciurus gambianus) and small brown rat (Arvicanthis niloticus) were sighted.

Conclusion

The massive vegetation clearance, on-going intensive construction and perimeter fencing has severely depleted the wildlife fauna within the premises of the Alaoji Thermal Station under construction. However the rich bird and mammalian fauna within the immediate riparian area is indicative that locating and operation of the thermal station will not severely affect the wildlife fauna. Incase of negative impactment, the wildlife fauna will most likely avoid the site and relocate elsewhere since the station is still surrounded largely by undisturbed rainforest.


Table 6: The bird fauna within the premises of Alaoji Thermal Station and the riparian environment

Birds Thermal StationPremises

Thermal Station outer perimeter

Senegal Indigo Finch Vidua chalybeate

- 2

Pin-Tailed Whydah Vidua macroura

4 6

Senegal CoucalCentropus Senegalensis

- 3

West African Thrush Turdus pelios

15

Weaver Bird Ploessus cucullatus

- 25

Pied Crow Corvus albus

6 3

Bronze ManikinLonchura cucullatus

- 15

Olive Sunbird Nectarina olivacea

4

Mouse-Brown SunbirdAnthreptes gabonicus

- 2

Yellow Fronted CanarySerinus mozambicus

- 2

Common Garden Bulbul Pyconotus barbatus

- 4


4.3 Socio-economic Characteristics and Community Health Status

4.3.1 Socio-Economic CharacteristicsIntroductionThe main purpose of the socio-economic study is to establish a baseline data of existing socio-economic conditions in the project area and to assess proactively the potential impacts of the proposed project on the socio-economic and health conditions of the ihabitants. Social data were collected on the cultural, archaeological, economic resources and health of the communities. The report presented here is based on the limited information from the field interview survey and is therefore subject to further refinement following the analysis and interpretation of the questionnaires.

A total of 150 samples were interviewed in the four communities neighboring the proposed Alaoji Station: The Social EnvironmentThe project site is located near Alaoji within Ugwunagbo Local Government Area of Abia State, Nigeria. It is along Aba-Port Harcourt Express Road about 10km from Aba Business District. The settlements near (between 500m and 1km) the project site include: Umuakparu, Umuokorombele, Umuabasi –Ukwu and Alaoji with an estimated total population of about 25,000 (Table4-14). The inhabitants of the project area belong predominantly to one Ibo ethnic group. Other minority ethnic groups include Yorubas, Hausas. The Igbo Language is spoken throughout the area with minor differences in dialects.

Table 4-14: Communities and LGAs in the Project Area

S/N Settlement Local Government/State

Coordinates PopulationLatitude Longitude

1 Umuakparu Ugwunagbo 5˚ 03’ 25.6” 7˚ 18’ 39.7” 3,870

2 Umuokorombele Ugwunagbo 5˚ 03’ 32.1” 7˚ 19’ 04.5” 4,690

3 Umuabasi –Ukwu Ugwunagbo 5˚ 04’ 0.5” 7˚ 18’ 56.6” 5,100

4 Alaoji Osisioma 5˚ 04’ 23.5” 7˚ 19’ 26.8” 10,000

Social Organization and Governance StructureThere are minor differences in the governance structure from one community to the other. However, the common traditional political structure in all the communities studied has some similarities. There is a paramount ruler, whose administration is supported by a council/committee of elders. In many of the Ibo communities, this paramount ruler is referred to as the IGWE. Members of the paramount rulers council relate with village heads, who in turn relates with clan heads. The clan heads then relate with the heads of families (Table 4-15).In most places, the eldest man in the community is the most senior and given much recognition and respect. The traditional ruler is next to him in rank. The president of the town council is the next in rank to the traditional ruler while the village heads are next to this. The youth leader belongs to the town council while the women leader also relates with the town council.

Youths in all the communities studied are actively involved in the implementation of decisions taken by the elders. They are not often members of the Town Council, as they have their own Council but may have their representatives in the Town Council.


The youths also serve as community police and/or members of vigilante groups. The youths in all the communities are also involved in political mobilization. Female youths are rarely involved in these activities. The leadership in the community follows this relay –

Chief Elders Youths Women.

Figure 4-15: Existing Social Organization Structure in the Communities of the Study Area

Religious Affiliation, Traditional Beliefs and Values

Religion occupies a central place in the lives of the people and there is freedom of worship in the area. The people are predominantly Christians of different denominations. Christianity and Islam are the most popular religions among the people, although many practise the traditional religion with either of these other two religions. Focus group discussions, in-depth interviews with key informants, revealed the existence of sacred shrines and sites in the communities but none at the proposed project location. Community rituals are held in high esteem. Each community has a number of sacred sites (shrines, burial grounds etc.) which are delicately guided and preserved. Any development attempt in the area must consider planning with the people, and instituting a number of enlightenment programmes to debunk a lot of the community taboos.

Archaeological and Socio-Cultural Characteristics

No archaeological sites were found at or near the proposed Power Station location.

The inhabitants in the project area have a rich cultural heritage in terms of festivals. There are many traditional festivals observed in the area. Each Community has different festivals celebrated in honour of ancient deities or to mark an important event in the history of the area. Such festivals like the New Yam, Iru Mgbede (Puberty), Igba Nkwu (traditional marriage), traditional wrestling, Iwa Akwa (Initiation into manhood), burial rite, Ekpe/Okonko masquerade, traditional title taking. There are different festivals to usher in the harvest season, the most popular being the Ahiajoku Festival, which is observed in all the farming communities.

Part of the culture of the people is the Igbo traditional hospitality to visitors, which begins with the presentation of kolanuts to the visitors. The kolanut signifies that the visitor is heartily welcome. The ritual of the presentation of the kolanut is consummated with the offering of prayers and thanksgiving or petition to the supreme God and other deities, for the protection of the visitors and the host (Plate 6).


Plate 6: Presentation and breaking of kolanuts during the visit of the Consultants to Umuabasi–Ukwu community Leader.

Population and Demographic CharacteristicsThere are no population records for individual settlements. Figures for field population estimates were arrived at by taking a census of the total number of households and multiplying by average number per household in each community.

Age and Sex Structure

The field survey revealed that the population structure is made up of 45% male and 55% female; 40.5% of the population falls between 0-14 years, 25% between 15-44 years, 22.0% between 45-59 years and 12.5% for 60 years and above. Over 85% of the inhabitants are natives. Most of the indigenes (especially the youths) migrate to the hinterland cities for educational opportunities and for jobs. The dominant tribal group in the area is Ibo and Igbo is the main language and the major tool of communication. In addition, there are also a number of migrants of the Efik and Ibibios stock from Calabar and Akwa-Ibom states, South-South Nigeria and Ghanaians, Beninois and Togolese, involved in palm-wine tapping and brewing of local gin (Ogogoro).

EducationEducational status of men and women in these settlements is very low, with those educated having an average of a primary school education. In fact, apprenticeship is


considered more highly rewarding than school enrolment and attendance. Only 32.6% of the survey sample had primary education, and 24.2% with secondary school education and higher, while 38.2% never went to school (meaning that about 4 out of every 10 persons aged 15 – 65 in the surveyed settlements had never been to school, majority of whom are the female gender).

HouseholdsThe common marriage type is polygamy. Focus Group Discussions (FGD) and in-depth interviews with key informants revealed that most men married many wives in order to increase the stock of their family labour supply, while having more wives attracts ‘social prestige’ for the man, as this is seen as a show of ‘manhood’. The majority of the households were male-headed (75%) while female-headed households constitute 23%.

Occupation and Employment StatusFarming is the most popular occupation in the region. They produce both food and cash crops. The main food crops are yam, rice, cassava, plantain, banana, maize and cocoyam while cash crops are palm produce, cocoa and rubber. More men tend to plant more of cash crops (cocoa and palm trees), while the women tend to plant more food crops (vegetables, cassava, maize, pineapple and oranges). Farmlands generally belong to men. Access to farmlands is usually by inheritance. Women are however freer in the urban setting than in the rural setting in their access to farmlands. In the urban communities, farmlands are available for sale and/or lease to ‘strangers’ and/or women. This is not done in any of the rural communities. Few men and women are in the civil service in the urban communities and fewer still in the rural communities. Except in areas close to the rivers, fishing is of low activity in the project area because of few surface waters The other popular occupation is trading. A high level of unemployment was reported across the target communities. In general the quality of life and socio-economic status of the people are low with poor physical and infrastructural development.

Figure 4-15: Primary Occupational Distribution of Respondents in the Study Area

IncomeThe average income per adult is low, estimated at between N500 and N25,000 for over


85% of the surveyed population (Figure 4-16). The mean figure for family income per month is N20,462 (i.e., for all family members). The level of unemployment (for salaried jobs which the people especially the youths prefer) is considerably high.

Figure 4-16: Personal Income Distribution of Respondents in the Study Area

Property OwnershipHeritance is measured by land, number of houses, stands of crops and economic trees, including coconut trees, oil palm trees, and cocoa that were evaluated during the field survey. Common properties owned in the households and/or by individuals are – farmlands, plantations, houses, cars, and lorries among others. For instance, in the rural areas, sizeable number (70.8%) farmlands and oilpalm plantations. Other important assets are houses and cars/lorries. Few own transport business.

HousingMost of the houses are traditional cemented zinc-roofed types (75%). There are quite a number of thatched roofed houses and very few modern housing units (5%).

Quality of LifeThe presence or absence as well as functional status of some basic social infrastructures and social amenities have been used as an indicator of the quality of life (Okafor, 1983).

Social Infrastructures and AmenitiesThe project environment is rural, having low level of infrastructural development (roads, water supply, schools, places of worship, health services, housing patterns, etc). The quality and quantity of available basic infrastructure, social amenities, including Water supply, Educational facilities, Health, Markets, Electricity and Transport facilities have been used as indicators of level of development and quality of life.

Land Tenure SystemThe prevalent land tenure system in the community is through inheritance as attested to


by majority (>65%) of respondents. Very few people purchased their land (3.5%). FGD discussions and in-depth interviews with key informants revealed that it is not a common practice to sell land in the area. Land ownership is based on inheritance, lease, and purchase. Land ownership is vested in lineage membership, while, land cannot be leased out or sold without the knowledge of the lineage head.

Social ProblemsMajority (65%) saw unemployment as a major social problem in the community, due to the absence of modern industries, and the tendency that everybody has to resort to farming and/or trading. Poor soils and erosion lead to significant low harvests. Generally, the study area presents a peaceful co-existence amongst the various ethnic interests and affiliations.

4.3.2 Community Health Status

IntroductionThe data reported here were collected using questionnaire survey; in-depth interviews, Focus group discussions, Social mapping/Transect walks, and physical examination of selected cases (the latter was done by the medical doctor in the team). Health assessment was done both at the individual, and at the community levels.

Objectives: Assessment of the health issues and trends at the community level Understanding the factors and conditions that relate to the health of the

residents.

Health FacilitiesCommon health facilities in the project are include chemist stores, hospitals, and clinics, (private and/or government owned). Chemist or patent medicine stores are the most common and the most used health facility in these rural communities meaning that self medication is practiced in most rural households. Many of these patient medicine stores do not have qualified pharmacists to give proper prescription to patients. In the urban Aba town, 10km away, hospitals and clinics were reported as the popularly used health facilities. Other alternative local health resources are Traditional Birth Attendants (TBA) and Herbalists. There are few health clinics, health posts in the communities which are all under-equipped, and poorly staffed.

Access to good quality and unaffordable cost of health services in the area contribute largely to the dependant of population on traditional medicine. The few available health facilities lack essential drugs, hence poorly utilized. Family planning and immunization services are not regularly available because of lack of supply of vaccines from the LGA Head Quarters. In reality, the health care facilities used by the people are mostly tradomedical practitioners. The TBAs and other native doctors commonly enjoy better patronage than the orthodox medical professionals. This was attributed to the constant problems faced with government medical centres, including lack of drugs, inadequate staff and so on.


Infrastructure and Utilities

(i) Sources of Drinking Water and Water for Household UseCommon sources of potable water for household use are:- rain water, ponds/rivers, boreholes, and tap water. Majority of the respondents drink rainwater (55), 18% drink borehole/well water, while 5% drink pipe-borne water (Figure 4-17). Transect walks and observation showed that many of the households collect water during rainy days. Most of the wells are open and shallow.. Also, 30.2% use rain water for other household uses. This is similar to result obtained for sources of water for drinking

Figure 4-17: Sources of Drinking Water and Water for Household Use

(ii) Access to Mosquito NetsOnly 25% have access to ordinary window netting, 10% use regular moisquito while majority (90%) do not have access to insecticide treated nets.

(iii) Refuse/Solid waste disposal Open dumping of refuse and wastes is the commonest method used. The survey data showed that most of the respondents dispose their sewage/waste through the bush. Public pit latrines are few and use is minimal. Thus, both human and material wastes are dumped indiscreetly in the environment to degenerate. This, coupled with lack of drainage constitutes an unsafe sanitary condition and a breeding ground for mosquitoes.

Common Health Problems In the communities, the common ailments frequently reported are -: malaria, typhoid fever, coughs, and diarrhoea. The potential health problems prevalent in these communities are listed as follow-

Malaria Yellow Fever Intestinal Parasites Schistosomiasis


Onchocerciasis Water borne diseases (Cholera, Typhoid fever etc) Malnutrition Dysentery Filariasis Injuries/Wounds Vaccine Preventable diseases (Tuberculosis, Poliomyelitis, Diphteria,

Pertusis, Tetanus, Meseales) High Maternal Mortality.

Malaria The commonest ailment suffered by indigenes is malaria, due to a high prevalence of mosquitoes, which are freely bred in stagnant water. This was reported by most of the survey population. Also, the field survey reveals that though there is an awareness of the Insecticide Treated Nets, supply is controlled and inadequate.

Other AilmentsOther common ailments include Cough and Catarrh, Diarrhoea, guinea worm, rheumatism, fever, cold pains, arthritis, fungal infection, and measles etc. Some of these diseases are seasonal, and age related. The prevalence of HIV/AIDS could not be ascertained due to lack of statistical data. Awareness is limited to media jingles and does not reflect in sexual behavioural pattern. HIV/AIDS is seen generally as alien and of no bearing on the immediate surrounding. Seasonal variations were also recorded in disease trends. In the rainy season, the following ailments are common: fungal infection, rheumatism and arthritis. In the dry season, cough, and headache are common.

Health Status and Health Seeking BehaviourMaternity CareIn-depth interviews with key informants revealed that most of the women deliver with TBAs while some other women give birth at home because of non-availability of drugs and staff shortage at the Government hospital in the communities and high cost of medicare at the private clinics.

Nutrition and food supplyFor adults and children, malnutrition seemed not to be prevalent. Physical examination by the Medical Doctor in the project team showed no stunting, wasting and underweight. A quick assessment of the local diet revealed that it contained bodybuilding, energy giving and body protecting/maintaining nutrients, which constitute adequate nutrition.

Life Style and BehaviourCigarettes Smoking and Alcohol Consumption

Smoking is not a common habit. Many of the communities produce a high volume of local gin, that is part consumed locally. Many of the respondents do not smoke cigarettes rarely drink alcohol. The FGD and IDI data also revealed the same trend of reporting.

Health care practices and beliefs


A higher percentage of the people practice self-medication and patronize traditional healers. The women prefer delivering their babies at home, attended to by traditional birth attendants (TBAs). Few drug peddlers were seen selling medicinal capsules and tablets to local communities. Such drug peddlers prescribe drugs, and offer a number of health advice which may be grossly inadequate, and dangerous to health.

Environmental HealthHousingMany houses in the area are poorly built, dilapidated, and structurally unsafe for humans. The state of many of the houses could easily harbour pests causing diseases, bugs, rats, and many other infection causing germs. Considering the materials used in building many of the houses (raffia), the houses could be prone to fire accidents.

SanitationIn general, the project area exhibits poor hygienic conditions. There are no drainages and effective control of wastewater from cooking, bathing, and other household uses. There is no modern refuse disposal mechanism in most communities. Spots for dumping refuse are the surrounding bushes

Physical Examination

This was done for a selected few. Results of the physical examination showed that on the average the adults and the aged, had debilitating physical health conditions, blood pressures within the normal range, although, there were incidences of strokes among the critical age of 45 – 65years. Examinations also showed debilitating physical health conditions such as rough skin, skin diseases of a variety of types, fungi infection, dental problems, and arthritis (which many said may be due to long walks).

Laboratory and Other Tests Nutritional Assessment Stool for ova and parasites Malaria Parasite: Field Stain for thick film Full Blood Count Urinalysis


CHAPTER FIVE

RESULT OF CONSULTATION

5.1 INTRODUCTION

Consultation is the process of seeking information from parties or persons (stakeholders) affected by or having environmental responsibilities or interests about the environmental implications of project activities. It is an integral part of the environmental impact assessment, which is designed to establish open and interactive communication that will elucidate community and environmental concerns and proffer appropriate mitigation options for all identified negative impacts. Previous experience shows that certain potentially contentious issues (such as land acquisition, relocation, and resettlement) never get to the public domain if the correct consultation process is maintained from the conceptual stage of any development. A number of regulatory bodies including the World Bank (Operational Directive (OD) 4.01), International Finance Corporation (IFC) and Nigeria Federal Ministry of Environment (FMEnv) also require that affected groups and Non-Governmental Organizations (NGOs) be consulted as part of the environmental assessment of projects and particularly those with potentially significant impacts (Category A).

The Nigerian Federal law and regulations prescribe a process of agency, public and community consultations. The objective of the Consultation Process is to acquire and disseminate information, identify and address legislative, community and environmental concerns and to proffer appropriate mitigation options for all identified negative impacts. The intention is to:

Avoid conflict by addressing issues promptly; Ensure that any fears or apprehensions about the nature, scale and

impacts of the proposed project have been fully addressed; and Avoid any misunderstanding about the project

5.2 OBJECTIVES

The primary purpose of consultation is to protect the interests of affected communities and people, especially the poor and vulnerable and ensure project sustainability. Other benefits of public consultation include the following:

Prompt resolution of issues and misconceptions about the project

Fewer conflicts and delays translate into improved profitability for investors

Governments improve decision making and secure greater transparency and accountability

Affected people can influence the project to reduce adverse im-pacts, maximise ancillary benefits, and ensure that they receive appropriate compensation


Additional opportunities will arise during project design to en-sure that vulnerable groups are given special attention, that equity issues are considered and that the needs of the poor receive priority

Environmental management plans which result from the EA process are more effective.

In accordance with these regulatory requirements, appropriate contacts were established with stakeholders and through notification of intent, with the Federal Ministry of Power and Steel, the State Ministries of Environment and Local Government Councils. Consultations with stakeholders started with the reconnaissance visit to the project area. Key stakeholders of the project-affected communities in the project area were identified during the visit. These bodies have at various times been consulted on the project. The Stakeholders are listed as follow:

Federal Ministry of Environment

Federal Ministry of Agriculture, and Rural Development

Abia State Ministries of Land and Survey

Abia State Ministries of Environment

Affected Local Government Areas

Project Affected Persons (PAPs) and Communities

Community Based Organizations

Non-Governmental Organizations.

5.3 METHODOLOGY

The methodology used takes full account of the following key planning tasks:

Identify all stakeholder groups (typically integrated with social assessment)

Identify the key issues around which consultation will be needed (scoping)

Understand the decision making process

Determine the necessary level of consultation

Identify key consultation points

Select consultation techniques

Define a communication methodology

Identifying stakeholder groups was a critical element. Failure to identify all relevant stakeholders can invalidate the entire process and lead to conflicts that become intractable, although they might easily have been avoided or resolved at an earlier stage. In general the basic questions to consider in identifying affected populations and stakeholders are:

Who will be directly affected?

Who will be indirectly affected?

Who might have an interest or feel that they are affected?


Social assessment methodologies – focus group discussions (FGD) and in-depth interviews – were used to collect relevant data such as on language and dialects, ethnic mix, division of gender roles, cultural traditions, environmental decision making mechanisms, recent history with development projects, and key local concerns and were used in adequately identifying the variety of stakeholder groups, to assess how and to what extent the project affects them and to determine what interests each stakeholder group has in the project, how those interests compare in importance, and which groups have the most influence or control.

5.4 MEETINGS

Key stakeholders of the various locations to be acquired were identified during the initial reconnaissance visits to the project area. The primary stakeholders of the projects identified include the following: the host Settlements - Umuakparu, Umuokorombele, Umuabasi–Ukwu and Alaoji, (about 25,000 people residing around the proposed Power Station, while the secondary stakeholders are FMP&S, Federal Ministry of Agriculture, and Rural Development, FMENV, Abia State Ministry of Environment (ASMENV), Local Governments Areas. A series of public meetings were held (starting with the pre-mobilization meeting of February 27, 2006 and throughout the study) on the project in 4 different communities located in the LGA, between representatives of the Communities , project proponents and the environmental Consultants - SEEMS Nigeria Limited during which the benefits of the project to the communities were highlighted and details of field work and logistics were discussed. Contacts were also established and maintained with the host communities, the primary stakeholders (Settlements along the route) through the community and youth leaders to ensure that all socio-economic and health issues of local concern were adequately addressed.

5.4.1 Pre-Mobilization MeetingAbuja, February 8, 2006 The pre-mobilization meeting was held on February 8, 2006 at Abuja between representatives of the project proponents – FMP&S - NIPP and the environmental Consultants - SEEMS Nigeria Limited. Technical details of field baseline and social sampling strategies and logistics were discussed. 5.4.2 Reconnaissance VisitMarch 4, 2006A reconnaissance visit to the study area was on February 12, 2006. During the visit, meetings were between the environmental Consultants - SEEMS Nigeria Limited and the community and youth leaders of each of four Communities located in around the project site. The benefits of the project to the communities, the need for and objectives of an environmental assessment were highlighted and details of field work and logistics were discussed at the meetings. The support and participation of the people were also sought and the logistics for field work including accommodation for the field team, movement, safety and recruitment of field assistants from the respective Settlements were discussed. At the end of the meeting, a quick guided familiarization visit to some Settlements was made.

5.4.3 Stakeholders’ MeetingAbuja, October 10, 2006


A meeting between Consultants, Project Proponents, Contractors and secondary Stakeholders, was held at the instance of FMP&S on October 10, 2006 at the NIPP office, Adams House, Mississippi Street, Maitama, Abuja. During the meeting, contentious issues encountered severally in the course of executing some aspects of the projects were resolved.

5.5 LIST OF STAKEHOLDERS

The following have been identified as key persons or groups that are directly or indirectly affected or capable of influencing decisions affecting the project:

Security Forces

Mobile Police

Joint Security Task Force

NGOs

Nigerian - Environmental

Nigeria Conservation Foundation

International - Environmental

Rainforest Action Network

Unions/Associations

Cooperative Societies

Federal Government

President Obasanjo

National Assembly Federal House Committees

Government agencies

o Federal Aviation Authorityo Inland Revenue

Ministry of Power and Steel

DPR

Safety & Environmental Division

Federal Ministry of Environment

State Government

Abia

o State Ministry of Environmento Ministry of Forestry o Local Government/Community Affairs o Surveyor Generalo Ministry of Justiceo State Security Council

Funding Agencies

Commercial Banks


Export Credit Agencies

Due diligence consultants

World Bank/IFC

African Development Bank

Contractors

EPC contractors

Site survey contractors

Local contractors – service providers

Regional service providers

Local Settlements

Youth groups/associations

Women’s groups

Traditional and spiritual leaders

Migrants/squatters

Local churches

C&S Episcopal

Anglican

Methodists

Shareholders

Media

Local media (newspaper, radio, TV)

Nigerian national

International

Social and Economic Groups at Project Area

There are a number of societies organised by settlements to provide thrift and credit services for the people. These societies include the following:

Individuals

Chairmen of Local Government Areas,

Health Service Provider at the Local Government Office

Paramount Chiefs

The Youth Chairman

5.6 COMMUNITY PERCEPTION AND CONCERNS In general interactions with the people inhabiting the study area were positive. The people did not object to the establishment of the proposed project. Members of the community were not totally ignorant of possible project-related negative and positive impacts. People’s expectations of the beneficial effects of the project, include: gainful employment of the people especially youths, electricity infrastructure, hospital, schools,


and markets.


CHAPTER SIX

ASSOCIATED AND POTENTIAL IMPACTS

6.1 ASSESSMENT METHODOLOGY

The purpose of this EIA study is to identify the potential environmental (including social and health) impacts associated with the development options and advise on measures that would mitigate negative impacts and enhance positive impacts. The first stage in the identification of impacts is to establish the scope of the investigations needed for each of the environmental components. This has been carried out in this study by using a combination of desk study, site visits and consultation with all stakeholders. Then, the potential impacts are assessed and mitigation measures identified.

The Analysis Tool

Large varieties of methods exist in different countries for impact assessment, all of which employ the following steps:

Identification of impacts

Prediction of impacts

Evaluation and interpretation of impacts

Communication

Inspection procedure

For this project, the associated and potential impacts of the project activities were predicted by using a combination of the Peterson Interaction Model (Peterson 1974), which relates project activities with environment components, and the Rau'Ad Hoc method (Rau 1990). This methodology is expected to indicate whether the impact is beneficial or adverse, whether it has temporal or spatial dimension, cumulative, spontaneous, and primary or secondary. The Leopold Matrix, (Leopold, et al. 1971), another assessment method, was used to identify cause-effect relationships between specific project actions in the environment and potential environmental impacts. The checklist presented in Table 6.1 shows a comprehensive list of environmental effects and impact indicators that helped to review possible consequences of contemplated actions. The method provides a semi-quantitative insight into the potential impacts.

The Rau'Ad Hoc Method

The Rau method provides guidance for total impact assessment while suggesting the broad nature of these possible impacts. Using this, it is possible to quickly judge the order of magnitude of effects or impacts as follows: No effect, Positive effect, Negative effect, Beneficial, Adverse, Problematic, Short-term, Long-term, Reversible, and Irreversible. The total potential impact of the proposed project is assessed in Table 6.2 according to the Rau'Ad Hoc method.

The Leopold Matrix

The Leopold Matrix is a comprehensive checklist designed for the identification,


evaluation, assessment and analysis of environmental impacts on the Development project following the interaction matrix analysis approach by Leopold. The Leopold Matrix developed for the LNG project is provided as in Table 6.3. The checklist interaction matrix for environmental impact assessment was obtained by placing identified existing environmental components in the columns and the proposed project activities in the rows of the matrix. The number on the left hand side of the diagonal, in a cell, represents the magnitude of identified impact, while that on the right hand side represents the importance or significance of the impact. A plus (+) sign indicates a positive or beneficial impact while the minus (-) sign is used to express negative or adverse impact. The process is summarised as follow:

The Leopold Matrix Table

Columns represent identified existing environmental components Rows represent proposed project activities. Cells represent x/y, where:x = magnitude of identified impact and y = importance or significance of impact. (+) sign = positive or beneficial impact, and(-) sign = negative or adverse impact.An attribute description package is complied. Using ‘value functions’, measured environmental parameters such as pollutant concentrations are translated into environmental quality ratings. These quality ratings include high, moderate, and poor quality with numerical ratings of (0 -1.9), (2.0 - 5.9) and (6.0 - 10.0), respectively.

The magnitude (severity of impacts) is scaled as follows:1 - 2 negligible

3 - 4 mild

5 - 6 moderate

7 - 10 severe

The degree of importance or probability of identified impacts:1 - 2 negligible

3 - 4 low

5 - 6 medium

7 - 10 high

The criteria applied to the screening of various activities include the following: Magnitude – probable level of severity

Prevalence – likely extent of the impact

Duration and frequency – likely duration – long-term, short-term or intermittent

Risks – probability of serious impacts

Importance – value attached to the undisturbed project envi-ronment.

The following is an example of an impact-indicator value derivation.If the baseline noise level is 40 dBA and the project activity is predicted to result in incremental impact of 10 dBA, then the resultant noise level is 50 dBA.


Because the resultant environmental noise level of 50 dBA is less than 55 dBA, the environmental quality is rated as high, with indicator value of 0-1.9. If the incremental impact increases the environmental noise level to between 55 dBA and 60 dBA, then the impact indicator value will be 2-6. If the incremental impact increases the environmental noise level to greater than 60 dBA, then impact indicator value will be 7-10. The total impact score is equal to the sum of {(x) x (y)} for each environmental component and for each project activity.

Procedure

A panel of experts from SEEMS Ltd. (see list of Consultants) independently ranked the impacts of each project activity on selected environmental indicator, on a 1 to 10 scale. Independent scores were then statistically analyzed and the results of the scores judged as follows:If variance, s2 < 5% of the mean, subjectivity was minimal and the score was good; if s2 > 5% but < 10% of the mean, the score was fair, then scorers were given the opportunity to review their scores. This process was repeated and the parameters with high levels of scores (5 and above) were then considered for detailed impact assessment and mitigation.

Table 6-1: Impact Indicators for Various Environmental Components

Environmental Components

Impact Indicators

Climate Humidity, temperature, rainfall, wind speed and direction

Air Quality Particulates, NOx, SOx, CO2, CO, oil and grease

Water Quality Solids (DS, SS), turbidity, toxicity, eutrophication, contamination, microbiology, E. coli

Hydrology Drainage, discharge, hydrologic balance, sedimentation, erosion

Hydrogeology Ground water level, quality and availability

Soil/Land use Erosion, fertility, subsidence, farming, hunting, recreation

Ecology Diversity, distribution and abundance of aquatic and terrestrial flora and fauna

Fisheries Productivity, diversity and abundance

Archaeology Cultural relics, shrines and taboos

Noise and Vibration Day-time disturbance, hearing loss, communication impairment, annoyance

Wildlife and Forestry Abundance, diversity of species, numbers of unique, rare, or endangered species

Socio-economic Population, income, infrastructure, settlement pattern, social & structural structure, archaeological and cultural resources, and security

Health Pollution-related (air and water pollutants, noise beyond regulatory limits) health problems, communicable & non-communicable diseases, nutritional status, health & recreational facilities, morbidity & mortality, safety

6.2 IMPACT APPRAISAL

Environmental Issues

Direct impacts of the project are expected to result from every phase of development: site preparation, construction, maintenance, operation and decommissioning of the facility. Some of the major project actions that will have potential impacts on the


environment are discussed in the next section. The environmental impacts during construction will primarily come from noise and dust. The potential impacts during operation will be noise from the generators and cooling towers; risk from oil spill and fire; air pollution from flue gas emissions, specifically So2 and NOx. The main impact during decommissioning is the disposal of soil that might be contaminated with spilled fuel and lubricants.

Site Preparation Activities These consist essentially of bush clearing and de-stumping of approximately 10.47ha of farmland for the Power Station, and additional varying amounts of land for the access road and right of way (ROW) for the transmission line connecting the station to the national grid.

Construction and Commissioning

The construction of the Power Plant and its associated facilities will involve land preparation of the machine powerhouse foundation base through piling, etc and installation of generating sets and Gas Turbine Units, installation of the cables to existing Alaoji 330/132kV Transmission line and Waste Heat Recovery Boilers and Steam Turbine units and other accessories. Operation and Maintenance ActivitiesElectricity will be generated through the operation of the gas-fired Thermal Power Plant and associated facilities which include the following:

Generating sets Gas turbine units Steam Turbine units Waste heat recovery boilers Gas transmission system Transmission cables

The generated electricity which will be transmitted via cable to the National Grid.

Prime Potential Impacts

Table 6.2 shows that the environmental impacts of the Project will take place during construction, operation, and decommissioning. The environmental impacts during construction will primarily be from noise and dust. The potential impacts during operation will be noise from the generators and cooling towers; risk from oil spill and fire; air pollution from flue gas emissions, specifically SO2 and NOx. The main impact during decommissioning is the disposal of soil that might be contaminated with spilled fuel and lubricants. The potential impacts are summarized as follow:

(i) Biological ResourcesChange in the diversity of species or number of species of terrestrial plants; Change in the diversity of animals (surface/land animals, fish, benthic organisms); Deterioration to existing or wildlife habitat.

(ii) Water Quality


Alteration in surface water quality, including turbidity, composition from runoff and erosion contamination.

(iii) Noise and VibrationsIncrease in existing noise level during construction, and turbine operation;

(iv) Air QualityAmbient air quality may be impaired by Stack NOx and SOx emissions. SOx emission may be low if the Natural gas/distillate liquid fuels used for firing are sweetened, but NOx emission from the Gas Turbine may be a concern. NOx has been recognized as one of the major pollutants of power generation. NOx like SO2 is responsible for acid rain. NOx also takes part in number of chemical reactions with hydrocarbon present in urban air to produce toxic pollutants like ground level ozone. Incomplete combustion will result in unburned hydrocarbons but low with use of excess air for combustion as taken care in the design of the Gas turbines minimizes incomplete combustion

(v) Socio-Economic Impacts- Land take, dispossession and population relocation- Decline in farming activities of land owners- Provision of electricity to neighborhood- Improved employment opportunities & rural economy

(vi) Soil and Geology- Project may result in unstable earth conditions or changes in

geologic substructures arising during construction; - Change in topography or ground surface relief structure may lead

to increase in water erosion of soils on the site.- Change in deposition or erosion of river sands.

(vii) Health and Safety hazards.- Placement of project near human activity will increase the risk of collision resulting in injury or death; - noise and vibration may result in hearing loss or diminished communication.

The foregoing features may have profound influences on the ultimate environmental impact of the project.

The World Bank (WB) has prepared a set of environmental guidelines for new thermal power plants (coal, oil and natural gas based) of generation capacity of 50 MW and above. These guidelines state a set of maximum emission levels acceptable to the WB group in determining the site specific emission guidelines. Proposed WB guidelines are designed to protect human health, reduce mass loading on the environment to acceptable levels, achieve emission levels based on commercially proven and widely used technologies, follow the current regulatory and technological trends, and promote the use of cleaner fuels and good management practices which would increase energy efficiency and productivity. World Bank emission standards are 50 mg/m3 for ESP, 2000 mg/m3 for SO2 and for NOx is 750 mg/m3 (365 ppm), 460


mg/m3 (225 ppm) and 320 mg/m3 (155 ppm) for coal, oil and natural gas based power plants, respectively.


Table 6-2: The Environmental Impacts of Project Construction and Operation (From Rau’s (1990) Method)

ImpactsNo

EffectPositive Effects

Negative Effects

Beneficial Effects

Adverse Effects

ProblematicShort-Term

Long-Term Reversible Irreversible

Land Preparation

Loss of agricultural land * * * *

Air quality impairment from particulate (dust) and land preparation vehicle emission

* * * *

Increased noise level from clearing equipment * * * *

Soil deterioration due to erosion from desurfacing * * * *

Reduced flora and fauna diversity from bush clearing and land-use

* * * *

Habitat change/reduced population of wildlife from clearing equipment noise

* * *

Construction

Soil contamination from oil spills and leaks & excavation materials

* * * *

Air quality impairment from particulate (dust) and construction vehicle emission

* * * *

Increased noise level from construction equipment * * * *

Impaired water quality from siltation, erosional discharge and construction camp domestic effluent

* * * *

Wastes from excavation of facility foundation * * * *

Increased employment opportunity and revenue * * *

Operation

Impaired air quality as a result of flue gas emissions, specifically SO2 and NOx

* * * *

Impaired hearing/discomfort due to noise fromturbines, generators and cooling towers

* * * *

Increased risk to life from failures/accidents * * * *

Habitat change/reduced biodiversity fromequipment noise & erection of facility

* * * *

Economic development employment opportunity and improved rural economy

* *


Table 6-3 : Impact Evaluation Matrix for Alaoji Power Station Project

Environmental Impact Indicators

Phase Development Activities

Site Preparation Construction Operations and Maintenance

Tra

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of

Wor

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& m

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Sit

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Acc

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Roa

ds

Was

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of

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Con

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ent

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mis

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Fac

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Dec

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Air Quality

TSP -1/2 -3/2 -3/2 -3/2

SO2 -3/1 -3/2 -3/3 -3/3 -4/3

NOx -2/2 -3/2 -3/3 -3/3 -4/3

Noise

Hearing Loss -1/2 -5/3 -3/1 -2/2 -5/3 -4/3 -2/2 -2/2

Communication Interference -3/1

-5/4

-2/2

-2/2 -5/4 -4/3 -2/2 -2/2

Soil/Land Use

Quality -3/4 -3/3 -4/3 -3/2 -3/2

Farming -6/4 -3/2 -4/3 -3/2 -3/2

Soil Erosion -5/4 -3/2 -5/4 -4/3

Hunting -5/4 -3/2 -3/2

Water Quality

Solids (SS and DS)

-2/2 -2/2 -3/2 -5/4 -3/2 -3/2 -3/2 -3/2

Turbidity -2/2 -2/2 -2/2 -2/2 -5/4 -2/2 -3/2 -2/2 -2/2

Toxicity -4/2 -4/2 -4/2 -4/2 -4/2

Eutrophication -3/2 -3/2 -3/2 -3/2 -3/2

Geology

Drainage -2/2 -2/2 -3/4 -3/4 -3/4


Environmental Impact Indicators

Phase Development Activities

Site Preparation Construction Operations and Maintenance

Tra

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Sit

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Acc

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Fac

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Dec

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Siltation -5/3 -3/2 -3/2 -3/3 -3/3 -2/2

Hydrogeology

Groundwater quality

-3/2 -3/4 -3/4 -3/4 -3/2 -4/4 -3/4

Groundwater level

Ecology

Flora and Fauna diversity

-4/3 -3/2 -3/2 -3/2 -3/4 -3/3 -3/4 -3/2 -3/2

Flora and Fauna abundance

-4/3 -3/2 -3/2 -3/2 -3/4 -3/3 -3/4 -3/2 -3/2

Wildlife/Forestry

Diversity and Abundance

-5/3 -3/3 -2/2 -2/3 -3/3 -3/2 -3/3 -3/3

Habitat -5/3 -4/3 -2/2 -4/3

Socio-Economic

Population +3/4 +3/2 +2/2 +3/4

Income +3/4 +3/4

Health and Safety -3/4 -3/4 -3/2 -2/3 -3/2 -2/3 -3/2 -3/3 -4/3

Aesthetics -2/3 -2/3 -5/4

Notes: 0=No impact; 1-2=minimum; 3-4=Small; 5-6=Moderate; 7-8=Significant; 9-10 =Severe; x/y = Impact Magnitude/Indicator Value-/+ = adverse/beneficial; x = magnitude; y = significance; xy = relevance


6.3 IDENTIFIED POTENTIAL IMPACTS

This section summarises project activities that may impact the environment.

6.3.1 Physical Environment

i) Air Quality

Site Preparation and Construction

Site preparation and construction shall involve the use of the following equipment to remove vegetation:

Diesel power generators

Trucks, lorries, lifting cranes and trailers

Bulldozers, excavators, dumping trucks

Excavation and sand filling equipment

The principal air quality impacts during site preparation and construction are: dust from earth moving equipment (if construction is in the dry season) and gaseous emissions of SO2, NOx, CO2

from clearing and construction equipment. Site preparation and construction will be short-lived. Minor amounts of air pollutants will be generated from fuel combustion (light fuel oil) used by the equipment mentioned above with negligible impact on ambient air quality. Emissions will remain relatively mild, limited in spatial extent and of short-term duration. The impact of this phase is therefore not significant.

Operation and Maintenance

The operation of power plant turbines will produce smoke stack emissions of SO2, NOx, and HC (from incomplete combustion) and particulates. The worst conditions are expected to take place when the wind is blowing inland.

Decommissioning

No significant impact on air quality is anticipated.

ii) Noise


Sources of major noise impact shall be the site preparation and construction equipment including:

Diesel power generators

Trucks, lorries, lifting cranes and trailers

Bulldozers, excavators, dumping trucks

Excavation and sand filling equipment

During construction, noise level can be temporarily exceeded due to the operation of the above equipment in the working zone.

Alaoji power Station EIA December 2006 38

Facility Operation and Maintenance

The operation of power plant units – turbines, compressors and generators produces noise but will have limited impact on the health and comfort of workers and people who live in the immediate vicinity (within 100m) of the Plant.

Decommissioning

Impact of noise during decommissioning activities is expected to come from dismantling activities and removal of civil works. They are expected to be localized to the project site and lasts for the period of decommissioning and therefore not significant.

iii) Soil and Land Use


Accidental spills and leaks of oil products and mineral oils from the operation of land clearing and construction equipment may contaminate the soil. Contamination with excavated materials used in civil works may also occur. Land preparation could potentially cause increased runoff to the surrounding areas. The Station will be sited on approximately 10ha of land and will therefore require landtake and relocation of displaced people and property.


Clear-cutting of the Station may increase soil erosion. Landuse at is usually restricted to liquid-proof floor or pavement which will make erosion potential not significant. Chemical effluents from the Plants may contaminate the soil

iv) Water Quality


Clearing of vegetation may lead to runoff and soil erosion; this coupled with discharge from construction site may reduce the quality of receiving water. Waste waters from construction camps can contaminate the waters.


Surface runoff and effluents from plant operational sites and permanent residential camp may also generate effluent containing COD, SS, and Oil and Grease, which may eventually be discharged to water bodies. These may also pollute the shallow aquifer Excavation may introduce suspended solids into the shallow aquifer..

Decommissioning

Improperly disposal of contaminated soil, refuse and oil sludge may contaminate the aquatic environment.

v) Geology, Geomorphology and Hydrogeology


Site preparation and construction may alter both the geomorphology and drainage pattern of the


otherwise flat plain by improper disposal of excavated spoil and cause flooding of surrounding areas.


No significant impact is anticipated

Decommissioning


vi) Ecology


Loss of habitats for both flora and fauna because of bush clearing is the expected impact on ecology but not in the case of Alaoji Power Station on existing already impacted land. The biodiversity in the project area is therefore limited. No rare or endangered species of flora and fauna are found in project zone. The construction of foundation, erection of facilities can have significant impact on local flora and fauna. These include damage to plants by machinery and man, siltation of streams and altered drainage.


Operational effluents, spillage of oil, or other polluting materials, which could enter the rainfall runoff and drainage waters from the plant site, may be discharged into surface water and negatively impact aquatic life

vii) Wildlife/Forestry


Loss of habitats for fauna because of bush clearing and wildlife migration because of construction related noise are the expected impact on wildlife. Normally because the area is already impacted by human intense agricultural and hunting activities, this impact is rated low.


Operational noise, persistent light, especially at night will cause wildlife to migrate away from the plant site. This impact is not significant for the same reason given above.


viii) Socio-Economic and Community Health

Socio-Economic

The Alaoji Power Station project development activities have both positive and negative impacts on the socioeconomic and health conditions of the inhabitants of the area. These are discussed below.


Employment opportunities of community members as labour force will be enhanced during clearing and construction. These positive economic impacts are however of short duration.


The project will provide a number of socioeconomic benefits: (i) more reliable and consistent energy supply to the locality, furthering economic activity and development: (ii) jobs during the construction phase and during operation; and (iii) an apprentice system or similar approach to raise the skills level of the local workforce. The project is bordered on one side by a major road (Aba-Port Harcourt express way). The land has no undisturbed natural habitats, and has little use for non-industrial purposes. Given the rural setting of the site, the visually intrusive impact may be significant. However, this negative impact is moderate on visual feeling, taking into consideration that in Nigeria the people are accommodated with such kind of installations and have not observed panic or discomforting feeling up to date.

Project may result in increased accessibility of the area, lead to influx of

people to the area in search of gainful employment, increased pressure on the existing/in-adequate social amenities and services, (such as accommodation, health care, water and electricity). This may lead to a loss of cultural values of the people and higher levels of crime and moral decadence.

The potential influx of local people and other Nigerian nationals, particu-larly males, seeking employment, if unfulfilled, will lead to frustration and may also have an impact on population structure (age and gender), social infrastructure, level of service provision, the general quality of health, and the level of crime and moral decadence.

No archaeological, burial grounds and shrine sites were identified within

the project development areas.

Community Health and Safety

Only one community (Alaoji) in the study area had health care facilities which are ill-equipped and services are unaffordable. The Settlements resort to patronizing traditional healers, traditional medicine, and self-medication for their health needs. From the questionnaire administered, it was deduced that health problems experienced in the area were malaria, diarrhoea, typhoid, hypertension, respiratory tract infections and various forms of domestic and work-related injuries. Other perceived causes of health problems in order of priority are mosquitoes, and health problems arising from poor living conditions.


The following are the identified phase-specific impacts on health:


Sources of impact include the following:

Noise generated by land preparation and construction equipment;

Air emissions and effluents from construction sites, which may contami-nate the water bodies that serve as potable water sources for the people.


Emissions of exhaust gases and other pollutants from the Plant site may have adverse effects on local air quality and health of inhabitants. Operational noise, water pollutants and air pollutant emissions and effluents from the plant site may also constitute other sources of health hazard to the inhabitants.

Failures and accidents can occur which result in fire, electric shocks, eg fire resulting from short-circuit.

During construction, project workers and job seekers may move into the area and spread diseases to which the resident population has not developed immunity.

6.4 SUMMARY OF PROJECT ACTIVITIES AND SIGNIFICANCE OF POTENTIAL IMPACTS

The summary of the significance of identified potential impacts is presented in Table 6-4. The identified sources of potential impacts at the different phases of the project beginning from the land preparation stage to decommissioning and hand over were categorised, the categorization indicated that operational and to a lesser extent, construction activities are the most likely to adversely affect the environment. The environmental impacts during construction will primarily come from noise and dust. The potential impacts during operation will be noise from the generators and cooling towers; risk from oil spill and fire; air pollution from flue gas emissions, specifically SO2 and NOx. The main impact during decommissioning is the disposal of soil that might be contaminated with spilled fuel and lubricants. Social impact is identified as having the worst potential impact (with major and long term consequences) on the environment as a result of project land take, anticipated displacement/relocation of people, loss of livelihood and influx of job seekers into the communities with associated increased pressure on existing and planned infrastructures. Overall industry and the social economy are projected to benefit greatly from the completion of the project. Interference with cultural relics and historic sites are expected to be very minimal.


Table 6-4: Summary of Project Activities and Significance of Potential Impacts


Impacts of Activities Location Magnitude Duration Dimension

Air quality impairment (SO2, CO2, NOx) and particulate (dust) emission

Site Minor Short term Negative

Discomforting equipment noise Site Minor Short term Negative

Contamination of surface and groundwater from runoff discharge, spillages, leakages of fuels and chemicals from cleared/construction site

Site/Off-Site Minor Short term Negative

Interference with drainage system Off-Site Minor Short term Negative

Increased employment opportunities and availability of firewood from clearing to indigenes

Site/Off-Site Minor Short term Positive

Social and health problems from influx of job seekers

Site/ Off-Site Minor Short term Negative



Air quality impairment (SO2, CO2, NOx), HC and particulate (dust) emission

Site/ Off-Site Medium Long term Negative

Increased pollution from particulate, smoke, dust, exhaust gases


Contamination of surface and groundwater from operational discharges and effluents

Site/ Off-Site Minor Long term Negative

Noise from gas turbines & generators

Site/ Off-Site Minor Long term Negative

Socio-economic, health & safety Site/ Off-Site Minor Long term Negative

Social and Community Health Impact

Social Impact Type

Description of Impact Dimension Magnitude Duration

Demography project land take, anticipated displacement/relocation of people, loss of livelihood

Negative Major Long term

Mass influx of non-indigenes Negative Major Short/Long term

Severe accommodation constraints Negative Major

Increase in food prices and food scarcity

Negative Major

Demand for more public/social services and amenities

Negative Major

Natural Resources Increased traffic – will cause accidents and noise will scare away wildlife.

Negative Minor Long term


Social Impact Type

Description of Impact Dimension Magnitude Duration

Increased human and other wastes from workers.

Negative Major Short term

Man-induced hazards, theft, loss of habitats and flora around site

Negative Major Medium term

Infrastructural impacts

Community Assistance Projects – Provision of electricity, potable water, Hospital, School etc.

Positive Major Long term

Source of conflict for amenities provided.


Socio-Economic Impacts

Potential distortion of local occupation - farming


Increased opportunities for jobs Positive Major Long term

Increased economic development Positive Major Long term

Health Impacts Contamination of water because of runoff from site

Negative Medium Long term

Depletion of natural resources/poor nutrition/associated diseases


Explosion/fire accident/Inhalation of air pollutants

Negative Medium Long term

Cultural and Social Equity

Modification/adulteration of culture

Negative Major Long -term/ cumulative

Unequal opportunities, uneven distribution of wealth – partial wealth and poverty among the population.

Negative Minor Long term

Decommissioning


Waste, scrap materials and pipes/maintenance and operation materials


Contaminated soil because of spillages, leakages of fuels and chemicals

Site Medium Long term Negative

Structures on camp Site Site Medium Short term Positive

Structures on Plant site Site Major Long term Negative


CHAPTER SEVEN

IMPACT MITIGATION MEASURES

7.1 INTRODUCTION

Recommended measures that shall mitigate the significant potential impacts identified in Chapter 7 with the respective project activities are discussed in this chapter of the report and summarized in table 7-1.

7.2 RECOMMENDED MITIGATION MEASURES

7.2.1 Site Preparation and Construction Phase

(i) Air Quality Impacts

The concentrations of land clearing and construction-related atmospheric emission - CO2, CO, SO2

and NOx could be elevated from particulate (dust) and equipment and vehicle emissions during the land preparation and construction phases. The effects of emissions from these sources are not expected to be significant since these emissions are transient.

Mitigation Measures Use of modern clearing and construction equipment that minimises air emissions during

clearing and construction will be ensured The construction site shall be watered regularly to minimize fugitive dust emissions. buffer Zone will be developed to serve as wind break, improve the aesthetics of the area

and to also provide refuge for birds and invertebrates.

(ii) NoiseDuring land preparation and construction, noise level of 65dB can be temporarily exceeded due to the operation of lorries and equipment in the working zone of the project site. Mitigation Measures:

Noise abatement measures such as tree buffer zone will be developed be-tween Plant and residential areas which will also provide refuge for birds and inverte-brates

During land preparation and construction, workers will be provided with ear muffs and other protectors

Facilities will be designed to meet Nigerian and international noise qual-ity standards (World Bank, IFC, FMEnv and DPR).

(iii) Soil and Land Use

There will be a landtake of 10ha hence relocation of displaced people and farms may be necessary. Land preparation could potentially cause increased runoff to the surrounding areas. During land


preparation and construction, accidental spills of oil products and mineral oils from the operation vehicles and equipment may contaminate the soil. Erosion of spoil piles from excavation used in the civil works may also occur. Mitigation Measures:

Payment of commensurate compensation for economic crops and surface rights will be made to displaced or dispossessed parties.

Design of adequate drainage system will control runoff for safe disposal

Bunded enclosures will be used for storage of fuels and oils; planned drainage system & treatment of domestic liquid wastes prior to disposal (bio-digester for sewage)

Land will be seeded to grass to provide vegetal cover of soil against erosion and runoff

iv) Geology and Geomorphology

Site preparation and construction and improper disposal of excavated spoil.may alter both the geomorphology and drainage pattern of an otherwise flat terrain of the project site. This may cause flooding and contamination of the surrounding areas

Mitigation Measures

Proper disposal of spoils

Design of adequate drainage system will control runoff

Provide water control structures eg draining all water to in-pit storage/dam & treatment

v) Water Quality

Surface runoff carrying facility effluents, waste streams, fuel and oil from land preparation and construction sites could potentially impact the nearby surface water quality. The construction and permanent residential camps will generate solid waste and domestic sewage discharge, which could also impact the surface water quality or the shallow aquifer. Leaks and spills from the facility could also potentially impact the surface water quality and shallow aquifer. Excavation could introduce suspended solids into the shallow aquifer as well.

Mitigation Measures: All contractors will be required to use mobile eco-toilets at their construction camps for

waste disposal. They will also be required to have sound environmental management programs for the storage of hazardous materials, solid waste collection and disposal, and environmental contingency plans.

During construction, surface water flows shall be controlled and if necessary channelled to temporary discharge points to minimize the potential threat of erosion and siltation in the receiving water channels.

vi) Ecology

The project site clearance activities could potentially impact the area ecology through loss of flora, loss of wildlife habitat and a reduction of biodiversity. In addition, excavation could lead to wildlife mortality. However, because the main project area has already been significantly impacted by human agricultural activities and hunting, the overall impact of the project on the study area ecology


is not expected to be significant. No rare or endangered species f flora and fauna are found in the project area.Surface and ground water quality, and aquatic ecology of the Kelani River, will be protected from contamination during the construction phase with the

Mitigation Measures: installation of a site drainage system with solid settlement areas .

Limiting any additional site clearance to only those areas essential for project construction and operation.

Re-vegetation of project site with small trees and grass

vii) Wildlife Noise of clearing and construction equipment and machinery may cause

minor discomforting noise that may cause the migration of wildlife away from study site.

Mitigation Measure - The impact is however not significant because of limited extent and short duration.

viii) Social and Economic Impacts

The project is expected to provide employment opportunities in the downstream industries that depend on electric energy supply, such as in distribution, transport, additional demand equipment maintenance.

All phases of the project implementation will positively impact the employment opportunities for community members. The project will also provide sustainable community development. Interference with cultural relics and historic sites is expected to be minimal.However, the project activities could also potentially cause significant negative impacts to the study area socioeconomics and health including:

Nuisance noise generated from construction and plant operation

Increased safety risk to local people from electrocution, explosion and fire

Contamination of surface water and groundwater from construction oper-ation effluents, construction camp solid waste and domestic sewage discharge

Mitigation Measures: Providing employment opportunities to local community members.

Training unskilled and semi-skilled workers during the construction and project operation periods.

Providing a training and marketing program for selected tenants who can-not be employed in the plant.

Implementing safety regulations at all times.

Providing a construction camp, potable water and mobile eco-toilets.

Establishing participatory, sustainable, community assistance projects.

Launching an awareness campaign to enlighten the communities and workers on the implications of drug and alcohol abuse, unprotected sex, prostitution and the need to sustain healthy lifestyles and behavior.

Providing onsite medical facilities.


ix) Occupational Health and Safety

Sources of impact include the following:Noise generated by land preparation and construction equipment; andAir emissions and effluents from construction sites, which may contaminate the water bodies that serve as potable water sources for the people.

Mitigation Measures Sound preventive public health programme will be mounted Dust control measures eg frequent wetting of work area

emissions from equipment and vehicles not significant but corrective measures will be in place


7.2.2 Plant Operation and Maintenance Phase

(i) Air Quality Impacts

The potential impacts during operation will be air pollution from flue gas emissions, specifically SO2 and NOx and from steam and gas turbines. Mitigation Measures

Use of high (atleast 60m) high smoke stack, steam injection method and low smokestack SO2 and NOx technology will reduce the SO2 and NOx emitted

Flares are to be installed downwind (north) of the process facilities and other sensitive receptors of these operational emissions.

(ii) NoiseMajor noise impact sources are expected to come from the Gas turbines and generators and cooling towers

Mitigation Measures: Appropriate facility design or technology and noise abatement measures

such as tree buffer belt between Plant and residential areas will be taken

Workers will be provided with ear muffs and other protectors

Facilities will be designed to meet Nigerian and international noise qual-ity standards (World Bank, IFC, FMEnv and DPR).

(iii) Soil

Impacts may result mainly from operational discharges and effluents (listed below): Runoff water from plant site

Domestic liquid wastes and sewage

Leaks from leakages of stored products due to corrosion of structure, pipe, etc. Leaks and spills from the facility

Mitigation Measures:


Channeling of the drainage channel over the project site to a collection pit and treated to DPR requirements before appropriate discharge.

Bunded enclosures will be used for storage of fuels and oils; planned drainage system & treatment of domestic liquid wastes prior to disposal (bio-digester for sewage)

Land will be seeded to grass to provide vegetal cover of soil against erosion and runoff Provision of cathodic protection devices for storage tanks, buried pipes

and tank bottoms.

iv) Geology and Geomorphology


v) Water Quality

Surface runoff carrying facility effluents, waste streams, fuel and oil leaks and spills could potentially impact the quality of nearby surface water, its aquatic ecology and shallow aquifer.

Mitigation Measures: installation of a site drainage system with solid settlement areas to reduce the sediment

load of the runoff and oil interceptors for vehicle washing effluents.

vi) Ecology

Potential impact will resultant from contamination of aquatic ecology of the stream from plant site effluents in runoff.

Mitigation Measures: installation of a site drainage system with solid settlement areas .

re-vegetation of project site with small trees and grass

vii) Wildlife Noise of plant turbines may cause minor discomforting noise that may

cause the migration of wildlife away from study site.

Mitigation Measure

buffer Zone will be developed provide refuge for birds and invertebrates.

viii) Social and Economic Impacts

The project operation is expected to provide direct employment opportunities

Interference with cultural relics and historic sites is expected to be minimal.

Potentially negative impacts to the study area socio-economics and health include: Nuisance noise generated from plant operation

Increased safety risk to local people from electrocution, explosion and fire

Contamination of surface water and groundwater from operation effluents


Mitigation Measures: Provision of employment to local community members. Training unskilled and semi-skilled workers during the project operation period Implementing safety regulations at all times. Establishing participatory, sustainable, community assistance projects.

ix) Occupational Health and Safety

Sources of impact include the following: Nuisance noise generated by operational equipment such as turbines Increased health and safety risk to local people from inhalation of flue gaseous emissions Contamination of surface water and groundwater from operation effluents and discharge Social and health problems from influx of job seekers and post-operation demobilisation of

people Mitigation Measures

Provision of health care facilities. Health awareness programmes for the workforce and local settlements. Programmes for the control and prevention of vector, water, and lifestyle related diseases

on work sites. Monitoring of workforce health and appropriate medical records and statistics on various

diseases and health trends in the settlements.

A summary of the potential community health impacts associated with the project and their recommended mitigation measures are provided in Table 7-1

7.3 Decommissioning

Improperly disposed wastes - scrap metals, aluminum, cables, plastics/glass, sludge, oil, grease, and oil sludge, non-functional equipment and materials from dismantling activities and removal of civil works will contaminate the soil environment. The main impact during decommissioning is the disposal of soil that might be contaminated with spilled fuel and lubricants.

Mitigation Measures At the end of the useful life of the facility, standard procedures for decommissioning shall be invoked. A decommissioning team will be set up to plan and implement laid down guidelines on decommissioning. The following activities are involved in decommissioning:

Demolition and site clean-up; Disposal of Wastes; and Rehabilitation of Site.

Adequate decommissioning plans shall be developed according to industry standards. Plans shall include methods for handling industrial refuse, scrap metals, plastics, glass, sludge, oil and grease, including recycling of some materials (for example steel angle, conductors), and disposal of some according to the legislation. After the completion of works, the landscape will be returned as much as possible to its initial form.


Table 7-1: Summary of Project Activities, Identified Potential Impacts and Mitigation Measures

Project Action Potential Impact Mitigation

Land Preparation and Construction Phase

Mechanical Clearingof approx 10 ha of all structures, vegetation, trees

Air quality impairment (SO2, CO2, NOx) from fuel combustion

Discomforting noise

Loss of vegetation, wildlife and wildlife habitat & biodiversity

Degradation of surface water quality by discharge from construction site runoff and erosion

Employment opportunities

Loss of community values and archaeological sites

Loss of land, property and population displacement

The impact is not significant appropriate but low-emission equipment or corrective measures will be put in place

The impact is not significant but ear protectors are recommended for workers

Impact not significant - existing area already disturbed

Mobile wildlife will migrate to safety


Positive impact will be ensured

No archaeological sites found in the project area

Adequate compensation for dispossessed parties

Civil engineering construction of foundations, erection of facilities

Soil contamination from accidental spills and leaks of oil products from construction equipment

Air quality impairment (SO2, CO2, NOx) from fuel combustion

Contamination of surface and groundwater from construction site spill of chemicals & oil products

Contamination of surface and groundwater from construction camp solid waste and domestic sewage

Noise from construction equipment

Improved employment opportunities and rural economy

Social and health problems from influx of job seekers and post-construction demobilisation of people

Good international work practices and planning will be in place

Dust control measures eg frequent wetting of work area

emissions from equipment and vehicles not significant but corrective measures will be in place


Provision of eco-toilet facilities at construction site

The impact is not significant but ear protectors will be used by workers


Training and skill transfer will be planned for construction work force



Project Action Potential Impact Mitigation

Operation of Facility Air quality impairment from flue gases

Turbine & generator noise nuisance

Pollution of surface and ground water from operational discharges and effluents & domestic wastes

Improved employment opportunities and rural economy

Improved social infrastructure and services

spread of diseases (transmitted by influx of people)

Increased risk to health and safety of inhabitants

Accidents & failures leading to fire, electric shocks and falls

Pollution from leakages of stored products due to corrosion of structure, pipe, etc.

Use of low smokestack SO2 and NOx equipment

ear protectors for workers; noise abatement tree belt buffer zone between work and the residential areas

bunded enclosures for storage of fuels and oils; planned drainage system & treatment of domestic liquid wastes prior to disposal (bio-digester for sewage)

Provision of sanitary facilities


Training and skill development plan for indigenes

Sound preventive public health prorgramme will be mounted

Fencing of plant site & creating environmental safety corridor; Provide education on the danger of electricity

Cathodic protection of structures

bunding/construction of dikes around fuel and chemical stores


CHAPTER EIGHT

ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT PLAN INTRODUCTIONEnvironmental management is a planned, integrated programme aimed at ensuring that unforeseen and unidentified impacts of a proposed project are contained and brought to an acceptable minimum. In conducting its business activities, FMP&S places a strong emphasis on maintaining safe and healthy working conditions for its personnel and minimising the effect of its activities on the natural environment. These objectives are achieved through the implementation of the policy and guidance that integrate environmental management approaches into its developmental and operational schemes and which typically addresses a number of environmental issues including the following: Identification of environmental sensitivities; Identification of potential significant impacts; Adoption of design measures or operational procedures that reduce impacts to acceptable

levels; Establishing emergency and contingency plans; Monitoring the effectiveness of environmental protection; and Auditing the success of the overall strategy.The EIA of Alaoji Power Station has addressed the impacts of the project. The results show that the impacts of the project are not severe and are thus acceptable. As part of the continuing process of management of Health, Safety and Environment issues relating to the project, the latter issues of monitoring and audit can now be addressed.In order to ensure that the environmental consideration and mitigation recommendations of the EIA are implemented and to guarantee the achievement of FMP&S’s Corporate Policy on environment and that the provisions of the Health and Safety plan are accommodated in subsequent stages of the projects, an Environmental Management Plan (EMP) has been developed. The EMP consists of plans, procedures and programmes, covering areas such as: the handling of hazardous materials and wastes, emission and discharge monitoring, site inspection and auditing and emergency response. It is formulated to ensure that the environmental mitigation requirements outlined in the EIA are central to the management of the implementation and operation of the proposed projects.The EMP has been comprehensively developed by following international standards for (environmental) management planning. It covers all the phases of the projects from project design to project decommissioning. The various responsibilities and tasks involved in implementing the EMP for the development project vary with the project stage and are summarized in Table 9.1. The key issues are briefly discussed below.


Table 8.1: SUMMARY OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT RESPONSIBILITIES FOR VARIOUS STAGES OF PROJECT

S/N Project Phase Action1 Project design Review design compliance with EMP and regulations

2 Project planning and scheduling

Setting up of an environmental focal point

3 Contingency planning Training, plan development and implementation4 Project mobilization Supervision of the process5 Construction phase supervision Supervision including inspection, monitoring, and

auditing activities6 Construction, demobilization Supervision of the process7 Operations and maintenance

phase supervisionSupervision including inspection, monitoring and auditing of activities

8 Project Decommissioning Post project monitoring and auditing (i) Waste Management GuidelinesDuring the construction and subsequent operation an maintenance phases, it is inevitable that discharges of materials to the environment will occur. If these are not controlled, they may act as a source of environmental disturbance or nuisance. All the wastes that cannot be re-used will be safely managed and disposed off in a manner that meets regulatory requirements. Below are the waste management guidelines and waste disposal systems that will be considered in this project.(ii) Waste InventoryThe primary wastes include exhaust emission gas – sulfur dioxide, carbon monoxide, construction materials, fuel storage containers, scrap metal and domestic and sewage wastes. These wastes shall first be segregated, minimized and/or disposed of in accordance with waste management standards as outlined in this Section of the report.

(iii) Inspections, Audits and Monitoring

During the course of construction and operation of facility, and eventual decommissioning of the project, agents of regulatory authorities and FMP&S shall conduct regular inspections to determine the level of compliance with the guidelines of the EMP and applicable regulations and statutes. Specifically, the FMENV waste discharge requirements (FEPA, 1994), and FMP&S waste management guidelines must be complied with. Site inspections by FMP&S and regulatory authorities shall be regular not necessarily according to any structured pattern. The inspection of facilities, in accordance with the industry practice, will be at least once in six months.

(iv) Monitoring Objectives

In order to measure and quantify the impacts of the project development on the receiving environment, the following monitoring objectives are established:

(i) Monitor alterations in existing physical, chemical, biological and social characteristics of the environment.

(ii) Determine whether any detected changes in environmental components are caused by the project or natural occurrences.


(iii) Determine the impacts of non compliance with EIA and EMP requirements by the contractor, in particular to monitor emissions and discharges and ensure compliance with local, national and international standards.

(iv) Determine the effectiveness of the ameliorating measures(v) highlight areas of concern unforeseen in the EIA and EMP and provide a basis for

recommending further amelioration measures.

(v) Impact Indicators

In identifying impact indicators, priority is given to environmentally sensitive areas, and in this regard, it is noteworthy that the entire project area falls under this category. Based on the results of baseline studies and consideration of FMENV limits, the following impact indicators (Table 9.2) are identified with the corresponding environmental components.

Table 9.2: Monitoring Impact IndicatorsEnvironmental Components Impact IndicatorsAtmospheric Particulates, Volume discharged, SOx, NOx,

CO, heavy and trace metals, and HC.Soil Texture, pH, Total Organic Carbon, Nutrients,

Heavy metalsWater Quality: DO, COD, BOD, pH, Nutrients, Turbidity,

TDS, TSS, Heavy metals, HardnessAquatic ecology Diversity, Abundance, Benthic FaunaSocio-Economic Health status

(vi) Monitoring Programme A monitoring programme is being designed which will meet the data needs of FMP&S for self enforcement of corporate policy and compliance with national and international regulatory standards. The programme is based on the status of the exist ing environment and the assessed incremental impact of the addit ional facil i t ies on areas designated as environmentally sensit ive. The proposed monitoring programme is shown in Tables 9.3a and 9.3b.


Table 9.3a: Environmental Monitoring Programme for the Alaoji Power Station development Project

ImpactParameter

Time ofImpact

Impact Indicator

FME Limits

Sampling Location

SamplingFrequency

SamplingMethod

MonitoringDuration

MonitoringPersonnel

Ambient Air Quality & particulate and gaseous emission

Site preparation,Construction &Operation of facility

TSP NO2

SO2

COHC

600g/m3

100 g/m3

300 g/m3

20 ppm

Receiving air - upwind &downwind of site

Daily, during site preparation, construction & for 1 month after; Once every three months during operation of facility

Air Sampler Short-term

Long-term

FMP&S Contractor(ENV)

Noise Site Preparation,Construction &Operation of facility

Noise Level 80 dBA (8-hr) Work Site and 100 m away

Daily (During site preparation, construction; Monthly during production

Decibel Noise Meter Short-term

Long-term

FMP&SContractor(ENV)

WaterQuality(Surface &Underground)

Site Preparation,Construction

pHTemperatureOil & GreaseSalinityCODBODTurbidityTDSTSSHeavy Metals

as specified in FMENV Guidelines

(i) Receiving water - 500m upstream &downstream of discharge point;(ii) Monitoring wells onsite & downgradient;

Daily during Land preparation & construction & for 1 month after

Water Sampler, Turbidi-meter and pH-meter

Short-term FMP&SContractor(ENV)

Soil Site Preparation,Operation of facility

Particle Size,Total Org C, Oil & Grease Heavy Metals,Nutrients,

50m each side of the Alaoji Power Station.

For at least 1 year after project commissioning

Visual Inspectionand Soil Sampler

Compliance,Data Bank Long-term FMP&S

Contractor(ENV)

Note:short-term = Duration of clearing/ConstructionLong-term = Duration of Operational activities


Table 9.3b: Outline Programme for Monitoring Impacts on the EnvironmentSt

age

Parameter to be monitored

Monitoring Location

Monitoring Modality

Measurements frequency

Monitoring Purpose

ResponsibilityInstallation Operation

Con

stru

ctio

n

Works compliance with the works corridor zone

Noise

Wastes (excavations resulting material and concrete wastes)

Waste waters

Vegetation

Working & neighbor zone

Working zone

Working Zone

Working Zone

Working and neighbor zone

Visual

Sound meter

Determining wastes volume existing in temporary pits and wastes loaded in lorries

By measuring the store tanks volume

By taking pictures

Permanent

Permanent in the zones where Alaoji Power Station passes residential areas

Each carriage monitoring on departure and at destination

Once a week

2 times at the beginning and at the end of works

Not exceeding the assigned to the project

Complying with the restrictions

To avoid discharges in non-authorized zones

To prevent uncontrolled discharges

Bringing back to initial state of the land temporarily

FM

P&S

FM

P&S

Ope

rati

on

Waste watersAnd Effluents from Plant

Working Zone

By measuring the store tanks volume

Once a week To prevent uncontrolled discharges

FM

P&S


(vii) Scope of MonitoringThe monitoring programme will be developed to verify the emissions and discharges based on existing national and international regulations on environmental pollution and on the findings in each monitoring campaign. The Environmental Guidelines and Standards for the Industry in Nigeria (FMENV, 1991) defines a required monitoring programme. The initial emissions and discharge monitoring programme is outlined in Table 9.2. The quality of the environment in the project area can be verified by focusing on measuring specific indicators of environmental quality parameters that are representative for the overall environmental quality and at the same time relatively easy to measure.(viii) Parameters to be MonitoredThe indicators of environmental quality of the surface water which will be monitored include:Dissolved oxygen Total N pH Biological or chemical oxygen demand (BOD or COD) Turbidity Oil and grease Heavy metals Discharges

- fluid discharges project operation;- recipient water monitoring ; and

EmissionsDuring construction, operations and maintenance of the proposed project, all emissions of air, water and noise shall comply with regulatory limits. In addition to the above programmes, monitoring will be undertaken for the following atmospheric emissions:

- Particulates- Volume discharged- SOx

- NOx

- CO- Heavy metals, and- HC

(ix) Monitoring MethodologyThe procedures for assessing the impacts of projects on the environment. include:

identifying the source and characteristics of all wastes generated;

quantifying emissions and discharges to the environment; and quantifying and qualifying land-take and its direct effect on terrestrial ecology.

This environmental assessment will continue to evolve along with the project, and is in fact the iterative process of impact mitigation. Monitoring and audit will continue throughout the life of these projects. Monitoring may involve measuring specific


indicators of environmental quality parameters and comparing with baseline levels. The frequency of this depends on the results of the monitoring and inspections. If the results of the monitoring measurements give rise to concern about the environmental quality of water and sediment, for example, more detailed surveys will be performed which may include the sampling and analysis of organisms living within the habitats of the project area.

9.2 Waste Management Strategies The strategies of waste management which will be adopted are summarised as follows: To reduce the volumes of wastes generated. To recycle and re-use waste where feasible. To treat hazardous waste and make them inert before disposal. To ensure safe and responsible collection, storage and disposal of all wastes. To provide auditable records of all waste streams. To monitor waste disposal activities in order to prevent future liabilities. To reduce the negative impact of the project operations on the environment.

9.3 Waste Management Programme Construction activities will result in the generation of a variety of wastes which can be divided into distinct categories based on their constituents, as follows:surplus excavated material (public fill) that require disposal;construction and demolition(C&D) waste;chemical waste; andmunicipal waste.The guideline for waste management would be used to further develop and articulate a tailored waste management plan that takes account of waste identification methods, waste storage, waste tracking, monitoring and audit of waste disposal sites.

Table 9.4: ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING PROGRAMME FOR THE ALAOJI POWER STATION DEVELOPMENT PROJECT

Discharge Type Impact Indicator

FMENV Limits SamplingFrequency

MonitoringPersonnel

Sewage and Domestic waste

ChlorideQuantity

Weekly Daily

FMP&S Contractor

Solid Wastes QuantitySegregated & treated according to current FMP&S Guidelines

Segregated & Quantity recorded weekly

FMP&S Contractor

Diesel oilLube oil

Volume Monthly

FMP&S Contractor

The environmental management measures would focus on reducing the production of dust, atmospheric emission, risks to life and accidents and energy efficiency and should include:


Developing procedures to minimise the generation of particulates around the site; Implementing noise abatement programmes (depending upon the sensitivity of neighbouring facilities); Maintenance and efficiency of any on-site abatement equipment and treatment plant.

Excavated MaterialsSome excavated material will be generated during the construction works. However, there is likely to be a net deficit of fill. It is anticipated that it will be reused on site thereby minimising the volume necessary for disposal. Where material is to be reused on site or where material is brought into the site from the identified source, (topsoil) may need to be stockpiled. Stockpiles have the potential to cause nuisance through fugitive emissions to air or increased suspended sediments of local water courses where materials are allowed to be eroded. This would be minimised as far as possible by the contractor. If the appropriate measures are taken for the management of stockpiles, impacts are not considered to be significant.Table 9.5 ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT PLAN FOR THE ALAOJI POWER STATION DEVELOPMENT PROJECT

Aspect Environmental hazard Impact Degree of Impact

Mitigation Measures

Site clearing and preparation

Physical disturbance Land-take, disturbance and loss of flora & fauna; Loss of property; Human displacementIncreased erosion potential

Acceptable adequate supervisionn during site clearing, preparationCompensation & Resettlement

Construction Dust & emission from earth moving equipmentIncreased traffic & noiseWastes discharge

Public health and nuisance; loss of wildlifesafetyWater quality and ecology

Acceptable Create safety zoneWater hauling siteLocate equipment 300m away from sensitive receptor

Operation & Maintenance

Air emissionNoiseRisk to life from Accidents

Human health Acceptable Motor speed related emission control Provision of ear defenders

Wastes discharge Water quality and ecology Acceptable Compliance with FMENV regulationsProvide waste Incinerator

Employment opportunities

Improved quality of life Acceptable Provide training to unskilled local labour

Decommissioning Wastes Human health Acceptable Standard waste disposal guidelines Human health, hydrology

Erosion potentialAcceptable Land rehabilitation:

re-vegetation

Waste Management The Waste Management Plan (WMP) shall be developed and implemented according to a best-practice philosophy of waste management. There are various waste management options, which can be categorised in terms of preference from an environmental viewpoint. The options considered to be more preferable have the least impacts and are more sustainable in a long-term context. Hence, the hierarchy is as follows:

avoidance and minimisation, i.e. avoiding or not generating waste through changing or

improving practices and design; reuse of materials, thus avoiding disposal (generally with only limited

reprocessing);


recovery and recycling, thus avoiding disposal (although reprocessing may be required); and

treatment and disposal, according to relevant laws, guidelines and good practice.

Inert excavated material and construction and demolition material deemed suitable should be re-used on site; Inert material deemed unsuitable for reuse on site, reclamation or land formation; and non-inert construction waste material should be disposed of at a landfill;The suitability (or otherwise) of material for reuse on site shall be detailed in the WMP. If, forany reason, the recommendations cannot be implemented, full justification should be given in the WMP for approval by FMENV.As identified above, there is anticipated shortfall in fill requirements and waste materials are expected to be reused on-site. Excavated material should be segregated, such that topsoil is stored separately from fill and treated accordingly to avoid degradation. Any stockpiles should be sited away from existing watercourses and suitably covered to prevent wind erosion and impacts air quality and water. 9.5 Monitoring ScheduleThe monitoring actions required and frequency will vary depending on the parameter to be determined and discharge type as summarized in Tables 9.2 and 9.3.9.6 Environmental Audit The effectiveness of the EIA process relies on the availability and quality of information and data. In order to ensure that the EIA process remains valid and robust, the monitoring data must be reliable. Audit schemes aim at verifying the effectiveness of environmental control and highlights areas of weakness in environmental management. The audits are focused on areas of project perceived to be environmentally sensitive and having the highest environmental risk. The environmental audit process provides an assessment of the project, environmental management strategies and the effectiveness of the system in fulfilling the Company's environmental policy. Regular audit would be carried out for every major facility during construction and operations and maintenance, including on-site processing and storage facilities, waste disposal facility, maintenance facilities and emergency response facilities

9.6.1 Contingency Planning

Despite all care and diligence exercised in project execution, accidents do occur. Accidents could occur from equipment failure or third party sabotage, all to the detriment of the environment. Consequently, Contingency Plans are usually made to handle such situations. Although serious incident is unlikely, FMP&S has in place a Contingency Plan which will be activated; regularly updated with periodic exercises conducted.9.6.2 Project Organization and ResponsibilitiesFMP&S has to establish a policy and schedule for responsibilities and training on matters relating to the environment. There is a line responsibility for which all level of staff is accountable. Line management will take full responsibility for environmental issues.


A focal point, the Management Safety, Health and Environmental (SHE) Committee will be set up to coordinate HSE performance and will be responsible for compliance with safety and environmental standards and regulations. The Committee shall be charged with the following specific tasks:

The developing and maintaining of the Environmental Management Plan (EMP) and associated plans for materials management, waste management, accident preparedness and response, inspection and monitoring, staff training;

The implementation of the Environmental Management Plan related tasks; Conducting or organising periodic audits; Initiating or organising corrective actions when necessary; Preparing and managing documentation related to environmental performance; Regular and incidental reporting to the FMP&S management; Liaising and reporting to the appropriate environmental regulatory authorities.

FMP&S’s management thus, affirms total commitment to safety and plans to ensure that all environmental considerations are integrated into related activities. Induction and training courses for staff are part and an effective parcel of environmental management system, which is of paramount importance to FMP&S.

9.7 Environmental Action PlanThis plan has been developed (Table 9.6) to meet the following specific short and long term objectives:

To ensure compliance with legislation and company policy; To achieve, enhance and demonstrate sound environmental

performance built around the principle of continuous improvement; To integrate environmental concerns fully into project operational

philosophies; To rationalize and streamline existing environmental activities to add

value to efficiency and effectiveness; To encourage and to achieve high performance and response from

individual employees and contractors; To provide standards for overall planning, operation, audit and review; To enable management to establish environmental priorities; To ensure that all stated objectives are applicable throughout the

organization.

9.6. Outline of planned environmental management measures

No. Action1. Action schedule for emergency cases (accidents) for obtaining the Environment Accord

Construction stage2. Restricted working hours (near localities, during performance of urgent agricultural works etc.)3. Control of excavations and wastes management (place, land clearing off frequency in Alaoji Power

Station zone, removal modality)4. Zone supervising and effect upon vegetation restraining beyond the working corridor5. Waste waters collecting, transport to a sewerage system. Complementary services if necessary6. Public information about possible disagreements caused by the civil works


7. Public information about access restrictions in the zone8. Completion of works within the shortest time, clean zone preserving9. Traffic schedule performance for aggregates equipment, lorries and protection equipment operation10. Forbidding of any material discharge into ground waters11. Monitoring of works and environment quality

Operat ion Stage12. Working out of the environmental impact monitoring design 13. Public relation and information about the operation effects on the environment and inhabitants of the

region, presence of risk warning plates14 Maintenance of Alaoji Power Station facilities under good 15. Checking up of the earthing system technical condition of Alaoji Power Station16. Action schedule in emergency cases, fire resulting from short-circuit between conductors, earthlings,

steel structures energizing , on-load conductors dropping into streams, vs. necessary equipping for diminishing the effect of these failures

9.8 Follow-up Action Plan:The FMENV is expected to conduct surprise inspection from time to time to confirm the compliance with its standards. Signs of poor housekeeping should be noted in the inspection of facility; Procurement of the monitoring equipment to analyze voltage output, emission, ambient air quality, noise and water quality; Provision of adequate personal protective equipment, particularly effective protection

against inhalation of particulate matter, electocution and ear protectors; The age of process equipment and the presence of emission abatement technology; The means of transport to and from the site and the associated impacts; The boundary of the site should be walked to determine the adjacent properties/facilities

and their sensitivity; Views of stakeholders on the operation at the facility; The disposal routes of any collected waste; Contact should be made with the local regulatory agencies to determine compliance record and whether complaints have been made by the public;

Annual compilation of all the monitoring results and highlight of the activities related to facility safety and the environment of the quality control unit;9.0 Inter-Agency and Public/NGOThe EIA work shall be carried out in close cooperation with FMP&S. The Consultant shall assist in coordinating the Environmental Assessment with other governmental agencies, notably the FMENV, SMENV, Wildlife Conservation Organization (WCO) and in communicating with and obtaining the views of local affected groups and persons and NGOs, particularly in cases of power generation. Relevant institutions or individuals should be consulted and the outcome of consultation should be forwarded.

10. COMPENSATION AND RESETTLEMENT PLAN Alaoji Power station will be established on 10ha area. As the lost cultivated land economic crops, and property within the proposed project area cannot be recovered elsewhere, affected farmers will be compensated to offset the lost production and revenue or resettled. Impacts on agricultural output and revenue, are expected to be insignificant after compensation. The potential land acquisition, compensation and resettlement requirements will be determined in accordance with the World Bank’s


Operational Directive on Involuntary Resettlement. A resettlement plan will be prepared based on the number of persons to be affected and government or private owned properties to be expropriated because of the project. Costs to mitigate this problem, or dislocate the affected persons, if any will be estimated. The lists of those persons to be (fully and partially) affected by the project with the farmlands to be taken (permanently), fruit and other trees to be removed and other related issues will also be assessed.

The national and State laws and regulations on resettlement in Nigeria now substantially meet the requirements of international funding agencies. The structure and content of the RAPs basically follow models provided by such funding agencies as the World Bank and the African Development Bank. Major sections are devoted to the project background, project effect, legal framework, cost estimates, resettlement and recovery planning, organizational structure, participation and consultation processes, monitoring, reporting, and grievance and appeal. Considerable detail is provided in tables in the RAP. For example, in addition to a list of the affected population, information is provided on such specific vulnerable groups as families headed by women, the elderly, the disabled, the very poor, and national minorities.


CHAPTER NINE

CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS

The Alaoji Power Station project has potential impacts of varying degrees on many aspects of the physical, ecological and social environment of the project area. This EIA has identified and addressed the major environmental issues and provided adequate mitigating measures and EMP. The environmental impacts of the Project will take place during construction, operation, and decommissioning. The environmental impacts during construction will primarily be from noise and dust. The potential impacts during operation will be noise from the generators and cooling towers; risk from oil spill and fire; air pollution from flue gas emissions, specifically SO2 and NOx. The main impact during decommissioning is the disposal of soil that might be contaminated with spilled fuel and lubricants. Impact levels are low on soil and land use, water quality, fauna and flora, vegetation and positive on the socio-economic aspects and the population. Interference of the proposed project with cultural relics and historic sites is negligible. Overall, industry and the social economy are projected to benefit greatly from the completion of the Alaoji Power Station project.

The results of the EIA have demonstrated that:

although the existing environmental conditions of the Alaoji Power Station project area are not in a pristine state, they present no overriding environmental constraints to project development;

the ecosystem is of high environmental value that should be protected from development activities impacts;

with the adoption of the mitigation measures and Environmental Management Plan (EMP) established by the EIA process, as well as those proposed by FMP&S policy and guidelines, the overall environmental impact of the power plant will not be significant.



APPENDICES

67

APPENDIX A: References African Development Bank. 2001. ‘Environmental and Social Assessment Procedures: Public Sector Operations of the African Development Bank.Agunloye,O.,1984. Soil aggressivity along steel pipeline route at Ajaokuta. Journal of Mining and Geology, Vol.21, Nos. 1 & 2, pp. 97 - 101.Allen, S. E; Grinshaw, H. M.; Parkinson, J. A. and Quarmby, C. (1974). Chemical Analysis of Ecological Materials. Blackwell Scientific Publications, OxfordAngenheister, G, Ed., 1982. Physical Properties of Rocks. In Landolt-Bornstein, New Series. 1b. Springer-Verlag.APHA, AWWA, APCF (1980): Standard methods for the examination of water and waste water. New York.Asseez, I.O., 1976. Review of the Stratigraphy, Sedimentation and Structure of the Niger Delta. In Geology of Nigeria. (Edited by Kogbe, C.A.). Elizabethan Publishing Co. Lagos. Nigeria. pp 259-272.Buchanan, R.E. and Gibbons, N.E. (1974): Bergey's manual of Determinative bacteriology. 8th ed. The Williams and Wilkins Company Baltimore USA.Burke, K., 1976. Neogene and Quartenary Tectonics of Nigeria. In Geology of Nigeria. Ekundayo, J.A.(1987). Microbiological study of the receiving waters. In: Final Report of the effects of effluent discharges from western and eastern operational area of Shell Petroleum Development Company of Nigeria on the quality and microbiological production within the Niger Delta, Nigeria. Chapter 4, pp. 197-260.FAO (1979): Handbook of Utilization of Aquatic plants. FAO Fisheries Technical paper No 187. FIRI/T187, Rome.Federal Environmental Protection Agency, the Presidency, Abuja, 1995. ‘Environmental Impact Assessment Procedural Guidelines’.Federal Surveys (1978) Atlas Map of the Federal Republic of Nigeria. 1st Edition. Federal Surveys, Lagos. Nigeria. 136 pp.FORMECU (1998). ‘Vegetation and Land Use Changes in Nigeria.’

Fritch, F.E. (1961): The Structure and reproduction of the algae Vol. 1: Cambridge University Press.Geological Survey Division, (1974): Geological Map of Nigeria. Publication, Federal Ministry of Mines and Power, Nigeria.Golterman, H.L. Chymo, R.S., and Ohristead, M.A.N. (1978): Methods for Physical and Chemical Analysis of Freshwater. IBP Handbook No. 8. Blackwell Scientific Publications. Oxford.

Government of Nigeria, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development; Federal Department of Forestry (1977). ‘Vegetation and Land Use data compiled on Side Looking Airborne Radar’.

Greig-Smith, P. (1983). Qualitative Plant Ecology (3rd edition) Blackwell Scientific Publication, Oxford.Haslam, S.M. (1978): River Plants: The Macrophytic Vegetation of Water Courses. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.Henriet, J.P., 1976: Direct Application of the Dar Zarrouk Parameters in Groundwater Survey. Geophysical Prospecting, Vol. 24, pp 344-353.

68

Iloeje, N.P. (1981): A New Geography of Nigeria. New Revised Edition, Longman Nig. Ltd., Ikeja, Nigeria. pp. 44.Kemp, P.H. (1971): Chemistry of Natural Waters - IV. Classification of Water. Water Research, Vol. 5, pp. 943-956.Mackereth, F.J.H., Heran, J. and Talling J.F. (1978). Water Analysis: Some Methods for Limnologists. Freshwater Biological Association Scientific Publication No. 36.Moses, B.S. (1983): Introduction to Tropical Fisheries Studies in the Biology of Africa-1. University of Ibadan Press.Needham, J.G. and Needham, P.R. (1962): A guide to the study of freshwater biology. 5th ed. Holden-day, Inc., San Francisco.Offodile,M.E..1992. An approach to groundwater study and development in Nigeria. Mecon Services Ltd.,Jos. Nigeria. pp 138.Okafor, N. (1985): Aquatic and waste microbiology Fourth Dimension Publishers. Nigeria.Olutoge, F.F. (1996). Groundwater Hydrology. In "Development and Management of Groundwater Resources. University of Ibadan. April 15-19, 1996. 15pp.Parsms, T.R., Maita, Y. and Lalli, C.M. (1984): A Manual of Chemical and Biological Rapport, D.J. and Whiteford, W.G. (1999). How ecosystem respond to stress? Bioscience 49(3): 193-203.Salle, A.J. (1973). Fundamental principles of bacteriology. McGraw-Hill Book Company. 7th ed.Sanford, W.W. (1982). Savanna. A general Review pp. 3-23 In: Nigerian Savanna. Selected paper from State of Knowledge Workshop, W.W. Sanford, H.M. Yesufu and J.S.O. Ayeni (eds) KLRI, New Bussa, NigeriaScience, Energy, Environemtal Management Systems (SEEMS), 2004 Environmental Monitoring and Impact Assessment – ‘Proceedings of an International Workshop’ Frimay Press, Lagos. Eds.Oluwole A.F., Obioh I.B., et alShort,K.C. and Stauble,A.J.,1969. Outline of geology of the Niger Delta. Bull. Am. Assoc. Petrol. Geology. Vol. 54. pp. 761 - 779.

The Presidency, Federal Republic of Nigeria, 1992. ‘National Environmental Impact Assessment Decree No. 86’.

The WorldBank Operational Policies (OP 4.01). “Environmental Assessment”USEPA (1979): Methods for Chemical Analysis of Water and Wastes. Environmental Monitoring and Support Laboratory, Cincinnati, Ohio 45268. EPA - 600/4-79-020 (March, 1979).Ward, N.I. 2004, ‘Multi elemental Analysis of Natural Waters by ICP-MS’ in Enviromental Monitoring and Impact Assessment eds. Oluwole, A.F., Obioh I.B et all.Westphal, A. (1976): Protozoa. Blackie. Glasgow and London.WHO, 2005, ‘Air Quality Guidelines global update

69

APPENDIX B: Analytical Methods Used1 SOIL

Soil pHPrior to laboratory analysis, soil samples were air-dried, gently crushed with pestle in agate mortar and passed through 2-mm sieve. The less than 2-mm fractions were retained for the following analysis. This was determined in 1:2 soil-water ratio after allowing for 30-minute equilibration.Particle Size DistributionParticle size analysis was carried out using the hydrometer method with Sodium hexametaphosphate as dispersing agent as described by Day (1953).Organic MatterThis was determined by the acidified dichromate digestion and ferrous ammonium sulphate titration method of Walkley and Black (1934).Available PhosphorusAvail-P was extracted by the Bray-No 1 procedure (0.03N NH4F + 0.025 N HCl). The P-concentration was then determined colorimetrically by the molybdo-phosphoric and -blue technique.Exchangeable Cations (Na+, K+, Mg2+, Ca2+)These were extracted with 1N neutral (pH 7.0) ammonium acetate solution. The K and Na were determined using Collins Flame Analyzer while Ca and Mg concentrations were determined by Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer.Exchangeable AcidityThis comprises Al3+ and H+

which were extracted by 1N KCl solution and titrated against 0.05 N standard solution of NaOH.Cation Exchange Capacity (CEC)This was computed as the sum of the exchangeable bases (Na+, K+, Mg2+, Ca2+) and exchangeable acidity (Al3++H+).Base SaturationThis was computed as the sum of cations expressed as a percent of the effective cation exchange capacity.Exchangeable Fe+++

For this analysis, 2.5g of the finely ground soil sample was shaken in a conical flask with 25ml of 1N ammonium acetate for 1 hour and then filtered into plastic containers. Iron Fe+++) was determined using an Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer. The concentrations of this cation was calculated with reference to the dilution on factor and expressed in milligram equivalent per 100g of soil (meg/100/gsoil).Total-NitrogenThis was determined by the semi-micro kjeldahl digestion method. The ammonia was absorbed into the boric acid mixed indicator solution and then titrated with standard 0.01N sulphuric acid solution.ChlorideA 1:2½ soil-water suspension was shaken for one hour on orbit shaken. The suspension was filtered using suction pump. The chloride content was determined by titration with 0.1N AgNO3 solution and potassium chromate as internal standard.

70

Sulphate SulphurPotassium phosphate monobasic (KH2PO4) was used for the extraction and SO4-S of the extract was gravimetrically determined by barium chloride method as in Black (1965).Oil & GreaseThe oil content (grease) of the soils was determined by shaking 10g of a representative soil sample with 10ml of toluene and the oil extracted measured at 420mm using a spectronic 20 spectrophotometer. Absorbance was read directly. With reference to standard curve and multiplication by the appropriate dilution, factor, the hydrocarbon concentration was calculated. Heavy MetalsThe dried sub-samples were used in this analysis. The samples were finely ground to facilitate accurate measurements. Four grams (4gm) of this sample was weighed and put into a 250ml beaker to which was added 100ml of distilled water and 1ml of analytical grade concentrated HNO3 (specific gravity 1.42). A foaming reaction on addition of the acid indicated the presence of carbonates, in which case the acid was slowly added. Then 10ml of analytical grade concentrated HCI (specific gravity 1.19) was added. The beaker was covered with ribbed watch glasses and heated on hot plate at 950C, care was taken not to allow the solution to boil our bump by addition of anti bumping substances to prevent splattering and hence affecting the accuracy of the measurements. Heating was continued until 10-15ml of the solution was left in the beaker. This was then brought down, allowed to cool before being filtered into a 100ml volumetric flask and made up to volume with distilled water. The digested filtrate was used for the determination of the various trace metals by the Atomic Absorption/Flame Emission Spectrophotometer (SHIMADZU MODEL AA-670).Soil MicrobiologyThe soil samples were first subjected to conditioning by storing first in a refrigerator and then at room temperature for two days in order to restore normal microbial activities and avoid fluctuations in the numbers due to sporulation.The conditioned samples were then ground in stomacher homogenizer in the collection bag to break up lumps. One gramme of the soil sample was weighed and added to 99ml sterile enrichment mineral solution in 250ml comical flasks. The samples were shaken for 6hr at room temperature in a Gallenkamp incubator shaker at 80-100 rev/min.

Dilution/media for cultivationSerial dilutions in sterile water put to 10-6 were prepared. The highest dilution was used for the enumeration of hydrocarbon decomposing bacteria and for the determination of total bacterial counts on mineral salt plus 1% hydrocarbon containing media with the addition of an antifungal agent and on plate count agar, respectively.Inoculation/incubationOne ml aliquot from the highest dilution was pipetted into sterile pets dishes placed on a rotating plate holder and the media was poured over. The plates were rotated until the media was partially set, covered and incubated at 35oC for 48h for total bacterial count and for hydrocarbon decompresers at 30oC for 14 days. Counts were expressed as cfu/ml/g substrate after counting on a colony counter.

II WATER

71

The parameters measured in the laboratory include: pH, conductivity, total suspended solids, total dissolved solids, chloride, total alkalinity, hardness, sulphate, phosphate, nitrate, turbidity, chemical oxygen demand, oil and grease, surfactant, iron and heavy metals. Details and principles of the methods are as shown below:Electrical ConductivityThe electrical conductivity of the samples were measured using Lovibond conductivity meter (Type CM-21).

Total Suspended SolidsThis parameter was measured by the gravimetric method (APHA, 1995). Water samples, 200ml were filtered through pr-weighed 0.5 u membrane filters. The filters were then dried to constant eight in an oven at 103 – 105oC.

Chloride

The Chloride content was determined by Mohr’s method potassium chromate indicator solution was added to the water sample and titrated with silver nitrate (which reacts with chlorides/bromides in water to form precipitates of the corresponding salts) to the formation of brick-red silver chromate precipitate as the end point. (APHA, 1975) limit of detection is 1.0mg/l.

Total AlkalinityTotal Alkalinity was determined by titrating 100ml of the water samples with 0.02N H2SO4 solution using methyl orange as the indicator (APHA, 1975) limit of detection is 1.0mg/l as CaCO3.

SulphateSulphate was determined by the turbidimeter method (APHA, 1975) colloidal Barium sulphate was formed by the reaction of sulphate with barium ion in a barium chloride-hydrochloric acid solution in the presence of glycerol ad ethyl alcohol. The colour intensity was measured using spectrophotometer (Spectronic 20) at 420mm wavelength. Limit of detection is 1.0mg/l. Sulphide was measured by a titrimetric (iodine) method (APHA, 1975). PhosphatePhosphate was determined by the Stannous Chlorine method (APHA), 1975, (Galley et al. 1975). Phosphate in water reacts with ammonium molybdate in acidic medium to form molybdo-phosphoric acid, which is reduced to molybdenum blue complex by stannous chloride. The intensity of colour was measured using Spectronic 20 (Spectrophotometer) at 690mm. The limit of detection is 0.05mg/l.NitrateThe nitrates content of the samples was determined by the Brucine-Sulphate method (APHA, 1975). To 2ml of the water sample, was added 2ml of H3SO4 and 0.2ml of Brucine sulphate heated in a water bath. The intensity of the resultant yellow coloration was measured using a spectrophotometer (Spectronic 20) at 410nm. Limit of detection is 0.5mg/l.Chemical Oxygen Demand

72

The chemical oxygen demand (COD) was determined using the Permanganate method as modified by Welcher (1975). It is a titrimetric method and the COD is recorded as the permanganate value in mg/l.Oil and GreaseOil and grease was measured after pre-extracting 100ml sample with 10.0ml carbon tetrachloride, using a Horiba Oil Content Analyzer (OCMA-200, range 0 – 100 ppm).Heavy MetalsHeavy metals were determining by direct aspiration using a varian Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer (AAS) model AA-10 with manual sample changer equipped with a C.T.A graphic table atomizer.

III AIR QUALITYSuspended Particulate Matter

Pre-weighed filter paper are placed in a high volume air sampler, air is then sucked into the unit containing the filter paper within the sampler for 4 hours. The filter paper is then re-weighed, with the old weight subtracted from the new and the difference is the weight of the particulate in air. This is then subjected to some conversion and represented in parts per million (ppm).

Hydrocarbon Gases (VOC)

The equipment is switched on and using the various buttons for measurement of the various gases, the values are read out automatically. Readings are only taken when the values have stabilised, that is, when the values are no longer rising or falling. Usually the equipment is allowed enough time to suck in air and analyse to obtain representative sample readings. Time interval between measurements of the various hydrocarbon gases is about 5 minutes. Each analyte was estimated more than once for good representation.

Ammonia (NH3), Carbon Monoxide (CO), Sulphur Oxides (SOx), Nitrogen Oxides (NOx), and Hydrogen Sulphide (H2S)

Lamotte Air Pollution Test Equipment with Lamotte® Model BD Air Sampling Pump was used with appropriate absorbing solutions and reagents recommended for each parameter.

73

APPENDIX C: Results of Studies in the Study Area 1. AIR QUALITY INDICATORS2.1. Dry SeasonLocation, Date Time Run Duration Leq dB Lmax dB Peak dBC L1 L10 L50 L90L95 Lmin

(hh:mm:ss)

A 8/6/2006 9:20:02 00:10:00 68.1 82.8 119.4 77.7 72.3 60.6 50.849.1 47.6

B 8/6/2006 10:17:23 00:09:59 55.7 74.5 100.4 68.6 55.1 39.1 37.537.5 37.2 D 8/6/2006 11:56:22 00:04:24 55.2 68.5 90 64 58.8 49.6 40.539.3 38.7

D 8/6/2006 12:01:22 00:08:55 57.8 77.6 101.8 67.5 60.7 46.2 3635.1 31.9

D 8/6/2006 12:10:44 00:02:13 63.1 77.8 111.4 71.6 66.1 58.1 45.942.6 39 F 8/6/2006 12:53:24 00:09:59 58.7 76.3 104 68.2 62.5 51.1 41.540.3 38.5

G 8/6/2006 1:58:31 00:09:59 66.2 79.8 101.3 75.3 69.6 62.6 4945.7 41.3

H 8/6/2006 4:07:06 00:09:59 61.8 81.7 100 71.1 65.1 51 42.741.9 40.1

I 8/6/2006 4:46:11 00:09:59 67.7 85.2 117.6 78.6 69.5 61.6 52.149.3 43.8

J 8/6/2006 5:17:25 00:09:59 68.3 80.7 105.9 77.4 72.3 63.4 52.150 45.1

K 8/6/2006 5:47:59 00:09:59 69.2 79.8 105.6 77.7 73.2 64.7 52.449.5 44.2

N 9/6/2006 7:59:58 00:09:59 65 80.7 117.3 76.7 67.6 58 48.946.2 40

O 9/6/2006 8:41:02 00:04:50 73.2 88.2 106 84.8 74.8 69.6 63.362.6 61.1

2.2. Wet SeasonLocation, Date Time Run Duration Leq dB Lmax dB Peak dBC L1 L10 L50 L90L95 Lmin

(hh:mm:ss)

A 8/22/2006 11:06:00 00:09:41 60.6 79.9 114.9 70.5 62.4 56.9 53.352.5 49.3

B 8/23/2006 8:55:41 00:09:59 62.9 79.2 105.2 73.5 65.9 56.1 48.144.6 39.8

C 8/23/2006 10:52:28 00:09:59 57.9 73.2 94.5 68.7 61.3 51.9 42.541.1 38.2

D 8/23/2006 12:50:42 00:09:59 56.7 75.1 96.4 68.7 59.3 45.4 39.338.9 37.6

D 8/23/2006 1:03:46 00:09:59 36.9 57.4 90.5 45.5 39 33.3 29.628.9 26.6

E 8/23/2006 2:35:31 00:09:59 46.4 60.8 91.6 56.8 49.6 40.6 3230.6 28

E 8/23/2006 2:47:52 00:10:00 46.6 66.3 92.4 55.8 50.1 39.9 33.932.7 31.5

G 8/23/2006 6:17:53 00:09:59 71.7 83.1 105.6 79.7 75.7 68.1 56.350.7 44.3

I 8/24/2006 10:25:01 00:09:59 72.9 93.7 106.6 84.5 75.2 63.1 50.748.9 44

I 8/24/2006 10:42:22 00:10:00 66.7 82.5 100.8 76.4 70.4 61.7 55.253.2 47.5L 8/24/2006 11:32:15 00:05:52 64.8 83.8 105.6 74.3 66.8 54.5 43.541.9 39.8

74

L 8/24/2006 11:39:35 00:09:59 63.8 80.2 107.7 74.4 67.2 52.3 42.241.2 40

L 8/24/2006 11:54:30 00:09:59 68 82.4 110 78.2 72.3 59.6 5047.6 44.6M 8/24/2006 12:34:36 00:09:59 63.4 78.5 109.3 73.9 67.8 52.5 42.140.9 39.4

M 8/24/2006 12:51:05 00:09:59 61.8 78.8 100.1 73.2 64.6 53.7 43.841.8 39.6

N 8/24/2006 2:48:10 00:09:59 66.4 83.6 102.2 77.7 69.2 58.2 47.145.3 42.5

N 8/24/2006 3:00:09 00:09:59 66 80.5 100.6 75.7 69.7 60.6 51.448.1 43.5

75

2. Occurrence and Distribution of Bacterial Isolates in Water Body of the Study AreaTaxon Sampling Station

1 2 3 4 5 % Occurrence

Bhodespirillum sp. 0

Pseudomonas aexuginesa

+ + + + + 56

Pseudomonas elurrescens

4

Pseudomonas maltophilia

+ 4

Pseudomonas pseudomallei

+ 15

Pseudomonas stutzeri 0

Enterobacter aerogenes

+ 4

Escherichia coli 0

Escherichia intermedium

+ 4

Klebsiella edwardsii + + 25

Klebsiella ozoenae + 12

Klebsoella pneumoniae

+ + 65

Proteus morganella 16

Proteus mirabilis 8

Proteus rettgeri 4

Proteus vulgaris 0

Salmonella typhosa 4

Citrobacter freundii 0

Cellulomonas riazota 8

Acinetobacter mallei 4

Aerococcus viridans 0

Bacillus anthracis 0

Actinomyces bovis 10

Streptomyces sp. 0

Total Number of Species

5 2 3 2 2

Key

+ Presence Absence

76

3. Occurrence and Distribution of Fungal Isolates in Water Body of the Study Area

Taxon Sampling Station


Absidia sp. 20

Aspergillus glaucus + + 28

Aspergillus niger 4

Aspergillus fumigatus

4

Botyris sp. 0

Cephalosporium sp. 8

Cladophora werneckii

+ + 0

Cladosporium herbarum

24

Microspurius audowinii

0

Microsporium canis 0

Muror biemalis + 8

Mucor mucedo + + + 48

Penicillium camemberti

12

Penicillium expansium

8

Penicillium italicum 8

Pullularia pullularis + 16

Rhizopus japonicus + 24

Rhizopus oryzae 8

77

Taxon Sampling Station


Rhizopus stolonifer 4

Tirichosporon sp. + 4

Trichoderma sp. 4

Trichophyton interdigitale

0

Trichophyton mentagrophyte

8

Scoputariopsis brevicaulis

4

Total Number of Species

1 5 3 0 2

Key

+ Presence Absence

78

4. Species Isolates and Outline Classification of Bacteria in the Investigated Water Source

DIVISION PROTOPHYTA

CLASS SCHIZOMYCETES

ORDER PSEUDOMONADALES

SUBORDER RHODOBACTERIINEAE

Family Athiorhodacea

Rhodospirillum sp.

Family Pseudomonadaceae

Pseudomanas aeruginosePseudomonas fluorescensPseudomonas maltophiliaPseudomonas pseudomalleiPseudomonas stutzeri

ORDER EUBACTERIALES

Family Enteriobacteriaceae

Tribe EscherichieaeEnterobacter aerogenes Escherichia coliEscherichia intermediumKlebsiella edwardsii Klebsiella ozoenaeKlebsiella pneumoniae

Tribe Proteaea Proteus morganellaProteus mirabilis Proteus rettgeri Proteus vulgaris Citrobacter freundii

Tribe SalmondleaeSalmonella typhosa

Family CorynebacteriaceaeCellulomonas riazota

Family NisseriaceaeAcinetobacter maillei

Family MicrococcaceaeAerococcus viridans

Family BacillaceaeBacillus anthracis

ORDER ACTINOMYCETALES

Family ActrnomycetaceaeActinomyces bavis

Family StreptomycetaceaeStreptomyces sp.

79

APPENDIX D: Environmental Standards

1: Effluent Limitation/Guidelines in Nigeria for all Categories of Industries (FEPA, 1991) FEPA DPR

Parameters Units in Milligram per litre (mg/l)Unless Otherwise Stated

Limit for Discharge into Surface Water

Limit for Land Application

Temperature Less than 40oC within 15 minutes of out fall

Less than 40oC Less than 20oC

Colour (Lovibond Units) 7 - Less than 35oCpH 6 – 9 6 – 9 6.5 – 8.3BOD5 at 20oC 50 500 10Total Suspended Solids 30 - 30Total Dissolve Solids 2,000 2,000 2,000Chloride (as CI) 600 600 600Sulphate (as SO4

2-) 500 1,000Sulphide (as S2-) 0.2 -Cyanide (as CN-) 0.1 - -Detergents (linear alkylated suphonate as methylene blue active substance) 15 15Oil and Grease 10 30Nitrate (as NO3) 20 -Phosphate (as PO4

3-) 5 10Arsenic (as As) 0.1 -Barium (as Ba) 5 5Manganese (as Mn) 5 -Phenolic Compounds (as phenol) 0.2 -Chlorine (free) 1.0 - -Cadmium, Cd Less than 1 - 0.5Chromium (trivalent and hexavalent) Less than 1 - 0.1Copper Less than 1 - 1.5Lead Less than 1 - 0.05Tin (as Sn) 10 10Iron (as Fe) 20 - 1Mercury 0.05 - -Nickel Less than 1 -Selenium Less than 1 -Silver 0.1 -Zinc Less than 1 - 1.0Total Metals 3 -Calcium (as Ca2+) 200 -Magnesium (as Mg2+) 200 -Boron (as B) 5 5Alkyl Mercury Compounds Not detectable Not detectablePolychlorinated Biphenyls (PCBs) 0.003 0.003Pesticides (Total) Less than 0.01 Less than 0.01Alpha Emitter, uc/ml 10-7 -Beta Emitters, uc/ml 10-6 -Coliforms (daily average) 400MP/100ml 500MP/100mlSuspended Fibre - -COD 409 40Turbidity (NTU) - - 10

80

2: Emission limits for specific pollutants from stationary sources

Substance Limits (mg/m3)Acid gasesAldehydesAmmoniaAntimonyArsenicAsbestos fibreBenzeneBenylliumCadmiumCarbonCarbon dioxideCarbon disulphideChlorideCopperFormuldehydeFluorineFluorine compoundsHeavy metals (Total)HydrocarbonHydrochloric acidHydrofluoric acidHydrogen fluorideHydrogen sulphideLeadManganeseMercuryNickelNickel carbonylNitric acidNitrogen oxidesOrganic compoundsSulphur dioxideSulphuric acidSulphuric trioxideSulphur trioxide and sulphuric acid mistSmokeVinyl chloride

200-9, 000203kg/hour20-10020-100NS24.0kg/hour0.11.0-4050-25010% by volume100-5003.0-200200.5kg/hour1.0-10020-5010.0501001001.02305-1,50010-1000.1kg/hour1.0-230200.5500-4,000350-1005030-3,0005.0-1000100-2000.8kg/ton acidRinglemann No 210-200 ppm

Source: FEPA Guidelines and Standard, 1991

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3: Emission Standards, Environmental (Motor Vehicle noise) Regulations 1987 (Environmental Quality Act 1974)

Item Category of Vehicle Maximum Sound Level Permitted (dBA)

3 Used for the carriage of goods. Permitted maximum weight does not exceed 3.5 tons. Engine is less than 200 hp DIN

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6 Used for the carriage of goods. Permitted maximum weight exceeds 3.5 tons. Engine is less than 200 hp DIN

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7 Used for the carriage of goods. Permitted maximum weight foes not exceed 3.5 tons. Engine is 200 hp DIN or more.

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Source: Environmental Quality Act 1974 and Regulations

4: Nigeria Ambient Air Quality Standard (FEPA, 1991)

Pollutants Time of Average LimitParticuclatesSulphur OxidesSulphur DioxideNon-Methane HydrocarbonCarbon MonoxideNitrogen Oxides(Nitrogen Dioxide)Photochemical Oxidants

Daily Average of hourly values (1 hour)Daily Average of hourly values ( 1 hour)Daily Average of hourly values ( 1 hour)Daily Average of hourly values (3 hourly averages)Daily Average of hourly values (8 hourly average)Daily Average of hourly values (range)Hourly Values

250ug/m3

600ug/m3

0.01ppm

160ug/m3

10ppm(20ppm)0.04-0.06ppm0.06

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5: Noise Exposure Limits for Nigeria (FEPA, 1991)

Duration/Day-Hours Permissible Exposure Limit dB(A)8 906 924 953 972 100

1½ 1021 105½ 110¼ 115

Impulsive or Impact Noise < 140 dB, Peak

6: International Finance Corporation (IFC) /World Bank Policies and Guidelines

Ambient AirConcentrations of contaminants, measured outside the project boundary, should not exceed the following limits:

Particulate Matter (<10m) Annual Arithmetic Mean 100 g/m3

Maximum 24 hour Average 500 g/m3

Nitrogen Oxides, as NO2

Annual Arithmetic Mean 100 g/m3


Sulfur Dioxide

Annual Arithmetic Mean 100 g/m3


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7: Workplace Air QualityThreshold limit values (TLVs):

Arsenic 0.5 mg/m3

Carbon Monoxide 29 mg/m3

Copper 1 mg/m3

Free Silica 5.0 mg/m3

Hydrogen Cyanide 11 mg/m3

Hydrogen Sulfide 14 mg/m3

Lead, Dusts & Fumes, as Pb 0.15 mg/m3

Nitrogen Dioxide 6 mg/m3

Particulate (Inert or Nuisance Dusts) 10 mg/m3

Sulfur Dioxide 5 mg/m3

8: Workplace NoiseAmbient Noise levels should not exceed 85dBA

9: Liquid EffluentspH 6 to 9BOD5 50 mg/lOil and Grease 20 mg/lTotal Suspended Solids 50 mg/lTemperature – at the edge of Max 5oC above ambient temperatureA designated mixing zone receiving waters – max 3oC if receiving waters>28oC

Residual Heavy MetalsArsenic 1.0 mg/lCadmium 0.1 mg/lChromium, Hexavalent 0.05 mg/lChromium, Total 1.0 mg/lCopper 0.3 mg/lIron, Total 2.0 mg/lLead 0.6 mg/lMercury 0.002 mg/lNickel 0.5 mg/lZinc 1.0 mg/l

1Source: The World Bank policies and guidelines, supplemented with information from OECD sources and the proposed revisions to the World Bank guidelines.

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CyanideIn no case should the concentration in the receiving water outside of a designated mixing zone exceed 0.022mg/lFree Cyanide 0.1 mg/lTotal Cyanide 1.0 mg/lWeek Acid Dissociable 0.5 mg/l

Measures to prevent access by wildlife and livestock are required for all openwaters (examples tailings impoundments and pregnant leach ponds) where WAD cyanide is in excess of 50 mg/l.

10: Ambient Noise

Maximum Allowable Leq (hourly), in dB(A)Receptor Day time

07:00 – 22:00Night time

22:00 – 07:00Residential;Institutional;EducationalIndustrial;Commercial

55

70

45

70

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11: Inorganic constituents for drinking water quality (Source: WHO, 1993)

Characteristic Health-based guidelineAntimony (mg/l) 0.005Arsenic mg/l 0.01Barium mg/l 0.7Boron mg/l 0.3Cadmium mg/l 0.003Chromium mg/l 0.05Copper mg/l 2Cyanide mg/l 0.07Fluoride mg/l 1.5Lead mg/l 0.01Manganese mg/l 0.5Mercury mg/l 0.001Molybdenum mg/l 0.07Nickel mg/l 0.02Nitrate mg/l 50Nitrite mg/l 3Selenium mg/l 0.01Uranium g/l 140

Consumer acceptability level

Aluminium mg/l 0.2Chloride mg/l 250Hardness as CaCO3 mg/l 500Hydrogen sulphide mg/l 0.05Iron mg/l 0.3Manganese mg/l 0.1PH 6.5-9.5Sodium mg/l 200Sulphate mg/l 250Total dissolved solids mg/l 1200Zinc mg/l 4

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APPENDIX E: Minutes of Meetings with Stakeholders

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